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Socialist Republic of Macedonia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the predecessor of the current Republic of Macedonia. For other uses, see   Macedonia

(disambiguation).

Socialist Republic of Macedonia

Социјалистичка Република

Македонија

Constituent republic of Yugoslavia

←  1943–1991 →

Flag Emblem

Macedonia within Yugoslavia

Capital SkopjeLanguages Macedonian

Government Socialist republicHistorical era Cold War 

- Second Sessionof the AVNOJ 29 November 1943

- End of WorldWar II

8 May 1945

- Breakup of Yugoslavia

1991

Area

- 199125,713 km² (9,928 sqmi)

Population

- 1991 est. 2,033,964Density 79.1 /km² (204.9 /sq mi)

Currency Yugoslav dinar 

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The Socialist Republic of Macedonia (Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian: Социјалистичка Република Македонија,Socijalistička Republika Makedonija) was one of the 6 republics forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and a socialist nation-state of the Macedonians.[1][2][3] After the transition of the  political system to

 parliamentary democracy in 1990, the Republic changed its official name to Republic of Macedonia in 1991,[4] and with the beginning of the breakup of Yugoslavia, it declared itself an independent country on September 8,1991.

Contents

[hide]• 1 History• 2 Constitution

o 2.1 Systemo 2.2 Minoritieso 2.3 Religiono 2.4 Geography

• 3 Transition• 4 Heads of Institutions

o 4.1 Presidents of ASNOMo 4.2 Presidents of Presidency of Parliamento 4.3 Presidents of Parliamento 4.4 Presidents of Presidencyo 4.5 Prime Ministerso 4.6 President

• 5 References• 6 External links

History[edit source | edit beta ]

The modern Macedonian state was proclaimed under the name Democratic Macedonia[5] (Macedonian:Демократска Македонија, Demokratska Makedonija) at the First Plenary Session of the Anti-Fascist Assemblyfor the People's Liberation of Macedonia during the  National Liberation War of Macedonia in World War II. Itwas set up on August 2, 1944 in the Bulgarian occupation zone in Yugoslavia.[6][7] This date is now celebrated byethnic Macedonians as the day they were first allowed to freely state their nationality. It was chosen intentionally,as it was the date of the Ilinden Uprising against the Ottoman rule in 1903.

The most important assembly decisions are the proclaiming Macedonia nation-state of ethnic Macedonians and proclamation of Macedonian as the official language. The citizens of Macedonia, regardless of their ethnicaffiliation, were guaranteed all civil rights, including right to their mother tongue and confession of faith.However, Vardar Macedonia was de facto liberated from the Germans in November 1944.

In 1945, the state changed its official name to the People's Republic of Macedonia. It was formally incorporatedas a constituent republic in the Yugoslav Federation in 1946. However, some people were against the federationand demanded greater independence from the federal authorities, leading to their prosecution. One of the notablevictims of these purges was the first  president, Metodija Andonov - Čento. More purges followed after the Tito-Stalin split.

The state was formed on the territory of Vardar Macedonia, a part of the wider  region of Macedonia, which wasdivided between several countries in the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. Some ethnic Macedonian politiciansfrom the republic advocated the idea of  United Macedonia, which would include Aegean Macedonia and Pirin

Macedonia. The idea was somewhat supported by the federal Yugoslav authorities on some occasions, or repressed, depending on the regional and international political constelation.

In 1963, the name of the state was changed to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.

Constitution[edit source | edit beta ]

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Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 1974 - Official Gazette (Macedonian)

The Socialist Republic of Macedonia, which was defined as a nation-state of the ethnic Macedonians and also, astate of its ethnic minorities, had some powers normally associated with an independent state. The Constitutionalso recognised the right of self-determination and secession. The borders of the Socialist Republic of Macedoniacould only be changed by a decision of the republic's parliament. Its inhabitants held both Yugoslav citizenshipand an internal Macedonian citizenship for state business.

