Αντισεισμικες...
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1. 1.1 - 1.2 - 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 (Near-Fault seismic
excitations)
2. - 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
2.6.1 2.6.2 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 - 2.12 2.12.1 2.12.2 2.12.3
2.13 FOURIER FOURIER 2.13.1 2.13.2 2.13.3 Fourier 2.13.4
2.14 2.14.1 2.14.2 2.14.3
1.
1. 1.1
, , , . , , , . ( ), . , , . , , . , , .
, . ( ) (, .) , , .
. . , , . , , , . , .
. , 80km , . 1.1.1. 1.1.2, . , . , . , , , (. 1.1.3).
(. 1.1.2), .
. & . 1
1.
. , , , .. , .
1.1.1: , (Scawthorn, 2003).
1.1.2: 1975-1995 (Scawthorn, 2003).
. & . 2
1.
1.1.3: .
, . , , , . , , , , .
( ), . . ( ) , .
( ), . , , .
, : , , , . 1.1.4 (. ).
. & . 3
1.
s
d
1.1.4: (s) (d)
1.1.4,
(hanging wall - ) (footwall - ).
, . 1.1.5. , ( , dip-slip faults). , ( ). , ( ). (strike-slip faults) , . , . , . , , .., .
. & . 4
1.
1.1.5: (Kramer and Scawthorn, 1999)
. (beachball), , . ( ) ( ). 2.1.6, .
B
() () () () 1.1.6: , : ) , ) , ) , ) . 1.2 , , .
. & . 5
1.
() (). . , , , . (.. , ) . . Mercalli, (), 1 12, Mercalli. Mercalli 1.1.1. 1.1.1: Mercalli (MMI).
MMI
I
II
III ( ) ,
IV , ,
V ,
VI , , , ,
VII , , , ,
VIII , , , , .
IX
, , ,
X , .
XI , ,
XII . , , .
. ( ). C. Richter, Richter, , . :
. & . 6
1.
1. (mL): , 100km . Richter, .
2. (mb): (. ) , .
3. (ms): (. ) , .
4. (mw): , Mo=uA, u , (.. ).
owlog Mm
10.5= 10.7 (1.1.1)
Nm. E : log(E) =11.8 + 1.5ms (1.1.2) ergs 1 erg=10-7 Joules. (1.1.2) , . , . 1.1.2 10 ( ) .
1.1.2: 10
1 22/5/1960 Valvidia, 9.5 2 26/12/2004 Sumatra, 9.3 3 27/3/1964 Alaska, ... 9.2 4 4/11/1952 Kamchatka, .... 9
5 26/1/1700 .../ (Cascadia) 9
() 6 31/1/1906 - 8.8 7 25/11/1833 Sumatra, 8.8 8 4/2/1965 Alaska, ... 8.7
9 1/11/1755 , 8.7 () 10 28/3/2005 Sumatra, 8.6
. & . 7
1.
. , . , , . (saturation). , . 1.2 , . , . , . ( x, y z), . : P ( ) S ( ). , . , , . , . , ( : [deviatoric] ) , . , P , , S . S : SV, , SH, . 1.2.1 ( y). , , xy, SV, , z, SH.
. & . 8
1.
x
y
z
SV SH
1.2.1: y. , xy, y, SV, xz , SH. P :
( )
( )( )PE 1 v
V = 1-2v 1 v
+ (1.2.1)
, v Poisson . 1.2.1 , D, , 1.2.1 :
PDV (1.2.2)
= :
GGV (1.2.3)
= , . , P S. P S: , . P , P . ,
. & . 9
1.
S, . ( ), P S , 1.2.2: P , P. , S . L , P S, t, , VP VS, ,
P S
Lt
V V= (1.2.4)
, , , . (1.2.4), L1, L2 L3 . , , 70km, . , , , ( 1.2.3). , , . , , , . , , .
1.2.2: . P S P S.
t
t
ug..
PS
. & . 10
1.
L2
2
E1
L13 L3
1.2.3: , 1, 2 3. , . , , , ( ) , . , , , . . , g (.. 0.20g) cm/s2 gal (.. 200gal 200cm/s2). m/sec, cm/sec kine (.. 0.6m/s 60kine). , cm. , , , (peak ground acceleration, PGA). : ( ) , . (peak ground velocity, PGV). , ( 0.01-0.1sec ) . (. ), . (peak ground displacement, PGD) , .
. & . 11
1.
(, 0 , - ) . , , . . , . : Rayleigh Love. Rayleigh, ( , ), Love . , , (.. ) . , .. x, :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )u x,t =f x-c t u x,t =f x+c t (1.2.5) c . x, x. , x t, : ( ) ( )i t-kxou x, t u e= (1.2.6) x,
( ) ( )i t kxou x, t u e += (1.2.7)
, k :
kV
= (1.2.8) , ,
2k
= (1.2.9)
. & . 12
1.
1
2
+x
1.2.4:
, ( ). , . , . +x , , 1 2 ( 1.2.4). . . , : ( x 1) ( +x 2). u, u u , , . , u, u u :
( )i t-k xu Ae
= (1.2.10)
( )i t+k xu e
= (1.2.10)
( )i t-k xu e
= (1.2.10) x=0, :
( ) ( )1x=0 x=0u u= 2 (1.2.11)
( ) ( )1x=0 x=0 = 2 (1.2.12)
: 1 2 . , , , . :
2P
u u = D= D V
x x = (1.2.13)
. & . 13
1.
(1.2.10-) 1 , 2 , (2.2.11) :
i t i t i tAe Be e+ = (1.2.14) , (1.2.14) :
= = = (1.2.15)
A B + = (1.2.15) 1.2.15) , : , ( ) . (1.2.12) :
2 21 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2k i V +k i V k i V = 2 (1.2.16)
(1.2.15) (1.2.16) , , :
1-=
1+ (1.2.17)
2= 1+
(1.2.18)
2 2
2 1
V=
V (1.2.19)
(impedance ratio), . (1) , =0, (1.2.17) (1.2.18) : =, =0. , . (1.2.10) (1.2.10) : u=u+u =+ 1, :
( ) itu x, t 2Ae cos kx= (1.2.20)
. & . 14
1.
( ) it x,t 2kiAe sin kx= (1.2.21) x=0, :
( ) itx 0u t 2Ae= = (1.2.22)
( )x=0 t 0= (1.2.23) ,
. , . , , , ( . S, ( ) . , .. . , , . , . , SH ( 1.2.5) , , 1 2. 2, 2. , , , . , Snell, (, , .). Snell, 1.2.5 ( SH VS,1, SH VS,1 SH VS,2) :
S,1 S,1 S,2
V V Vsin sin sin
= =
(1.2.24)
1.2.24 =, :
S,2 S,1
Vsin sin
V= (1.2.25)
. & . 15
1.
, VS,2
1.
: =90, cr, . . , P