ARCHIFACT S Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

1988/1

ARAN Z

March 1988

L Q J

Crew o f the " G r a f t o n " a t t e m p t i n g t o make a f i r e . From F Ε R a y n a l , Wrecked on a reef.

article in this issue by Ken Scadden on the Auckland Islands

C O N T E N T S

E D I T O R I A L : CCAC: He lp o r humbug? 1

THE AUCKLAND I S L A N D S , 1 8 0 6 - 1 9 1 0 : RESEARCH IN PROGRESS Ken Scadden 2

V I C T O R I N E ROGERS : AN ESSAY FOR THE D I C T I O N A R Y OF NEW Z E A L A N D BIOGRAPHY Mary Reid 15

A R C H I V A L SOURCES FOR NEW Z E A L A N D ' S MEDICAL HISTORY Frank Rogers 19

R E S O U R C E S , I N S T I T U T I O N S AND ECONOMIC CHANGE :

CENTRAL O T A G O , 1 8 6 1 - 1 9 2 1 T e r r y Hearn 25

THE SAUNDERS REPORT Brad P a t t e r s o n 34

1988 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 37

WELLINGTON BRANCH REPORT Mark H . S . S tevens 38 ANALECTA

New A r c h i v i s t o f the U S A ; the P r e s i d e n t and the P r e s i d e n t ' s men; C e r t i f i c a t i o n d e b a t e , USA; The enemy i s u s ; D r a k e ' s expenses c l a imed ; P r i v a c y a c t i o n on the h o r i z o n ; A r c h i v e s ' r a t -i n f e s t e d home; A r c h i v e s b a t t l e t o save i r r e p l a c e a b l e f i l m h i s t o r y ; Inc reased fund ing to NZ F i l m A r c h i v e ; Deeds fees jump; N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s news; C o n s e r v a t i o n a t BNZ A r c h i v e s ; Index t o G . R . Macdonald D i c t i o n a r y . 38

DICT IONARY OF NEW Z E A L A N D B I O G R A P H Y , 1 8 7 0 - C. 1 9 2 0 : MORE WOMEN N E E D E D 42

BOOK REVIEW

Ann Pederson ( e d . in c h i e f ) Keeping archives ( D a v i d Colquhoun) 43

MASSEY U N I V E R S I T Y L I B R A R Y ' S DAIRY RECORDS C O L L E C T I O N : A C C E S S I O N S , 1983-88 4

5 ACCESSIONS 4

6

A

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19S8/1 March 1988

ARCfflFACTS Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

CCAC HELP OR HUMBUG9

The C u l t u r a l C o n s e r v a t i o n A d v i s o r y Counc i l (CCAC) r e c e n t l y i ssued a " D r a f t p o l i c y and imp lementa t ion o f p o l i c y " , c a l l i n g f o r submiss ions by 10 June 1988 I t i s a m a t t e r i n which i n d i v i d u a l members - as wel l as the A s s o c i a t i o n as a whole - have a s t rong i n t e r e s t

The Counc i l d e f i n e s i t s terms o f r e f e r e n c e as

- t o a d v i s e the M i n i s t e r o f I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s on f u t u r e developments o f c u l t u r a l c o n s e r v a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s ,

- t o i d e n t i f y , promote and se t n a t i o n a l p r i o r i t i e s f o r t he c o n s e r v a t i o n o f our ma te r i a l c u l t u r a l p r o p e r t y ,

- t o dec ide a l l o c a t i o n s o f f und ing made a v a i l a b l e f o r c o n s e r v a t i o n p u r p o s e s ,

- t o i d e n t i f y and ar range employment and t r a i n i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r peop le t o c a r r y ou t c o n s e r v a t i o n w o r k ,

- t o promote t he f u t u r e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a New Z e a l a n d Counc i l f o r the C o n s e r v a t i o n o f C u l t u r a l P r o p e r t y

These a re w i d e - r a n g i n g terms o f r e f e r e n c e and they suggest a wide range o f q u e s t i o n s B u t , t o narrow our focus a b i t , what is t h e r e - s t a t e d o r imp l i ed - on a r c h i v e s 7 The p o l i c y document goes o n , a f t e r a b r i e f S ta tement o f Pu rpose /Kaupapa , t o i d e n t i f y e i g h t o b j e c t i v e s These imply i n c l u s i o n o f a r c h i v e s , f o r example

1 To unders tand the c u r r e n t s t a t e o f the n a t i o n ' s m a t e r i a l c u l t u r a l p r o p e r t y by i d e n t i f y i n g i t s e x t e n t and assess ing i t s c o n d i t i o n and assess ing a v a i l a b l e resources and those r e q u i r e d ,

3 To make recommendations on new and e x i s t i n g l e g i s l a t i o n a f f e c t i n g c o n s e r v a t i o n o f m a t e r i a l c u l t u r a l p r o p e r t y

A f t e r the o b j e c t i v e s comes a S ta tement o f P o l i c y The Counc i l dec l a res i t s i n t e n t i o n t o g i v e f und ing p r i o r i t y t o p r e v e n t i v e r a t h e r than remedial c o n s e r v a t i o n and t o adopt "as i t s bas i c f u n d i n g p r i n c i p l e " t he idea t h a t p r imary r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r payment o f necessary p r e v e n t i v e ( o r remed ia l ) c o n s e r v a t i o n " r e s t s w i t h the owners o r guard ians o f c u l t u r a l p r o p e r t y , and t h a t a normal p r e - r e q u i s i t e f o r fund ing w i l l be a demons t ra t i on o f an a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l o f commitment" And i n c u l c a t i n g t h i s sense o f commitment i s - p a r t o f t he C o u n c i l ' s b r i e f i t sees an e f f e c t i v e p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n programme as e s s e n t i a l t o secure widespread p u b l i c suppor t and commitment, bu t "a l t hough such i n f o r m a t i o n needs t o reach a l l New Z e a l a n d e r s , p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n must be g i ven t o those charged w i t h t he ca re o f ou r m a t e r i a l c u l t u r a l p r o p e r t y " These w o r d s , p l us t he commitment t o a p p r o p r i a t e s t a t u t o r y p r o v i s i o n s , look h e l p f u l t o a r c h i v e s

The f i n a l t h r e e s e c t i o n o f t he S ta temen t o f P o l i c y g i v e a d i f f e r e n t impress ion They address the themes o f T r a i n i n g , P r o v i s i o n o f C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e s and Research The Counc i l wants an i nc reas ing number o f w e l l - i n f o r m e d p r a c t i t i o n e r s and a s s o c i a t e d w o r k e r s , bu t in l i s t i n g those whose t r a i n i n g i t w i l l suppor t and promote a r c h i v i s t s ge t no s p e c i f i c

2

ment ion S i m i l a r l y , t he q u e s t i o n o f ' c o n s e r v a t i o n s e r v i c e s ' seems t o pass a r c h i v e s b y , a l t hough the Counc i l i n tends t o " s u b s i d i s e the c o s t o f approved c o n s e r v a t i o n p r o j e c t s under taken o r supe rv i sed by p r o p e r l y q u a l i f i e d conservators" I t w i l l suppor t research i n t o the c o n s e r v a t i o n o f New Z e a l a n d m a t e r i a l s , and recogn ises the need f o r ready access t o c o n s e r v a t i o n l i t e r a t u r e T h i s l a t t e r w i l l be ach ieved by encourag ing the N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y t o e s t a b l i s h an i n f o r m a t i o n s e r v i c e a v a i l a b l e " f o r a l l c o n s e r v a t o r s and o t h e r s concerned w i t h t he c o n s e r v a t i o n o f c u l t u r a l p r o p e r t y " N o t h i n g here abou t a r c h i v e s , and no r e c o g n i t i o n ( i t seems) o f the damage t h a t can be done by we l l -mean ing peop le wan t ing t o s i f t , s o r t , and a r range even be fo re t hey cons ide r ques t i ons o f the s a f e - h o u s i n g o f a r c h i v e s and o f t h e i r r e p a i r N o t h i n g here o f a r o l e f o r N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , even though i t has the l a r g e s t body o f t r a i n e d a r c h i v i s t s in the c o u n t r y and the l a r g e s t c o l l e c t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o the management /conserva t ion o f a r c h i v e s

The d r a f t p o l i c y makes a determined e f f o r t t o reach i n t o a b i c u l t u r a l d i m e n s i o n , bu t t h i s b read th o f v i s i o n i s l o s t when c o n s i d e r i n g the f u l l i m p l i c a t i o n s o f " c o n s e r v a t i o n " and " c u l t u r a l m a t e r i a l s " The r i s k t h a t a r c h i v e s w i l l be a lways r e l e g a t e d t o a lower p r i o r i t y i s rea l t he proceed ings o f the C o u n c i l ' s r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t l y c o n s t i t u t e d p redecessor a re a warn ing o f t h i s

There a re two t h i n g s we can do I n d i v i d u a l l y , we shou ld read and comment on the C o u n c i l ' s d r a f t s ta tements t hey a re impor tan t S e c o n d l y , we shou ld encourage as many a r c h i v e s -- h o l d i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s as p o s s i b l e t o p a r t i c i p a t e in the ' S u r v e y Subs idy Scheme' T h i s ( d e t a i l e d in the Imp lementa t ion o f P o l i c y s ta temen t ) i s des igned t o o f f e r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s -tance f o r a su rvey o f c o l l e c t i o n s in o r d e r t o p repare a f i v e - y e a r p lan i d e n t i f y i n g p r i o r i t i e s f o r c o n s e r v a t i o n S u b s i d i e s w i l l be made on a 2 1 bas i s Such su rveys a r e use fu l t o t he i n s t i t u t i o n s h o l d i n g a r c h i v e s as we l l as e x t e n d i n g the a r c h i v e s p r o f i l e t o t he Counc i l

Cop ies o f the d r a f t s ta tements and d e t a i l s o f the Su rvey Subs idy Scheme are a v a i l a b l e f rom D a v i d B u t t s , A d v i s o r y O f f i c e r ( C o n s e r v a t i o n o f C u l t u r a l P r o p e r t y ) , Department o f I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s , Ρ 0 Box 805 , W e l l i n g t o n (phone [ 0 4 ] 738-699 e x t n 8820)

THE AUCKLAND ISLANDS 1806-1900 RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

[This article is a revised text of part of a paper delivered to the Wellington

Branch of ARANZ on 12 April 1988 It represents a brief summary of parts of

my research which I have been undertaking for the last three years The pro-

ject as envisaged is to write a definitive history of the Auckland Islands

over a ten year period ]

INTRODUCTION

To da te t h e r e i s no d e f i n i t i v e h i s t o r y o f t he Auck land I s l a n d s An A u s t r a l i a n d i p l o m a t , John Cumpston, i n s p i r e d by the work o f R o b e r t McNab, began t o research a h i s t o r y o f the s u b - a n t a r c t i c i s l a n d s The wea l th o f m a t e r i a l , however , f o r ced him t o c o n f i n e h i s work t o the h i s t o r y o f Macquar ie I s l a n d To some e x t e n t , t h i s research was i n s p i r e d by Cumpston 's wo rk , t o r e t u r n to the documentary sources and do a d e f i n i t i v e h i s t o r y as I found some o f the e a r l y works were inadequate and in some cases i n a c c u r a t e T h i s a r t i c l e w i l l a t t emp t t o encompass a po t t ed h i s t o r y , t h e - h i s t o r i o g r a p h y t o da te and my own research Because the research i s a t an e a r l y s tage t h i s a r t i c l e w i l l be o f neces-s i t y heavy on n a r r a t i v e and l i g h t on a n a l y s i s

S i n c e t he Auck land I s l a n d s can s t i l l o n l y be v i s i t e d by s h i p , t he f o u n d a t i o n o f any comprehens ive h i s t o r y i s t o document the v i s i t s o f e v e r y vesse l known t o have v i s i t e d t he i s l a n d s between 1806 and now T h i s a r t i c l e w i l l cove r the pe r i od up t o 1900 So f a r m a t e r i a l has been ga the red in r a t h e r a magpie f a s h i o n , any ma te r i a l r e l a t i n g t o the Auck land I s l a n d s human h i s t o r y has been researched o r a t l e a s t n o t e d , as p o t e n t i a l p u z z l e p ieces So f a r I have done research in seve ra l New Z e a l a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s , as we l l as i n A u s t r a l i a and Eng land I have compi led a number o f databases on i n d i v i d u a l s connected t o t he Auck land I s l a n d s , i n c l u d i n g the N g a t i Mutunga, the Enderby S e t t l e r s , and t he shipwreck s u r v i v o r s Research t o da te has tended t o focus on documentary sources w i t h some research by cor respondence and t he obv ious secondary sources So f a r o r a l h i s t o r y r e c o r d i n g has been l i m i t e d , however, t he dea ths o f seve ra l i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h

3

THE AUCKLAND ISLANDS, SHOWING SHIPWRECKS

" D e r r y C a s t l e " Ë 1887

ENDERBY ISLAND

4

a r i c h knowledge o f t he Auck land I s l a n d s has made me q u e s t i o n my whole research s t r a t e g y - t h a t i s a p o s s i b l e r e o r i e n t a t i o n towards document ing the expe r iences o f some o f the prominent Auck land I s l a n d s v i s i t o r s , b e f o r e r e t u r n i n g t o documentary m a t e r i a l a t a l a t e r da te

The Auck land I s l ands l i e 465 km south west o f S tewa r t I s l a n d They l i e f rom 50° 30 ' t o 50° 6 0 ' S o u t h , on a s i m i l a r l a t i t u d e i n t he n o r t h e r n hemisphere t o P l y m o u t h , Eng land o r K o b l e n z , Germany T h e r e a r e two l a r g e i s l a n d s o f unequal s i z e , Auck land and Adams, and a number o f small o n e s , o f wh i ch , h i s t o r i c a l l y D i s a p p o i n t m e n t , E n d e r b y , Rose and E w m g i s l a n d s a r e the most impor tan t The group i s abou t 53 km long and 25 km wide - w i t h Auck land I s l a n d occupy ing 51 ,000 h a , Adams I s l a n d 1 0 , 1 1 7 h a , and Ende rby I s l and 688 ha

ORIGINAL INHABITANTS AND DISCOVERY

The s u b - a n t a r c t i c i s one o f the w o r l d ' s g r e a t b reed ing grounds o f mar ine b i r d s -e v e r y y e a r a l b a t r o s s , p e t r e l s , f u l m a r s , s h e a r w a t e r s , p r i o n s , ^ s k u a s , shags , ducks and penguins nes t on t he s u b - a n t a r c t i c i s l a n d s in t h e i r m i l l i o n s Sev e ra l spec ies o f s e a -l i o n s , f u r s e a l s , and e lephan t sea l s e i t h e r breed on o r v i s i t t he i s l a n d s a n n u a l l y

O f a l l t he s u b - a n t a r c t i c i s l a n d s , t he Auck lands have t he most v a r i e d b i r d and i nsec t l i f e - b i r d s i n c l u d i n g k a k a r i k i , t u i s , b e l l b i r d s , s i l v e r e y e s , c h a f f i n c h e s , g o l d f i n c h e s , s t a r l m g s and sparrows can be found t h e r e O v e r the yea rs a n i m a l s , i n c l u d i n g c a t s , dogs , r a t s , c a t t l e , sheep, r a b b i t s , goa ts and p igs have been i n t r oduced t h e r e , and the r a t s , c a t t l e , r a b b i t s , goa ts and p igs have a l l s u r v i v e d on v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t he i s l a n d s

The d i s c o v e r y o f the Auck land I s l a n d s , was p a r t o f a p a t t e r n o f d i s c o v e r y which began w i t h t he expans ion o f the whale f i s h e r y , i n t o the P a c i f i c I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t t he f i r s t wha lesh ip t o e n t e r t h e P a c i f i c , t he " E m e l i a " i n 1 7 8 9 , be longed t o t h e House o f Ende rby - a name which p layed a major r o l e in the e a r l y h i s t o r y o f the Auck land I s l a n d s

The b r e a k i n g o f the monopoly o f the Honourab le E a s t I nd ian Company cannot be c o v e r -ed here but i t led t o d i s c o v e r y by Europeans o f a number o f i s l a n d s i n c l u d i n g Bounty ( 1 7 8 8 ) ( by C a p t a i n B l i g h ) , Chathams ( 1 7 9 1 ) , Snares ( 1 7 9 1 ) , An t i podes ( 1 8 0 0 ) , Auck lands ( 1 8 0 6 ) , Campbell and Macquar ie ( 1 8 1 0 ) O f these o n l y t he Chathams had a permanent human p o p u l a t i o n In 1806 , the wha le r " O c e a n " , on a voyage f rom A u s t r a l i a t o B r i t a i n under C a p t a i n B r i s t o w , d i s cove red the i s l a n d s , which B r i s t o w named ' L o r d Auck lands G r o u p e ' a f t e r a f r i e n d th rough h i s f a t h e r B r i s t o w r e t u r n e d in ano the r Enderby vesse l i n 1 8 0 7 , t he " S a r a h " and took possess ion f o r B r i t a i n

MAORI OCCUPATION OF THE AUCKLAND ISLANDS (1843-1856)

A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s no known p r e - E u r o p e a n occupa t ion o f t he Auck land I s l a n d s , t h e r e was a major a t tempt by Maori people t o c o l o n i s e the i s l a n d s between 1843 and 1846

I n 1835 a group o f N g a t i Mutunga and the r e l a t i v e s N g a t i Tama m ig ra ted t o t he Chatham I s l a n d s f rom W e l l i n g t o n Whi le l i v i n g around W e l l i n g t o n these peop le ( f o r m e r l y f rom T a r a n a k i ) f e l t p ressure f rom Nga t i Toa i n the west and Nga t i Kahungungu in the e a s t , hence t he m i g r a t i o n t o the Chathams Shor tage o f land a t the Chathams and p o s s i b l y f e a r o f revenge f o r t h e i r p a r t i n t he t a k i n g o f the French w h a l e r " J e a n B a r t " i n 1 8 3 8 , led a group o f Nga t i Mutunga (a hapu o f Te A t i Awa) about 40 in number, t o g e t h e r w i t h about 25 M o r i o n s l aves t r a v e l l e d t o Maungahuka, as t h e y c a l l e d the Auck land I s l a n d s , t h i s name l i t e r a l l y means 'mounta in o f s u g a r ' ( o r Snow Moun ta in ) Rhys R i cha rds con -s i d e r s t h i s a pos t European i n v e n t i o n and I tend t o agree They t r a v e l l e d in t he b r i g "Hannah" which t h e y c h a r t e r e d f o r the p r i c e o f 150 p igs The "Hannah" was p i r a t e d on a voyaae f rom W e l l i n g t o n t o t he Chathams by a passenger c a l l e d E l l i s , who, a f t e r k i l l i n g t h e m a t e , t ook the b r i g t o t he Auck land I s l a n d s and l a t e r s a i l e d t o Mercury Bay where E l l i s was c a p t u r e d , t r i e d f o r p i r a c y and was sentenced t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o N o r f o l k I s l a n d

The c l i m a t e had a marked e f f e c t on t h e Maor i d i e t - Rhys R icha rds d i s c o v e r e d an o ra l t r a d i t i o n in the Chathams about the s i z e o f the po ta toes grown a t the i s l a n d s which grew no b i g g e r than a g o l f b a l l P r o t e i n roamed the i s l a n d s i n the form o f p igs and l a t e r sheep and c a t t l e Kuku and T a o r e ( t y p e s o f musse ls) f l o u r i s h e d on t he rocks but o f t h e two main t ypes o f f i s h o n l y one cou ld be ea ten because o f i n f e s t a t i o n o f t h e i r f l e s h by worms O t h e r t ypes o f food i nc luded s e a l s , seab i rds (and t h e i r eggs) and p l a n t m a t e r i a l F l a x was i n t r oduced f rom New Z e a l a n d t o supplement a l oca l v a r i e t y o f f l a x

5

The Maori b u i l t a pa on a b l u f f o v e r l o o k i n g P o r t Ross and c u l t i v a t e d some land on Auck land I s l a n d and on Enderby I s l a n d O v e r a pe r iod o f t ime i n t e r n a l f i g h t i n g l ed t o a s p l i t t i n g o f the group - each group had i t s own pa and small groups were e v e n t u a l l y s c a t t e r e d o v e r t he i s l a n d s , i n c l u d i n g some l i v i n g on Enderby I s l a n d under M a t i o r o L a t e in 1849 t he Enderby S e t t l e r s a r r i v e d - which was a s u r p r i s e f o r both p a r t i e s Many Maor is found employment as boatmen, gardeners and l a b o u r e r s f o r the s e t t l e r s a t Hardwicke The f a c t t h a t t he Maori were armed caused some t e n s i o n among t he Ende rby s e t t l e r s , e s p e c i a l l y as the f i r e a r m s c a r r i e d came from the " J e a n B a r t " Both Maor i c h i e f s M a t i o r o and N g a t e r e were made spec ia l cons tab les and d i d a sp l end id j ob a t the Enderby s e t t l e m e n t i n keeping the peace , a l t hough t h e i r main problems seem t o have been s t r a y d o g s , drunkenness and f r a t e r n i s a t i o n between s a i l o r s and t he Maori women

The prime sources f o r i n f o r m a t i o n t o da te have been an a r t i c l e by Shand i n the Journal of the Polynesian Society 1 8 9 3 , Malone ( 1 8 5 4 ) and two manuscr ip t l e t t e r s i n Grey C o l l e c t i o n , w r i t t e n f rom the i s l a n d s by Nga te re and M a t i o r o , an accompanying w a i a t a was pub l i shed in G r e y ' s Ko Nga Moteatea Me Nga Hakirara o Nga Maori These l e t t e r s w r i t t e n in 1852 ask t h a t they no t be l e f t on the i s l a n d s and t h a t Grey v i s i t them o c c a s i o n a l l y Malone s t a t e s i n h i s book t h a t the Maori asked t o be taken o f f a t t he t ime o f the breakup o f the Enderby S e t t l e m e n t but were r e f u s e d , and Buddy Mikaere in an a r t i c l e in TU Tangata i n 1986 , s t a t e s t h a t Gove rno r G r e y o rde red t h a t the Maori be p rov ided w i t h a boa t and some sheep and t h a t w i t h these meagre resources the Maori were abandoned i n t he n e a r e s t human s e t t l e m e n t t o the South P o l e

As we l l as p i c k i n g up ev idence t h a t t he re were Owa I n d i a n s l i v i n g in T i e r r a Del Fuego in 1 8 5 2 , my research has uncovered more d e t a i l s rega rd ing the Maori occupa t i on A l e t t e r s igned by the Maori C h i e f M a t i o r o in A p r i l 1852 s p e c i f i c a l l y d e c l i n e s t he o f f e r o f t he Spec ia l Commissioners o f the Southern Whale F i s h e r y Company t o take them back t o New Z e a l a n d

Grey c e r t a i n l y o rde red t he Spec ia l Commissioners t o p r o v i d e t he Maor i w i t h s i x sheep and a wha leboat J H Be thune , a W e l l i n g t o n merchant who v i s i t e d the I s l ands i n 1852 repo r t ed the sheep were in e x c e l l e n t c o n d i t i o n and do ing remarkab ly He lamented t h a t t he Maori knew n o t h i n g o f sheep management and had neg lec ted t o shear them, bu t i n s p i t e o f t h a t , t h e y had bred and t h e r e were s t rong and h e a l t h y newborn lambs, runn ing w i t h t h e i r mothers T h e r e were a l s o two pakeha l e f t on the i s l a n d s when the Enderby S e t t l e r s depa r ted who had ' a l l i e d themselves t o Maori women and were prepared t o t r u s t t o t h e i r own r e s o u r c e s ' These two men were l e f t a supp ly o f s to res bo th f o r themse lves and the Maori Bo th the Commissioners and Grey under took t o have a sh ip ca l l i n twe l ve months

I have d i s c o v e r e d t h r e e more Maori l e t t e r s w r i t t e n a t t he end o f 1 8 5 2 , one each f rom the c h i e f s M a t i o r o and N g a t e r e and ano the r f rom Hakaua , which ask t h a t they be removed t o New Z e a l a n d Two o f the l e t t e r s have s h o r t wa ia ta which t o my knowledge have neve r been t r a n s l a t e d I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t t h e y head t h e i r l e t t e r s " A k a r a n a A i r a n e ' a t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n o f Auck land I s l a n d s , no t Maungahuka Shand s t a t e d t h a t M a t i o r o went t o S t e w a r t I s l a n d in 1852 bu t the l e t t e r I found p laces him s t i l l on the Auck lands in 1853 and i t seems he p r o b a b l y t r a v e l l e d to S t e w a r t I s l a n d in 1854 In March 1 8 5 6 , some Chatham I s l a n d Maori c h a r t e r e d t he b r i g " L a l l a Rookh" f o r 100 tons o f po ta toes The Auck land I s l a n d Maori bowed t o the r e l a t i v e s ' w i s h e s and admi t ted d e f e a t t o the i n h o s p i -t a b l e c l i m a t e - t hey exhumed the bones o f t h e i r dead and r e t u r n e d t o the Chathams - most e v e n t u a l l y r e t u r n i n g t o T a r a n a k i i n 1868

ENDERBY SETTLEMENT

In Augus t 1 8 4 9 , t h r e e sh ips - t he "Samuel E n d e r b y " , " B r i s k " and " F a n c y " l e f t P l y -mouth bound f o r the Auck land I s l a n d s where t hey a r r i v e d in December 1849 The sh ips c a r r i e d L i e u t e n a n t Gove rno r Enderby who held a lease o f the Auck land I s l ands f rom the B r i t i s h Government T h e i r i n t e n t i o n was t o p r o v i d e a base f o r wha l i ng o p e r a t i o n s in the s u b - a n t a r c t i c On board a l s o were a number o f s e t t l e r s w i t h a v a r i e t y o f t r a d e s and p r o f e s s i o n s , as wel l as b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s and l i v e s t o c k

The se t t l emen t o f Hardwicke a t Erebus C o v e , P o r t R o s s , was begun - b u i l d i n g s and roads were c o n s t r u c t e d and gardens e s t a b l i s h e d Due l a r g e l y t o the harsh c l i m a t e and poor r e t u r n s , t he f i r s t s e t t l e r s a l r e a d y began t o leave in May 1850 But Enderby pressed on - two m a g i s t r a t e s and a number o f p o l i c e were a p p o i n t e d , a Government House , ba r racks f o r s i n g l e men, a t l e a s t 18 houses , as we l l as a b a t t e r y o f 4 guns and a j a i l were e rec ted Enderby purchased a c u t t e r ^ the " A u c k l a n d " , and l a t e r a schoone r , t he

6

L e t t e r f rom M a t i o r o M e t e t e r e , Tihema [December ] 2 2 , 1852 CS 1 , 5 3 / 1 1 1 9 ( N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , W e l l i n g t o n ) T h i s f i l e i nc ludes a t r a n s c r i p t and t r a n s l a t i o n by Kemp, bo th o f which a r e wrong ly da ted as December 1853^ t h i s l e t t e r and two o t h e r s were b rough t back by Bethune and fo rwarded t o Gove rno r Grey by the Southern Whale F i s h e r y Company in March 1853

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F r i e n d Gove rno r Grey G r e e t i n g My respec t f o r you i s g r e a t F r i e n d we have been e n t e r t a i n e d a t a d i n n e r a t the i ns tance o f Bethune & H u n t e r T h i s European i s a good man I w i l l do my bes t t o a s s i s t t h i s man he is a good European F r i e n d G o v e r n o r , g r e e t i n g , our r e s p e c t f o r you i s g r e a t The re were t h r e e persons p resen t a t t h e d i n n e r , v i z M a t i o r o , N g a t e r e , T u p a n a , and two women, IVgat iau , Ko Pae T h i s custom even exceeded what we were accustomed t o bestow upon our own R e l a t i v e s

N a t i v e Song F r i e n d Gove rno r Grey Come o v e r and pay us a v i s i t and be enab led t o b r i n g us a vesse l

7

"B lack D o g " , f o r communicat ion w i t h New Z e a l a n d Dur ing i t s b r i e f e x i s t e n c e Hardwicke was v i s i t e d by Gove rno r George G r e y , and t he a r t i s t s Brees and Bar raud (bo th o f whom l e f t v iews o f t he I s l a n d s ) B ishop Selwyn who desc r ibed the Auck land I s l a n d s as the ' p r i n c i p a l i t y o f Enderby - the A n t a r c t i c P r i n c e o f w a l e s ' a t tempted t o v i s i t t he i s l a n d s bu t was d r i v e n back by the weather

The amount o f money spent t o e s t a b l i s h the c o l o n y , coupled w i t h poor r e t u r n s , l ed t o the appoin tment o f two spec ia l commissioners by the Southern Whale F i s h e r y Company i n 1851 Enderby l e f t t he i s l a n d s in d i sg race i n A p r i l 1852 and i t was dec ided t h a t t he s e t t l e m e n t would be broken up

A t t h i s t ime the p o p u l a t i o n o f Hardwicke was 300 a l t hough many were s a i l o r s f rom v i s i t i n g sh ips and 47 were Maori and M o r i o n The f i n a l abandonment came in August 1852 a l t h o u g h two pakeha and the N g a t i Mutunga remained