The Socialist Republic of Macedonia had its own constitution,  presidency, government, parliament, official

language, state symbols, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Secretariat of Internal Affairs (Interior ministry), Bureau for Foreign Relations (a Ministry of Foreign Affairs)[8] and other state prerogatives. Also, theSocialist Republic of Macedonia had its own Territorial Defence armed forces (Macedonian: Територијалнаодбрана, Teritorijalna odbrana).[9]

System[edit source | edit beta ]

The Socialist Republic of Macedonia was a single-party communist state, the ruling political party was theLeague of Communists of Macedonia (in Macedonian: Сојуз на Комунистите на Македонија, Sojuz na

 Komunistite na Makedonija, abbreviation: СКМ, SKM ). Being a constituent country of SFR Yugoslavia, a leadingfounder of the Non-Aligned Movement, SR Macedonia pursued a neutral foreign policy and maintained a moreliberal communist system compared to the other communist states. The ruling ideology was based on Titoism andWorkers' self-management (Macedonian: самоуправување, samoupravuvanje).

Minorities[edit source | edit beta ]

While the ethnic Macedonians were the majority and were one of the constituent nations of SFR Yugoslavia(official term: narod ) the rights of the ethnic minorities (official term: narodnosti) were guaranteed by theConstitution. The official language of SR Macedonia was Macedonian,[10] however Macedonian Albanians andMacedonian Turks had the right to use their own languages within the school system and the media.[11] Theconstitution of the SR Macedonia defined the state as the national state of the Macedonians, but also as the state

of Albanians and Turks.[11]

Religion[edit source | edit beta ]

Although the ruling communists discouraged religion, religious freedom was allowed to a certain extent. Theauthorities allowed the existence of the Macedonian Orthodox Church, which proclaimed autocephaly in 1967. In1972 the construction of the largest orthodox church St. Clement of Ohrid in the capital of Skopje began.Muslims, Catholics, Protestants and other religious communities also could maintain their own organisations andtemples.

Geography[edit source | edit beta ]

The Socialist Republic of Macedonia was the 4th largest constituent country of SFR Yugoslavia both by area and population. Within Yugoslavia, it had an internal border with the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the north and itssubunit the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo in the north-west and international borders with Greece inthe south, the People's Republic of Bulgaria in the east and the People's Socialist Republic of Albania in the west.

Transition[edit source | edit beta ]

During the Breakup of Yugoslavia in 1990, the form of government peacefully changed from socialist state to parliamentary democracy. The first pluralist elections were held on November 11, 1990. The once ruling

communist party took a reformist direction and renamed itself  League of Communists of Macedonia - Party for  Democratic Change led by Petar Gošev. After the head of the last communist presidency Vladimir Mitkov[12] resigned, Kiro Gligorov became the first democratically elected president of the Socialist Republic of Macedoniaon January 31, 1991.[13] On April 16, 1991, the parliament adopted a constitutional amendment removing"Socialist" from the official name of the entity, and on June 7, 1991, the same year, the new name, Republic of Macedonia, was officially established.[4] After the process of dissolution of Yugoslavia began, Macedonia issued a

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Sovereignty Declaration on January 25, 1991[14] and later, proclaimed itself a fully independent country, followinga referendum held on September 8, 1991.

The Republic of Macedonia is the legal successor to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.

Heads of Institutions[edit source | edit beta ]

Part of a series on the

History of the

Republic of Macedonia

Chronological

Ottoman Macedonia

Karposh's Rebellion

 National awakening

Ilinden Uprising

Kruševo Republic

Vardar Banovina

 National Liberation War 

Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM)

 National Liberation Front

Exodus from Northern Greece

Socialist Republic of Macedonia

1963 Skopje earthquake

Republic of Macedonia

2001 Insurgency

Ohrid Agreement

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Topical

Military history

Demographics

History of the Macedonian people

Related

Region of Macedonia

 Naming Dispute

Public Holidays

Republic of Macedonia portal

• v

• t

• e

Presidents of ASNOM[edit source | edit b eta ]

•

Metodija Andonov-Čento• Lazar Koliševski

Presidents of Presidency of Parliament[edit source | edit beta ]

• Lazar Koliševski• Vidoe Smilevski

Presidents of Parliament[edit source | edit beta ]

• Dimče-Mire Stojanov• Lazar Koliševski• Ljupčo Arsov• Vidoe Smilevski• Mito Hadživasilev•  Nikola Minčev

Presidents of Presidency[edit source | edit beta ]

