The Triumph of Aemilius Paullus (116 B.C.) θρίαμβος

Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 B.C.)

- military tribune in Carthage (207) “Carthago delendum est!” - quaestor (204)

- aedile (199) - praetor in Sardinia (198)

- consul (195) - censor (184)

Fannian Law

mos maiorum “custom of the ancestors”• pietas - conscientiousness, scrupulousness. The dutifulness,

affection, and loyalty towards one’s parents, family, country, and the gods.

• religio - fear of the gods, i.e. the feeling of reverential awe and reverence for the gods

• gravitas - “weightiness”, dignity, importance

• industria - diligence, activeness, assiduity

• diligentia - carefulness (esp. in household affairs, thus ‘frugality’), attentiveness, earnestness

• continentia - (self)restraint, temperance, moderation

• constantia - steadfastness, perseverance, resolve in the face of adversity.

• simplicitas - genuineness, ingenuousness, sincerity, frankness, lack of pretence

• benevolentia - goodwill, kindness, friendliness

• virtus - excellence characterized by strength, courage, valor, capacity

Optimates v. Populares & the rise of the new equestrians (ordo equester)

The War Against Jugurtha (111-104 B.C.)

Gaius Marius (c.157-87 B.C.), the novus homo

- Military tribune (129?) - quaestor (123)

- tribune, with the backing of the Metelli (119) - praetor (115)

- proconsul in Spain (114) - consul (107-06, 103-100, 87)

Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (138-78 B.C.)

- quaestor to Marius (104) - praetor urbanus, “chief justice of Rome” (97)

- proconsul in Cilicia (96) - commander in the Social War (91-88)

- consul (88, 80) - Civil War (87-82)

- dictator (82-79) under the lex Valeria - proscriptions (82) - published lists of the names of individuals

who were automatically condemned to death without trial - 81 puts control of the state firmly in the hands of the senate

- 79 retirement

Gnaeus Pompeius, Magnus (Pompey) (106-48 B.C.)

The disreputable career of Gaius Verres (c. 115-43 B.C.)

- quaestor (84)- proquaestor (80-79) - praetor urbanis (74)

- propraetor - governor of Sicily (73-71)- exiled from Rome (70)

- proscribed (43)

As governor of Sicily, he violates the fides bestowed on his office by robbing Sicilian temples as well as the

Sicilians themselves and the Roman occupants.

Roman Political Ideals

• auctoritas - the authority that comes with an office.

• dignitas - the worthiness, honor, and esteem of a Roman statesman of high ranking.

• Earned by the individual

• fides - good faith due to the honorable and trustworthy.

• Based on a mutually dependent relationship

• The power to make deals and see them through

• libertas - due process and equal protection under the law; the freedom to exercise one’s rights.

• Experience was of capital importance for accessing higher offices.

The career of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43)

- Military service (90) - Pleads first case (81) - quaestor in Sicily (75)

- patronus (advocate/orator) of the Sicilians against Verres (71) - aedile (69)

- praetor (66) - consul (63)

- Exile in Greece (due to a trial on trumped up charges alleged by his political enemies) (58-7)

- proconsul in Cilicia (57) - proscribed by Antony (43)