The s h o r t - l i v e d e x i s t e n c e o f the Enderby S e t t l e m e n t o f the Auck land I s l ands - (a mere 32 months) j u s t i f i e s a book in i t s e l f I have d i scove red s c a t t e r e d records o f the Enderby f a m i l y , t he Sou thern Whale F i s h e r y Company and companies which p rov ided the S e t t l e m e n t w i t h p r o v i s i o n s Fu r the rmore I have leads on seve ra l d i a r i e s I b e l i e v e e x i s t which I hope w i l l shed l i g h t on the l i v e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s and may p r o v i d e some i n s i g h t i n t o why the co lony f a i l e d I am i n t e r e s t e d in the dynamics o f c o l o n i s a t i o n , i n p a r t i c u l a r -

- How the Enderbys and t h e i r suppor te rs pursuaded the B r i t i s h Government t o g ran t them a lease

- Why t h e y chose t he Auck land I s l a n d s

- The propaganda genera ted which e n t i c e d s e t t l e r s t o such a harsh c l ime

- The e x p e c t a t i o n s o f t he s e t t l e r s

and the r e l a t i v e mix o f v a r i a b l e s t h a t lead to the S e t t l e m e n t ' s c o l l a p s e

Some o f these i nc l ude -

- The l o c a t i o n , c l i m a t e and topography o f the i s l a n d s

- The shor tage o f whales r e s u l t i n g in poor r e t u r n s

- The lack o f v i s i t i n g wha lesh ips

- The p e r s o n a l i t y and ego o f Char les Enderby

- The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f Enderby w i t h the o t h e r A u s t r a l a s i a n Governors

- The e x t e n t t o which a l l e g a t i o n s o f c o r r u p t i o n and mismanagement were m o t i v a t e d by p o l i t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

and the l u r e o f t he V i c t o r i a n G o l d f i e l d s f o r the s e t t l e r s

The re may be some p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f comparing and c o n t r a s t i n g the a t tempted c o l o n i s a t i o n o f the Auck land I s l a n d s w i t h o t h e r s h o r t - l i v e d co lon ies around the wo r l d

RELUCTANT EXILES

D e s p i t e wha tever e l s e can be sa id o f them (w i t h the p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n o f the M o r i o n s l a v e s ) a l l t he p re -1860 i n h a b i t a n t s o f the Auck land I s l a n d s went t o t he group o f t h e i r own accord

I t was th rough sh ipwrecks t h a t I f i r s t became i n t e r e s t e d in the Auck land I s l a n d s and I became i n t r i g u e d by t he i n c r e d i b l e p r i v a t i o n s o f the s u r v i v o r s o f these wrecks

I became i n t e r e s t e d i n the mechanics o f s u r v i v a l What were the key elements o f s u r v i v a l f o r people cas t away in such i n h o s p i t a b l e c l i m e s 7

O b v i o u s l y f o o d , s h e l t e r , c l o t h i n g - bu t what o f l ess t a n g i b l e v a r i a b l e s ? -dec is ion -mak ing? soc ia l o rde r? b e l i e f s in the chance o f be ing rescued? r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s ? e t c

8

Space does no t pe rm i t a d e t a i l e d examina t i on o f these i s s u e s , bu t t h e y a re w o r t h y o f f u r t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n E v e n t u a l l y I hope to do work on a l l the s u b - a n t a r c t i c wrecks o f wh ich t h e r e a r e dozens I s h a l l b r i e f l y examine two o f t h e wrecks

THE "GRAFTON" (1864)

A b e l i e f i n t he e x i s t e n c e o f a r g e n t i f e r o u s t i n , i n t h e s u b - a n t a r c t i c l ed t he Sydney f i r m o f Sa rpy and Musgrave t o f i t ou t a sh ip f o r a voyage t o Campbell and Auck land I s l a n d s , t he t r i p t o be supplemented by s e a l i n g i f no t i n was found Wrecked in C a r n l e y H a r b o u r on 3 J a n u a r y 1 8 6 4 , t he G r a f t o n ' s crew o f f i v e had a r e l a t i v e l y l u x u r i o u s s o j o u r n on the i s l a n d s - a l t h o u g h a t t imes t h e r e were food sho r tages and t h e y s tayed t h e r e the l o n g e s t t ime o f any castaways A hut was c o n s t r u c t e d which had a t a b l e , a l i b r a r y o f t h r e e books and even a l o o k i n g g l ass The hut was c a l l e d ' E p i g w i a t t ' f rom the N o r t h Amer ican I n d i a n meaning ' n e a r t he g r e a t w a t e r s '

S e a l s k i n s were tanned t o make c l o t h i n g and shoes and t h e y a l s o made t h e i r own soap A l coho l was manufac tured us ing the b a r r e l o f a gun f o r a s t i l l Past imes

m

D i s c o v e r y of a dead body ( p r o b a b l y one of t he crew o f the " I n v e r c a u l d " ) a t t he s i t e o f H a r d w i c k e , by the crew o f t h e " F l y i n g Scud" and C a p t a i n Musgrave Of t he " G r a f t o n " From F Ε R a y n a l , Wrecked on a reef

9

inc luded s o l i t a i r e , c h e s s , dominoes and cards f rom equipment t hey made themselves They even had a pet k a k a r i k i which t h e y t augh t t o t a l k Raynal t he Frenchman gave French lessons and o f t he seamen, one was t augh t to read and w r i t e and the o t h e r was t a u g h t mathematics

D e s p i t e t h i s apparen t l u x u r y t hey s u f f e r e d t e r r i b l y f rom the c o l d , lack o f green v e g e t a b l e s , v a r i o u s t ypes o f i l l n e s s and mental angu ish a t the though t o f never be ing rescued The " G r a f t o n ' s " c rewhad an agreement w i t h t h e i r r e l a t i o n s back in Sydney t h a t i f t h e y had no t r e t u r n e d w i t h i n 3-4 months - an approach would be made t o t he New South Wales Government t o seek rescue T h i s approach was made by Sa rpy and Musgrave bu t b u r e a u c r a t i c buck -pass ing and shor tage o f resources by the Royal Navy A u s t r a l i a n S t a t i o n meant t h a t a sh ip was never sen t A f t e r some months , when i t was obv ious he lp would no t a r r i v e , i t was dec ided t o make an a t t emp t t o reach New Z e a l a n d About Chr is tmas 1864 , i t was dec ided t o r e b u i l d the " G r a f t o n " ' s boat A f o r g e was c o n s t r u c t e d and t o o l s manu-f a c t u r e d The boa t was r e b u i l t i n c l u d i n g i r o n , woodwork, s a i l s and r i g g i n g The boa t was launched on 12 J u l y and w i t h t h r e e men s a i l e d t o S tewa r t I s l a n d One o f the g r e a t open boa t sea voyages o f a l l t ime Musgrave v o l u n t e e r e d t o r e t u r n t o the i s l a n d s , which he d id w i t h Cap ta i n Cross in the 16 ton f i s h i n g boat " F l y i n g Scud" where they rescued the o t h e r two men They searched the i s l a n d , and a t P o r t Ross found a body in a hut in the o l d Enderby S e t t l e m e n t , who was p r o b a b l y a member o f t he crew o f the " I n v e r c a u l d " Bes ide the body was a small heap o f l impe t s h e l l s , and a coup le o f b o t t l e s o f water

Bo th Musgrave and Raynal kept j o u r n a l s , o f t h e i r t ime in the i s l a n d s (Musg rave ' s be ing w r i t t e n i n seal b l ood ) which were l a t e r e d i t e d and pub l i shed Raynal r e t u r n e d t o France and Musgrave became a l i g h t h o u s e keeper a t Cape O t t w a y in V i c t o r i a F o r t he nex t 30 y e a r s , Musgrave w r o t e l e t t e r s t o t he Governments o f t he A u s t r a l i a n C o l o n i e s , and t o newspapers on ma t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o the Auck land I s l a n d s

As a r e s u l t o f the " G r a f t o n " wreck t he V i c t o r i a Government sent t he " V i c t o r i a " and the Sou th land P r o v i n c i a l Government the " S o u t h l a n d " t o the I s l a n d s P r o v i s i o n depots were e s t a b l i s h e d and domest ic an imals r e l e a s e d , f o r t he use o f sh ipwrecked mar ine rs

THE "DERRY CASTLE" (1887)

A l l t h e remain ing Auck land I s l a n d wrecks have had one t h i n g i n common, a l l t he vesse l s were f o l l o w i n g the G r e a t C i r c l e r o u t e when they s t ruck t he Auck land I s l a n d s L e a v i n g A u s t r a l i a t he sh ips ran t h e i r e a s t i n g t o t he south o f New Z e a l a n d i n t o t he Sou the rn Ocean t o ca tch t he p r e v a i l i n g w e s t e r l i e s on t h e i r way t o t he Horn The G r e a t C i r c l e r o u t e was used by sh ips f rom the m i d - n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y u n t i l e a r l y t h i s c e n t u r y when the Panama Canal r o u t e made i t no l o n g e r v i a b l e

The " D e r r y C a s t l e " l e f t Gee long bound f o r Fa lmouth on 1 1 March 1887 w i t h 2 ,000 tons o f whea t , and a crew o f 22 On 20 March she h i t t he no r t he rn s ide o f Enderby I s l a n d - the most l i k e l y reason be ing t h a t t he c h a r t s she c a r r i e d showed the Auck land I s l a n d s south o f t h e i r t r u e p o s i t i o n

Seven seamen and one passenger s u r v i v e d - a l l were i n a d e q u a t e l y c l o t h e d - none had boots - t h e y were depressed a t t he s i g h t o f t he bod ies o f seve ra l o f t h e i r sh ipmates be ing washed up - w i t h t h e i r e y e b a l l s p icked ou t and h a l f t h e i r f aces ea ten bv skuas They s t r i p p e d t he bod ies f o r t h e i r c l o t h e s and r e t r i e v e d a k n i f e f rom one U n l i k e t he " G r a f t o n " men, t he o n l y food r e t r i e v e d f rom the wreck were two t i n s o f sa rd ines and t h r e e b ru i sed pumpkins One o f them k i l l e d a shag w i t h a s tone which t h e y a t e raw but o n l y the two Swedes cou ld stomach the raw seal meat which t h e y t r i e d t o ea t As w i t h the "Genera l G r a n t " s u r v i v o r s t h e r e was t a l k o f drawing l o t s as t o which one o f them shou ld be k i l l e d and eaten f i r s t The re was a p r o v i s i o n depot on Enderby I s l a n d but s e a l e r s had been t h e r e and ea ten a l l t he p r o v i s i o n s excep t f o r a b o t t l e o f s a l t Some wheat was washed ashore and f o r t he f i r s t t en days t h e y s u b s i s t e d on raw w h e a t , raw mussels and raw seal b l ubbe r But on t he t e n t h day the passenger McGhie found a r e v o l v e r c a r t r i d g e in h i s pocket which t h e y used t o s t a r t a f i r e f rom then on t h e i r l i v e s were e a s i e r , t h e y never l e t the f i r e go o u t - c o n s t a n t l y f e e d i n g i t l i k e some i n s a t i a b l e pe t

The men v a r i e d t h e i r d i e t o f s e a l , whea t , and n e t t l e s w i t h the odd r a b b i t which t h e y s t o l e o f f the s k u a s , and f i s h E v e n t u a l l y t h e y a l l began t o smell l i k e s e a l s ,

10

because o f t h e i r d i e t A f t e r some months t h e y found an axe and a tomahawk which t h e y used t o make a punt - two men then padd led t o Auck land I s l a n d t o the depo t a t P o r t Ross A l l t he men were f e r r i e d t o the main i s l a n d where t h e y found food and c l o t h i n g and decent s h e l t e r One n i g h t t h e y heard an anchor drop and raced o u t s i d e t o see the "Awarua " a t t he Auck land I s l a n d s on an i l l e g a l s e a l i n g e x p e d i t i o n The s u r v i v o r s he lped the crew o f the "Awarua " ga the r a cargo o f s e a l s k i n s b e f o r e t h e y were taken o f f They were taken t o Melbourne where they were t r e a t e d gene rous l y by the Shipwreck R e l i e f S o c i e t y The V i c t o r i a Government gave the crew o f the "Awarua" £350 f o r the rescue -a l t h o u g h Drew, t h e M a s t e r , was l a t e r f i n e d £50 by t h e New Z e a l a n d Government f o r i l l e g a l s e a l i n g and impr isoned f o r non-payment o f the f i n e Joseph H a t c h , an I n v e r c a r g i l l merchant who f i n a n c e d t he t r i p , l o s t h i s sea t as Member f o r I n v e r c a r g i l l as a r e s u l t

I have d i s c o v e r e d a l e t t e r by the passenger McGhie t o Thomas Musgrave o f " G r a f t o n " fame in which he makes some v e r y se r i ous a l l e g a t i o n s

- Drew t o l d McGhie t h a t had he known t h e y were t h e r e he would no t have gone t o t he Auck land I s l a n d s

- Drew v i r t u a l l y f o r ced t he s u r v i v o r s t o work so t h a t he cou ld ge t h i s ca rgo and l e a v e e a r l i e r

- Drew c a r r i e d d u p l i c a t e i n s t r u c t i o n s f rom Hatch ( h i s employer ) t o show t o t he Cap ta i n o f t he Government Steamer i n case t h e y were caught a t Auck land I s l a n d

- Drew suggested t h a t W i l l i a m Larnach was a major f i n a n c i a l backer o f t h i s i l l e g a l s e a l i n g v e n t u r e

- Drew a d m i t t e d i t was t he s e a l e r s who robbed t he castaway depots o f p r o v i s i o n s

- On t he morning o f the wreck McGhie urged t he s a i l o r s t o l ook f o r o t h e r s u r v i v o r s and a l l bu t one r e f u s e d - when t h e y found t h e C a p t a i n ' s body t he pockets were t u rned ou t and empty and the r i n g had been removed f rom h i s f i n g e r

- Possess ions were s t o l e n f rom seve ra l o f t he s a i l o r s and f o o d f rom the depo t was cached away f o r use by o the rs

The o n l y peop le McGhie has a good word f o r a re the Maor i crew o f the "Awarua " - o f them he w r o t e - 'We expe r i enced n o t h i n g bu t t he g r e a t e s t k indness f rom the Maor is and were i t e v e r t o be my l o t t o be cas t away aga in - I cannot d e s i r e b e t t e r than t o be rescued by them'

McGhie a l s o s t a t e s t h a t one o f t he g r e a t e s t c r a v i n g s o f t h e s u r v i v o r s was f o r tobacco

"When we found tea a t P o r t R o s s , t he men smoked the used-up l e a v e s , and when l a t e r , t h e Maor i s o f t he s e a l e r Awarua , o u r r e s c u e r s , came t o us i n t h e i r b o a t , ou r men w i t h p ipes in t h e i r hands c r i e d ou t f o r tobacco b e f o r e t he b o a t ' s keel touched the same The Maor is w i t h t r u e s a i l o r g e n e r o s i t y , he ld up p lugs o f tobacco in t h e i r hands and as an o n l o o k e r and a non-smoker , I d i d no t know which were t he most d e l i g h t e d , t h e w h i t e men p u l l i n g hard a t t h e i r c u t t i e s , o r the Maor is e n j o y i n g the r e l i s h _ w i t h which t hey em i t t ed t he t h i c k c louds o f smoke

C e r t a i n l y the Maor is laughed the most and showed t h e w h i t e s t t e e t h f o r i n t he m a t t e r o f showing i v o r i e s and l augh ing the Maori f a r and away beats t he N e g r o "

As a r e s u l t o f t he sh ipwrecks which occur red f rom the m i d - n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y onwards , the New Z e a l a n d Government i n s t i t u t e d a programme o f r e g u l a r v i s i t s by Government s teamers t o b u i l d and m a i n t a i n p r o v i s i o n depots f o r sh ipwrecked mar ine rs T h i s programme began m 1880 and con t i nued u n t i l 1927 w i t h r e g u l a r v i s i t s by the " H i n e m o a " , " T u t a n e k a i " , " S t e l l a " , "Amokura" and "Kekeno" T h i s chap te r o f Auck land I s l a n d s ' h i s t o r y has never been f u l l y reseached

1 1

FUTILE ATTEMPTS AT FARMING

In 1 8 7 4 , Dr F r a n c i s Monckton r e c e i v e d a lease f rom the New Z e a l a n d Government under t he terms o f which he would m a i n t a i n a supp l y o f p r o v i s i o n s f o r sh ipwrecked mar ine rs in r e t u r n f o r an annual subs idy o f £200 and the use o f the I s l a n d s f o r fa rm ing

The accepted s t o r y on t h i s m a t t e r has been based on M c L a r e n ' s t h e s i s Ne l son and h is w i f e were sen t t o the I s l a n d s , i n May 1874 a second sh ip s e t o u t w i t h a cargo o f c a t t l e wh i ch , because o f bad weather were landed a t S tewa r t I s l a n d , where t h e y escaped i n t o t he bush , a f t e r t h i s the scheme was abandoned

I t was s u r p r i s i n g t h e r e f o r e t o f i n d a r e p o r t by t he C a p t a i n o f a B r i t i s h warsh ip which v i s i t e d t he I s l a n d s i n June 1876 - which a l l e g e d t h a t Dr Monckton had broken e v e r y one o f the 21 a r t i c l e s o f agreement w i t h the New Z e a l a n d Government

S p e c i f i c a l l y he a l l e g e d t h a t

- t he proposed depots had not been b u i l t and e x i s t i n g ones had been a l l owed t o f a l l t o p ieces

- t he o n l y h a b i t a b l e house on the I s l ands was no t up t o s tandard

- Depots had been broken i n t o and t h e i r con ten ts consumed

- Ne lson and h i s w i f e were down t o t h e i r l a s t bak ing o f f l o u r and were s u b s i s t i n g on s e a l s ' f l e s h and t h a t as the schooner had not v i s i t e d f o r f i v e months t h e y had been ' l e f t t o t a k e t h e i r chance '

- Monckton had not pa id the Nelsons t h e i r wages as per the agreement

As a r e s u l t o f t h i s r e p o r t c o n s i d e r a t i o n was g i v e n by t he New Z e a l a n d Government t o c a n c e l l i n g Monck ton ' s l ease ( o f which N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s has two cop ies )

A f t e r a q u e s t i o n was asked in the House o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i t i s unc l ea r what happened t o Monck ton ' s l e a s e , a l t h o u g h t he answer l i e s i n documents he ld by t he D e p a r t -ment o f S u r v e y and Land I n f o r m a t i o n no t y e t examined The A l e x a n d e r T u r n b u l l L i b r a r y ho lds some o f Monck ton 's papers i n c l u d i n g the d r a f t o f a r e p o r t t o the S e c r e t a r y o f Crown Lands in which he r e f u t e s a l l o f N e l s o n ' s c ha rges , accus ing him o f l y i n g t o C a p t a i n S u t t i e o f HMS "Nymphe" Monckton den ied a " h e a r t b r e a k i n g d e s e r t i o n " o f t h e Nelsons - he s t a t e d t h a t he pa id wages p r o p e r l y and t h a t t h e r e were adequate s u p p l i e s o f s t o r e s , which Ne lson and h is w i f e squandered

Monckton s t a t e d t h a t Ne lson

- d i d not cu t p roper t r a c k s around the i s l a n d as per h i s c o n t r a c t

- d i d no t t a k e p rope r care o f t h e sheep i n h i s charge

- b roke i n t o the castaway depots and s t o l e the con ten ts

- s o l d s e a l s k i n s which were Monc ton ' s p r o p e r t y t o pass ing sh ips

- re fused t o obey the o rde rs o f the new manager appo in ted in November 1876

- a l l owed unau tho r i sed access t o the castaway depot on Enderby I s l a n d which was burned down

A f t e r n e a r l y ZH. y e a r s on the I s l a n d s the Nelsons r e t u r n e d t o New Z e a l a n d i n 1 8 7 7 I have y e t t o d i s c o v e r the f i n a l outcome o f t he d i s p u t e bu t i t appears t h a t t he lease was e i t h e r f o r f e i t e d o r Monckton j u s t gave up Two more a t tempts t o farm the Auck land I s l a n d s - one by W J M o l l e t t on Enderby I s l a n d in 1895 and t he o t h e r by George F leming o v e r t he whole group in 1 9 0 0 , bo th f a i l e d and have y e t t o be f u l l y researched

12

CLAIM ON ENDERBY ISLAND

A r a t h e r b i z a r r e p o s t s c r i p t t o the Enderby saga began i n 1898 when t he New Z e a l a n d C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y ' s o f f i c e r e c e i v e d a l e t t e r addressed t o the B r i t i s h C o n s u l , New Z e a l a n d , f rom a Mrs Thomas J Robinson (nee L o u i s a E n d e r b y ) , care o f t h e T y p o g r a p h i c a l U n i o n , Chambers S t , New York C i t y , i n which she c la imed t o be (and no doubt was) a m e c e o f Cha r l es Enderby and t h a t she unders tood t h a t Char les Enderby ( f o r an ac t o f b r a v e r y 1 ) had been g i v e n a g r a n t o f l and t o him and h i s h e i r s f o r e v e r ( i e t he Auck land I s l a n d s ) She c la imed t o be t he l a s t o f t h e race and was sure t h a t i f t he Queen knew t h a t an h e i r e x i s t e d she would want he r t o have the l a n d , and gave some f a m i l y h i s t o r y in suppo r t o f her c la im

The C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y ' s o f f i c e d i d some research and o f course found t h a t the B r i t i s h Government had leased the I s l a n d s t o E n d e r b y , and had rec la imed the I s l a n d s f o r t he Crown i n 1869 on the grounds t h a t Enderby had no t p a i d t h e r e n t A B r i t i s h A c t o f P a r l i a m e n t i n 1863 had ex tended t h e bounda r i es o f New Z e a l a n d t o i n c l u d e t h e Auck land I s l a n d s So New Z e a l a n d had i n h e r i t e d the problem The r e p l y sent by the C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y ' s o f f i c e t o Mrs Robinson s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e was no reco rd o f any g r a n t t o Ende rby Mrs Rob inson responded a t once t h e r e must be a reco rd i n t h e ' R o y a l G a z e t t e ' - she asked how i t came t o ge t t he name ' E n d e r b y ' and c o n t i n u e d , 'New Z e a l a n d i s no t q u i t e up t o da te - t h e r e must s u r e l y be a l a r g e p u b l i c l i b r a r y i n t he p r i n c i p a l c i t i e s 7 ' She conc luded t h a t , ' A l t h o u g h I am now an adopted daugh te r o f Amer ica I l o v e no p lace bu t my dear o l d Eng land and Queen V i c t o r i a w i t h a l l my E n g l i s h h e a r t and sou l and a lways s h a l l - Long L i v e t he Q u e e n ' She even enc losed a photograph ( t aken f i v e y e a r s e a r l i e r ) as p r o o f - she had tr immed i t t o make i t s m a l l e r and so she f i n i s h e d , ' I t seems I have cu t o f f my own head ' O f course the C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y ' s o f f i c e aga in p layed b u r e a u -c r a t s - i n s t e a d o f o u t l i n i n g what t h e y knew o f Cha r l es E n d e r b y t h e y fudged b y say ing New Z e a l a n d was no t founded t i l l 1840 so t h a t a g r a n t o f land cou ld no t have been made t o Enderby be fo re t h a t da te e t c T h a t ended the m a t t e r

CONCLUSION

Because o f t h e r i chness and d i v e r s i t y o f the human h i s t o r y o f the Auck land I s l a n d s , t h i s a r t i c l e r e p r e s e n t s a rough ske tch o f a smal l p a r t o f a v e r y l a r g e canvas The work w i l l e v e n t u a l l y cove r the h i s t o r y o f t he I s l a n d s t o da te i n c l u d i n g the t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y s c i e n t i f i c e x p e d i t i o n s and t h e coas twa tch ing s u r v e y p a r t i e s o f Wor ld War I I ( c a l l e d the Cape E x p e d i t i o n )

O b v i o u s l y humans have had a ma jo r impact on t he Auck land I s l a n d s (an a r c h i t e c t who v i s i t e d t he I s l a n d s in recen t y e a r s commented t h a t e v e r y t h i n g man does i n such a f r a g i l e eco-sys tem c r e a t e s i n s t a n t h i s t o r y ) t h e r e v e r s e i s a l s o t r u e From the t ime o f the v i s i t o f t h e Amer ican and F rench e x p e d i t i o n s o f 1 8 4 0 , t h e s u b - a n t a r c t i c i s l a n d s have p r o v i d e d f e r t i l e ground f o r s c i e n t i f i c endeavour Numerous e x p e d i t i o n s ( i n c l u d i n g many o f t he e a r l y a n t a r c t i c ones) have v i s i t e d the Auck land I s l a n d s f o r v a r y i n g pe r i ods o f t ime W h i l s t numerous s c i e n t i f i c papers have r e s u l t e d t h e r e has neve r been a s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y o f t he a c t i v i t i e s o f these e x p e d i t i o n s

A p a r t f rom the work o f the l a t e John Cumpston t h e r e has been no a t temp t t o f u l l y document t he e x p l o i t a t i o n o f the s u b - a n t a r c t i c i s l a n d s i n t he l a t e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , p a r t i c u l a r l y by seve ra l I n v e r c a r g i l l me rchan ts , which r e s u l t e d i n t he s l a u g h t e r o f thousands o f s e a l s , sea e lephan ts and penguins

The i s l a n d s a r e now g a z e t t e d as r e s e r v e s f o r f l o r a and fauna and i t i s t o be hoped t h a t t h i s r e s e r v e s t a t u s w i l l p r o t e c t them f rom f u r t h e r e x p l o i t a t i o n and m o d i f i c a t i o n by man

The I s l a n d s seem t o l e a v e an i n d e l i b l e impress ion on a l l who go t h e r e A number o f s u r v i v o r s o f sh ipwrecks r e t u r n e d o r a t tempted t o r e t u r n t o t he I s l a n d s f o r v a r i o u s reasons Seve ra l Auck land I s l a n d s ' p e r s o n a l i t i e s ' ma in ta ined a l i f e l o n g i n t e r e s t i n t h e I s l a n d s , w r i t i n g b o o k s , co r respond ing w i t h each o t h e r and w r i t i n g l e t t e r s t o t h e g o v e r n -ments o f t he A u s t r a l i a n c o l o n i e s and t he newspapers on ma t te rs r e l a t i n g t o the Auck land I s l a n d s The persona l l i v e s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y o f the sh ipwreck s u r v i v o r s ) were a l s o deep ly a f f e c t e d James T e e r o f "Genera l G r a n t " spen t the r e s t o f h i s l i f e in r e l a t i v e i s o l a t i o n i n South W e s t l a n d , t he J e w e l l s ( a l s o o f t he "Genera l G r a n t " ) worked f o r t he r a i l w a y s i n

13

t h e remote A u s t r a l i a n bush and Thomas Musgrave o f t he " G r a f t o n " became a l i g h t h o u s e keeper

A l t h o u g h t h e y l i e f a r to the sou th o f New Z e a l a n d and a re remote t o t he l i v e s o f most New Z e a l a n d e r s , t he Auck land I s l a n d s have an unden iab le f a s c i n a t i o n By s t u d y i n g man's i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h these I s l a n d s i t i s hoped we can lea rn no t o n l y about the impact which man can have on such a f r a g i l e e n v i r o n m e n t , (which o b v i o u s l y has lessons which can be a p p l i e d e lsewhere - n o t a b l y the proposed e x p l o i t a t i o n o f resources f u r t h e r sou th in A n t a r c t i c a ) bu t a l s o by s t u d y i n g p e o p l e ' s r e a c t i o n t o each o t h e r i n such a harsh and u n f o r g i v i n g env i ronmen t , we can perhaps l e a r n something about o u r s e l v e s

Ken Scadden N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s W e l l i n g t o n

* * * *

APPENDIX I CHRONOLOGY OF AUCKLAND ISLANDS HUMAN HISTORY

1806 - D i scove red by Cap ta i n B r i s t o w in " O c e a n " 1807 - R e v i s i t e d by B r i s t o w in " S a r a h " 1807 -30 - F i r s t S e a l i n g p e r i o d 1830 - Morre l v i s i t s i n " A n t a r c t i c " 1833 - F i r s t recorded sh ipwreck - no t i d e n t i f i e d - no s u r v i v o r s c 1835 - Whal ing r e v i v e d 1840 - V i s i t o f L t Char les W i l l e s US E x p l o r i n g E x p e d i t i o n i n the " P o r p o i s e "

V i s i t by Dumont, D ' U r v i l l e i n " A s t r o l a b e " and " Z e l e e " 1841 - " E r e b u s " and " T e r r o r " under Cap ta i n James C l a r k Ross 1843 - Occupa t i on by N g a t i Mutunga 1849 - Enderby S e t t l e r s a r r i v e d 1852 - Harwicke abandoned 1856 - Nga t i Mutunga abandon Auck land I s l ands and r e t u r n t o Chathams 1863 - New Z e a l a n d ' s boundar ies ex tended t o cover Auck land I s l a n d s by a B r i t i s h

A c t o f P a r l i a m e n t 1864 - Wreck o f the " G r a f t o n "

- Wreck o f t he " I n v e r c a u l d " 1866 - Wreck o f the "Genera l G r a n t " 1869 - HMS " B l a n c h e " rec la ims the I s l a n d s f o r the Crown 1870 - S i x men from "Daphne" l o s t w h i l e l o o k i n g f o r go ld o f "Genera l G r a n t " 1864 - German T r a n s i t o f Venus E x p e d i t i o n 1879 - Seven sea le r s l o s t a t Auck land I s l a n d s 1880 - Regu la r v i s i t s t o castaway p r o v i s i o n depots by Government Steamers beg in

Vesse l s " H m e m o a " , " T u t a n e k a i " , " S t e l l a " , " K e k e n o " , "Amokura" 1887 - Wreck o f the " D e r r y C a s t l e " 1891 - Wreck o f the "Compadre" 1900 - B r i t i s h A n t a r c t i c E x p e d i t i o n v i s i t on "Sou the rn C r o s s " ( B o r c h g r e v i n k ) 1904 - N a t i o n a l A n t a r c t i c E x p e d i t i o n - ( S c o t t ) 1905 - Wreck o f the " A n j o u " 1907 - Wreck o f the "Dundona ld "

- V i s i t by P h i l o s o p h i c a l I n s t i t u t e o f C a n t e r b u r y

14

1 9 1 2 - A u s t r a l a s i a n A n t a r c t i c E x p e d i t i o n (Mawson) 1927 - L a s t voyage to s e r v i c e castaway p r o v i s i o n depots by "H inemoa" 1939 - V i s i t by " E r l a n g e n " 1 9 4 1 - 4 5 - Cape E x p e d i t i o n 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 - Auck land I s l a n d s E x p e d i t i o n - Depar tment o f Lands & S u r v e y

APPENDIX II AUCKLAND ISLANDS SHIPWRECKS

Unknown (Rifleman7)

Grafton

Minerva of Leith?