• Vidoe Smilevski• Ljupčo Arsov

• Angel Čemerski• Blagoja Talevski• Tome Bukleski• Vančo Apostolsk i• Dragoljub Stavrev• Jezdimir Bogdanski• Vladimir Mitkov

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Prime Ministers[edit source | edit beta ]

• Lazar Koliševski (1945–1953)• Ljupčo Arsov (1953–1961)• Aleksandar Grličkov (1961–1965)•  Nikola Minčev (1965–1968)• Ksente Bogoev (1968–1974)• Blagoja Popov (1974 –1982)• Dragoljub Stavrev (1982–1986)• Gligorije Gogovski (1986–1991)

President[edit source | edit beta ]

This post was established in 1991 after the dissolution of the collective presidency

• Kiro Gligorov[13] 

References[edit source | edit beta ]

1. ^ Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 1974 - Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia (Macedonian)

2. ^ Устав Федеративне Народне Републике Југославије (1946), sr.wikisource.org, retrieved on October 19, 2007. (Serbo-Croatian)

3. ^ Устав Социјалистичке Федеративне Републике Југославије (1963), sr.wikisource.org, retrieved onOctober 19, 2007. (Serbo-Croatian)

4. ^ a b On This Day - Macedonian Information Agency - MIA , see: 1991 (Macedonian)

5. ^ Constitutional History of the Republic of Macedonia by Dr. Cvetan Cvetkovski, Faculty of Law, Skopje,Republic of Macedonia

6. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN0810855658,p. 240.

7. ^ The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building And Legitimation, 1918-2005, Sabrina P. Ramet, IndianaUniversity Press, 2006, ISBN 0253346568, p. 139-140.

8. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia Official Site9. ^ Ministry of Defence of Republic of Macedonia10. ^ РЕШЕНИЕ на Антифашиското собрание на народното ослободуене на Македонија за заведуене на

македонскиот јазик како службен јазик во македонската држава (Rješenje Antifašističkog sobranja narodnogoslobođen ja Makedonije o uvođenju makedonskoga jezik a kao službenog jezika u državi Makedoniji), dokument br.8, 2. kolovoza 1944., Prohor Pčinjski, Metodije Andonov Čento (predsjedatelj ASNOM)

11. ^ a b Spasov, Ljudmil; Arizankovska, Lidija. Hierarhizacija jezikov v Republiki Makedoniji in Republiki

Sloveniji glede na jezikovno politiko Evropske unije, (161. – 169.) u: Vidovič-Muha, Ada. (ur.) Slovenski knjižni

 jezik – aktualna vprašanja in zgodovinske izkušnje : ob 450-letnici izida prve slovenske knjige, Zbirka »Obdobja – metode in zvrsti« (vol. 20, ISSN 1408-211X), Center za slovenščino kot drugi/tuji jezik pri Oddelku za slovenistikoFilozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 2003., ISBN 961-237-057-5, str. 163., 164. 

 Prvi člen Ustave SR Makedonije ( Ustav na SRM , 1974) je SRM definiral kot nacionalno državo makedonskega

naroda ter albanske in turške narodnosti v njej. V členih 220 in 222 je bilo zapisano, da ljudje lahko prosto

uporabljajo svoj jezik in pisavo za izražanje in razvijanje svoje kulture.

 —Vidovič-Muha, 2003., 163.

 Poleg tega so makedonske (in slovenske) javne osebe v okvirih SFRJ (zunaj SR Makedonije oziroma SR Slovenije)

 zelo redko upoštevale pravico do uporabe svojega jezika v javnem sporazumevanju, in to je dajalo vtis, da je edini

uradni jezik na ravni države SFRJ srbohrvaščina.

 —Vidovič-Muha, 2003., 164.

12. ^ Faculty of Law, University of Skopje (Macedonian)

13. ^ a b Kiro Gligorov was elected president on January 31st 1991, when SR Macedonia was still an officialname of the nation. After the change of the state's name, he continued his function as a President of the Republic of Macedonia - The Official Site of The President of the Republic of Macedonia

14. ^ Sovereignty Declaration - Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia

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External links[edit source | edit beta ]

• The Question of Self-determination and Union of the Macedonian Nation• Macedonia after the Second World War (1945-1991)