Animal RightsA Historical Anthology

EDITED BY ANDREW LINZEY ANDPAUL BARRY CLARKE

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK

Contents

Acknowledgements ixForeword χTOM REGANIntroduction xiiiBeyond Caricature: Preface to the Columbia University

Press Edition xxiii

Part I: Differences Between Humans and Animals 1

1. Creation of the Universe 3PLATO

2. Animals are not Political 6ARISTOTLE

3. Animals are not Rational Creatures 7St THOMAS AQUINAS

4. The Human and the Beast 12NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI

5. Animals as Automata 14RENE DESCARTES

6. Animals have no Language 17THOMAS HOBBES

7. Understanding in Animals 21J O H N LOCKE

8. A Response to Locke 25GEORGE BERKELEY

9. Of the Reason of Animals 27DAVID HUME

10. On Animal Souls 29G.W. LEIBNIZ

11. Freedom of the Will 32JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

12. Organic Difference 34JOHANN G. HERDER

13. Animals have no Concepts 37ARTUR SCHOPENHAUER

14. Animals are not Self-Aware 39G.W.F. HEGEL

15. An Animal is not a Species Being 42KARL MARX

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16. On the Genius of Species 44FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

17. The Lure of the Simple Distinction 47MARY MIDGLEY

Part II: Dominion and the Limits to Power 51

1. The Golden Age 53PLATO

2. Animals are for Our Use 56ARISTOTLE

3. Rational Domination 59St AUGUSTINE

4. Unrestricted Dominion 60St THOMAS AQUINAS

5. Difference does not Justify Domination 64MICHEL E. de MONTAIGNE

6. Animals in the Cosmic Hierarchy 66RICHARD HOOKER

7. The Right of Nature 67THOMAS HOBBES

8. Dominion is Subject to Law 68SAMUEL PUFENDORF

9. The Workmanship Model 71JOHN LOCKE

10. Responsibility to the Weak 72ALEXANDER POPE

11. Animals do not Make War on Humans 76JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

12. Animals may be Used 78IMMANUEL KANT

13. Dominion and Property 79JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE

14. The Limits to Power 84JOHN STUART MILL

15. Animals as Utilities 87HENRY SIDGWICK

16. Nature Teaches Mutual Aid 88PETER KROPOTKIN

17. Dominion as Power 91BERTRAND RUSSELL

18. Critique of the Principle of Domination 92MAX HORKHEIMER

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19. Dominion is Social 95ROSALIND COWARD

Part III: Justice, Rights and Obligations 99

1. Justice Requires Friendship 101ARISTOTLE

2. No Friendship with Irrational Creatures 102St THOMAS AQUINAS

3. Exclusion from Friendship is not Rational 105MICHEL E. de MONTAIGNE

4. The Government of Animals 112THOMAS HOBBES

5. Animals have no Intrinsic Rights 116SAMUEL PUFENDORF

6. Cruelty is not Natural 119JOHN LOCKE

7. No Justice Without Equality 121DAVID HUME

8. Differences do not Justify Inequality 124HUMPHRY PRIMAIT

9. Duties to Animals are Indirect 126IMMANUEL KANT

10. Animals are not Constitutional Persons 127JAMES MADISON

11. The Inalienable Rights of Animals 129HERMAN DAGGETT

12. All Nature Suffers 132WILLIAM GODWIN

13. Limits to the Rights over Animals 134ARTUR SCHOPENHAUER

14. Duty to Minimize Suffering 135JEREMY BENTHAM

15. Duties to Animals are Direct 138JOHN STUART MILL

16. The Principle of Animal Rights 141HENRYSALT

17. Pity for Animals 148FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

18. Duties to Life 152ALBERT SCHWEITZER

19. Outside the Scope of the Theory of Justice 154JOHN RAWLS

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20. The Rights of Animals 156BRIGID BROPHY

21. All Animals are Equal 162PETER SINGER

22. Constraints and Animals 167ROBERT NOZICK

23. The Feminist Challenge 174LYNDA BIRKE

24. The Struggle for Animal Rights 176TOM REGAN

Biographical Notes 187