Invercauld

General Grant

Derry Castle

Compadre

Sally '

Unknown (Marie Alice/or Stoneleigh7)

Anjou

Dundonald

CREW/PASSENGERS WRECKED

•> 1 8 3 3 '

5/0

?

25 / 0

25 /58

2 2 / 1

1 7 / 0

2 1 / 0

2 8 / 0

3 / 1 / 6 4

1 0 / 5 / 6 4

1 0 / 5 / 6 4

1 4 / 5 / 6 6

2 0 / 3 / 8 7

1 9 / 3 / 9 1

1896

1895

5 / 2 / 0 5

7 / 3 / 0 7

RESCUED

2 2 / 8 / 6 5 Cown e f f o r t s / Flying Scud;

2 5 / 3 / 6 5

20 /5 /65 (Julian)

2 1 / 1 1 / 6 7 (Amherst)

1 9 / 7 / 8 7 (Awarua)

3 0 / 6 / 9 1 (Janet Ramsay)

?

7 / 5 / 0 5 (Hinemoa)

1 6 / 1 1 / 0 7 (Hinemoa)

SURVIVED SURVIVED TOTAL WRECK ISLANDS TIME

20 mths

19

15

8

1 7

?

21

16

4

3

10

8

16

?

21

15

10 mths

12 mths

18 mths

4 mths

3 mths

3 mths

9 mths

MISSING SHIPS SHIPS LOST IN THE VICINITY OF A I

Loch Maree

Loch Fyne

J Ε H

North American

Matoaka

Jack Frost

( 1 8 8 1 ) ?

(1865) ?

( 1 8 7 0 ) ( 1 8 6 4 )

Bluejacket

Kakanui

( 1869 ) ( 1 8 9 1 )

15

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Secondary sources

F McLaren "The Auck land I s l a n d s " , MA t h e s i s ( 1 9 3 6 ) , The Auckland Islands their eventful story ( 1 9 4 8 )

A W Eden Islands of despair ( 1955)

C F r a s e r Beyond the Roaring Forties (1986)

Τ Musgrave Castaway on the Auckland Isles ( 1866)

F Ε Raynal Wrecked on a reef ( 1 8 7 4 )

H E s c O t t Inman Castaways of Disappointment Island ( 1 9 1 1 )

A Shand 'The occupa t ion o f the Chatham I s l a n d s ' , journal of the Polynesian Society, vo l I I ( 1893 )

Β Mikaere 'Maungahuka - the nea res t Maor i s e t t l e m e n t t o the South P o l e ' , Tu Tangata, 31 & 32 (1986 )

Ρ D ingwa l l 'Cas taway on the Auck land I s l a n d s / T h e changing image o f the Auck land I s l a n d s ' , r e p o r t e d f rom Landscape, 1 9 8 0 / 8 1

R R i cha rds Whaling and sealing at the Chatham Islands ( 1 9 8 2 )

Primary Sources

F Monckton Ms 4 2 9 , F o l d e r 6 Alexander TurnbuU Library

Records o f the C i v i l S e c r e t a r y , o f the G o v e r n o r , o f the C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y , and Of t he Mar ine Depar tment National Archives, Wellington

***********

VICTORINE ROGERS : AN ESSAY FOR THE DICTIONARY OF NEW ZEALAND BIOGRAPHY

The r esea rche r who completed the I n f o r m a t i o n sheet f o r V i c t o r i n e Godda rd /Pa lmer née Rogers w ro te w i t h more research V i c t o r i n e Rogers would be a v a l u a b l e example o f a c o l o n i a l woman her b iog raphy c o n t r i b u t e s t o a h i s t o r y o f the soc ia l i ssues t h a t women faced i n c o l o n i a l t imes As l a t e r expe r i ences were t o show, t he o p e r a t i v e term was with more research

As I was drawn i n t o research on V i c t o r i n e and he r f a m i l y I c o n f r o n t e d ma jo r d i f f i -c u l t i e s The f i r s t problem a rose in t r y i n g t o de te rmine V i c t o n n e ' s l i f e da ta H e r o b i t u a r y s t a t e d t h a t she was the daugh te r o f W i l l i a m Acco rd ing t o Petticoat Pioneers by M i r iam MacGregor , V i c t o r i n e was the o n l y c h i l d o f John and Mary However , i n 1 8 4 3 , the New Z e a l a n d Company recorded the a r r i v a l o f John and Mary and t h e i r f a m i l y o f e i g h t c h i l d r e n The reco rds a t S t M a r y ' s C h u r c h , New Plymouth no tes t he bapt ism o f t h r e e a d d i t i o n a l c h i l d r e n , one o f whom was V i c t o r i n e Armed w i t h names and ages o f the E n g l i s h born c h i l d r e n and those born in New Z e a l a n d I f i n a l l y reached the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t V i c t o r i n e was t he t e n t h c h i l d o f John and Mary

V i c t o n n e ' s ch i l dhood expe r i ence was not u n t y p i c a l o f e a r l y New Z e a l a n d in some respec ts As f o r many c h i l d r e n o f t he e r a , dea th was no s t r a n g e r Du r i ng her c h i l d -hood , a s i s t e r d ied a t b i r t h and both an o l d e r s i s t e r and her f a t h e r d ied o f t u b e r c u -l o s i s A t t he t ime o f her f a t h e r ' s dea th i n 1 8 5 3 , she was e i g h t y e a r s o l d Twe lve months l a t e r , a lmost t o t h e - d a y , V i c t o r i n e w i tnessed her mo the r ' s death when Mary Rogers became t he f i r s t known murder v i c t i m i n c o l o n i a l New Plymouth I t was t h i s t r a g e d y which reshaped V i c t o n n e ' s l i f e and se t her a p a r t f rom o t h e r women o f the era

16

One would assume t h a t the f i r s t murder in the s e t t l e m e n t would have caused a few r i p p l e s w i t h i n s o c i e t y and would t h e r e f o r e have a s s i s t e d my research But a p a r t f rom the o f f i c i a l c o u r t r e c o r d s , l i t t l e was no ted o f the even t

The more obv i ous sources b rough t s u r p r i s i n g r e s u l t s John New land , t h e f i r s t New Plymouth p o l i c e m a n , kep t a d i a r y i n which many l o c a l even ts were recorded He made no r e f e r e n c e a t a l l t o t he f i r s t murder D r P e t e r W i l s o n , C o l o n i a l Surgeon a t New Plymouth made no ment ion o f the a f f a i r in any r e p o r t o r cor respondence The a r c h i v e a t t he T a r a n a k i Museum holds numerous l e t t e r s and d i a r i e s d e s c r i b i n g l oca l even ts in g r e a t d e t a i l None con ta ined an account o f t he murder The Taranaki Herald had been in p r i n t f o r two yea rs and i t s f o rma t was complete w i t h ' g o s s i p s e c t i o n ' O t h e r than t h e o f f i c i a l r e p o r t o f the h e a r i n g , t h e r e was no ment ion o f the i n c i d e n t T h e r e was no death n o t i c e f o r Mary R o g e r s , no r e p o r t o f the f u n e r a l and no c r y o f a la rm o r s igns o f sympathy f o r the p l i g h t o f the younger c h i l d r e n orphaned so t r a g i c a l l y Ben W e l l s , a u t h o r o f The History of Taranaki ( 1 8 7 9 ) desc r i bes the murder i n two sentences

D i s c o m f o r t e d by the appa ren t l ack o f i n f o r m a t i o n on t he Rogers f a m i l y , I t u r n e d my a t t e n t i o n t o t h e murderer The connec t i on was g r a t i f y i n g l y easy t o e s t a b l i s h An e x -Imper ia l s o l d i e r , Joseph C a s s i d y , had been boa rd ing w i t h t he Rogers f a m i l y f o r some y e a r s A f t e r J o h n ' s d e a t h , Mary purchased land a t Omata , j u s t o u t s i d e New Plymouth Cass idy moved t o t he new house w i t h Mary and her c h i l d r e n I t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t he env i saged mar r iage t o the widow Mary however was being cou r ted by Joseph H a r t o f Ta ta ra imaka C a s s i d y , c o n c e i v a b l y i n a f i t o f j e a l o u s y , commit ted the murder He was a r r e s t e d s h o r t l y a f t e r and committed t o t he Supreme Cou r t i n Auck land S i x months l a t e r , Cass idy was t r i e d and found g u i l t y Acco rd ing t o MacGregor , h i s sentence was l a t e r reduced and s h o r t l y a f t e r r e l e a s e , Cass idy d ied

But a l l o f t h i s d id not r e a l l y a s s i s t i n e x p l a i n i n g the lack o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d -ing t he Rogers f a m i l y So I t r i e d l o o k i n g f rom a n o t h e r ang le I t i s q u i t e p robab le t h a t t h e i n c i d e n t b rough t t he q u e s t i o n o f m o r a l i t y t o t he s u r f a c e I t was v e r y c l e a r l y s t a t e d a t t h e hea r ing t h a t Joseph Cass idy was a boa rde r i n t he R o g e r s ' household and t h a t he and Mary were not c o - h a b i t i n g as such However s o c i e t y may have found t h i s t ype o f s i t u a t i o n unaccep tab le Had she been cas t as the s c a r l e t woman 7 In t he ma in , the d i a r i e s and l e t t e r s I had checked were a l l f rom peop le o f a c e r t a i n s t a n d i n g w i t h i n the community The even ts and a f f a i r s o f the lower c l asses would no t be wor th men t i on -ing Perhaps th rough some eyes i t was not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t , hav ing a l l owed J o e H a r t t o come c o u r t i n g w h i l e the r i v a l s u i t o r ( C a s s i d y ) was r e s i d i n g in t he house , Mary came t o a t r a g i c end

Wi th t h i s in m ind , I s t a r t e d t o take a c l o s e r look a t t he s t r u c t u r e o f New Plymouth s o c i e t y A c c o r d i n g t o t he New Z e a l a n d Company r e c o r d s , 1854 saw New Plymouth w i t h an unmarr ied p o p u l a t i o n o f 927 males t o 728 females Whi le a good p r o p o r t i o n o f t hese would be c h i l d r e n , t he f i g u r e s s t i l l r e f l e c t t he imbalance i n t h e ma le / fema le r a t i o I f I had c o r r e c t l y i n t e r p r e t e d t he s i t u a t i o n between Mary R o g e r s , Cass idy and J o e H a r t , then t h i s i n c i d e n t would have been a harsh reminder o f the v u l n e r a b i l i t y o f t h e f a m i l y u n i t I t is t h e r e f o r e p o s s i b l e t h a t the c i t i z e n s o f c o l o n i a l New Plymouth p layed down the i n c i d e n t t o a p o i n t where the murder h a r d l y seems t o have happened

I found v e r y l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n c o v e r i n g the n e x t few yea rs With t he ou tb reak o f war in 1 8 6 0 , V i c t o r i n e was e v i d e n t l y evacuated t o Ne lson She was f i f t e e n y e a r s o f a g e , unmarr ied and pregnant Her name does no t appear on any o f t he r a t i o n l i s t s so presumably she was i nc luded i n one o f the many f am iTy u n i t s which sought sanc tua ry in Ne lson S h o r t l y a f t e r he r e v a c u a t i o n , Thomas G o d d a r d , a t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r o l d p u b l i c a n f rom B e l l B lock near New P l y m o u t h , f o l l o w e d her t o Ne lson where t h e y were mar r i ed

Now t h a t V i c t o r i n e was m a r r i e d I expec ted t o f i n d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n I was seek ing w i t h more ease bu t t h i s was not t he case He m a r r i a g e , i n some w a y s , comp l i ca ted t he i ssue

Regard less o f the f a c t t h a t Thomas Goddard made an ' hones t woman' o f V i c t o r i n e , h i s d e s e r t i o n o f New Plymouth a t t h i s t ime would have no t gone unno t i ced Women and c h i l d r e n had been evacuated and t he menfo lk f o r t i f i e d the town and prepared t o p r o t e c t t h e i r i n t e r e s t s The re i s no record o f Goddard in m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e in New Z e a l a n d Dur ing h i s e a r l i e r yea rs in New P l y m o u t h , he was a gunsmith by t r a d e , so h i s e x p e r t i s e w i t h f i r e a r m s was wel l known Consequen t l y h i s d e s e r t i o n o f New Plymouth d e p r i v e d h i s f e l l o w s e t t l e r s o f a s k i l l e d a b l e body I f t he t o w n s f o l k had e a r l i e r passed judgement on members o f t he Rogers f a m i l y , t h e y now added Thomas Goddard t o t h e i r l i s t

J 2 _ 1 : .

¿ y /à. ¿f\

;&t**-^4 ***** /y,/o-o]

. „ , - , ¿ A z ó f a r "/^ζ<γφ-*ζ*,<*<Cs .s \

Thomas G o d d a r d ' s c la im t o the Ta ranak i R e l i e f Fund Commiss ion, 1864 I A 1 3 2 / 5 ( N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , W e l l i n g t o n )

In h i s s ta tement s u p p o r t i n g t he c la im Goddard i n d i c a t e d t h a t he had been compel led t o abandon h i s 19 acres (and the B e l l I n n ) a t the commencement o f t he w a r , and t h a t he had n o t r e t u r n e d t o t he Inn u n t i l 1863 However , on h i s land Goddard a l s o had a house which had e v i d e n t l y been r e n t i n g ou t ( s i n c e he c la imed l oss o f r e n t ) , and t h i s house he occup ied aga in around O c t o b e r 1861 But nowhere does he ment ion h i s w i f e , V i c t o n n e Rogers o r comment on what he had done between l e a v i n g B e l l B lock and r e t u r n i n g t o i t

18

T h i s would e x p l a i n t h e t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n I l o c a t e d f o r Thomas Goddard P r i o r t o h i s m a r r i a g e , h i s name cropped up a t r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s A f t e r h i s m a r r i a g e , l i t t l e i s known o f h i s persona l l i f e He d i ed o f cancer i n 1879 A t t he t ime he and V i c t o r i n e were managing a ho te l i n B e l l B lock A p a r t f rom h i s t r a n s i e n t s t a y i n N e l s o n , Goddard had been a p u b l i c a n i n B e l l B lock s ince 1852 and was o b v i o u s l y we l l known i n t he d i s t r i c t As w i t h V i c t o n n e ' s mother M a r y , t h e r e was no o b i t u a r y o r r e p o r t i n t he l oca l newspaper A l l t h a t appeared was a v e r y b r i e f dea th n o t i c e F o r such a p u b l i c man, I expec ted t o f i n d more

V i c t o r i n e was c a r r y i n g t h e i r t e n t h c h i l d when he r husband d i ed S h o r t l y a f t e r , a new l i c e n s e e t ook o v e r t h e ho te l and I was unable t o l o c a t e her whereabouts How she managed t o suppo r t her c h i l d r e n i s no t known

I found compar isons between M a r y ' s and V i c t o n n e ' s l i v e s i n t e r e s t i n g As w i t h many o f t h a t e r a , t h e y were r e s i l i e n t women Both found themselves i n a s i t u a t i o n where t h e y had t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e i r f a m i l i e s They a l so both purchased p r o p e r t y in a p a t r i a r c h a l s o c i e t y And i t was th rough land purchase t h a t I found where she was l i v i n g She appeared seve ra l y e a r s a f t e r her husband 's d e a t h , on the E l e c t o r a l R o l l f o r Ing lewood and was noted as owning land In the same y e a r (1883 ) she mar r ied A r t h u r Pa lme r , a t ea merchant They had two sons and w i t h t he younger members o f her f a m i l y , A r t h u r and V i c t o r i n e moved t o A u s t r a l i a In do ing s o , she s l i p p e d o u t o f my reach and d isappeared across the Tasman

I knew she had d ied a t W a i t a r a , bu t have no knowledge o f the i n t e r v e n i n g yea rs Acco rd ing t o her o b i t u a r y which was pub l i shed l o c a l l y in 1 9 3 5 , she had been widowed f o r a second t ime in 1893 The da te o f her r e t u r n was not noted but i t had s t a t e d t h a t she l i v e d her l a s t yea rs a t Wa i ta ra The o b i t u a r y a l s o t o l d o f where and when she was born and the names o f her c h i l d r e n There was no r e f e r e n c e t o her ch i l dhood expe r iences

I t was as i f t he i s o l a t e d community o f New Plymouth d id no t want t o admi t t h a t the murder had happened and no one wanted the c r e d i t o f be ing a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the s e t t l e -men t ' s ' f i r s t ' One would have expec ted t h a t w i t h the pass ing o f y e a r s , t he scandalous aspec t would f ade and t he s t o r y would become one o f the p r o v i n c e ' s f o l k t a l e s Even t o t he end V i c t o r i n e seems t o have avo ided p u b l i c r e c o g n i t i o n o f t he e v e n t which had a huge impact upon he r l i f e Presumably i t was t h e c h i l d r e n who s u p p l i e d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t he o b i t u a r y Was i t he r w ish o r t h e i r s t h a t no r e f e r e n c e was made t o t he i n c i d e n t ' Rega rd less o f whom and why , i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o no te t h a t even i n 1 9 3 5 , someone wished t o c o n t i n u e t he embargo which e a r l y New Plymouth s o c i e t y had p laced on t he Rogers f a m i l y so many y e a r s b e f o r e

Bu t t he s t o r y d o e s n ' t end t h e r e Mary R o g e r s ' courage and t e n a c i t y i n s p i r e d E l i z a b e t h Sm i the r t o w r i t e her nove l F%#st Blood based on t he murder o f Mary Rogers S m i t h e r ' s nove l l ooks i n t o a h i g h l y s t r u c t u r e d s o c i e t y Wh i le s t r i c t l y an h i s t o r i c a l n o v e l , t he s t o r y o f Mary Rogers comes th rough I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o no te t h a t a t t h e t ime when E l i z a b e t h Smi the r chose the s u b j e c t o f her nove l she was r e s i d i n g a t "The G a b l e s " Now under the p r o t e c t i o n o f the New Z e a l a n d H i s t o r i c P laces T r u s t , " T h e G a b l e s " was f o r m e r l y New P l y m o u t h ' s C o l o n i a l H o s p i t a l and i t was in t h i s b u i l d i n g t h a t Mary Rogers had l a i n dy ing do many yea rs be fo re Perhaps i t was Mary who dec ided t h a t i t was t ime she came ou t o f the c l o s e t

I had been asked t o w r i t e a 500 word essay o f V i c t o r i n e A l l I managed was a mere 350 words In a s t r ange way i t was the lack o f i n f o r m a t i o n which s l o w l y b u i l t a p i c t u r e o f her l i f e But f a c t s are needed, not s u p p o s i t i o n Is she wor th i n c l u s i o n in t he D i c t i o n a r y , even a t the expense o f a recogn ised n o t a b l e f i g u r e 7 My answer i s an emphat ic " Y e s " Her daun t l ess t r e k th rough l i f e ep i tom ises the p ionee r bo th as a c o l o n i a l s e t t l e r and as an o u t s i d e r w i t h i n s o c i e t y

Mary Re id Ta ranak i Museum

19

ARCHIVAL SOURCES FOR NEW Z E A L A N D ' S MEDICAL HISTORY A paper presented at the Conference on the History of New Zealand and Austra-lian medicine held at Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, 29-30 April 1987

The medical a r c h i v e s o f New Z e a l a n d f a l l i n t o f o u r main c l a s s e s , f i r s t l y those t h a t a r e pa r t o f the p u b l i c a r c h i v e s o f New Z e a l a n d , i e those o f government depar tments such as t he H e a l t h Depar tmen t , second ly those o f quangos t h a t have lega l f u n c t i o n s in t h i s f i e l d , such as h o s p i t a l b o a r d s , medical s c h o o l s , l oca l bodies and research i n s t i t u t i o n s , and t h i r d l y cognate m a t e r i a l s genera ted by p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l s t h a t a r e in manuscr ip t r e p o s i t o r i e s o f v a r i o u s k i n d s , u s u a l l y l i b r a r i e s In a d d i t i o n t o these t h r e e c l asses t h e r e a re t he a r c h i v e s , o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i e t i e s and o t h e r bodies whose records c o n t a i n ma te r i a l t h a t has a b e a r i n g upon the h i s t o r y o f medic ine and p u b l i c h e a l t h The re i s a l s o the " P a n d o r a ' s b o x " o f papers and c o l l e c t i o n s in p r i v a t e hands and no t r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e t o p u b l i c u s e , i n c l u d i n g medical p r a c t i t i o n e r s ' case reco rds We t h e r e f o r e have t he two aspec ts o f h i s t o r i c a l resource m a t e r i a l , t he o f f i c i a l and t he u n o f f i c i a l record From the p o i n t o f v iew o f the h i s t o r i a n , a l l o f these a re primary sources I t i s no t however the purpose o f t h i s paper t o deal w i t h secondary sources - monographs i e pub l i shed works I must emphasise t h a t t he u n o f f i c i a l record i s the most d i f f i c u l t t o i d e n t i f y and h a n d l e , s i n c e i n e a r l i e r days b e f o r e u n i v e r s a l l i t e r a c y , and b e f o r e t he adven t o f o ra l h i s t o r y a f t e r Wor ld War I I , t he r e a c t i o n s o f o r d i n a r y f o l k , even i n t he age o f the common p e o p l e , has no t been g e n e r a l l y recorded and i n the case o f p r i v a t e papers t h e y a re n o t o r i o u s l y messy t o research un less t hey have been a r ranged and i n v e n -t o r i e d by a r c h i v i s t s

GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES

F o r ou r purposes these c o n s i s t p r i n c i p a l l y o f the agenc ies d i r e c t l y concerned w i t h medical s e r v i c e s , p u b l i c h e a l t h , mental h o s p i t a l s and poor r e l i e f whose a r c h i v e s a re he ld ma in l y by N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s i n W e l l i n g t o n as we l l as t he r e g i o n a l o f f i c e s i n Auck -l and and C h n s t c h u r c h , and approved r e p o s i t o r i e s under the A r c h i v e s A c t 1957 The h o l d -ings f a l l i n t o severa l pe r iods co r respond ing t o the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l changes in the admin i -s t r a t i v e bod ies t h a t c rea ted them

Crown Colony Period 1840-54

P u b l i c H e a l t h and Poor R e l i e f e t c were the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f the C o l o n i a l Surgeon The sources a re the C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y ' s and t he C i v i l S e c r e t a r y ' s A r c h i v e s , which a re l i s t e d i n those o f the I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s Department

Provincial Period 1854-76

P r o v i n c i a l governments assumed r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r P u b l i c H e a l t h and Poor R e l i e f , H o s p i t a l s and L u n a t i c Asylums I have no t had the o p p o r t u n i t y t o search t he P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s f o r each p r o v i n c e bu t d i d check t he Prom-nouzl Gazette 0 f two p r o v i n c e s and found t h a t t h e i r pub l i shed r e t u r n s p r o v i d e da ta r e l a t i n g t o h o s p i t a l and l u n a t i c asy lum s a l a r i e s , admiss ions and d i s c h a r g e s , d e a t h s , l u n a t i c asylum d i e t a r y s c a l e , as wel l as a r e p o r t o f a P r o v i n c i a l Surgeon (T M P h i l s o n , Auck land 1 8 7 4 , a f t e r whom the Auck land U n i v e r s i t y Medical School L i b r a r y i s named)

1870-1900

The a r c h i v e s f o r t h i s pe r i od a re m i s s i n g , presumably the v i c t i m o f one o f the catas-t rophes t h a t have dogged t h e p u b l i c a r c h i v e s o f t h i s coun t r y T h i s gap rep resen ts t he l a t t e r end o f t he p r o v i n c i a l p e r i o d up t o the a b o l i t i o n o f the p rov i nces i n 1876 when t he Genera l Government became r e s p o n s i b l e f o r h o s p i t a l s , p u b l i c h e a l t h , poor r e l i e f and mental h o s p i t a l s , a l t hough d e v o l u t i o n o f some o f those f u n c t i o n s e f f e c t i v e l y con t i nued

Twentieth Century

The main bu lk o f N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s ho ld i ngs r e f e r to t h i s p e r i o d when f i n a n c i n g and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n were the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f the Cen t ra l Government under the H e a l t h D e p a r t -ment w i t h a M i n i s t e r o f P u b l i c H e a l t h and H o s p i t a l s By t h i s t ime government depar tments

20

had become more s o p h i s t i c a t e d a d r a i n i s t r a t i v e l y as i s r e v e a l e d i n a number o f ways i n t he Fowlds Papers i n the U n i v e r s i t y o f Auck land L i b r a r y In t he read ing room a t N a t i o n -a l A r c h i v e s , t h e r e a r e two b u l g i n g box f i l e s o f i n v e n t o r i e s f o r H I and H2 h o l d i n g s which now exceed 200m and cove r a l l aspec ts o f h e a l t h a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n New Z e a l a n d i n c l u d i n g H o s p i t a l s , Menta l H o s p i t a l s , Boards o f H e a l t h , C h a r i t a b l e A i d e t c and ex tend up t o t h e 1970s o r 80s N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s a l s o r e c e i v e s d e p o s i t e d a r c h i v e s i n c l u d i n g those o f some H o s p i t a l Boards t o which I sha l l r e f e r l a t e r , and a l s o ho lds J u s t i c e Depar tment C o r o n e r s ' I nques t R e g i s t e r s and Indexes 1 8 5 4 - 1 9 7 5

Other Government Departments

The depar tments hav ing h o l d i n g s r e l e v a n t t o the i n t e r e s t s o f t he medical h i s t o r y r e s e a r c h e r i n c l u d e

R e g i s t r a r Genera l (Depar tment o f J u s t i c e , Lower H u t t ) - records i nc l ude Dea th C e r t i f i c a t e s 1 8 4 8 - These were used by G W R i ce o f the U n i v e r s i t y o f Can te rbu ry f o r h i s a b o u t - t o - b e - p u b l i s h e d works on t he 1918 i n f l u e n z a epidemic

M i n i s t r y o f Defence Base Reco rds , Personne l Branch ho ld 1 ,200 ,000 persona l f i l e s o f r e t i r e d members o f t he armed s e r v i c e s 1899 - ( F o r access d e t a i l s r e f e r t o Archives New Zealand and no te t h a t a f e e i s now p a y a b l e ) F o r example I have a copy o f Base Records r e p o r t on t h a t we l l - known Auck land med ic ine d o c t o r D r H a r d i e N e i l , (who a l s o appears i n t h e Fowlds and t he Spragg Papers i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Auck land L i b r a r y ) The p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f the Base Records a r c h i v e f o r m i l i t a r y , soc i a l and medical h i s t o r y a r e c o n s i d e r a b l e

II ARCHIVES OF QUANGOS

I nc luded under t h i s heading a r e H o s p i t a l B o a r d s , t h e Medica l Research C o u n c i l , and t h e a r c h i v e s o f t h e medical schoo ls and t h e i r l i b r a r i e s A l s o t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f l o c a l government i n t h e m a t t e r o f p u b l i c h e a l t h shou ld n o t be o v e r l o o k e d F o r example Auck land C i t y Counc i l had a S a n i t a r y Depar tment l a t e r c a l l e d t h e H e a l t h Depa r tmen t , which was spu r red i n t o a c t i v i t y a f t e r t he i n f l u e n z a ep idem ic , and t he bubonic p lague s c a r e , which p rovoked t he Mayor o f D a r g a v i l l e i n t o d e s c r i b i n g Auck land as ' a d i r t y ho le o f C a l c u t t a ' The C i t y f a t h e r s and Fowlds as M i n i s t e r o f H e a l t h had come i n f o r b r i c k -bats o v e r t he i n s a n i t a r y s t a t e o f the c i t y as w i t ness a ca r toon by J C B l o o m f i e l d in 1907 A h o r r i b l e t hough t a s s a i l s one - perhaps that was the reason why t he c a p i t a l was moved t o W e l l i n g t o n 7 One presumes t h a t t he odour o f methane which haunted t h e c i t i z e n s o f Auck land f o r y e a r s has l e f t some w h i f f i n t he a r c h i v e s o f t he c i t y The a r c h i v e s o f some h o s p i t a l boards have been d e p o s i t e d w i t h a r c h i v a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , e g O tago H o s p i t a l Board and T r u b y - K i n g H a r r i s K a r i t a n e H o s p i t a l Dunedin w i t h Hocken L i b r a r y , N o r t h C a n t -e r b u r y H o s p i t a l Board w i t h t he Can te rbu ry Museum, those o f the Auck land Thames and Wa i -ka to H o s p i t a l Boards w i t h N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s Auck land and West Coast H o s p i t a l Board w i t h N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s C h r i s t c h u r c h O f f i c e Examples o f i tems

Auckland Hospital Board

Auckland Provincial Hospital Admissions and Discharge Book 2859-69, Casebook 1859-69, Auckland Medical Association Minute Books 1883-88

Waikato Hospital Board

Old cash books and ledgers etc 74 items 1913-56

So f a r as the o t h e r h o s p i t a l boards a re concerned I am unab le t o say whether t h e i r a r c h i v e s have s u r v i v e d and a r e open t o p u b l i c access H o s p i t a l Boards a re l i k e l y t o be i nc l uded i n t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f the A r c h i v e s and Records B i l l which t he p resen t G o v e r n -ment w i l l d o u b t l e s s r e v i v e a t some s t a g e The p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n i s t h a t under t h e 1987 amendment t o t h e O f f i c i a l I n f o r m a t i o n A c t t h a t h o s p i t a l and h e a l t h board reco rds a r e now under the p r o v i s i o n s o f t he O f f i c i a l I n f o r m a t i o n A c t T h i s i s no t t o say t h a t t h e y have t he s t a t u s o f p u b l i c records in l i e u o f the A r c h i v e s Ac t I have a s u s p i c i o n t h a t t h e r e a re no h o s p i t a l board a r c h i v i s t s - a t h i n g f o r which t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n cou ld p ress The incongruous s i t u a t i o n a r i s e s so o f t e n when o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t have made l i t t l e p r o -v i s i o n f o r the p r e s e r v a t i o n and arrangement o f t h e i r de func t records want a h i s t o r y w r i t t e n nex t y e a r i f no t s o o n e r , which i s a sure way o f hav ing t he h i s t o r i a n rushed t o

21

the h o s p i t a l t o expe r i ence medical s e r v i c e s a t f i r s t hand

I make o n l y pass ing ment ion o f t he f o l l o w i n g

New Z e a l a n d Medica l Research Counc i l - 100m a r c h i v e s 1 9 3 7 -

U n i v e r s i t y o f Otago Medical School L i b r a r y ( U n i v e r s i t y o f Auck land Medical School L i b r a r y does no t ho ld a r c h i v a l m a t e r i a l )

U n i v e r s i t y G r a n t s Committee - academic records o f the fo rmer U n i v e r s i t y o f New Z e a l a n d 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 6 1

III HOLDINGS OF MANUSCRIPT REPOSITORIES

T h i s i s a d i f f i c u l t area t o search s ince the pa r t s t h a t a p p l y t o medic ine a re h i d -den w i t h i n t he papers o f a wide range o f i n d i v i d u a l s I n t e l l i g e n t s l e u t h i n g , l a t e r a l t h i n k i n g , and ask ing o n e s e l f 'who t r a v e r s e d t h i s path b e f o r e 7 ' a re necessary In t he words o f J i m T raue 'New Z e a l a n d has too many raw a r c h i v e s ' In f a c t a r c h i v es need a b e t t e r deal o v e r a l l (see the Smith Report, which has not had much e f f e c t a t the n a t i o n a l l e v e l ) There i s no t enough money f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n o f i n v e n t o r i e s , g u i d e s , i n d e x e s , c a l e n d a r s , and the p u b l i s h i n g o f the l e t t e r s o f such people as S i r Douglas Robb and w S W a l l i s , t o choose two n o r t h e r n examples I have pub l i shed a c a l e n d a r o f e x t r a c t s f rom l e t t e r s in the Fowlds p a p e r s , U n i v e r s i t y o f A u c k l a n d , r e l a t i n g t o H e a l t h , but ca lendars o f l e t t e r s a re a r a r i t y because o f t he cos t The r e p o s i t o r y t h a t has the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r m a i n t a i n i n g a n a t i o n a l c o l l e c t i o n o f manuscr ip ts i s t he A l e x a n d e r T u r n b u l l L i b r a r y ( N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o f New Z e a l a n d ) - The Manuscr ip ts and A r c h i v e s S e c t i o n o f T u r n b u l l has indexes and i n v e n t o r i e s as f i n d i n g a i d s t o i t s 2500m o f m a t e r i a l s , t he l a r g e s t h o l d i n g o f non-government a r c h i v e s i n the coun t r y The sub jec t headings in the ca ta logue i nc lude M e d i c i n e , D e n t i s t r y , Nurses and Nurs ing e t c Under Medic ine t h e r e are 19 c a r d s , o f which the f o l l o w i n g are two samples

Rober t H a l l Bakewel l 1 8 3 1 - 1 9 0 8 - notes on p a t i e n t s and t h e i r symptoms (Medica l O f f i c e r i n the Boer War)

B e t t d i a r i e s - records o f changes in medical p r a c t i c e 1 9 1 4 - 2 0

Nurses and Nu rs i ng B u r d e t t , F l o r e n c e - t y p e s c r i p t re Grace N e i l l W i l l i s , L i z a b e t h Ida Grace 1 8 8 1 - 1 9 6 8 - D i r e c t o r N Z Army N u r s i n g S e r v i c e 1936-46

The 1983 gu ide t o manusc r ip t s r e l a t i n g t o sc ience i n t he T u r n b u l l L i b r a r y l i s t s 274 groups o f ho ld i ngs o f which a p p r o x i m a t e l y 13% r e l a t e t o hea l t h and medical ma t te rs

I f we seek New Z e a l a n d - w i d e coverage we must t u r n t o the National Register of Archives and Manuscripts in New Zealand which IS t he most impor tan t pub l i shed f i n d i n g a i d t h a t we have I t s l i m i t a t i o n i s t h a t i t i nc ludes o n l y a few o f the ho ld ings o f the l a r g e s t r e p o s i t o r i e s - N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s and o f the A l e x a n d e r T u r n b u l l L i b r a r y Manu-s c r i p t s and A r c h i v e S e c t i o n S i x i ns ta lmen ts have been pub l i shed i n both hardcopy and m i c r o f i c h e each o f 250 i tems t o t a l l i n g 1,500 i tems f rom 36 r e p o s i t o r i e s ou t o f the 160 l i s t e d in Archives New Zealand Indexes a re p rov ided which i n c l u d e a s u b j e c t heading ' H e a l t h ' w i t h r e f e r e n c e s t o some 72 i t e m s , p e r i o d 1 7 6 9 - 1 9 7 8 - f rom Cook t o the p resen t One shou ld no t o v e r l o o k the p r o v i n c i a l museums and p u b l i c and u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s as sources o f a r c h i v a l m a t e r i a l , f o r example

Auckland Institute and Museum Library

S i r John Logan Campbell P a p e r s , a medico who never p r a c t i s e d in New Z e a l a n d bu t amassed a c o n s i d e r a b l e f o r t u n e as a t r a d e r and merchant i n Auck land

Shar land & Co (pha rmac i s t s ) P r e s c r i p t i o n Books 1 8 7 2 - 1 9 1 0

H o r s l e y ' s Pharmacy P r e s c r i p t i o n Books 1923-50

Dr J L Newman R e c o l l e c t i o n s o f Cornwal l G e r i a t r i c H o s p i t a l ( copy )

w 15

PW

D 17

061

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23

University of Auckland New Zealand and Pacific Section Manuscripts and archives:

H o l d i n g s i nc l ude the papers o f S i r Douglas Robb , ( 1 8 9 9 - 1 9 7 4 ) , t h o r a c i c surgeon and C h a n c e l l o r o f t he U n i v e r s i t y , and o f S i r George F o w l d s , ( 1 8 6 0 - 1 9 3 4 ) , M i n i s t e r o f P u b l i c H e a l t h i n t he Ward Cab ine t 1 9 0 6 - 1 1 .

The Fowlds P a p e r s , f o r which I have p r o v i d e d a number o f f i n d i n g a i d s , c o n t a i n much o f i n t e r e s t f o r t he medical h i s t o r i a n i n c l u d i n g l e t t e r s f rom s e n i o r o f f i c i a l s such as Dr O . M . Mason, C h i e f H e a l t h O f f i c e r , Dr T . H . A . V a l i n t i n e , I n s p e c t o r - G e n e r a l o f H o s p i t a l s , and Dr F . H a y , I n s p e c t o r - G e n e r a l o f Mental H o s p i t a l s . The cor respondence inc ludes such i tems a s :

1 Fowlds t o Seddon in 1900 u rg ing t h a t a b a c t e r i o l o g i s t shou ld be appo in ted f o r t h e c o l o n y

2 cor respondence w i t h prominent women e . g . Grace N e i l l and E v e l i n e Cunn ing ton

3 O ' B r i e n Ε re d i f f i c u l t i e s o f Mercury Bay (bushmen's ) h o s p i t a l a f t e r a p e r i o d O f d rought - a cri de coeur

4 Dr V a l i n t i n e , I n s p e c t o r - G e n e r a l o f H o s p i t a l s ' r e p o r t on t h e 'unsc rupu lous Dr Morkane ' rega rd ing a West Coast h o s p i t a l

5 Fowlds r e p o r t s upon l e n g t h y v i s i t on the medical and h o s p i t a l s e r v i c e s on t he E a s t Coast among the Maori peop le

6 desc r i bes the e f f e c t s o f t he i n f l u e n z a epidemic in Auck land 1918

Nelson Provincial Museum:

Samuel Hodgk inson immigrant sh i p surgeon 1842 J o u r n a l desc r i bes medical t r e a t m e n t o f passengers i n c l u d i n g b lood t r a n s f u s i o n 1842 (NRAMNZ Β 3 9 9 ) .

IV ARCHIVES OF ORGANISATIONS

Archifacts 1 9 7 4 - 8 6 r e g u l a r f e a t u r e 'Access ion L i s t s ' shows t h a t 1 1 o r g a n i s a t i o n s have d e p o s i t e d t h e i r a r ch i ves i n c l u d i n g :

Alexander Turnbull Library - N . Z . Nurses A s s o c i a t i o n 1 9 0 9 - 7 6 , 1 9 3 9 - 8 0 ; N . Z . Red Cross 1 9 2 2 - 4 2 .

Hocken Library - N . Z . Medica l A s s o c i a t i o n 1 9 6 2 - 7 ; N . Z . Denta l A s s o c i a t i o n Otago 1 9 3 0 - 7 0 , 1 9 3 8 - 8 0 ; N . Z . P h y s i o t h e r a p i s t s A s s o c i a t i o n , Auck land 1 9 2 3 - 7 8 ; S t John Ambulance A s s o c i a t i o n , 1 8 8 8 - 1 9 6 9 .

National Archives Auckland office - Auck land Medical A s s o c i a t i o n 1 9 1 4 - 3 6 , 1951

However , a number o f o r g a n i s a t i o n s t i l l ho ld t h e i r own a r c h i v e s . F o r example the N . Z . Medical A s s o c i a t i o n ' s a r c h i v e s a re he ld a t t he n a t i o n a l o f f i c e (26 The T e r r a c e , W e l l i n g t o n ) and compr ise 5 metres c o v e r i n g the p e r i o d f rom 1887 onwards , w i t h the success ive changes in the t i t l e s - N . Z . Branch B r i t i s h Medical A s s o c i a t i o n , Medical A s s o c i a t i o n o f New Z e a l a n d , and NZMA. As a m a t t e r o f c o n g r a t u l a t i o n h i s t o r y o f t he NZMA by Dr Wr igh t S t C l a i r i s about t o be pub l i shed in t ime f o r t he A s s o c i a t i o n ' s cen tenn ia l con fe rence nex t month .

I would welcome a d d i t i o n s o r c o r r e c t i o n s t o t h i s paper as I i n t e n d t o p u b l i s h a gu ide t o a r c h i v a l sources o f New Z e a l a n d ' s medical h i s t o r y .

F rank Rogers Auck land

24

S E L E C T B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Archifacts B u l l e t i n o f t he , A r c h i v e s and Records A s s o c i a t i o n o f New Z e a l a n d 1 9 7 7 -Inc ludes no tes o f recen t access ions by r e p o s i t o r i e s

Dictionary of New Zealand Biography H i s t o r i c a l P u b l i c a t i o n s B r a n c h , Depar tment o f I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s , W e l l i n g t o n , i n p r e p a r a t i o n

E y l e s C C 'New Z e a l a n d War R e c o r d s ' New Zealand Genealogist, vo l 12 no 1 1 8 pp 898-9

H e n r y , M a r g a r e t , and Hoare M E A guide to manuscripts relating to science m the Alexander Turnbull Library, W e l l i n g t o n , A l e x a n d e r T u r n b u l l L i b r a r y , 1983

Graham, J e a n i n e ' T h e R e s e a r c h e r s ' c o u r t e s y code ' The New Zealand journal of History, vo l 20 no 2 , 1986 , pp

G r i f f e n , C l y d e and S a l l y Sources for the social history of Auckland A report to the Department of History, University of Auckland A u c k l a n d , 1985 ( A u c k l a n d H o s p i t a l Board A r c h i v e s pp 6 7 - 7 2 )

Jamieson D G & Po land J Index to obituaries and death notices in the New Zealand Medical Journal 1886-February 1981 W e l l i n g t o n , New Z e a l a n d L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n , 1986 , m i c r o f i c h e

National Register of Archives and Manuscripts m New Zealand Wellington National Library of New Zealand, 1979-

New Zealand National Archives A cumulative list of holdings 1976 W e l l i n g t o n , Depar tment o f I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s , 1976

- - - The Government as architect and builder m the nineteenth century An exhibition held at National Archives, Wellington, from December 1983 to April 1984

- - - Preliminary Inventory No 4 Archives of the Provinces of New Ulster and New Munster and the Civil Secretary's Office, 1954

R o g e r s , F rank Archives New Zealand A directory of\archives and manuscript reposi-tories in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Tokelau, Tonga and Western Samoa A u c k l a n d , A r c h i v e s P r e s s , 1984

- - - The Fowlds Papers An Inventory of the Sir George Fowlds Collection U n i v e r s i t y o f Auck land L i b r a r y b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l b u l l e t i n 2 , 1964

- - - The Fowlds Papers A calendar of letters relating to Health 1900-1933 A u c k l a n d ,

A r c h i v e s P r e s s , 1980 - ·

- - - The Fowlds Papers Index of correspondents and subjects 1878-1934 A u c k l a n d , A r c h i v e s P r e s s , 1980

S m i t h , W i l f r e d I Archives m New Zealand A report W e l l i n g t o n , A r c h i v e s and Records A s s o c i a t i o n o f New Z e a l a n d , 1978

Union Catalogue of New Zealand and Pacific Manuscripts m New Zealand Libraries W e l l i n g t o n , A l e x a n d e r T u r n b u l l L i b r a r y , 1 9 6 8 - 9 , 2 v o l s

Wr igh t S t C l a i r , R Ε ' E a r l y accounts o f Maori h e a l t h and d i e t ' Ν Ζ Medical Journal ν 70 Nov 1969 pp 3 2 7 - 3 1 , Dec 1969 pp 4 1 5 - 1 9 R e p r i n t e d in journal of the Auckland-Waikato Historical Societies no 1 8 , A p r i l 1 9 7 1 pp 20-23 and no 19 Sep 1 9 7 1 pp 1 1 - 1 5

25

RESOURCES, INSTITUTIONS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE. CENTRAL OTAGO 1 8 6 1 - 1 9 2 1 · The reg ions o f r e c e n t s e t t l e m e n t , no ted McCar ty ( 1 9 7 3 1 5 0 ) , a re ' t h e p u r e s t examples t h a t h i s t o r y o f f e r s o f c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t i e s ' , s o c i e t i e s in which soc i a l va lues and p o l i t i c a l , l ega l and economic i n s t i t u t i o n s were shaped and u t i l i s e d t o e x p e d i t e and f a c i l i t a t e m a t e r i a l g rowth and expans ion C e r t a i n l y , some o f these new s o c i e t i e s , i n c l u d i n g New Z e a l a n d , expe r ienced r a p i d development and r i s i n g rea l per c a p i t a incomes wh i ch , by 1 9 1 4 , had p laced them among the w o r l d ' s most p rosperous c o u n t r i e s F o r t h a t r e a s o n , however , t he re has been a tendency t o accep t the t e l e o l o g i c a l assumpt ion o f economic success and thus to desc r i be the course and c h a r a c t e r o f growth r a t h e r than to ana l yse i t s causes o r to demonst ra te how i n s t i t u t i o n s and i n s t i t u t i o n a l ar rangements were m o d i f i e d and shaped i n response t o the e x i g e n c i e s o f the economic system

Economic Founda t i ons C o n t e x t I n s t i t u t i o n s and i n s t i t u t i o n a l arrangements are impor tan t in the process o f

economic growth and change, Sutch (1982 329) no t i ng the a t t e n t i o n economic h i s t o r i a n s a re pay ing t o the e v o l u t i o n o f p a r t i c u l a r economic i n s t i t u t i o n s , behav iou ra l c o n s t r a i n t s , and those lega l r i g h t s and r u l e s which c o n s t i t u t e and d e f i n e the 'economic sys tem' O f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t t o lega l and economic h i s t o r i a n s are the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s between i n s t i t u t i o n s and lega l change and soc i a l and economic change, f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e o f l ega l r i g h t s can have a p ro found impact upon the na tu re and pace o f economic growth ( L i b e c a p , 1 9 7 9 364) In p a r t i c u l a r , as Anderson and H i l l observed ( 1 9 7 5 1 6 3 ) , ' T h e way in which p r o p e r t y r i g h t s are a s s i g n e d , en fo rced and t r a n s f e r r e d a f f e c t s the a l l o c a t i o n o f resources and hence the amount and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f o u t p u t 1

C o n s i d e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n has been focussed on the genes is and development o f d i f f e r e n t p r o p e r t y r i g h t s s t r u c t u r e s , on the m o d i f i c a t i o n o f i n h e r i t e d lega l cus toms, p r a c t i c e s and d o c t r i n e s , a n d , f i n a l l y , on the development and a p p l i c a t i o n o f new forms o f resource law T o g e t h e r these s t u d i e s suggest t h a t the law was as much ' a r e f l e c t i o n o f soc i a l f o r c e s ' as i t was 'an agency o f soc ia l c o n t r o l ' t h a t the law moulded economic growth and was in t u rn t r a n s f o r m e d , and t h a t the p r imary de te rm inan t o f l ega l change was the ba lance o f power r e l a t i o n s among compet ing i n t e r e s t groups They a l s o suggest t h a t in the n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , s t a t e i nvo l vemen t in the economy was l a r g e l y p r o m o t i o n a l - r e g u l a t o r y in c h a r a c t e r and in tended t o suppor t p r i v a t e i nves tmen t and g rowth

Min ing Regions Themes / Economic growth i n n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y New Z e a l a n d i n v o l v e d the e x p l o i t a t i o n and

development o f n a t u r a l resources New resource u t i l i s a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s , r a p i d l y changing p roduc t i on and t r a n s p o r t t e c h n o l o g i e s , and changes in resource p roduc t va lues encouraged the a r t i c u l a t i o n o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l ar rangements to f a c i l i t a t e , e x p e d i t e and govern resource use But f u r t h e r , s ince those resources c o n s t i t u t e d the bas is o f wea l th and independence, power and p r o d u c t i o n , s e t t l e m e n t and development i n e v i t a b l y genera ted i n t e n s e c o m p e t i t i o n f o r and c o n f l i c t o v e r ownership and access , con t ro l and u t i l i s a t i o n O f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t a re the min ing reg ions f o r t h e i r s e t t l e m e n t and development i n v o l v e d

* the exposure o f i n h e r i t e d d o c t r i n e s and p r a c t i c e s t o the demands o f a novel resource env i ronment and new and r a p i d l y changing economic e n v i r o n m e n t ,

* t he f o r m u l a t i o n , i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and a p p l i c a t i o n o f a comprehensive resou rce regime and thus a c lose f u n c t i o n a l i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p between the law and the processes o f economic growth and change,

* p ro found changes in economic s t r u c t u r e as the min ing i n d u s t r y i t s e l f expe r ienced f a r reach ing s t r u c t u r a l changes and as land was made a v a i l a b l e f o r s e t t l e m e n t ,

* c o m p e t i t i o n and c o n f l i c t among a number o f major groups w i t h common, d i v e r g e n t and opposed i n t e r e s t s , and

* the c o n t i n u a l emergence o f new p o l i c y problems and issues and thus a complex process o f p o l i c y f o r m u l a t i o n , enac tment , o p e r a t i o n and feedback

26

Min ing Reg ions Approaches

Seve ra l v e r y l a r g e and complex bodies o f reco rds r e l a t i n g t o t he s e t t l e m e n t and deve lopment o f the Otago min ing d i s t r i c t remain T h e i r s i z e and c o m p l e x i t y , however , have made i t e s s e n t i a l to f o r m u l a t e and app l y the resource regime Such a regime may be d e f i n e d as an e x p l i c i t conceptua l f ramework , t h a t o f a soc ia l i n s t i t u t i o n which se rves ' t o o r d e r the a c t i o n s o f those i n t e r e s t e d in the use o f na tu ra l r e s o u r c e s , p r a c t i c e s o r s t r u c t u r e s o f r u l e s d e f i n i n g r e c o g n i z a b l e behav iou r ( Y o u n g , 1982) Any regime compr ises t h r e e components r i g h t s - which may be those o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y , common p r o p e r t y , use o r en joymen t , r u l e s , and compl iance mechanisms The c o n t e n t o f r i g h t s and r u l e s c o n f e r s d e f i n i t e advantages and d i sadvan tages on those us ing the resources s u b j e c t t o a p a r t i c u l a r regime Min ing law c o n s t i t u t e d such a regime the p o l i c y o f t h a t law was t o a l l o w Crown lands and wa te rs t o be taken up f o r min ing p u r p o s e s , t he s o c i a l cho i ce mechanism employed t o a l l o c a t e resources was t h a t o f the law c a p t u r e o r ' f i r s t i n t i m e , f i r s t i n r i g h t ' , and the ma jo r r i g h t c r e a t e d a use r r i g h t which e n t i t l e d i t s possessor t o the e x c l u s i v e use but no t the ownersh ip o f the land and wa te r s u b j e c t t o the regime F u r t h e r min ing law e s t a b l i s h e d c l e a r l y d e f i n e d r u l e s gove rn ing the use o f resources to which the a c t o r s were bound to adhere l e s t t h e i r m in ing p r i v i l e g e s were deemed t o be f o r f e i t e d , r u l e s o r d e r i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s among those engaged i n the i n d u s t r y , and p rocedura l r u l e s f o r r e s o l v i n g d i s p u t e s I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o no te t h a t min ing law c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t min ing e n t e r p r i s e would be under taken and deve loped on the bas is o f the l easeho ld r a t h e r than on t h a t o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y The r e s p e c t i v e m e r i t s and demer i t s o f each form were h e a v i l y deba ted , both in the U n i t e d S t a t e s and A u s t r a l i a and in New Z e a l a n d The advoca tes o f the fo rmer i n s i s t e d t h a t the l easeho ld o f f e r e d sa feguards a g a i n s t monopoly w h i l e p r o v i d i n g a c o n t i n u i n g source o f r e v e n u e , those a d v o c a t i n g the l a t t e r c i t i n g the impor tance o f a d e f i n i t e and secure t i t l e t o encourage i nves tmen t and deve lopment and t o reduce t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t s T h a t min ing law was based on the l easeho ld a l so meant , however , t h a t Government and P a r l i a m e n t r e t a i n e d the power to i n f l u e n c e o r d i r e c t the a l l o c a t i o n and u t i l i s a t i o n o f the s u b j e c t resources In s h o r t , New Z e a l a n d min ing law can be conce ived as a resource regime compr is ing a p a r t i c u l a r s e t o f r i g h t s and r u l e s , and s u b j e c t t o con t inuous p ressures f o r r e d e f i n i t i o n o r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n in accordance w i t h changing t e c h n o l o g y , resource v a l u e s and power r e l a t i o n s

The Records o f the Cou r t s A ) Wardens' Cou r t s The concept o f a resource regime p r o v i d e s a bas is upon which the

e x p l o r a t i o n and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f the Wardens' Cou r t s records may be conducted Those reco rds a re v o l u m i n o u s , those f o r O tago and S o u t h l a n d occupy ing no fewer than 125 l i n e a r met res o f the she l ves o f Hocken L i b r a r y , and even then t h e y a re incomple te By The Gold Fields Act 1858, t he Wardens' Cou r t s were c r e a t e d t o a d m i n i s t e r min ing l aw , and t o hear and dec ide c i v i l and c r im ina l s u i t s a r i s i n g w i t h i n min ing d i s t r i c t s S e c t i o n 254 o f The Mining Aot 1898 s p e c i f i e d the wide range o f ma t t e r s in respec t o f which such cou r t s had j u r i s d i c t i o n They i n c l u d e d , i n t e r a l i a ,

* a r e a , d imensions and boundar ies o f m in ing p r i v i l e g e s * f o r f e i t u r e o f min ing p r i v i l e g e s * t i t l e t o and ownersh ip o f possess ion o f min ing p r i v i l e g e s * q u e s t i o n s o r d i s p u t e s r e l a t i n g t o w a t e r o r w a t e r - r i g h t s * s p e c i f i c per formance o f c o n t r a c t s r e l a t i n g t o min ing p r i v i l e g e s o r

o p e r a t i o n s * t r a n s f e r s and o t h e r d i s p o s i t i o n s o f min ing p r i v i l e g e s * t r u s t s r e l a t i n g t o min ing p r i v i l e g e s o r o p e r a t i o n s * min ing p a r t n e r s h i p s , t h e i r f o r m a t i o n and d i s s o l u t i o n , and t he

d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a l l q u e s t i o n s a r i s i n g among p a r t n e r s * encroachment upon i n j u r y t o land by reason o f min ing o p e r a t i o n s ,

as a l s o u p o n / t o r o a d s , t ramways , r a i l r o a d s o r fences * g e n e r a l l y concern ing a l l c o n t r a c t s , t o r t s , q u e s t i o n s o r d i s p u t e s

o f any k i nd r e l a t i n g t o min ing p r i v i l e g e s o r o p e r a t i o n s

27

Three groups o f records are o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t

( 1 ) A p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s , a p p l i c a t i o n r e g i s t e r s and r e g i s t e r s o f g ran ts t h i s group i nc ludes the o r i g i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n forms f o r a l l min ing p r i v i l e g e s c rea ted by min ing l aw , t o g e t h e r w i t h no t i ces o f o b j e c t i o n , r e p o r t s by government depar tments (where r e l e v a n t ) , minutes o f e v i d e n c e , r u l i n g s , and any c o n d i t i o n s a t t ached t o the g ran t s A l l g r a n t s , by sec t i on 141 o f The Mining Act, 1898 had to be en te red i n t o a R e g i s t e r R e g i s t r a t i o n o f t i t l e s was an e a r l y requ i rement o f min ing law b u t , as G i l k i s o n (1905 63) p o i n t e d o u t , 'Under the o l d e r A c t s , the o n l y ' R e g i s t e r ' g e n e r a l l y cons i s t ed in a c o l l e c t i o n o f o f f i c e d u p l i c a t e s o f c e r t i f i c a t e s w i t h more o r less p a r t i c u l a r i t y the record o f g ran t s made by the Warden ' I t shou ld be noted t h a t under s e c t i o n 141 o f The Mining Act 1898 any l i cence g ran ted o r renewed had to record ' a memorial o f e v e r y r e g i s t e r e d i ns t rumen t a f f e c t i n g the same ' A p p l i c a t i o n s were made f o r and r e g i s t e r s ma in ta ined o f a p l e t h o r a o f min ing p r i v i l e g e s - c la ims ( o r d i n a r y , e x t e n d e d , o r s p e c i a l , a l l u v i a l , q u a r t z , d r e d g i n g , and s e a - b e a c h ) , l i censed h o l d i n g s , min ing l e a s e s , wa te r r i g h t s and r a c e s , head r a c e s , branch r a c e s , d r y r a c e s , bywashes, t a i l r a c e s , s ludge c h a n n e l s , d ra inage a r e a s , dams, r e s e r v o i r s , t u n n e l s , spec ia l s i t e s , machine s i t e s , bus iness s i t e s , and res idence s i t e s The Wardens' Cou r t s a l s o d e a l t w i t h a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l leases and occupa t ion l i cences

( 2 ) T r a n s f e r s and Ass ignments S e c t i o n 139 o f The Mining Act, 1898 p rov i ded t h a t e v e r y min ing p r i v i l e g e was deemed t o be a c h a t t e l i n t e r e s t and thus cou ld be s o l d , encumbered, t r a n s m i t t e d o r s e i z e d under w r i t o f e x e c u t i o n S e c t i o n 5 de f i ned t r a n s f e r to i nc lude s a l e , l e a s e , t r a n s m i s s i o n , mor tgage , l i e n , encumbrance o r o t h e r d i s p o s i t i o n o f a min ing p r i v i l e g e A g a i n , the Wardens' Cou r t was r e q u i r e d to ma in ta i n r e g i s t e r s to record a l l t r a n s f e r s Ass ignment r e l a t e s to the mortgage o f min ing p r o p e r t i e s , ass ignment papers i n c l u d i n g cop ies o f mortgage agreements

(3 ) P l a i n t s t h i s group comprises the papers r e l a t i n g t o s u i t s h e a r d , and i nc ludes , i n t e r a l i a , s ta tements o f c la im and d e f e n c e , r e p o r t s and no tes o f ev idence

The v a l u e o f these r e c o r d s , and in p a r t i c u l a r the l i g h t t h a t they shed on the manner in which min ing law governed the a l l o c a t i o n and use o f r e s o u r c e s , may be i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h r e f e rence t o w a t e r , a key resource f o r both min ing and fa rming in Cen t ra l o tago Beg inn ing w i t h The Gold Fields Acts Amendment Act, 186b, m in ing law a u t h o r i s e d the d i v e r s i o n o f wa te r f o r min ing purposes and g ran ted miners the r i g h t t o c u t , c o n s t r u c t and use wa te r races th rough and upon both Crown and p r i v a t e lands D i v e r s i o n f o r o t h e r than min ing purposes was a u t h o r i s e d f i r s t by The Otago Vaste Lands Act, 1872 No i r r i g a t i o n l i c e n c e , however , was to be g ran ted f o r any wa te r which was o r which migh t be r equ i r ed f o r p u b l i c pu rposes , f o r the use o f miners g e n e r a l l y , o r f o r m i l l s and manufac tu re rs I r r i g a t i o n was some d i s t a n c e down the l i s t o f deve lopmenta l p r i o r i t i e s Moreove r , the p r e f e r e n t i a l a l l o c a t i o n o f wa te r t o the min ing i n d u s t r y was b u t t r e s s e d by s e c t i o n 1 4 2 ( 4 ) o f The Mining , Act, 1886 which p rov ided t h a t a l i c e n c e f o r the supp ly o f wa te r to any i n d u s t r y o t h e r than min ing cou ld be l i m i t e d ' t o c e r t a i n months o f the y e a r o n l y ' F u r t h e r , The Mining Act 1898 (S 1 0 1 ( 6 ) ) p rov i ded t h a t a l i c e n c e f o r a wa te r race cou ld be g ran ted ' s u b j e c t t o the c o n d i t i o n t h a t the wa te r t h e r e i n sha l l be used o n l y in such q u a n t i t i e s o r du r i ng such months in each y e a r as are s p e c i f i e d in the l i c e n s e ' F o r t h e i r p a r t , the C o u r t s , on the bas is t h a t the purpose o f min ing l e g i s l a t i o n was t o promote and r e g u l a t e the min ing i n d u s t r y , regarded a l l r i g h t s and p r i v i l e g e s no t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o the i n d u s t r y as a n c i l l a r y t o i t and indeed o n l y to f a c i l i t a t e and a s s i s t i t s o p e r a t i o n s A n d , o f c o u r s e , the Mines Department ob jec ted to any a p p l i c a t i o n f o r wa te r which appeared to j e o p a r d i s e the min ing i n d u s t r y ' s i n t e r e s t s o r p o s s i b l e f u t u r e min ing o p e r a t i o n s In b r i e f , the min ing i n d u s t r y secured c o n t r o l o f most o f the a v a i l a b l e wa te r in C e n t r a l O t a g o , i t s c la im t o p r i o r i t y being embodied in min ing l aw , upheld by the Cou r t s and defended by the Mines Depar tment Min ing law, in p r i n c i p l e , a p p l i c a t i o n and o p e r a t i o n c o n s t i t u t e d a most u n c e r t a i n bas is f o r the development o f i r r i g a t i o n fa rm ing

The min ing i n d u s t r y ' s g r i p upon wa te r s u p p l i e s was a source o f growing resen tmen t , e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r the s u b d i v i s i o n (beg inn ing i n 1878 ) o f the p a s t o r a l runs and the

28

spread o f c l o s e r s e t t l e m e n t Thus in 1 8 9 7 , one group o f s e t t l e r s p e t i t i o n e d P a r l i a m e n t t o under take ' t h e e q u i t a b l e ad jus tmen t o f e x i s t i n g wa te r r i g h t s and s u p p l i e s and the c o n s e r v a t i o n o f n a t u r a l resources i n the i n t e r e s t s o f the a g r i c u l t u r a l as we l l as the min ing i n d u s t r y , ' and t h a t min ing l e g i s l a t i o n 'be amended w i t h the v iew o f a l l o w i n g a more e q u i t a b l e supp ly o f wa te r f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l and p a s t o r a l purposes ' {Mount Ida Chronicle 13 November 1 8 9 7 ) In f a c t , the growing c o n f l i c t o v e r wa te r r i g h t s which t h a t p e t i t i o n r e f l e c t e d was no t o n l y between s e t t l e r and miner but a l s o - and i n c r e a s i n g l y - between s e t t l e r and s e t t l e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y as the d i f f i c u l t i e s i n h e r e n t i n a system o f r i g h t s based upon p r i o r a p p r o p r i a t i o n posed f o r i r r i g a t i o n development became more m a n i f e s t Such were those d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t the Otago Witness, among o t h e r j o u r n a l s , suggested t h a t ' t h e monopoly which shou ld be a l lowed o f such an i n d i s p e n s a b l e agen t o f p r o d u c t i o n ( w a t e r ) i s the b é n é f i c i e n t monopoly o f a p u b l i c body , h o l d i n g in t r u s t f o r the b e n e f i t o f the p roducer and a d m i n i s t e r i n g i t f o r h i s advantage {otago Witness 19 November 1 8 9 1 ) But P a r l i a m e n t was no t p repared t o c o n s i d e r any m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o the law r e l a t i n g to wa te r which i m p e r i l l e d the complex s t r u c t u r e o f wa te r r i g h t s upon which min ing r e s t e d Any such changes would have evoked massive c la ims f o r compensat ion and indeed j e o p a r i s e d an i n d u s t r y s t i l l regarded as possess ing c o n s i d e r a b l e p o t e n t i a l f o r growth

T h a t the economic f u t u r e o f C e n t r a l O tago l a y no t in go ld min ing but in land s e t t l e m e n t and development was made c l e a r f i n a l l y by the c o l l a p s e o f the go ld d redg ing i n d u s t r y i n 1900 and the c o n t r a c t i o n o f a l l u v i a l min ing d u r i n g and immed ia te ly a f t e r Wor ld War I The outcome was a complex and p r o t r a c t e d s t r u g g l e f o r the c o n t r o l o f w a t e r , i n v o l v i n g , the Wardens' Cour t s records revea l

* rema in ing m i n e r s , seek ing t o secure w a t e r f o r bona f i d e min ing purposes * the c o u r t s (Supreme and Warden) , d e c l a r i n g min ing t o be the paramount

i n d u s t r y w i t h i n min ing d i s t r i c t s * m i n e r s , and e s p e c i a l l y min ing compames , endeavour ing t o ' n u r s e ' wa te r r i g h t s

and thus enhance t h e i r v a l u e , o f t e n i n an e f f o r t t o recoup min ing losses * the Mines Depa r tmen t , i n t e n t upon p r o t e c t i n g what i t p e r c e i v e d t o be the

i n t e r e s t s , bo th p resen t and p r o s p e c t i v e , o f the min ing i n d u s t r y * s e t t l e r s , seek ing t o secure wa te r f o r s tock w a t e r i n g and i r r i g a t i o n purposes * l o c a l commercial and f i n a n c i a l i n t e r e s t s endeavour ing t o secure c o n t r o l o f

key wa te r r i g h t s f o r sa le o r r e n t * s e t t l e r s r e s i s t i n g the e f f o r t s o f those commercial i n t e r e s t s , and those o f

t h e i r number a p p a r e n t l y i n t e n t upon monopo l i s i ng a v a i l a b l e s u p p l i e s * the Lands and Su rvey Depar tmen t , i n t e n t upon secu r ing the success o f

s e t t l e m e n t and s e l e c t i o n schemes * the P u b l i c Works Depa r tmen t , seek ing t o implement government p o l i c y on

i r r i g a t i o n

T h a t s t r u g g l e was conducted w i t h i n terms d e f i n e d - and c o n t i n u a l l y r e d e f i n e d - by min ing law I t i n v o l v e d the p r o t a g o n i s t s u t i l i s i n g v a r i o u s p r o v i s i o n s o f min ing law - those r e l a t i n g t o abandonment and f o r f e i t u r e , renewal and s u r r e n d e r , exchange o f t i t l e and c o n v e r s i o n o f purpose A l l a p p l i c a t i o n s were s u b j e c t t o the s c r u t i n y o f and open t o o b j e c t i o n by i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s , a l l were l i a b l e t o the i m p o s i t i o n o f c o n d i t i o n s in tended t o p r o t e c t e x i s t i n g o r p o t e n t i a l i n t e r e s t s

The reco rds o f the Wardens' C o u r t s a l s o revea l a v a r i e t y o f means whereby the wa te r resource was t r a n s f e r r e d f rom one i n d u s t r y t o a n o t h e r , among those means

* t he su r rende r o f wa te r r i g h t s g ran ted under one min ing ac t and t h e i r exchange f o r t i t l e s under a new a c t a n d , c o n c u r r e n t l y , the en largement o f the purposes f o r which the o r i g i n a l g r a n t had been made,

* the d i r e c t c o n v e r s i o n o f min ing wa te r r i g h t s i n t o i r r i g a t i o n r i g h t s , * the f o r m a t i o n o f s ynd i ca tes t o purchase min ing wa te r r i g h t s , to a r range

p r i v a t e schemes o f d i s t r i b u t i o n and secure a change o f pu rpose ,

29

* the i n s t i t u t i o n o f p roceed ings f o r f o r f e i t u r e f o r non-compl iance w i t h the r u l e s gove rn ing wa te r r i g h t s , and thus the conve rs i on o f i n f e r i o r i r r i g a t i o n r i g h t s i n t o s u p e r i o r r i g h t s ,

* s e t t l e r s secu r ing wa te r i n l i e u o f compensat ion f rom miners w ish ing to cu t wa te r races ac ross f r e e h o l d l a n d ,

* s e t t l e r s secur ing wa te r as i n t e r e s t upon monies advanced by way o f mortgage t o m i n e r s ,

* f o r e c l o s u r e by s e t t l e r s as mortgagees

Those records a l s o r e v e a l , however , an i n c r e a s i n g l y i n t e n s e s t r u g g l e among s e t t l e r s f o r the c o n t r o l o f the wa te r resource A p p l i c a t i o n s f o r wa te r r i g h t s f o r i r r i g a t i o n purposes r e g u l a r l y e l i c i t e d s t r ong o b j e c t i o n s f rom those s e t t l e r s who b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e i r r i g h t s and i n t e r e s t s were being j e o p a r d i s e d There were f i v e major grounds f o r o b j e c t i o n , f i r s t , t h a t any g r a n t would lead to d i s p u t e s and l i t i g a t i o n , second , t h a t the wa te rcourse concerned c o n t a i n e d i n s u f f i c i e n t wa te r t o supp ly e x i s t i n g r i g h t s , t h i r d , t h a t a g r a n t would d e p r i v e o b j e c t o r s o f w a t e r , i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e i r f a rm ing o p e r a t i o n s , and d e p r e c i a t e land v a l u e s , f o u r t h , t h a t a g r a n t would r e s u l t i n i n e f f i c i e n t use o f the a v a i l a b l e wa te r in a r e g i o n o f s c a r c i t y , and f i f t h - and most impo r tan t - t h a t a g r a n t would r e s u l t i n i n e q u i t a b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n Those o b j e c t i o n s r e f l e c t e d a growing c o n v i c t i o n among a l a rge number o f s e t t l e r s t h a t n e i t h e r common law r i p a r i a m s m nor p r i o r a p p r o p r i a t i o n ( t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f min ing wa te r law) c o n s t i t u t e d an adequate lega l bas i s f o r the deve lopment o f i r r i g a t i o n fa rm ing The s t r u g g l e f o r c o n t r o l genera ted demands f o r , among o t h e r t h i n g s , a system o f c e n t r a l i s e d c o n t r o l and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f the wa te r resource Through the records o f the wardens ' C o u r t s may be t r aced t he growing i n t e r v e n t i o n o f the S t a t e as i t u t i l i s e d min ing law t o secure i r r i g a t i o n r i g h t s , purchased water r i g h t s f rom d e f u n c t min ing e n t e r p r i s e s , ex tended i t s c o n t r o l o v e r the wa te r resource by reduc ing the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the Wardens' C o u r t s , and e x e r c i s e d i t s powers under eminent domain t o c o n t r o l the t r a n s f e r , s u r r e n d e r , and renewal o f w a t e r r i g h t s

The records o f those cou r t s a re thus i n v a l u a b l e in a n a l y s i n g

* t he p ressures t o which i n h e r i t e d cus toms, d o c t r i n e s and p r a c t i c e s were s u b j e c t and the manner in which they were m o d i f i e d by s t a t u t e l aw ,

* the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and a p p l i c a t i o n o f min ing law, * the s i g n i f i c a n c e o f min ing law f o r the a l l o c a t i o n , u t i l i s a t i o n and

t r a n s f e r o r r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the r e l e v a n t r e s o u r c e s , * the genes is o f resource c o n t r o l and resource use c o n f l i c t s , tne o r i g i n s

and c h a r a c t e r o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n p r e s s u r e s , and the emergence and development o f p o l i c y i s s u e s ,

* the i n d i v i d u a l s , groups and agenc ies i n v o l v e d in a p p l y i n g , u t i l i s i n g and m o d i f y i n g resource l aw ,

* the manner in which d i s p u t e s and c o n f l i c t s were a d j u s t e d , r e c o n c i l e d o r r e s o l v e d , and

* the c o n d i t i o n s under which r i g h t s were d e f i n e d , endo rced , and p r o t e c t e d , t h a t i s , the manner i n which t hey acqu i red va lue

B) The Supreme C o u r t The Supreme C o u r t (where t h e r e was no D i s t r i c t C o u r t ) c o n s t i t u t e d the C o u r t o f Appeal f o r those d i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h the judgements o f the Wardens' Cou r t s The r e l e v a n t case records compr ise s ta tements o f c la im and d e f e n c e , r e p o r t s , no tes o f e v i d e n c e , and the C o u r t ' s r u l i n g S i n c e i t was o f t e n on t he bas is o f those r u l i n g s t h a t P a r l i a m e n t amended the r e l e v a n t l a w , those case reco rds c o n s t i t u t e a f u r t h e r v a l u a b l e source They were used t o ana l yse the d i s p u t e s in Otago and Sou th land between f r e e h o l d e r s and miners o v e r r i p a r i a n r i g h t s (Hearn 1982)

But a l s o o f g r e a t v a l u e are the papers r e l a t i n g to C o u r t - o r d e r e d l i q u i d a t i o n s , and e s p e c i a l l y f o r m in ing companies r e g i s t e r e d under The Mining Companies L i a b i l i t y Act, 1865 and subsequent l e g i s l a t i o n Whereas companies r e g i s t e r e d under the

30

R I V A L R Y AT ROXBURGH

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Ji- u~~t^ ¿ « J * * c Λ-»4> ft»/ A - /C-¿*¿¿

V i n c e n t Pyke drew f i r e f rom o t h e r miners w i th h i s p roposa l t o dam Dismal Swamp, and then secure s h o r t - t e r m p r o t e c t i o n D e s p i t e s t r o n g p e t i t i o n s , the Government d e c l i n e d t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h t he Warden 's d e c i s i o n s

MD 1 , Mines 1889/358 A r c h i v e s , W e l l i n g t o n

N a t i o n a l

31

The Joint Stock Compames Act, 1861 were r equ i r ed t o lodge v a r i o u s papers and r e p o r t s f rom the companies O f f i c e (memoranda o f a s s o c i a t i o n , p a r t i c l e s o f i n c o r p o r a t i o n , company r e p o r t s , share l i s t s , ) , min ing companies were no t O f t e n a l l the i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t remains o f these e n t e r p r i s e s - so impor tan t in the development o f min ing - a re t h e i r no t i ces o r r e g i s t r a t i o n pub l i shed in the New Zealand Gazette The l i q u i d a t i o n papers u s u a l l y comprises s ta tements o f a company's asse t s and l i a b i l i t i e s , s ta tements and p roo f s o f d e b t s , l i s t o f c o n t r i b u t o r s , l i q u i d a t o r s ' s t a t e m e n t s , and - o c c a s i o n a l l y - cor respondence between the l i q u i d a t o r and c o n t r i b u t o r i e s ove r o f f e r s o f s e t t l e m e n t Such papers a f f o r d v a l u a b l e i n s i g h t s i n t o the s t r u c t u r e , f i n a n c i n g and o p e r a t i o n s o f min ing companies, w h i l e the correspondence in p a r t i c u l a r may revea l a g r e a t deal about the soc ia l and economic c o n d i t i o n s o f small communit ies and i n d i v i d u a l s

One example w i l l i l l u s t r a t e t h e i r v a l u e , t h a t o f the Croesus Conso l i da ted Q u a r t z Min ing Company, one o f seve ra l i l l - f a t e d ven tu res formed du r i ng O t a g o ' s l a s t q u a r t z min ing r u s h , the Nenthorn boom o f 1889-1890 R e g i s t e r e d in A p r i l 1889 , the Supreme C o u r t , on the p e t i t i o n o f the Bank o f New Z e a l a n d , o rde red the l i q u i d a t i o n in Oc tobe r 1890 The Bank , i t might be added , had acted in a n y t h i n g bu t a p r e c i p i t a t e f a s h i o n The l i q u i d a t o r - major d i f f i c u l t i e s n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g , i n c l u d i n g the f o r f e i t u r e f o r non-payment o f c a l l s o f no fewer than 89000 o f the 100,000 shares i n t o which the company's c a p i t a l had been d i v i d e d - pursued the c o n t r i b u t o r i e s w i t h an u n r e l e n t i n g t e n a c i t y T h e i r response o f t e n was to o f f e r

1 a compromise Thus James Brown, Merchant o f Naseby - and one o f the a r c h i t e c t s o f the Nen thorn boom and c o l l a p s e - o f f e r e d £ 1 7 8 10s i n f u l l s e t t l e m e n t o f h i s debts o f £331 on 4000 shares In an a f f i d a v i t he noted t h a t h is a s s e t s , sundry f r e e h o l d s , were s i t e d in Naseby , ' a G o l d f i e l d s c e n t r e , the y i e l d o f go ld f rom which i s on the d e c l i n e , and i t i s in the h ighes t degree p robab le t h a t such Township w i l l do no o t h e r than g r a d u a l l y decrease in s i z e and importance and as a consequence a l l f r e e h o l d s s i t u a t e t h e r e i n w i l l s u f f e r a g radua l d e p r e c i a t i o n i n v a l u e , ' a d e c l i n e which would be exacerba ted by the r o u t i n g o f the Cen t ra l O tago r a i l w a y th rough Eweburn ( R a n f u r l y ) Brown went on t o argue

* t h a t the v a l u e o f h i s book debts o f £ 1 1 0 0 d id ' n o t r e p r e s e n t the p resen t va lue o f such Book Debts My customers c o n s i s t p r i n c i p a l l y o f fa rmers and miners to whom I am compel led to g i v e long c r e d i t , and I am unable by reason o f the keen compe t i t i on f o r bus iness which e x i s t s in the Town o f Naseby t o charge such customers any sums by way o f i n t e r e s t f o r such accommodation

* T h a t my customers are by reason o f t h e i r c a l l i n g e n t i r e l y dependent on a p l e n t i f u l and f r e q u e n t r a i n f a l l t o render t h e i r a v o c a t i o n s p r o f i t a b l e , and Naseby i s j u s t beg inn ing to recove r f rom th ree success ive seasons o f d rough t

* T h a t du r i ng the seasons o f d rough t I had to g i v e my customers more ex tended c r e d i t than was my w a n t , and as a r e s u l t I go t behind i n my payments t o by Bankers and the who lesa le merchants w i t h whom I have bus iness

F i n a l l y , he d e t a i l e d h i s losses in l oca l m i n i n g , f a r m i n g , and p a s t o r a l companies and concluded ' T h a t by reason o f the c o l l a p s e o f seve ra l min ing ven tu res not o n l y a t Nenthorn but in the d i s t r i c t su r round ing the Town o f Naseby and a l s o o f the th ree success ive seasons o f d rough t as wel l as o f the sh r inkage o f t r ade consequent t h e r e o n , and o f the reve rses t o which I have been s u b j e c t e d , my f i n a n c e s have become s e r i o u s l y c r i p p l e d

The Records o f the Lands and Su rvey Depar tment

Access t o and c o n t r o l o f land a l so i n v o l v e d a p r o t r a c t e d s t r u g g l e in C e n t r a l Otago du r i ng the n i n e t e e n t h and e a r l y t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r i e s A l t h o u g h t h a t s t r u g g l e i n v o l v e d m i n e r s , s e t t l e r s and r u n h o l d e r s , o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i s t h a t between miner and s e t t l e r E s t a b l i s h e d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s i n s i s t t h a t the miners took ' a common s t a n d ' (Salmon 1963 108) w i t h the a g r i c u l t u r a l i n t e r e s t a g a i n s t the r u n h o l d e r s , and t h a t the miners ' l e d the a g i t a t i o n to have the s t a t i o n s broken up ' ( F i e l d and O lssen 1976 7 ) C o n v e r s e l y , John E w i n g , one o f Cen t ra l O t a g o ' s l ead ing min ing e n t r e p r e n e u r s , i n 1890 d e c l a r e d , w i t h respec t t o demands t h a t land be opened f o r s e t t l e m e n t , t h a t ' t h e dread

32

o f the miner backed the s e l f - i n t e r e s t o f the p a s t o r a l l e s s e e 1 {Otago Witness 27 F e b r u a r y 1 8 9 0 ) , w h i l e the Dunstan Times, i n 1 8 9 3 , observed t h a t the miners ' i n t e r p o s e d more d i f f i c u l t i e s i n the way o f s e t t l e m e n t than the r u n h o l d e r s ' (Dunstan Times 3 March 1893) Land s e t t l e m e n t i n c e n t r a l O tago was , in f a c t , a p r o t r a c t e d and complex process i n v o l v i n g f i r s t , the f o r m u l a t i o n o f s p e c i a l l y t a i l o r e d forms o f land tenu re - the a g r i c u l t u r a l l e a s e , homestead a r e a , occupa t i on l i c e n c e , and occupa t ion l e a s e , and second , the m o d i f i c a t i o n o f se l ec ted e lements o f the pe rpe tua l l e a s e , s m a l l - g r a z i n g r u n , l ease i n p e r p e t u i t y , occupa t i on w i t h the r i g h t t o p u r c h a s e , and renewable lease t e n u r e s , i n c l u d i n g r e s e r v a t i o n o f the r i g h t o f e n t r y f o r p r o s p e c t i n g , l i a b i l i t y t o d e t e r m i n a t i o n , n u l l i f i c a t i o n o f r i p a r i a n r i g h t s , and q u a l i f i c a t i o n s upon the r i g h t t o a c q u i r e the f r e e h o l d

By con temp la t i ng the even tua l a l i e n a t i o n o f l a n d , however , P a r l i a m e n t c r e a t e d the bas i s f o r a c l a s s o f r i g h t s , those o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y , which a t a number o f c r u c i a l p o i n t s c o n f l i c t e d w i t h t he use r r i g h t s c rea ted by min ing law O f pr ime i m p o r t a n c e , t h e r e f o r e , was the manner i n which the law r e l a t i n g t o the s e l e c t i o n o f land was adm in i s te red Among the records o f the Lands and Survey Depar tment (Duned in D i s t r i c t O f f i c e ) a r e t he a p p l i c a t i o n forms f o r the s e l e c t i o n o f land under the v a r i o u s t e n u r e s , and r e g i s t e r s o f l e a s e s , among them, o f a g r i c u l t u r a l l e a s e s , occupa t ion l e a s e s , smal l g r a z i n g runs and leases i n p e r p e t u i t y Bo th the a p p l i c a t i o n forms and the r e g i s t e r s c o n t a i n the b a r e s t o f d e t a i l s - name, da te o f a p p l i c a t i o n , a rea and l o c a l i t y , d i s p o s a l o f a p p l i c a t i o n , and d e t a i l s r e l a t i n g t o p u r c h a s e , exchange , e x p i r y , f o r f e i t u r e and d e t e r m i n a t i o n A n a l y s i s o f the da ta r e l a t i n g t o a g r i c u l t u r a l l e a s e s , however , promises to y i e l d i n s i g h t s i n t o the processes o f land s e t t l e m e n t on a New Wor ld g o l d f i e l d A l t h o u g h i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e s t i l l i n t h e i r p r e l i m i n a r y s t a g e s , land s e t t l e m e n t appears t o have p rogressed th rough f o u r broad phases o f i n i t i a l e n t r y , c i r c u l a t i o n , s t a b i l i s a t i o n , e x p a n s i o n , and c o n s o l i d a t i o n , each a s s o c i a t e d w i t h changes in the s t r u c t u r e o f the min ing i n d u s t r y , the p r o l e t a r i a n i s a t i o n o f the m i n e r s , the r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l and wa te r a f t e r 1 8 8 2 , the c o m m e r c i a l i s a t i o n and e x t e r n a l market r e o r i e n t a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e , and the growth o f s t a b l e r u r a l communit ies F u r t h e r , i t i s appa ren t t h a t i n making land a v a i l a b l e f o r s e t t l e m e n t , the Lands and Survey Depar tment endeavoured t o meet m i n e r s ' demands f o r p r e s e r v a t i o n o f access t o ground b e l i e v e d t o be a u r i f e r o u s and o f min ing o u t l e t s

One o f the i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e s emerging i s the e x t e n t t o which s e l e c t i o n was u n d e r t a k e n , d i s t r i c t by d i s t r i c t , by members o f the same ( e x t e n d e d ' ) f a m i l y , and t h a t f rom the o u t s e t o f s e t t l e m e n t W i t h i n the min ing i n d u s t r y i t s e l f , group c o o p e r a t i v e v e n t u r e s f r e q u e n t l y compr ised r e l a t e d persons M o r e o v e r , the f o r m a t i o n o f some o f those groups can be t r a c e d t o the beg inn ing o f m in ing i n Otago Much d e t a i l e d and p a i n s t a k i n g work needs t o be c a r r i e d o u t , but the appa ren t e x t e n t o f t h i s phenomenon, t o g e t h e r w i t h a s i g n i f i c a n t degree o f p e r s i s t e n c y , c e r t a i n l y sugges ts t h a t the s tanda rd p i c t u r e o f m in ing communit ies ( a t l e a s t ) as a t o m i s t i c and c h a r a c t e r i s e d by h igh r a t e s o f p o p u l a t i o n t u r n o v e r needs temper ing F u r t h e r , i t o f f e r s some p o t e n t i a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g p e r s p e c t i v e s on the processes and c h a r a c t e r o f m i g r a t i o n , land s e t t l e m e n t and deve lopmen t , and community f o r m a t i o n

I t i s a p p r o p r i a t e t o ment ion in t h i s c o n t e x t one o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n which i s under way , name ly , an a n a l y s i s o f the a p p l i c a t i o n forms o f some 1000 i n d i v i d u a l s who secured a l ease in p e r p e t u i t y i n Otago under The Lands for Settlement Acts A p p l i c a n t s were r e q u i r e d t o f u r n i s h t h e i r a d d r e s s , a g e , o c c u p a t i o n , m a r i t a l s t a t u s , number and age o f c h i l d r e n , means and i n t e r e s t ( i f any) i n l a n d , whether u r b a n , suburban o r r u r a l A n a l y s i s w i l l y i e l d some i n s i g h t s i n t o the demographic and soc i a l p ressu res which l a y behind the demands f o r the ' b u r s t i n g ' up o f the g r e a t - e s t a t e s

P o l i c y F low A n a l y s i s

Techno log i ca l change, changes i n the va lues o f resource -based p roduc ts and s i i i f t s i n the ba lance o f power r e l a t i o n s were among the more prominent processes g e n e r a t i n g p ressu res f o r the c o n t i n u a l m o d i f i c a t i o n o f both min ing and land law The p o l i c y - m a k i n g p r o c e s s , t h a t i s , the process by which s o c i e t y makes i t s cho ices o v e r the a l l o c a t i o n o f r e s o u r c e s , i s thus o f d i r e c t i n t e r e s t The c o m p l e x i t y o f t h a t p r o c e s s , and the vo luminous and v a r i e d c h a r a c t e r o f the p r i m a r y resources a v a i l a b l e , aga in suggest the d e s i r a b i l i t y o f employ ing an h i s t o r i c a l - c o n c e p t u a l model which embraces the i n d i v i d u a l s , groups and i n s t i t u t i o n s i n v o l v e d and the i n t e r a c t i v e processes among them P u b l i c p o l i c y i n v o l v e s the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f needs o r w a n t s , t he

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cho ice o f p r i o r i t i e s , and the s e l e c t i o n o f means in tended to a t t a i n those p r i o r i t i e s , a l l w i t h i n a c o n t e x t o f m u l t i p l e , compet ing , c o n f l i c t i n g and c o n s t a n t l y changing g o a l s , problems and v a l u e s Simmonsi e t a l ( 1 9 7 4 ) thus advance p o l i c y f l o w a n a l y s i s as a conceptua l model f o r compara t i ve p u b l i c p o l i c y r e s e a r c h , a model which focuses p r i m a r i l y on ' t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f c e r t a i n e lements and va lue cho ices in an i n t e r a c t i v e process which b lends them t o g e t h e r t o produce p o l i c y dec i s i ons ' The e s s e n t i a l e lements i nc l ude p o l i c y - as an i n d i c a t i o n o f i n t e n t i o n o r gu ide t o a c t i o n , p o l i c y i ssues - which focus on d e s i r e d changes , b e n e f i t s , r e g u l a t i o n , p o l i c y f l o w - t he e v o l u t i o n o f a p o l i c y i s s u e , p o l i c y d e c i s i o n s - as expressed i n l e g i s l a t i o n , r e g u l a t i o n s , j u d i c a l d e c i s i o n s , p o l i c y env i ronment - p u b l i c and p r i v a t e a g e n c i e s , i n t e r e s t o r p ressure g r o u p s , o p e r a t i o n a l soc ia l p r o c e s s e s , and the t e c h n o l o g i c a l , c u l t u r a l and phys i ca l s e t t i n g , and p o l i c y feedback - which i nc ludes impacts and e s p e c i a l l y t h e i r u n a n t i c i p a t e d consequences

F o r the a n a l y s i s o f the p ressures f o r and c h a r a c t e r o f changes t o min ing l aw , two groups o f records are p r o v i n g , w i t h the use o f t h a t f ramework , t o be e s p e c i a l l y v a l u a b l e The f i r s t comprises those o f the Mines Department They c o n t a i n , i n t e r a l i a , t o p i c by t o p i c cor respondence among m i n i s t e r s , depar tmenta l o f f i c i a l s , m i n e r s , m i n e r s ' o r g a n i s a t i o n s and o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s , memoranda between the M i n i s t e r o f Mines and the U n d e r - S e c r e t a r y o f M ines , o f f i c i a l r e p o r t s , p e t i t i o n , and d r a f t s o f l e g i s l a t i o n They are e s p e c i a l l y use fu l in de te rm in ing the o b j e c t i v e s , s t r a t e g i e s and procedures o f the Mines Depa r tmen t , i t s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f and response t o d i s p u t e s and c o n f l i c t s , and i t s d e f i n i t i o n o f p o l i c y i ssues The f i l e s o f the P u b l i c Works Depar tment (Duned in ) l a r g e l y compr ise cor respondence between the D e p a r t m e n t ' s Res iden t E n g i n e e r in A l e x a n d r a and the D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r in Duned in , and between the l a t t e r and the E n g i n e e r - i n - C h i e f in W e l l i n g t o n These f i l e s a re o f p a r t i c u l a r va lue in i d e n t i f y i n g the d i f f i c u l t i e s which min ing law as i t r e l a t e d to wa te r posed f o r the development o f i r r i g a t i o n , d i s p u t e s o v e r and e f f o r t s by i n d i v i d u a l s t o secure c o n t r o l o f w a t e r , the background t o changes made i n the l a w , and the manner in which the Depar tment o f P u b l i c Works sought t o encourage the e f f i c i e n t use o f the resource

The two conceptual f rameworks o u t l i n e d , the resource regime and p o l i c y f l o w a n a l y s i s , a r e c l o s e l y l i n k e d , the fo rmer f o c u s s i n g l a r g e l y on the s t r u c t u r e , c h a r a c t e r and f u n c t i o n i n g o f resource p o l i c y , and the l a t t e r on i t s f o r m u l a t i o n , enac tment , m o d i f i c a t i o n and t r a n s f o r m a t i o n T o g e t h e r they p o i n t to the c o m p l e x i t y o f the r e l a t i o n s h i p s among economic growth and change, i n s t i t u t i o n s and i n s t i t u t i o n a l arrangements And they p r o v i d e a bas is upon which t o app roach , i n t e r p r e t and u t i l i s e a number o f l a rge and complex bod ies o f records

Conc lus ions

Much o f t h i s research i s s t i l l i n i t s p r e l i m i n a r y s t a g e s , but some t e n t a t i v e o b s e r v a t i o n may be o f f e r e d F i r s t , i t i s c l e a r t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n s , i n s t i t u t i o n a l ar rangements and o r g a n i s a t i o n s d i d p l a y an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n the a l l o c a t i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n , u t i l i s a t i o n and t r a n s f e r o f n a t u r a l resources Those i n s t i t u t i o n s were shaped t o e x p e d i t e and f a c i l i t a t e p r i v a t e i nves tmen t and growth and to encourage p a r t i c u l a r forms o f economic development and e n t e r p r i s e They were a l s o shaped to p rec lude o r r e s o l v e c o n f l i c t s among compet ing and w i t h i n p a r t i c u l a r groups o f resource u s e r s , c o n f l i c t s a t l e a s t as much o v e r e q u i t y o f d i s t r i b u t i o n as o v e r e f f i c i e n c y o f use The second, and f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n i s t h a t the law r e l a t i n g t o the ownersh ip and use o f the resources in q u e s t i o n rep resen ted a balance among the i n t e r e s t s o f con tend ing g r o u p s , i n c l u d i n g a t l e a s t t h ree depar tments o f s t a t e ( M i n e s , P u b l i c Works , and Lands and S u r v e y ) , each hav ing d i f f e r e n t o b j e c t i v e s These s t u d i e s thus s u g g e s t , t h i r d , the a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s o f a p l u r a l i s t r a t h e r than an e l i t i s t model o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f the p o l i c y - m a k i n g p r o c e s s , and t h a t the c h a r a c t e r o f t h a t p rocess may be desc r i bed bes t as one o f d i s j o i n t e d incrementa l ism T h a t i s , the process comprised a se r i es o f i n d i v i d u a l l y r e l a t i v e l y minor but c u m u l a t i v e l y s i g n i f i c a n t changes to the r e l e v a n t l a w

T h i s research shou ld o f f e r some i n s i g h t s i n t o the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and o p e r a t i o n o f one comprehensive resource reg ime , and i n t o the genes is and c h a r a c t e r o f the p ressures f o r i t s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , be t hey e c o n o m i c - t e c h n o l o g i c a l , demograph ic , o r r e l a t e d t o changes in the ba lance o f power r e l a t i o n s I t should he lp r e v e a l the r o l e p l ayed by key i n d i v i d u a l s and groups o f i n d i v i d u a l s as p r o m o t e r s , a r t i c u l a t o r s and c a r r i e r s o f economic change , and the d e v e l o p i n g m u l t i f a c e t e d r o l e o f

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the S t a t e as a s u p p l i e r o f soc ia l goods , a r e g u l a t o r and f a c i l i t a t o r o f the market p l a c e , a s a n a r b i t r a t o r among competing soc i a l g r o u p s , and as a soc i a l eng inee r i n t e r v e n i n g t o secure i t s own p o l i c y goa ls One outcome, a t l e a s t , shou ld be a more d i f f e r e n t i a t e d unders tand ing o f the development and dynamics o f both c o l o n i a l and p o s t - c o l o n i a l New Zea land s o c i e t y and economy

R E F E R E N C E S

A n d e r s o n , T e r r y L and H i l l , Ρ J 1975 The E v o l u t i o n o f P r o p e r t y R i g h t s A S tudy o f the Amer ican West The Journal of Law and Economics 18 1 6 3 - 1 7 9

G i l k i s o n , Robe r t 1905 The Law of Gold Mining m New Zealand O tago D a i l y Times and Witness P u b l i s h i n g Company, Dunedin

H e a r n , Τ J 1982 R i p a r i a n R i g h t s and S ludge Channels A Water Use C o n f l i c t i n New Z e a l a n d , 1 8 6 9 - 1 9 2 1 New Zealand Geographer 3 8 , 2 , 4 7 - 5 5

L i b e c a p , Ga ry D 1979 Government Suppor t o f P r i v a t e Cla ims t o P u b l i c M i n e r a l s Western Minera l R i g h t s Business History Review 53 , 3 364-385

M c C a r t y , J W 1973 A u s t r a l i a as a Region o f Recent S e t t l e m e n t i n the N i n e t e e n t h Western Australian Economic History Review 13 1 4 8 - 1 6 7

Simmons, Robe r t Η , D a v i e s , Bruce , Chapman, Ra lph J Κ and S a g e r , Dav id D 1974 P o l i c y F low A n a l y s i s A Conceptual Model f o r Compara t i ve P u b l i c P o l i c y Research The Western Political Quarterly 2 7 , 3 457 -468

S u t c h , R i cha rd 1982 Douglass No r th and the New Economic H i s t o r y In Ransom, Roger L , S u t c h , R i c h a r d , and W a l t o n , Ga ry M ( E d i t o r s ) Explorations in the New Economic History Essays in Honor or Douglass C North Academic P r e s s , New Y o r k , 1 3 - 3 8

Y o u n g , Oran R 1982 Resource Regimes U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , B e r k e l e y

T e r r y Hearn Dunedin

THE SAUNDERS REPORT

The secu r i ng o f a r e p o r t f rom an overseas e x p e r t ( o r , more r e c e n t l y , f rom i n t e r n a t i o n a l accoun t ing f i r m s ) has become a s tanda rd s t r a t e g y in a t tempts t o e f f e c t c o n s t r u c t i v e change w i t h i n ou r i n f o r m a t i o n - o r i e n t e d p r o f e s s i o n s and i n s t i t u t i o n s Whi le the wisdom o f r e l i a n c e on 'market p l a c e ' p u n d i t s has y e t t o be t e s t e d , t he re can be l i t t l e doubt t h a t much o f v a l u e may be o b t a i n e d f rom the detached o b s e r v a t i o n s o f a seasoned f e l l o w p r o f e s s i o n a l , e s p e c i a l l y i f t h a t p r o f e s s i o n a l be wel l chosen C o n t r a r y t o some e x p e c t a t i o n s , t h i s by no means o b v i a t e s the need f o r s e l f - e x a m i n a t i o n N o r , somewhat c y n i c a l l y , shou ld the overseas e x p e r t be regarded s imp ly as a more accep tab le mouthpiece f o r the t r a n s m i s s i o n o f en t renched l oca l v iews t o h i ghe r dec i s ion -makers I d e a l l y , what such a person can p r o v i d e i s focus t o debate o the rw ise f r e q u e n t l y f ragmented and s e c t i o n a l He o r s h e , b r i n g i n g e x p e r i e n c e t o b e a r , can he lp u n d e r l i n e the main i ssues In s e l e c t i n g E m e r i t u s P r o f e s s o r W i l f r e d L Saunders t o c a r r y o u t an e v a l u a t i o n o f c u r r e n t New Z e a l a n d t r a i n i n g programmes f o r 1 i b r a r i a n s h i p , t he J o i n t A d v i s o r y Committee on L i b r a r i a n s h i p a p p a r e n t l y chose wel l O v e r a l l , though c a v i l s a re a lways p o s s i b l e P r o f e s s o r Saunde rs ' judgements and recommendations seem eminen t l y sound and s e n s i b l e I t i s o n l y when the P r o f e s s o r t u rns h is a t t e n t i o n t o the c o n j u n c t f i e l d s o f educa t i on and t r a i n i n g f o r a r c h i v i s t s and reco rds -keepe rs t h a t some se r i ous d i s q u i e t a r i s e s

With respec t t o the p r i n c i p a l t h r u s t o f the r e p o r t (Terms o f R e f e r e n c e , Report, Para 2) the p resen t r e v i e w e r f e e l s l e s s than w e l l - q u a l i f i e d t o comment a t l e n g t h However , a s i d e l i n e o b s e r v e r may perhaps be p e r m i t t e d a few impress ions B r a v e l y ,

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Saunders p i c k s u p , and runs w i t h , a number o f acknowledged l o n g s t a n d i n g problems the d i v i s i o n s between d ip lomates and c e r t i f i c a t e g r a d u a t e s , and the c o n f u s i o n a r i s i n g f rom those d i v i s i o n s , the aptness o r o t h e r w i s e , o f e x i s t i n g c u r r i c u l a in an i n c r e a s i n g l y i n f o r m a t i o n consc ious a g e , the necessary b r e v i t y o f the courses o f f e r e d , the lack o f a s u b s t a n t i v e research t r a d i t i o n w i t h i n l i b r a r y e d u c a t i o n , and the consequent lack o f o n - g o i n g research w i t h i n the e x i s t i n g s c h o o l s , and , t i e d i n e x t r i c a b l y t o a l l t he f o r e g o i n g , perhaps e x a c e r b a t i n g the p rob lems, the i n e f f i c a c y o f scarce resources be ing spread o v e r two separa te schoo ls in the same c i t y Saunders 1 most s i g n i f i c a n t recommendat ion, t h e r e f o r e , i s the f o rma t i on o f " a s i n g l e ve ry s t rong depar tment t o meet New Z e a l a n d ' s p resen t and f u t u r e needs f o r l i b r a r y and i n f o r m a t i o n e d u c a t i o n " (Rec 26) T h i s would p r o v i d e the f o u n d a t i o n f o r r a t i o n a l i s a t i o n and improvement , and f o r the e l i m i n a t i o n o r a m e l i o r a t i o n o f many o f the problems i d e n t i f i e d From the v i e w p o i n t o f a member o f an even sma l le r t e r t i a r y t each ing group than e i t h e r o f those s c r u t i n i s e d , i t i s hard t o escape the l o g i c o f Saunders ' reason ing He may, however , had under -es t ima ted the l o g i s t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s Amongst the P r o f e s s o r ' s suppo r t i ng recommendat ions, two in p a r t i c u l a r appealed to t h i s r ev i ewe r A t severa l po in t s he f a s t e n s on t o the d e s i r a b i l i t y o f p roper management t r a i n i n g f o r p r o s p e c t i v e l i b r a r y p r o f e s s i o n a l s , whether in p r e p a r a t i o n f o r s u p e r v i s o r y p o s i t i o n s in l a r g e o r g a n i s a t i o n s o r f o r so le charge s i t u a t i o n s P robab l y the need f o r such t r a i n i n g has long been t he re C e r t a i n l y the lack o f i t has sometimes been a l l too a p p a r e n t , even in our l a r g e s t e x i s t i n g l i b r a r i e s P r o f e s s o r Saunders a l s o p laces p a r t i c u l a r emphasis on what he terms ' U s e r S t u d i e s ' , go ing so f a r as t o suggest t h a t s tudy o f the c l i e n t e l e shou ld be " t he s t a r t i n g p o i n t ' f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l e d u c a t i o n , and t h a t t he re shou ld be "a s t r ong user o r i e n t a t i o n t o the s tudy o f a l l cu r r i cu l um t o p i c s " T h i s i s a t i m e l y a n t i d o t e t o the c u r r e n t ou tbreak o f 'systems f e v e r ' S u b s t a n t i a l d i v i d e n d s are a l r e a d y acc ru ing f rom new techno logy (how cou ld an economic h i s t o r i a n argue o t h e r w i s e 7 ) bu t i t i s easy t o f o r g e t t h a t the t echno log i es are means t o an end , no t ends in themselves And t h a t ' s something some a r c h i v i s t s might a l so wel l ponder

Saunders ' s p e c i f i c recommendations r e l a t i n g t o a r c h i v es and records management t r a i n i n g , those o f p a r t i c u l a r concern t o readers o f t h i s j o u r n a l , a re cu rso ry (Paras 1 5 7 - 1 6 1 , Rec 20) T h i s i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e , g i ven h i s b r i e f and the backgrounds o f h i s p r i n c i p a l i n fo rman ts Summarised, t h e r e are t h ree main p o i n t s F i r s t l y , t h a t the V U W Depar tment o f L i b r a r i a n s h i p con t i nue t o o f f e r ' A r c h i v e s and Records Management' as an o p t i o n whenever demand and a v a i l a b l e resources pe rm i t S e c o n d l y , t h a t the Depar tment o f L i b r a r i a n s h i p c o n s i d e r " p l a y i n g a more s u b s t a n t i a l r o l e in the t r a i n i n g o f a r c h i v e s and records managers" when resources pe rm i t T h i r d l y , t h a t the e x i s t i n g School o f L i b r a r y S t u d i e s a t the W e l l i n g t o n C o l l e g e o f E d u c a t i o n ' c o u l d ' c o n t r i b u t e t o the f u t u r e t r a i n i n g o f records managers " a t an a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l " A t f i r s t g l a n c e , these may seem unexcep t i onab le The f i r s t recommendation s imp ly accommodates the s t a t u s quo The o the rs express no more than vague 'm igh t b e s 1

Bu t i s t h i s enough in a document be ing w i d e l y t o u t e d as a b l u e p r i n t 7 Do these recommendations c o n s t i t u t e a n y t h i n g l i k e an o p t i m a l , even an a c c e p t a b l e , agenda f o r f u t u r e a r c h i v e s and records management t r a i n i n g 7 I t h i n k no t They may r e f l e c t the v iews o f l i b r a r y managers, t hey may even r e f l e c t the v iews o f a few ve ry s e n i o r a r c h i v i s t s , they most c e r t a i n l y do n o t , o r r a t h e r d i d n ' t , r e f l e c t the views o f A R A N Z , t he body which by d e f a u l t i s most r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the f u l l spectrum o f a r c h i v es and records management i n t e r e s t s Y e t t h i s i s no t too s u r p r i s i n g A c lose examina t i on o f the r e p o r t f a i l s t o d i s c l o s e any d i r e c t r e f e renc e t o c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h ARANZ r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , o r indeeds w i t h any o t h e r a r c h i v e s i n t e r e s t s save f o r N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s and NART M o r e o v e r , w h i l e Saunders s t a t e s q u i t e c l e a r l y t h a t he v i s i t e d a range o f l i b r a r i e s , t h e r e i s no sugges t ion t h a t he was in any way so c a t h o l i c in h is o b s e r v a t i o n o f a r c h i v e s and records keep ing i n s t i t u t i o n s These were se r ious om iss i ons , o r they were i f t he ques t i ons o f f u t u r e a r c h i v e s and records management t r a i n i n g was t o be s e r i o u s l y addressed I t i s i n t r i g u i n g t o n o t e , f o r example , t h a t w h i l e bo th the N Z L A and the N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y are commended f o r t h e i r pas t e f f o r t s in p r o v i d i n g s h o r t c o u r s e s , the s t renuous endeavours o f ARANZ s ince 1976 are t o t a l l y i g n o r e d , as i s the suppo r t o f N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s and o t h e r research i n s t i t u t i o n s o f those endeavours I t would be c h u r l i s h t o ch ide P r o f e s s o r Saunders , r a t h e r than h is appo in ted g u i d e s , f o r the lack o f depth in t h i s segment o f the r e p o r t , bu t the f a i l u r e t o come t o terms w i t h l oca l r e a l i t i e s s e v e r e l y l i m i t s the w r i t i n g o f h i s recommendations

What s p e c i f i c a l l y i s w r o n g 7 A t base , the Saunders ' p roposa ls o f f e r one stopgap s o l u t i o n and the e x p r e s s i o n o f good i n t e n t i o n s The r e s t r i c t i o n o f f u l l p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a i n i n g t o an o p t i o n a l h a l f module ( a l o n g s i d e s i x core cou rses ) w i t h i n the p o s t -

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g radua te l i b r a r i a n s h i p d ip loma programme j u s t w o n ' t do T h i s i s no t t o b e l i t t l e t he course c u r r e n t l y , i f i r r e g u l a r l y , be ing o f f e r e d I t i s o b v i o u s l y h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e t h a t p r o s p e c t i v e l i b r a r i a n s be exposed t o the i n t r i c a c i e s o f f i l e s and manuscr ip t m a t e r i a l s , j u s t as d e s i r a b l e as the f a m i l i a r i s i n g o f p r o s p e c t i v e a r c h i v i s t s w i t h the problems o f o r t h o d o x l i b r a r i a n s h i p M o r e o v e r , many New Z e a l a n d l i b r a r i e s i n c o r p o r a t e such m a t e r i a l s w i t h i n t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n s The c r i t i c a l p o i n t i s t h i s i r r e s p e c t i v e o f some common i n t e r e s t s and s u p e r f i c i a l ( s e d u c t i v e l y p e r s u a s i v e 7 ) s i m i l a r i t i e s in app roach , l i b r a r i a n s h i p and a r c h i v e s and reco rds management are q u i t e sepa ra te depar tments o f the i n f o r m a t i o n bus iness Y e t i t i s h a r d , even f o r some p r a c t i t i o n e r s , t o have t h a t d i s t i n c t i o n accepted A t l e a s t one e a r l i e r N a t i o n a l L i b r a r i a n pondered the p o s s i b i l i t y o f making N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s a d i v i s i o n o f t he N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y ' O f equal c o n c e r n , the two p r o f e s s i o n s are a t q u i t e d i f f e r e n t s tages o f development w i t h i n New Z e a l a n d B r o a d l y , the c u r r e n t s t a t e o f a r c h i v e s and records management i s ana lagous t o t h a t o f New Z e a l a n d l i b r a r i a n s h i p in the 1930s Hence t h e r e are d i f f e r e n t r e c r u i t i n g ca tchments , and q u i t e d i s t i n c t i v e l y d i f f e r e n t educa t i ona l and t r a i n i n g needs In terms o f t he Saunde rs ' s o l u t i o n , even i f t he Depar tment o f L i b r a r i a n s h i p ' s c u r r i c u l u m c o n t e n t be made more p e r t i n e n t , few o f the needs o f the c o u n t r y ' s a r c h i v e s and records cus tod ians are l i k e l y t o be met Many o f those most in need o f t r a i n i n g would be immedia te ly d i s q u a l i f i e d f rom s tudy a t V i c t o r i a , e i t h e r th rough lack o f e n t r y q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o r t h rough i n a b i l i t y t o r e g u l a r l y a t t e n d courses (even t he e q u i v a l e n t o f ' b l o c k c o u r s e s ' ) f o r ex tended pe r i ods Even those meet ing these c r i t e r i a would then have t o pass th rough the s e l e c t i o n f i l t e r s imposed by r e s t r i c t e d course e n t r y An a l t e r n a t i v e o p t i o n , and one p o s s i b l y appea l i ng t o a r c h i v i s t s and records managers o u t s i d e W e l l i n g t o n , migh t be the f l o a t i n g o f ex t ramura l courses T h i s i s a concept Saunders e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y endorses f o r l i b r a r y educa t i on g e n e r a l l y , a l t hough he has no s p e c i f i c recommendations w i t h r e s p e c t t o a r c h i v e s and reco rds management B u t , in the absence o f r a d i c a l r e s t r u c t u r i n g , the e a r l i e r o b j e c t i o n s t o course emphasis would s t i l l app ly To be f a i r , Saunders does suggest t h a t ' a more s u b s t a n t i a l r o l e ' m igh t be p layed by the V U W Depar tment o f L i b r a r i a n s h i p in f u t u r e Y e t t he proposal s tops t h e r e There i s no c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f what 'more s u b s t a n t i a l ' m igh t mean, nor when t he f u t u r e m igh t commence S i m i l a r l y , h i s proposal t h a t the School o f L i b r a r y S t u d i e s çou ld ' c o n t r i b u t e t o the f u t u r e t r a i n i n g o f records managers a t a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l s ' a l so l acks s p e c i f i c i t y How 7 What c o n s t i t u t e s an a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l 7 Saunders d o e s n ' t t e l l us I t i s a l l t o o p o s s i b l e t h a t , i f t he road mapped ou t i s f o l l o w e d , i t w i l l be f o u n d , f o r a r c h i v i s t s and r e c o r d s -k e e p e r s , t o be one r e p l e t e w i t h byways and deadends

On what l i n e s , t h e n , shou ld New Z e a l a n d a r c h i v e s and reco rds management t r a i n i n g e v o l v e 7 I t has t o be conceded t h a t t h e r e i s no one s imple answer There are t h ree main areas o f concern f u l l p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a i n i n g f o r a r c h i v i s t s ( i e t r a i n i n g f o r t hose employed i n the N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s and recogn ised research i n s t i t u t i o n s ) , t r a i n i n g f o r the c u s t o d i a n s , o f t e n p a r t - t i m e c u s t o d i a n s , o f c o l l e c t i o n s in non-spec ia l i s t i n s t i t u t i o n s ( l i b r a r i e s , museums e t c ) , and t r a i n i n g f o r ca ree r records managers Whi le q u i t e d i f f e r e n t app roaches , and programmes, might be necessa ry , i t i s n e v e r t h e l e s s d e s i r a b l e t h a t such programmes be i n t e g r a t e d p a r t s o f a n a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g p lan The most vexed r e c e n t q u e s t i o n has been who, o r what i n s t i t u t i o n , shou ld take r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t he f o m u l a t i o n o f such a p l a n 7 In the absence o f p o s i t i v e l e a d e r s h i p f rom e l sewhe re , ARANZ found i t s e l f t h r u s t i n t o a de f a c t o c o o r d i n a t i n g r o l e A c c e p t i n g the need f o r t r a i n i n g o f a more r e g u l a r and sys tema t i c c h a r a c t e r , f rom l a t e 1986 the o r g a n i s a t i o n proceeded on severa l f r o n t s

The vo ids were r e a d i l y apparen t N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g unders tandab le p r o t e s t s t o t he c o n t r a r y , p r o s p e c t i v e c a r e e r a r c h i v i s t s seemed perhaps bes t served As Saunders h i m s e l f r e - e m p h a s i z e d , the demand i s s t i l l small and , in the sho r t t e rm , can p robab l y bes t be met by sending s e l e c t e d s t a f f overseas f o r f u l l p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a i n i n g (an o p t i o n embraced by seve ra l i n s t i t u t i o n s , n o t a b l y N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s ) Whi le p l ann ing c o u l d , and s h o u l d , proceed f o r as a l t e r n a t i v e ind igenous programme, i t was recogn ised t h a t i t would be hard t o j u s t i f y the f l o a t i n g o f a f u l l - t i m e s p e c i a l i s t course ( f o r an es t ima ted 2-4 a t t endees per annum) i n the p resen t economic c l i m a t e But cou ld something be dev i sed which would c a t e r f o r the needs o f c a r e e r a r c h i v i s t s unab le o r u n w i l l i n g t o t r a v e l o v e r s e a s , t o g e t h e r w i t h those o f s u i t a b l y q u a l i f i e d cus tod ians employed i n n o n - s p e c i a l i s t i n s t i t u t i o n s ' I t was w i t h t h i s i n mind t h a t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f A R A N Z , w i t h s e n i o r o f f i c e r s o f N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , en te red i n t o d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h Massey U n i v e r s i t y in mid 1987 The upshot o f those d i s c u s s i o n s was broad agreement t h a t the p l ann ing o f an ex t ramura l d ip loma c o u r s e , one ak in t o t h a t t o be o f f e r e d t o museum c u r a t o r s , shou ld proceed Seeming l y , however , t h a t

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proposal has s ince w i t h e r e d on the v i n e Y e t , a t b e s t , the Massey d ip loma course would have p r o v i d e d one s o l u t i o n , n o t t he s o l u t i o n The needs o f non -g radua te a r c h i v e s cus tod ians had s t i l l t o be accommodated, w h i l e the needs o f records managers had s t i l l t o be f u l l y e s t a b l i s h e d What was l a c k i n g was r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n , the s o r t o f i n f o r m a t i o n a Saunders might have s i f t e d In these c i rcumstances the then ARANZ Counc i l launched a major i n i t i a t i v e I t convened , by i n v i t a t i o n , a w i d e l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e Rev iew Commit tee T h a t Commi t tee , under the cha i rmansh ip o f P r o f e s s o r J C D a v i s , was charged t o su rvey p r e s e n t and l i k e l y f u t u r e t r a i n i n g needs a t a l l l e v e l s o f the p r o f e s s i o n , and t o p resen t recommendations in a d i s c u s s i o n paper I t was t o r e p o r t by J a n u a r y 1988 I t was unable t o do s o , f e e l i n g compel led t o d i s s o l v e a f t e r bu t two meet ings T h i s i s no t the p lace t o canvass the reasons f o r t he Rev iew Commi t tee ' s demise , b u t , s a d l y , on t he ev idence o f the p a s t 12 months , t h e r e must be susp i c i on t h a t a t the h ighe r l e v e l s o f the a r c h i v e s and records management p r o f e s s i o n t h e r e i s a t p resen t i n s u f f i c i e n t m a t u r i t y to c o n s t r u c t i v e l y g rapp le w i t h the problems o f t r a i n i n g , much l e s s t o f i n d s o l u t i o n s

Brad P a t t e r s o n F a c u l t y o f Commerce and A d m i n i s t r a t i o n V i c t o r i a U n i v e r s i t y o f W e l l i n g t o n

Preliminary Announcement

12TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE Archives & Records Association of New Zealand

2 SEPTEMBER - H SEPTEMBER 1988

PALMERSTON NORTH (Teachers College and Massey University)

T H E M E S

1. Agricultural and Scientific Records

2 Issues facing Custodians and Users of Archives

Visits to local institutions, panel discussions, lectures

Progranme details and enrolment forms available shortly

BOCK TOUR AOCXMMODATICN NOW (HOTELS AND MOTELS)

All enquiñes to Ian Matheeon c/o Records S Archivée Office

Palmerston North City Corporation Private Bag, Palmerston North

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WELLINGTON BRANCH ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31 MARCH 1988

The p a t t e r n o f h o l d i n g Branch meet ings e v e r y two months , which has become e s t a b l i s h e d o v e r t he pas t few y e a r s , was con t inued t h i s y e a r In June we met a t the New Z e a l a n d F i l m A r c h i v e In September the meet ing was he ld a t t he C a r t e r O b s e r v a t o r y A d o n a t i o n f rom t he Branch o f $100 00 was made du r i ng t he m e e t i n g , as a g e s t u r e o f goodw i l l and suppor t f o r t h e O b s e r v a t o r y du r i ng t h e f u n d i n g c r i s i s i t was go ing th rough The G o v e r n -ment has s t i l l no t dec ided whether t o c o n t i n u e t o fund the O b s e r v a t o r y , but i s i s p r o -v i d i n g i n t e r i m funds a t t he bare minimum l e v e l , pending a f i n a l d e c i s i o n I n O c t o b e r , we v i s i t e d t he new N a t i o n a l A r t G a l l e r y Resource C e n t r e , i n the o l d Buck le S t r e e t P o l i c e S t a t i o n The Chr is tmas meet ing was a t t he Pho tog raph i c A r c h i v e o f the A l e x a n d e r Turnbul l L i b r a r y , i n t he new N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y B u i l d i n g T h e r e was a m ix -up by t he c a t e r e r s who d e l i v e r e d o u r f o o d t o a n o t h e r p a r t y e lsewhere i n t he b u i l d i n g , l e a v i n g us w i t h t h e d r i n k s o n l y Committee members were ab le t o improv i se however , and food e v e n t u a l l y appeared John S u l l i v a n o f the Photo A r c h i v e p r o v i d e d an i l l u m i n a t i n g t a l k on how the A r c h i v e had 'seen the l i g h t ' and was r e o r g a n i s i n g a long a r c h i v a l ( r a t h e r than l i b r a r y ) l i n e s I n F e b r u a r y , we met a t Base R e c o r d s , M i n i s t r y o f Defence - o f i n t e r e s t t o a l l who a t t e n d e d and i n f a c t i t was d i f f i c u l t t o drag away the more g e n e a l o g i c a l l y - o r i e n t e d a t t he end o f t he even ing

A p a r t f rom these meet ings t he ma jo r Branch a c t i v i t y du r i ng the y e a r has been t he o p e r a t i o n o f an a r c h i v e s book o rde r scheme A t f i r s t , we impor ted the books and then so ld them L a t e r , we took o rde rs f o r ( m o s t l y S o c i e t y o f Amer ican A r c h i v i s t s ) p u b l i c a -t i o n s , cash i n advance A d v e r t i s e m e n t s were p laced i n Archifacts and NZ Genealogist, and t h e r e was a s teady t r i c k l e o f o rde rs The scheme p r o v i d e d a reasonab le r e t u r n f o r the B r a n c h , a l t h o u g h the i n i t i a l m o t i v a t i o n was r a t h e r t o se t up a use fu l means o f p u t t i n g Branch funds t o work Most e n c o u r a g i n g l y , t he a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t e x t s on many aspec ts o f a r c h i v e s management has now g r e a t l y i nc reased in New Z e a l a n d Conspicuous among the purchasers were U n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s , compames and non-government o r g a n i s a -t i o n s , and (on t he Government s i d e ) t he Depar tment o f Maori A f f a i r s

In accordance w i t h the r e s o l u t i o n passed a t t he l a s t AGM, the Committee looked i n t o the p o s s i b i l i t y o f p roduc ing a ca lenda r w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s f rom loca l r e p o s i t o r i e s T h i s p roved t o o e x p e n s i v e , even g i ven the good l e v e l o f Branch funds As an a l t e r n a t i v e we e v e n t u a l l y proceeded w i t h development o f a l e a f l e t abou t l oca l A r c h i v e s , i n tended as a ' g i v e a w a y ' f o r v i s i t o r s t o W e l l i n g t o n T h i s has j u s t been p r i n t e d and w i l l be d i s t r i -bu ted s h o r t l y

P a r t i c u l a r thanks a re due t o Mery l L o w n e , who has c a r r i e d t he combined work load o f S e c r e t a r y and T r e a s u r e r d e s p i t e the a d d i t i o n a l burden o f the book o r d e r scheme and the l e a f l e t p r o j e c t Thanks are a l s o due t o H i l d a M c D o n n e l l , who has p layed a l a r g e p a r t i n the p r e p a r a t i o n o f t he l e a f l e t

Mark H S Stevens CHAIRPERSON

A N A L E C T A

NEW A R C H I V I S T O F T H E U S A

Don W Wi lson was sworn in on 4 December 1987 as t he seventh A r c h i v i s t o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s

H i s nomina t ion by P r e s i d e n t Reagan had been

unanimous ly approved by the U n i t e d S t a t e s Sena te on 20 November In a s i n g l e day o f h e a r i n g s , a t which Wi lson was the s o l e w i t n e s s , sena to rs t o l d him he was s u p e r b l y q u a l i f i e d f o r the p o s i t i o n S e n a t o r James Sasse r cha i red the h e a r i n g s , and remarked t h a t W i l s o n ' s c r e d e n t i a l s would se t a p r e -cedent f o r the f u t u r e

39

In h i s s ta tement a t the h e a r i n g s , Wi lson dec la red t h a t one o f h i s f i r s t t asks w i l l be t o rev iew e x i s t i n g l e g i s l a t i o n and a u t h -o r i t i e s f o r the N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s ' o v e r s i g h t r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r F e d e r a l records and i n f o r m a t i o n management programmes

Wi lson ho lds a d o c t o r a t e i n h i s t o r y f rom the U n i v e r s i t y o f C i n c i n n a t i He has been the S t a t e A r c h i v i s t o f Kansas , depu ty d i r e c -t o r o f the E isenhower L i b r a r y , and a s s o c i a t e d i r e c t o r o f t he S t a t e H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y o f Wiscons in B e f o r e t a k i n g up h i s new o f f i c e he was d i r e c t o r o f the G e r a l d F F o r d L i b r a r y and Museum

newsletter of the Society of American Archivists, J a n u a r y 1988 & ACA Bulletin, March 1988

THE P R E S I D E N T AND THE P R E S I D E N T ' S MEN

In F e b r u a r y , t h e Jimmy C a r t e r L i b r a r y open -ed some 80 l i n e a r metres o f m a t e r i a l i n c l u -d ing those o f Hami l t on J o r d a n , Whi te House c h i e f o f s t a f f , L o u i s M a r t i n , spec ia l a s s i s -t a n t t o t he P r e s i d e n t , H e d l e y W Donovan , s e n i o r a d v i s e r t o the P r e s i d e n t , tapes f rom c o u n s e l ' s o f f i c e , f rom o f f i c e s t a f f , domes-t i c p o l i c y s t a f f , t he c i v i l r i g h t s and j u s t i c e c l u s t e r , t he P r e s i d e n t ' s Management Improvement C o u n c i l , and donated h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l s

Society of Georgia Archivists Newsletter 2 0 ( 1 ) S p r i n g 1988

C E R T I F I C A T I O N D E B A T E , USA

The S o c i e t y o f Amer ican A r c h i v i s t s v o t e d f o r a c e r t i f i c a t i o n program i n J a n u a r y 1987 I t has now r e c e i v e d a r e p o r t f rom the 5-person I n t e r i m Board f o r C e r t i f i c a t i o n whose mem-bers i n c l u d e James Β Rhoads ( f o r m e r A r c h i -v i s t o f t he USA) and C a r o l e H u x l e y , Deputy Commissioner f o r C u l t u r a l E d u c a t i o n f o r New York S t a t e

The SAA env isages a f i r s t y e a r where c e r t i -f i c a t i o n may be ach ieved by p e t i t i o n , and t h e r e a f t e r by examina t i on th rough m u l t i p l e cho ice q u e s t i o n s The c r e a t i o n o f s p e c i f i c ques t i ons w i l l be v i a a s e r i e s o f one-day development workshops where a r c h i v i s t s and the t e s t i n g company would aim a t abou t 30 usab le ques t i ons ( p e r d a y ) , subsequen t l y rev iewed by a panel The ques t i ons them-se l ves w i l l be r e l a t e d t o " t a s k s t a t e m e n t s " ( i n a p p r a i s a l , a r rangement & d e s c r i p t i o n e t c ) f rom which "know ledge , s k i l l s and a t t i t u d e s " s ta temen ts ( o r K S A s " ) w i l l be deve loped

The I n t e r i m Board reckoned a t l e a s t 10% o f S A A ' s i n d i v i d u a l membership (260 peop le ) would i n i t i a l l y seek c e r t i f i c a t i o n by p e t i -t i o n o f the proposed Academy o f C e r t i f i e d A r c h i v i s t s , and t h a t 50 a r c h i v i s t s each y e a r w i l l subsequen t l y t a k e the examina t i on A t fees o f $225 f o r SAA members and $275 f o r non-members, t he Academy would be s e l f - f u n d -ing

Newsletter of the Society of American Archivists, J a n u a r y 1983

THE ENEMY I S US

Hugh T a y l o r , who c h a i r e d t he Canadian Counc i l o f A r c h i v e s C o n s e r v a t i o n Committee u n t i l F e b r u a r y , argues f o r the need f o r c o n s e r v a t o r s and a r c h i v i s t s t o work t o t a l l y t o g e t h e r as p a r t n e r s i n a t o t a l env i ronment and o f f e r s the f o l l o w i n g assumpt ion which should underp in t h a t r e l a t i o n s h i p

1 C o n s e r v a t i o n embraces the t o t a l w e l l -be ing o f the documentary record and the p r i n c i p a l t h r u s t o f c o n s e r v a t i o n s t r a t e g y shou ld be p r e v e n t i v e

2 C o n s e r v a t i o n s t r a t e g y shou ld aim f o r a reasonab le l i f e expec tancy "permanent" may be t o o idea l

3 C o n s e r v a t i o n i s ma in l y f o r access and use

4 A c q u i s i t i o n and app ra i sa l shou ld be r e l a t e d t o c o n s e r v a t i o n i m p l i c a t i o n s

5 C o n s e r v a t i o n problems have a commonal i ty across l a r g e and smal l a r c h i v e s

ACA Bulletin, J a n u a r y 1988

D R A K E ' S E X P E N S E S C L A I M E D

An unpa id expenses c la im made by S i r F r a n c i s Drake 400 yea rs ago i s be ing resubmi t t ed t o the B r i t i s h T r e a s u r y t o d a y Drake submi t -ted a c la im f o r £917 t o compensate him f o r payments made t o the o f f i c e r s and crew aboard h i s s h i p "Revenge" i n 1 5 8 8 , the y e a r t h e y he lped d e f e a t t he Span ish Armada I n f l a t i o n has made t he amount wor th around £100,000 oday

Plymouth C i t y Museum, which has kept t he c la im s ince i t was donated w i t h D r a k e ' s records i n 1 9 7 3 , s a i d t h e r e is no e n t r y showing him t o have been re imbursed L o r d B u r g h l e y , t he t r e a s u r e r o f the d a y , i s known t o have s c r u t i n i s e d the accounts and quer ied the demand No one expec ts the T r e a s u r y t o pay up

Evening Post, 1 1 March 1988

40

PRIVACY A C T I O N ON THE H O R I Z O N

Computer t e c h n o l o g y t h r e a t e n s p r i v a c y i n ways t h a t t o d a y ' s law-makers have not y e t come t o g r i p s w i t h Twenty yea rs ago the t h r e a t was s c a r c e l y t hough t p o s s i b l e T h e r e a re more than 400 laws r e q u i r i n g t h e d i s c l o -sure o f persona l i n f o r m a t i o n F o r example t he H o s p i t a l s A c t 1957 g i v e s the H e a l t h Depar tment power t o a c q u i r e f rom h o s p i t a l boards p a t i e n t da ta f o r s t a t i s t i c a l p u r -poses The S o c i a l We l f a re Depar tment r e q u i r e s d e t a i l e d persona l i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t he payment o f b e n e f i t s , as does the I n l a n d Revenue t o assess t a x l i a b i l i t y

Two new a c t s make i n roads i n t o t he t r a d i -t i o n a l concept o f c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y between c l i e n t and p r o f e s s i o n a l a d v i s e r The C h i l d r e n and Young Persons B i l l 1987 r e -q u i r e s a w ide range o f peop le - s o c i a l w o r k e r s , n u r s e s , doc to r s and lawyers - t o r e p o r t i f t h e y have grounds t o b e l i e v e a c h i l d i s i n danger The T r a n s p o r t Amend-ment Ac t 1987 r e q u i r e s a d o c t o r t o r e p o r t any p a t i e n t who may be u n f i t t o d r i v e

E f f i c i e n t c o l l e c t i o n o f comprehensive i n f o r m a t i o n has a lways been l i m i t e d by manual systems Bu t now computers make i t p o s s i b l e t o assemble e x t e n s i v e p r o f i l e s on i n d i v i d u a l s and groups

Computers a l s o i nc rease the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l be misused O p p o s i -t i o n MP John Banks somehow acqu i red p r i n t -ou ts f rom the Wanganui Computer Cen t re which d e t a i l e d t h e c r im ina l reco rds o f 12 v i o l e n t o f f e n d e r s He made some o f t he i n f o r m a t i o n p u b l i c , bu t was no t p rosecu ted f o r t he misuse o f p r i v a t e i n f o r m a t i o n

J u s t i c e M i n i s t e r G e o f f r e y Palmer commiss ion-ed a r e p o r t on Data P r i v a c y f rom Tim McBr ide a u n i v e r s i t y l e c t u r e r i n law The r e p o r t p resen ts o p t i o n s rang ing f rom do ing n o t h i n g , c r e a t i n g a new s e l f - r e g u l a t i n g p r o f e s s i o n c o v e r i n g a l l t hose who handle personal i n -f o r m a t i o n by au toma t i c means, r e q u i r i n g da ta users t o r e g i s t e r , t o c r e a t i n g a l ega l r i g h t o f access t o persona l i n f o r m a t i o n he ld by p r i v a t e s e c t o r da ta users

The r e p o r t conc ludes t h a t t h e r e i s a r e l u c -tance t o g i v e i n d i v i d u a l p r i v a c y a p p r o p r i a t e lega l r e c o g n i t i o n I t says t e c h n o l o g i c a l deve lopments have c a l l e d t h a t r e l u c t a n c e i n t o q u e s t i o n Lack o f p r o t e c t i o n means t h a t p r i v a c y i n t e r e s t s a re l e f t t o t he i n i t i a t i v e s and consc iences o f i n f o r m a t i o n managers

Dominion, 18 J a n u a r y 1988

A R C H I V E S R A T - I N F E S T E D HOME

V a l u a b l e W e l l i n g t o n C i t y Counc i l a r c h i v e s s t o r e d in t he r a t and f l e a - i n f e s t e d base -ment o f the o l d Town H a l l may soon have a new home C o u n c i l l o r L e s Paske s a i d he was h o r r i f i e d t o f i n d a r c h i v e s , i n c l u d i n g p o r -t r a i t s , were kep t i n the r a t - i n f e s t e d a r e a , bu t s a i d l i t t l e cou ld be done e x c e p t t i d y -i ng up t h e area Town C l e r k D a v i d N i v e n sa id c o n d i t i o n s i n the basement were so bad he was unab le t o ge t s t a f f t o work t he re He s a i d he was p leased t h e m a t t e r had been r a i s e d now so t h a t something cou ld be done about i t

Evening Post, 2 F e b r u a r y 1988

A R C H I V E S B A T T L E TO SAVE I R R E P L A C E A B L E F I L M H I S T O R Y

Hundreds o f i r r e p l a c e a b l e f i l m s o f New Z e a -land l i f e 40 and 50 y e a r s ago w i l l be l o s t un less money i s spent on hous ing and p r e -s e r v i n g them Most o f the 734 f i l m s were made between 1934 and 1953 by t he N a t i o n a l F i l m U n i t , which wants t o save them Bu t under i t s new commerc ia l i sa t i on p o l i c y , i t cannot i n v e s t i n such a n o n - p r o f i t making p r o j e c t

The N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s has accepted r e s p o n s i -b i l i t y f o r t he f i l m , under the A r c h i v e s A c t 1957 A s u b s t a n t i a l sum o f money i s be ing sought t o accommodate the 500,000 metres o f f i l m and t r a n s f e r much o f i t f rom v o l a t i l e and decomposing n i t r a t e t o s a f e r a c e t a t e s t o c k

F i l m A r c h i v i s t C l i v e S o w r y , who has t r a n s -f e r r e d f rom the F i l m U n i t t o N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s s t a f f t o c o n t i n u e h i s r e s t o r a t i o n work says i t i s a race a g a i n s t t ime O l d n i t r a t e f i l m i s in f lammable and tends t o decompose, and g i v e s o f f gases which can damage more r e c e n t l y produced f i l m i f s t o r e d nearby

The New Z e a l a n d Gove rnmen t ' s f i r s t f i l m da tes f rom the commission awarded i n 1901 t o t he _L ime l i gh t Depar tment o f the S a l v a t i o n A rmy , M e l b o u r n e , t o cove r t he v i s i t ( t o New Z e a l a n d ) o f t he Duke and Duchess o f Cornwal l and Yo rk The N a t i o n a l F i l m U n i t was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1941 t o p r o v i d e f i l m s t o promote t he war e f f o r t and i t p r o v i d e d t h e Weekly Review newsree l s , seen a t cinemas a l l o v e r the c o u n t r y

Dominion Sunday Times, 14 F e b r u a r y 1988

Ν Ζ Woman's Weekly, 25 A p r i l 1988

( ' W i l l A u n t D a i s y d i s a p p e a r f o r e v e r ' 1 )

41

I N C R E A S E D FUNDING T O Ν Ζ F I L M A R C H I V E

The Mas te r o f A r t s and C u l t u r e ( D r Michael B a s s e t t ) has g ran ted an a d d i t i o n a l $40,000 t o the Ν Ζ F A t h i s y e a r , and the L o t t e r y Board has inc reased t h e i r a n n u a l f und ing t o $200,000 D r B a s s e t t ' s p ress s ta temen t ment ioned t h a t p r e s e r v i n g and making a v a i l a b l e New Z e a l a n d f i l m s as a p a r t o f our c u l t u r e was something the L a b o u r Government saw as impor tan t

NZFA Newsletter/He Parmi 19 March 1988

DEEDS F E E S JUMP

The M i n i s t e r o f J u s t i c e , G e o f f r e y Pa lmer , has announced inc reases i n Lands and Deeds f e e s f rom A p r i l 1988

The c o s t o f C e r t i f i c a t e s o f T i t l e and Leaseho ld C e r t i f i c a t e s o f T i t l e would r i s e f rom $45 t o $70 The inc rease was necessary because t he Department o f Su rvey and Land I n f o r m a t i o n now charged $30 t o draw diagrams on t he t i t l e s H i g h e r l e g a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e cos ts i n p r e p a r a t i o n o f t he S t a t e - g u a r a n t e e d c e r t i f i c a t e s accounted f o r t he r e s t o f t he r i s e

O t h e r i nc reases i nc luded fees f o r d e p o s i t i n g l o d g i n g o r f i l i n g any i n s t r u m e n t ($35 t o $ 4 0 ) , i n s p e c t i n g t he r e g i s t e r ($5 t o $ 6 ) , cop ies o f any g r a n t o r c e r t i f i a c t e o f t i t l e , L e a s e , l i c e n c e o r deed i n the r e g i s t e r ($4 t o $5) and guaran teed search cop ies ($12 t o $15)

Evening Post, 19 March 1988

N A T I O N A L ARCHIVES NEWS

Sherrah Francis, Re fe rence A r c h i v i s t f o r t he pas t two y e a r s , l e f t i n F e b r u a r y f o r Washington where her husband i s now New -Z e a l a n d Ambassador She i s succeeded by Ken Scadden, f o r m e r l y C a r t o g r a p h i c A r c h i v i s t Ellen Ellis, j u s t r e t u r n e d f r o m ' t h e p o s t -g radua te U n i v e r s i t y o f NSW c o u r s e , has j o i n e d the new Records Management branch as i t s S e n i o r Records Management A d v i s o r y O f f i c e r Liz Wilson, has a l s o j o i n e d the b r a n c h , l e a v i n g t he Re fe rence and A r r a n g e -ment & D e s c r i p t i o n S e c t i o n The branch has been headed (on an a c t i n g b a s i s ) by Mark Stevens s i nce September 1987 pending a d e c i s i o n on the r e s t r u c t u r i n g o f s e n i o r p o s i t i o n s immed ia te ly below t h e l e v e l o f Di r e c t o r

O t h e r depa r t u res were Gary Beaht, A r c h i v e s A s s i s t a n t , f o r T r a i n i n g C o l l e g e , Rosanna Orange, C o n s e r v a t i o n T e c h n i c i a n , f o r U n i v e r s i t y S t u d y , Penny Feltham work ing in a p p r a i s a l and r e f e r e n c e , t o the T u r n b u l l L i b r a r y as the new E d i t o r o f the N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f A r c h i v e s and Manu-s c r i p t s , and David Colquhoun, Ar rangement and D e s c r i p t i o n A r c h i v i s t , t o a research p o s i t i o n w i t h t he Wai tang i T r i b u n a l

Two a r c h i v e s a s s i s t a n t s have s t a r t e d s i nce the New Y e a r Heather Buchanan and Nick Thompson Ruth Robinson, t he f i r s t A p p r a i s a l A s s i s t a n t has been promoted t o A r c h i v i s t Georgma Christensen IS a s s i s t i n g as a p a r t - t i m e a s s o c i a t e in the C o n s e r v a -t i o n s e c t i o n Kate Reíd i s c u r r e n t l y a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f NSW, t a k i n g the p o s t -g radua te course i n i n f o r m a t i o n management, Rachel Lilbvxn, i s s t u d y i n g a t t he U n i v e r s i t y o f West Washington under a R o t a r y S c h o l a r s h i p

CONSERVATION AT BNZ A R C H I V E S

F rank 0 ' L e a r y has j o i n e d a long l i n e o f i l l u s t r i o u s C o n s e r v a t o r s a t the BNZ A r c h i v e s He comes t o us a f t e r a long a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h the H i s t o r i c P laces T r u s t , an i n s t i t u t i o n n o t a b l e f o r i t s d e d i c a t i o n t o the cause o f c o n s e r v a t i o n i n a v a r i e t y o f f a c e t s The i n d e f a t i g a b l e M a r j o r i e Park t r a i n e d F rank i n t h e bas i cs o f c o n s e r v a t i o n so wel l t h a t he has advanced f rom good t o b e t t e r to bes t He i s p rov i ng an a s s e t t o the A r c h i v e s ' s t r e n g t h hav ing a keen i n t e r e s t i n h i s t o r y , genea logy and t h i n g s I r i s h

INDEX TO G R MACD0NALD D I C T I O N A R Y

A m i c r o f i c h e index t o the G R Macdonald D i c t i o n a r y o f Can te rbu ry B iog raph ies i s now a v a i l a b l e f rom t he L i b r a r i a n , Can te rbu ry Museum, R o l l e s t o n A v e n u e , C h r i s t c h u r c h The p r i c e i s $110 (GST i nc l uded ) The D i c t i o n a r y now indexed con ta ins 10 ,500 b i og raph ies p lus 1 2 , 5 0 0 s h o r t e n t r i e s r e l a t i n g t o e a r l y Can te rbu ry s e t t l e r s B iog raph ies may be o rdered f rom t he i ndex r e f e r e n c e To purchase -an o r d e r form enc losed w i t h t h i s i s sue

#######

42

DICTIONARY OF NEW ZEALAND BIOGRAPHY, 1 8 7 0 - C . 1 9 2 0 . MORE WOMEN NEEDED

The c a l l i s ou t f o r f u r t h e r b i o g r a p h i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n on Maori and Pakeha women f o r i n c l u s i o n in the nex t volume o f the D N Z B , c o v e r i n g the p e r i o d 1 8 7 0 - c 1920 and due f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n 1992 W e l l i n g t o n women meet ing DNZB s t a f f have dev i sed s t r a t e g i e s f o r i n c r e a s i n g the number o f e n t r i e s on women f o r t h i s nex t volume

The number o f e n t r i e s on women i nc luded in t he 1 7 6 9 - 1 8 6 9 volume was in p a r t a r e f l e x i o n o f the sma l l e r number o f Pakeha women in the p o p u l a t i o n du r i ng t h a t p e r i o d , bu t was a l s o due t o t he d i f f i c u l t i e s r e s u l t i n g f rom the i n v i s i b i l i t y o f women i n t he h i s t o r i c a l r eco rd By 1 9 1 1 t h e r e was p o p u l a t i o n e q u i t y between men and women so the meet ing recommended t h a t t h e r e shou ld be no t l ess than f i f t y per cen t women in t he nex t volume I t was agreed t h a t no t o n l y shou ld t h e r e be a d r i v e f o r more names o f women who " f l o u r i s h e d " du r i ng t h i s p e r i o d bu t t h a t f u r t h e r research may be needed on some who were o f i n t e r e s t o r o f l o c a l prominence bu t abou t whom v e r y l i t t l e i s known

The s u f f r a g e campaigns, t he i nvo l vemen t o f women in the p r o f e s s i o n s make the 1 8 7 0 -c 1920 p e r i o d p a r t i c u l a r l y s i g n i f i c a n t f o r women " F i r s t s " abound, such as F reda du F a u r , mounta ineer and f i r s t woman t o c l imb Mt Cook ( 1 9 1 0 ) , S t e l l a A l l e n , MA L L B , f i r s t woman p a r l i a m e n t a r y r e p o r t e r ( 1 9 0 2 ) and Mar ianne T a s k e r , f i r s t woman e l e c t e d t o a school commi-t t e e (1895) Some won reknown in c u l t u r a l a reas l i k e t he i n t e r -n a t i o n a l l y - a c c l a i m e d conce r t s i n g e r and composer, Te Rangι paι a o f N g a t i P o r o u , us ing the s tage name P r i n c e s s Te Rangi

P i c t u r e d i s an example f rom t h i s p e r i o d o f a woman o n l y r e c e n t l y rec la imed f o r the h i s t o r i c a l reco rd and abou t whom o n l y v e r y l i t t l e i s known Mary Ann Bacon was desc r i bed in 1896 as the " e a r l i e s t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t he f u t u r e l a d y s tockb roke rs a s s o c i -a t i o n " bu t we have o n l y ske tchy d e t a i l s o f her ca ree r and l a t e r l i f e

Anyone ab le t o p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n on women f l o u r i s h i n g du r i ng t h i s p e r i o d whom t h e y t h i n k deserve i n c l u s i o n in the 1 8 7 0 - c 1920

volume o f the D i c t i o n a r y can c o n t a c t Be ry l Hughes , c / - D i c t i o n a r y o f New Z e a l a n d B i o g r a p h y , Depar tment o f I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s , Ρ 0 Box 8 0 5 , W e l l i n g t o n - phone (04 ) 7 3 7 - 3 3 6

43

B O O K R E V I E W

Ann Pederson ( e d i t o r - i n - c h i e f ) Keeping Archives Sydney A u s t r a l i a n S o c i e t y o f A r c h i v i s t s Inc 1 9 8 7 , 3 7 4 p , $40

In New Z e a l a n d , a r c h i v i s t s s t r u g g l e f o r bas i c resources and r e c o g n i t i o n Across t he Tasman a r c h i v e s a r e b e t t e r o f f O v e r t h e r e in compar ison t o p o p u l a t i o n , p u b l i c and p r i v a t e a r c h i v e s r e c e i v e f a r more funds E v e r y y e a r the p o s t - g r a d u a t e course in a r c h i v e s keeping a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f New South Wales t u r n s o u t a supp ly o f t r a i n e d a r c h i v i s t s T h i s r e l a t i v e h e a l t h i s r e f l e c t e d in the q u a l i t y o f pub l i shed work p r o -duced by the A u s t r a l i a n s Ρ J S c o t t and o the rs have been leaders in modern a r c h i v e s t h e o r y Keeping Archives ma in ta ins A u s t r a l i a ' s i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e p u t a t i o n

The book i s i n tended as an i n t r o d u c t o r y manual f o r new o r p o t e n t i a l a r c h i v i s t s I t i s a group p r o d u c t i o n - t h e r e a re t h i r t e e n au tho rs However , spec ia l ment ion should be made o f the work o f t h e e d i t o r - i n - c h i e f , Ann Pede rson , who had the huge t ask o f e n -s u r i n g the c o n t r i b u t i o n s were o f a u n i f o r m s tanda rd i n q u a l i t y and approach No book on a r c h i v e s i s l i k e l y t o meet cos ts and a l a rge p a r t o f t he necessary f und ing was met by a g ran t f rom the New South Wales government

The book i s d i v i d e d i n t o e leven chap te rs an i n t r o d u c t i o n t o the p r o f e s s i o n , g e t t i n g o r g a n i s e d , a c q u i s i t i o n and a p p r a i s a l , a c c e s s i o n i n g , arrangement and d e s c r i p t i o n , f i n d i n g a i d s , access and r e f e r e n c e s e r v i c e s , c o n s e r v a t i o n , us ing computers and m i c r o -g r a p h i c s , documentat ion programmes, user educa t ion and f i n d i n g a ids Each chap te r i s d i v i d e d i n t o a p p r o p r i a t e s e c t i o n s and t h e r e a re many t a b l e s , examples and photographs t o i l l u s t r a t e t he main t e x t A t t he end o f each c h a p t e r , t h e r e i s a gu ide t o f u r t h e r read ing and t h e r e i s a comprehensive g l o s s a r y to go w i t h t he index a t t he end

One cannot r e v i e w a l l t he d i f f e r e n t ¡par ts o f such a comprehens ive book Some comment on the r e v i e w e r ' s own s p e c i a l l t y - ar rangement and d e s c r i p t i o n - seems a good p lace t o s t a r t I t i s an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f the p r o f e s s i o n t h a t has been somewhat neg-l e c t e d in New Z e a l a n d Here the sub jec t occup ies the hea r t o f the book w i t h the t h r e e chap te rs on a c c e s s i o n i n g , ar rangement and d e s c r i p t i o n , and f i n d i n g a i d s From the o u t -se t t he emphasis i s on b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f de te rm in ing and p r e s e r v i n g provenance and o r i g i n a l o rde r as we l l as a p r a c t i c a l emphasis on d e v e l o p i n g s t a n d a r d i s e d systems o f documen ta t i on , and on g e t t i n g p r i o r i t i e s i n terms o f a v a i l a b l e resources The chap te r on ar rangement and d e s c r i p t i o n dea ls c l e a r l y and c o n c i s e l y w i t h the p o t e n t i a l l y complex a reas o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e h i s t o r y and s e r i e s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and documenta t ion T h e r e i s a use fu l spec ia l no te on t he d e s c r i p t i o n o f photographs Th roughou t the p r i n c i p l e s and procedures d i scussed a re i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h e x c e l l e n t examples and c h a r t s I t i s an impress i ve s e c t i o n o f v a l u e t o any a r c h i v i s t wha tever the s i z e o r t y p e o f c o l l e c t i o n t h e y have cus tody o f

A p p r a i s a l and a c q u i s i t i o n are a lways d i f f i c u l t t o w r i t e about f o r the beg inne r The task depends so much on expe r i ence ga ined on the j ob and on the everchang ing na tu re o f research i n t e r e s t s But a g a i n , Keeping Archives exce l s The emphasis i s on the bas i c impor tance o f e s t a b l i s h i n g o f p o l i c y and s t r a t e g y o f a c q u i s i t i o n I t has a v e r y c l e a r d i s c u s s i o n o f the b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f a p p r a i s a l and how these p r i n c i p l e s migh t t r a n s l a t e i n t o s p e c i f i c t ypes o f reco rds And i t o u t l i n e s , aga in w i t h good examp les , t he development o f d i sposa l schedules

The o t h e r chap te rs use t he same approach The chap te r on access and r e f e r e n c e s e r v i c e s i s complemented by i n t e r e s t i n g chap te rs on documenta t ion programmes and on user educa t ion and p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s - bo th areas l i t t l e deve loped in New Z e a l a n d O f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t t o t h i s r e v i e w e r were the chap te rs on computers and c o n s e r v a t i o n They a re both areas o f which I know l i t t l e , and I l ea rned a l o t The chap te r on com-pu te rs in p a r t i c u l a r shou ld be read by a l l a r c h i v i s t s in New Z e a l a n d , f o r new techno logy w i l l be here s o o n , we hope , and w i l l a l l o w b ig i nc reases in p r o d u c t i v i t y and q u a l i t y o f s e r v i c e s i f a p p l i e d p r o p e r l y The two chap te rs a t the beg inn ing a re v e r y i n t r o d u c t o r y The f i r s t i s l i m i t e d i n i t s New Z e a l a n d use because i t c o n t a i n s so much b a s i c i n f o r m a -t i o n on A u s t r a l i a n a r c h i v e s s e r v i c e s (perhaps ARANZ cou ld lobby f o r some New Z e a l a n d i n f o r m a t i o n in the n e x t e d i t i o n ) The chap te r on g e t t i n g o rgan i sed i nc l udes e v e r y t h i n g i n c l u d i n g choos ing s t a f f , p l ann ing f a c i l i t i e s and managing f i n a n c e s I t a l l serves i t purpose o f p r o v i d i n g a framework f o r the s e t t i n g up o f an a r c h i v e s programme

44

Keeping A r c h i v es

"An excellent, practical introduction to the world of archives and manuscripts

administration " James  Rhoads,

Fifth Archivist of the United States of America Director Graduate Program in Archives and Records Management

Western Washington University

". a comprehensive, informative and stimulating manual, worthy to take its place alongside those of Jenkinson and Schellenberg "

Michael Roper, Deputy Keeper of Public Records, Public Records

Office UK Archives and Manuscripts

"... a beautiful success articulate, intelligent and

pleasant to read ... my heartfelt congratulations " Charles Kecskemeti,

Secretary, International Council on Archives (¡CA),

UNESCO

PEDERSON , ANN, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, KEEPING ARCHIVE S SYDNE Y AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY OF ARCHIVISTS Inc, 1987 B5,

SOFT COVER , 350+ PAGES 90 ILLUSTRATIONS, GLOSSARY , INDEX ISBN

09595565 91

K e e p i n g A r c h i v e s IS the first comprehensive manual written in English on the keeping of archives It is an indispensible text for everyone involved in the preservation of historical records KEEPING ARCHIVE S covers all aspects of archives work from the basics of setting up a repository, ac-quiring the records, establishing an archives programme, managing the archives, the mechanics of ar-rangement and description of the records, producing finding aids so the records can be used, devel-oping a reference service and administering access, the responsibilities and policies of conservation, harnessing technologies such as micrographics and computers in archives, the development of docu-mentation programmes such as photographic projects and oral and video history in the archives and the importance of public relations and user education

KEEPING ARCHIVE S also includes an in valuable glossary of archival terminology and is fully indexed for

ease of reference

KEEPING ARCHIVES IS now available in New Zealand

Price $40 00 + GST, includes postage Cheque (payable to Internal Affairs Dept) or Order to

N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s Re c o r d s M a n a g e m e n t Ñ O BOX 6580 WELLINGTO N

45

A r e t h e r e any f a u l t s ' There i s a lways room f o r improvement But any q u i b b l e s here a r e v e r y minor The photographs he lp break up t he t e x t bu t a re sometimes a b i t smal l and murky and do no t a lways add much i n f o r m a t i o n I t would have been use fu l t o i n c l u d e a gu ide t o a r c h i v e s p e r i o d i c a l s Anyone s t a r t i n g i n the p r o f e s s i o n shou ld be aware o f such p u b l i c a t i o n s as American Archivist, Canada 's Archivaría o r A u s t r a l i a ' s own Archives and Manuscripts A s u b s c r i p t i o n t o these helps keep any a r c h i v i s t up t o da te w i t h a r c h i v a l developments

Keeping Archives i s an e x c e l l e n t book I t does l i v e up t o i t s bo ld c la im t o be " t he f i r s t book in the E n g l i s h language which r e f l e c t s a consensus o f expe r i ence and p r a c t i c e among a r c h i v i s t s work ing in many d i f f e r e n t env i ronmen ts " P r e v i o u s l y a r c h i -v i s t s cou ld use Michael C o o k ' s archives Administration o r t he S o c i e t y o f Amer ican A r c h i -v i s t s Bas i c Manual S e r i e s Keeping Archives i s s u p e r i o r t o these I t i s more compre-h e n s i v e , r e l e v a n t t o New Z e a l a n d and e a s i e r to read than Cook , and more c o n s i s t e n t i n q u a l i t y and approach than the , SAA Manuals I t is a book t h a t shou ld be read by anyone i n v o l v e d in a r c h i v e s work Even the most knowledgeable w i l l b e n e f i t f rom i t s f r e s h approach and s y n t h e s i s I t i s a f i n e adve r t i semen t f o r t he a r c h i v e s p r o f e s s i o n in A u s t r a l i a

Dav id Colquhoun W e l l i n g t o n

MASSEY U N I V E R S I T Y L I B R A R Y D A I R Y RECORDS C O L L E C T I O N A C C E S S I O N S , 1983 - 88

Amalgamated Co-op D a i r y Co L t d and Mas te r ton Co-op D a i r y Co L t d Correspondence 1946-69

C a r d i f f Co-op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d Share r e g i s t e r 1935-65 Dominion Producers Co-op Agency L t d Correspondence 1956-69 Egmont Box Company L t d L e d g e r s , cash books , j o u r n a l s , i nsurance p o l i c i e s 1906-68 E l t ham Co-op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d Share r e g i s t e r 1929-65 F a i r f a x D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d M inu te books , share c e r t i f i c a t e s , memorandum and a r t i c l e s

o f a s s o c i a t i o n 1908-67 Farm Produc ts Co-op ( T a r a r u a ) L t d Genera l co r respondence , photographs 1 9 " Ç - 7 6 Gorge Road Co-op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d M inu te book 1 9 5 9 - 7 3 Hawera Co-op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d Memorandum and a r t i c l e s o f a s s o c i a t i o n 1920-60 Hekeia D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d M inu te books 1 9 1 3 - 6 7 Henderson B r o t h e r s R e g i s t e r , some minutes 1 9 2 7 - 6 8 H iku rang i Co-op D a i r y Co L t d Minute books 1904-85 Kakaramea Co-op D a i r y Co L t d Share r e g i s t e r s 1 9 1 0 - 5 8 Kaponga Co-op D a i r y Co L t d M inu te b o o k s , annual r e p o r t s , s o u v e n i r programme f o r

Go lden J u b i l e e 1930-62 Kenn ington Co-op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d M inu te books 1909-69 L e v i n Co-op D a i r y Co L t d Correspondence 1 9 5 3 - 7 1 Manawatu M i l l s L t d R e g i s t e r , some m i n u t e s , cor respondence 1924-68 Manawatu R e l i a n c e Co-op D a i r y ' C o L t d J o u r n a l s , cash books , l e d g e r s , ba lance sheets

1925-56 M a u n c e v i l i e Co-op D a i r y Co L t d Cor respondence , cream s ta tements 1935-69 Mangatoki Co-op D a i r y Co L t d Share r e g i s t e r 1925-66 M i d h i r s t Co-op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d M inu te book 1 9 6 4 - 7 3

46

Normanby Co-op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d Share r e g i s t e r 1 9 2 7 - 6 5 Okeramika Co -op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d M inu te b o o k s , memorandum and a r t i c l e s o f

a s s o c i a t i o n 1 9 1 1 - 6 9 Orepuk i Co-op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d M inu te books 1932-65

Pah ia Co-op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d M inu te books 1 9 1 3 - 7 0 Rahotu Co-op D a i r y Co L t d M inu te books , j o u r n a l s , share r e g i s t e r s , cash books , l ega l

documents , memorandum and a r t i c l e s o f a s s o c i a t i o n , J u b i l e e b o o k l e t , photos 1 9 0 7 - 8 2

R a n g i t a i k i P l a i n s D a i r y Co L t d L e d g e r s , cash b o o k s , j o u r n a l s , share r e g i s t e r s , b o o k l e t s 1 9 1 5 - 7 1

Rimu Co-op D a i r y F a c t o r y Co L t d M inu te books , memorandum and a r t i c l e s o f a s s o c i a t i o n and by - l aws 1 9 1 3 - 5 2

S Rowe & Sons L t d M inu te books , share r e g i s t e r s 1908-68

S t r a t f o r d Co-op D a i r y Co L t d Ba lance sheets 1895-1965

Ta ranak i Co -op D a i r y Co L t d M inu te b o o k s , j o u r n a l s , share r e g i s t e r s 1950-83 T a r a r u a Co-op P o u l t r y Producers L t d Cor respondence 1 9 5 1 - 7 0 T a r a r u a F l o u r m i l l i n g Co L t d R e g i s t e r o f members Tu i Co -op D a i r y Co L t d M inu te books , j o u r n a l s , cash books , l e d g e r , ba lance s h e e t s ,

share r e g i s t e r , b u t t e r f a t book 1926-64 Waikato A s s o c i a t e d Case in Co Cash Book 1 9 4 6 - 7 7 Wai rarapa Co-op D a i r y Co L t d Cor respondence 1953-69 Wakel in B ro the rs L t d Minute book , share r e g i s t e r 1920-62 W e l l i n g t o n D a i r y Farmers Co -op Assn L t d Cor respondence 1 9 5 3 - 7 1

A C C E S S I O N S

A L E X A N D E R TURNBULL L IBRARY

B A T E S 0 N , F rank M " J o h n G r i g g a musical a s t r o n o m e r " , 1987 281 leaves T y p e s c r i p t

C A T E S , C h a r l e s D i a r y , 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 6 [ C a t e s saw a c t i v e s e r v i c e a t G a l l i p o l i ] 2v

CHURCH o f Eng land W e l l i n g t o n D iocese F u r t h e r r e o c r d s , c 1 8 7 0 ' s - 1987 18m

D I S T R I B U T I O N Workers F e d e r a t i o n o f Ν Ζ R e c o r d s , c 1 9 5 0 ' s - 7 0 ' s 2 6m R E S T R I C T E D

F L E M I N G , S i r C h a r l e s P a p e r s , c 1 9 3 0 ' s -1 9 8 0 ' s 1 7 3m ACCESS S U B J E C T TO S O R T I N G

GRAHAM, J R D i a r y , 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 5 [Graham saw s e r v i c e w i t h the Samoan E x p e d i t i o n a r y F o r c e ] l v

H A L L , Rev Percy Papers r e l a t i n g t o m i s s i o n a r y teach ing on Raro tonga c 1890 -1920 1 3m ACCESS S U B J E C T TO SORTING

HEUGHAN, R o b e r t H D i a r y o f a voyage on t he " I n d i a n E m p i r e " , 1862 39 l eaves Photocopy o f t y p e s c r i p t

N A T I O N A L Counc i l o f Churches R e c o r d s , c 19~20's-87 37 6m ACCESS S U B J E C T TO SORTING

Ν Ζ COMMITTEE F o r C h i l d r e n ( I Y C ) Inc Reco rds , 1 9 7 6 - 8 7 7 3m R E S T R I C T E D ACCESS S U B J E C T TO S O R T I N G

Ν Ζ DAIRY F a c t o r y Managers ' Assn M inu te Books , 1908-39 2v

Ν Ζ DEMOCRATIC P a r t y R e c o r d s , c 1 9 7 2 - 8 7 20 3m R E S T R I C T E D ACCESS S U B J E C T TO S O R T I N G

47

Ν Ζ D E N T A L A s s o c i a t i o n F u r t h e r r e c o r d s , 1949-85 1 1 7m

Ν Ζ P U B L I C S e r v i c e A s s o c i a t i o n , W e l l i n g t o n Reg iona l O f f i c e R e g i s t e r e d f i l e s , c 1 9 7 1 - 8 4 12 3m R E S T R I C T E D

Ν Ζ S E A M E N ' S Un ion F u r t h e r r e c o r d s , 1943-82 1 7 6m

P E R R Y , James F Log kep t on the " O r a n " , 1882 l v Photocopy

ST MARY 'S Chu rch , K a r o n F u r t h e r r e c o r d s , c 1 9 4 4 - 7 4 4v

SAVAGE Stephen Tuatua Taxto 1907 T r a n s l a t e d by Savage f rom o r i g i n a l p u b l i c a t i o n w r i t t e n in Raro tongan 61 leaves

S C O T T , Wa l te r J P a p e r s , 1938-83 [P rom inen t e d u c a t i o n a l i s t and c i v i l l i b e r t a r i a n ] 1 7m

WELLINGTON D a i r y Employees ' I n d u s t r i a l Un ion o f Workers R e c o r d s , 1 9 2 4 - 7 7 30cm

WELL INGTON Pho tog raph i c S o c i e t y Inc Reco rds , c 1895-1930 30cm

HAMILTON P U B L I C L I B R A R Y

EARLY Ch i ldhood E d u c a t i o n Committee ( H a m i l t o n ) 1976 -85 40 cm

HAMILTON Farm Improvement Club Records 1 9 5 7 - 7 4 4 vo l s

WAIKATO H o s p i t a l Sunsh ine League Records 1929-84 6 vo l s

HOCKEN L I B R A R Y

C U L L E N , Hon M J P a r l i a m e n t a r y Papers c 1969-86 3 5m P a r t l y r e s t r i c t e d

D A V I E S , 0 V A d d i t i o n a l papers r e d e n t i s t r y , 190b-48 3cm

MATHIESON F a m i \ \ P a p e r s , 1 8 5 1 - 1 9 4 5 6 cm

S M I T H E R , E l i z a b e t h Poems, 1986 2cm R e s t r i c t e d

STEWART - P E T E R , J G (Hamish) . A d d i t i o n a l l i t e r a r y p a p e r s , 1940s 2cm

T R I M B L E F a m i l y Persona l p a p e r s , a r t i c l e s , pho tog raphs , c 1892 -c 1940 12cm

WALSH, S i r John P a t r i c k Papers ma in l y re d e n t i s t r y , c 1904 - c 1976 2 6m

W H I T E , Dav id Renfrew Newspaper c l i p p i n g s and l e t t e r s ma in l y re e d u c a t i o n , c 1872 - 1937 1 vo l

N A T I O N A L ARCHIVES WELL INGTON

EDUCATION Depa r tmen t , Head O f f i c e , P r o p e r t y pho tog raphs , c 1900-70 1 5m

E L E C T R I C 0 R P , Head O f f i c e S u b j e c t f i l e f rom E l e c t r i c i t y D i v i s i o n , M i n i s t r y o f E n e r g y , 1 9 1 4 - 8 4 12 3m

G E R B I C , F M P o l i t i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , 1981-86 1 2m R E S T R I C T E D

H E A L T H Depar tment F i l m s , 1 9 4 0 - 7 5 8 7m

I S B E Y , Ε Ε P o l i t i c a l p a p e r s , 1984 -87 0 9m R E S T R I C T E D

LABOUR Depar tment V o c a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g Counc i l S u b j e c t f i l e s , 1963-82 1 7 lm

MIN ISTRY O F F O R E I G N A F F A I R S , Head O f f i c e Economic a f f a i r s sub jec t f i l e s , 1933-76 12 3m

NEW Z E A L A N D POST Bu lk i n t e r n a l mai l c o n t r a c t r e g i s t e r s , 1 8 7 2 - 1 9 1 6 2 Om

P O L I C E Depa r tmen t , N a t i o n a l Headqua r te r s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n f i l e s , 1 8 9 6 - 1 9 7 8 44 7m R E S T R I C T E D

P R E B B L E , Hon R i cha rd W P o l i t i c a l p a p e r s , 1 9 7 0 - 8 7 7 8m R E S T R I C T E D

T R E A S U R Y , Head O f f i c e S u b j e c t f i l e s , 1 9 1 1 - 8 4 27 3m

U N I V E R S I T Y O F AUCKLAND L I B R A R Y

AUCKLAND D i s t r i c t C a r p e n t e r s ' Un ion Records 1 8 7 5 - 1 9 4 9

CHAMBERS, K e i t h Papers r e l a t i n g t o t he G i l b e r t and E l l i c e I s l ands 1964 -75

F E C K E N A M , J o h n , Abbo t o f Westmins ter Book o f sou ra i yne medic ines a g a i n s t t he most common o f known deseases o f man and woman ( D e p o s i t e d f o r s a f e -keep ing)

M I T C H E L L , W i l l i a m Res ign o r e l s e the Wanganui a f f a i r , May 1920 1986 (Concerns D ' A r c y Cresswe l l and the Mayor o f Wanganui)

NEW Z E A L A N D A l l i a n c e o f Labou r M isce l l aneous p a p e r s , 1 9 2 1 - 3 8

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NORPAC M in ing L i m i t e d Records ACCESS R E S T R I C T E D U N T I L M A T E R I A L SORTED

R E I D , John Cowie Papers ACCESS R E S T R I C T E D U N T I L M A T E R I A L SORTED

R O G E R S , G a r t h Western P a c i f i c H igh Commission - M isce l l aneous p a p e r s , 1935-46 ACCESS R E S T R I C T E D U N T I L M A T E R I A L SORTED

S T A T I O N A R Y E n g i n e D r i v e r s ' Un ion Recorus ACCESS R E S T R I C T E D U N T I L M A T E R I A L SORTED

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ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ASSOCIATION OF NEW ZEALAND INC.

P . O . B o x 1 1 - 5 5 3 , M a n n e r s S t r e e t , W e l l i n g t o n , N . Z .

P A T R O N :

P R E S I D E N T :

V I C E - P R E S I D E N T S :

S E C R E T A R Y :

T R E A S U R E R :

M E M B E R S H I P S E C R E T A R Y :

E D I T O R :

C O U N C I L :

S i r J o h n M a r s h a l l

COUNCIL

S t u a r t S t r a c h a n

C a r o l i n e E t h e r i n g t o n

M i c h a e l H o d d e r

N i c o l a F r e a n

M a r l e n e S a y e r s

D a v i d G r e e n

C a t h y M a r r

A l i s o n F r a s e r

J a n Gow

R i c h a r d H i l l

M a r y R e i d

D a v i d R e t t e r

K a y S a n d e r s o n

K e n S c a d d e n

C / - H o c k e n L i b r a r y P . O . B o x 5 6 , D u n e d i n

C / - N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s C h r i s t c h u r c h O f f i c e P . O . B o x 1 3 0 8 C h r i s t c h u r c h

P . O . B o x 2 8 - 0 1 1 , K e l b u r n , W e l l i n g t o n .

C / - A l e x a n d e r T u r n b u l l L i b r a r y P . O . B o x 1 2 3 4 9 W e l l i n g t o n N o r t h

9 7 H a p p y V a l l e y R o a d O h i r o B a y W e l l i n g t o n 2

P . O . B o x 1 1 - 5 5 3 M a n n e r s S t r e e t W e l l i n g t o n

C / - N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s P . O . B o x 6 1 4 8 , T e A r o , Wei 1 i n g t o n

5 P i m b l e A v e n u e , K a r o r i , W e l l i n g t o n

P . O . B o x 2 5 - 0 2 5 , S t H e l i e r s , A u c k l a n d

53 Moana R o a d , K e l b u r n , W e l l i n g t o n

4 2 C a r r i n g t o n S t r e e t New P l y m o u t h

C / - A l e x a n d e r T u r n b u l l L i b r a r y P . O . B o x 1 2 3 4 9 W e l l i n g t o n N o r t h

P . O . B o x 2 8 - 0 1 1 W e l l i n g t o n 5

5 R e n o i r A v e n u e B e l m o n t L o w e r H u t t

COMMITTEE CONVENORS

A r c h i v a l e d u c a t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g M i c h a e l H o d d e r Ρ 0 B o x 2 8 - 0 1 1 , K e l b u r n W e l l i n g t o n

B u s i n e s s a r c h i v e s

L a b o u r a r c h i v e s

R e c o r d s M a n a g e m e n t

R e l i g i o u s a r c h i v e s

W o m e n ' s a r c h i v e s

C l a i r e Dawe C / - W e s t p a c A r c h i v e s , P . O . B o x 6 9 1 , L a m b t o n Q u a y

C a t h y M a r r C / - N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , P . O . B o x 6 1 4 8 , W e l l i n g t o n

A l i s o n F r a s e r 5 P i m b l e A v e n u e , K a r o n '

B e v e r l e y B o o t h C / - H o c k e n L i b r a r y , P . O . B o x 5 6 , D u n e d i n

K a y M a t t h e w s E d u c a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y o f W a i k a t o , P r i v a t e B a g , H a m i 1 t o n

BRANCH CHAIRPERSONS

A u c k l a n d

C a n t e r b u r y / W e s t ! a n d

C e n t r a l D i s t r i c t s

O t a g o / S o u t h l a n d

W e l l i n g t o n

J a n e t F o s t e r C / - N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , P . O . B o x 2 2 2 0 , A u c k l a n d

C a r o l i n e E t h e r i n g t o n C / - N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , P . O . B o x 1 3 0 8 , C h r i s t c h u r c h

I a n M a t h e s o n P a l m e r s t o n N o r t h C i t y C o u n c i l , P a l m e r s t o n N o r t h

P e t e r M i l l e r C / - H o c k e n L i b r a r y Ρ 0 B o x 56 D u n e d i n

M a r k S t e v e n s C / - N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , P . O . B o x 6 1 4 8 , W e l l i n g t o n

OBJECTS OF THE ASSOCIATION

1 . T O F O S T E R t h e c a r e , p r e s e r v a t i o n , a n d p r o p e r u s e o f a r c h i v e s a n d r e c o r d s , b o t h p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e , a n d t h e i r e f f e c t i v e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .

2 . T O A R O U S E p u b l i c a w a r e n e s s o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a r c h i v e s a n d r e c o r d s a n d i n a l l m a t t e r s a f f e c t i n g t h e i r p r e s e r v a t i o n a n d u s e , a n d t o c o - o p e r a t e o r a f f i l i a t e w i t h a n y o t h e r b o d i e s i n New Z e a l a n d o r e l s e w h e r e w i t h l i k e o b j e c t s .

3 . T O P R O M O T E t h e t r a i n i n g o f a r c h i v i s t s , r e c o r d s k e e p e r s , c u r a t o r s , l i b r a r i a n s a n d o t h e r s b y t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f s p e c i a l i s e d k n o w l e d g e a n d b y e n c o u r a g i n g t h e p r o v i s i o n o f a d e q u a t e t r a i n i n g i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d c o n s e r v a t i o n o f a r c h i v e s a n d r e c o r d s .

4 . T O E N C O U R A G E r e s e a r c h i n t o p r o b l e m s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e u s e , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d c o n s e r v a t i o n o f a r c h i v e s a n d r e c o r d s , a n d t o p r o m o t e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s r e s e a r c h .

5 . T O P R O M O T E t h e s t a n d i n g o f a r c h i v e s i n s t i t u t i o n s .

6 . T O A D V I S E a n d s u p p o r t t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a r c h i v e s s e r v i c e s t h r o u g h o u t New Z e a l a n d .

7 . T O P U B L I S H a b u l l e t i n a t l e a s t o n c e a y e a r a n d o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s i n f u r t h e r a n c e o f t h e s e o b j e c t s .

MEMBERSHIP M e m b e r s h i p o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n i s o p e n t o a n y i n d i v i d u a l o r i n s t i t u t i o n i n t e r e s t e d

i n f o s t e r i n g t h e o b j e c t s o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n . S u b s c r i p t i o n r a t e s f o r 1 9 8 7 a r e :

w i t h i n New Z e a l a n d $ N Z 1 9 - 0 0 * ^ • , - , , - , - Ë , , , É. $ N Z 2 8 - 0 0 , „ c 4 . , t + , „ „ „ Înn ΊΛ M i n d i v i d u a l s I,., , , , η η i n s t i t u t i o n s o v e r s e a s $ N Z 2 4 - 0 0 $ N Z 3 2 - 0 0

O v e r s e a s members who w i s h a i r m a i l d i s p a t c h o f n o t i c e s a n d b u l l e t i n s w i l l n e e d t o a d v i s e t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e a d d i t i o n a l f e e w i l l d e p e n d on c u r r e n t p o s t a l c h a r g e s .

A p p l i c a t i o n s t o j o i n t h e A s s o c i a t i o n , m e m b e r s h i p r e n e w a l s a n d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e on r e l a t e d m a t t e r s s h o u l d be a d d r e s s e d t o :

T h e M e m b e r s h i p S e c r e t a r y A R A N Z P . O . B o x 1 1 - 5 5 3 M a n n e r s S t r e e t W e l l i n g t o n NEW Z E A L A N D

* F o r t w o i n d i v i d u a l s l i v i n g a t t h e same a d d r e s s ( w i t h i n New Z e a l a n d ) a joint m e m b e r s h i p i s a v a i l a b l e a t $ N Z 2 2 - 0 0 p e r y e a r w h i c h e n t i t l e s b o t h p e o p l e t o f u l l v o t i n g r i g h t s a t m e e t i n g s , b u t p r o v i d e s o n l y o n e c o p y o f e a c h i s s u e o f Archifacts.

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