179

MARX: &

:

2008-2009

2

Marx: &

. 1. : Marx

(2 ) 2.

(2 ) 3. Marx :

(3 ) 4. Marx : Feuerbach &

(2 ) 5. O Marx : Ghota

(3 ) 6. 11 Feuerbach

(1 ) . Avineri Shlomo, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968 Carver Terrel, Marxs Social Theory, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1982 Carver Terrel (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Marx, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996 , , , 1998 , , Gutenberg, 1985 Lefebvre Henri, Marx, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1972 McLellan David, Marx, Fontana, London 1986 , , , 1996 , , , Gutenberg, 1983 Singer Peter, , , 2006 III. Actuel Marx (http://netx.u-paris10.fr/actuelmarx/) Rethinking Marxism ( 1996-2002, HEAL) Historical Materialism ( HEAL) IV. The Marx and Engels Internet Archive Marxists Internet Archive Library (http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/index.htm) Marx-Engels-Forschung und Edition (http://www.marxforschung.de/home.htm)

3

V.

MEGA

1883 Marx Engels 1895 Engels Marx Eleanor Aveling Laura

Lafargue August Bebel & Eduard Bernstein

SPD 1898 Aveling Marx Laura Lafargue 1911 Lafargue Marx, Engels,

SPD 1920 MEGA1 : SPD

Marx-Engels Ryazanov, David B. (1870-1938) Historian, philosopher and editor, Bolshevik since 1917. He helped found the Marx and Engels Institute and later withdrew from political activity. Ryazanov was executed after being accused at the 1931 trial of a Menshevik Center accused of plotting to restore capitalism in the Soviet Union. From 1918-1920 Ryazanov headed the new State Archive Administration and helped to establish both the Socialist Academy and the Marx-Engels Institute, where he served as Director from 1921 to 1931. During the 1920s he acquired numerous library collections from abroad, and by 1930 the Marx-Engels Institute possessed more than 450,000 publications in addition to 175,000 copies of documents, including the material by Marx and Engels from the German Social-Democratic archives. During his time at the Institute, Ryazanov published the collected works of Marx and Engels, as well as those of Plekhanov and Hegel, together with numerous pre-Marxist classics of political economy. By 1930 the Institute had published 150 major works, almost all of them edited by Ryazanov. This scholarly work ended when Ryazanov was arrested in February 1931 after being implicated in the trial of the so-called Menshevik Centre. In a report to the Society of Militant Dialectical Materialists, called to denounce both mechanistic revisionism and menshevising idealism, M.B. Mitin, recalled Ryazanov saying in 1924: I am neither a Bolshevik nor a Menshevik, I am a Marxist. According to Mitin, it was impossible to be a Marxist without being a Leninist, to be a Marxist without being a Bolshevik. Ryazanov was accused of wrecking activities on the historical front, expelled from the party and exiled to Saratov, where he worked for six years in a university library. In 1937 he was arrested again and charged with involvement in a right-opportunist Trotskyist organisation. On 21 January, 1938, the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court condemned him to death by firing squad. The sentence was carried out the same day. Neither in 1931 nor in 1938 did Ryazanov acknowledge any guilt. He was posthumously rehabilitated in legal terms in 1958, and in political terms by the Communist Party in 1989.

1928 SPD Comintern: 1933 Hitler : Marx-Engels 2/3 International Institute for Social History

(IISH) Amsterdam, 1/3 , - .

1960 MEGA2 -

( )

*http://www.iisg.nl/~imes/index.php

4

1975 MEGA2 ,

KARL MARX HAUS Trier. 1990 Internationale-Marx-Engels-Stiftung (IMES)

Amsterdam. ( ) 1993 MEGA2

Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenaschaften (BBAW), , , IMES.

1995 .

: 122 ( 2002 50) : / , , (17/32 , 10/32 , 5/32 ) / (!3/15 , 2/15 ) / (4.000 Marx Engels, 10.000 ) (12/35 , 7/35 , 16/35 ) IV/ (), , Marginalia (10/32 , 16/32 , 6/32 )

Arbeitsbltter zur Marx-Engels-Forschung (Martin-Luther Universitt di Halle-Wittenberg) 1976-1988 (23 ) Beitrge zur Marx-Engels -Forschung (IML-Berlin) 1977-1990 (29 )/ 1991 Neue Serie Marx-Engels -Forschungs Berichte (Karl Marx Universitt-Lipsia) 1981-1990 (6 ) MEGA-Studien (IMES) 1994-2001 Marx-Engels Jahrbuch(IML-Berlin IML-Moscow) (13 )1978-1991 Marx-Engels Jahrbuch (BBAW) 2003

5

MARX &

: .

- . . (Fichte, )

Die Philosophen haben die Welt nur verschieden interpretiert, es kommt drauf an, sie zu verndern.

(Marx: Thesen ber Feuerbach, )

/ /

, ,

, /

,

, /

, ,

, .

(Marx: , ) , ,

. , , . , , 1) , 2)

[] 3) .

( Marx Weydemeyer, 5 1852 [ ] [] [] . [

], , , .

(Marx: ) 1760-1830 1789 1799 1815 1815-1817 5 1818: Trier -

.* * 1795-1814

1815. ** : , , .

6

1830 1831/ 1834 Lyons 1830-1835 Trier Friedrich Wilhelm 1835 . 1836

! , , . , . , , , , . , , , , .1

, - . , . , , , Kant Fichte, . , . , . , , , , . 2 Kant Fichte !3

Hegel, , ,

1838 , Heinrich Marx.

/ Doktorklub Ruge Hallische Jahrbcher.

1 Karl Marx, [ ], 10 1837, : Karl Marx, , (, , : ), , 1983, .255 2 .., .262 3 Karl Marx, [Hegel. .], : Karl Marx, , .., .268.

7

1838-1841 .

.

. :

, , . . (relative Existenz), , (Dasein), , . , [] .4 , . . . , , . . .5

1839 Blanqui 1840 IV Workers Educational Society Karl Schapper 1841 Ruge Dewutsce Jahrbcher. 1842 Friedrich Engels Rheinische Zeitung

Rheinische Zeitung. 1843 Jenny von Westphalen Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher.

&

, .. , - 1844. , , , , , Hegel , 18 , .6

*Hegel, , 243, 244 , . ,

4 Karl Marx, , .., .89 5 .., .106 6 Karl Marx, , Marx-Engels, Collected Works, Progress Publishers, Moscow, vol.29, p.262

8

, [] , , . , - , - , .

[ ] , , , []. . , .7

1844 Engels &

, , [] , , , .8

1845 . . Engels Manchester.

1845 Engels , , . . [] , .9

1846 Engels . 1847 ,

.

[ ],

7 Karl Marx, , , Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.3, pp.186-187 8 Karl Marx, Feuerbach, 11 1844 9 Karl Marx, ,..

9

, , .10

1848

, , , , .[] , , , , . , , . . .11

. 1848-1849 Neue Rheinische Zeitung. .

. .

() . , . : 15, 20, 50 , , [] : , . , .12

:

1850 1852 (-1862) New York Tribune 18 Brumaire

[ ] [] . .13

10 Friedrich Engels, , Marx-Engels, Selected Works, International; Publishers, New York, vol.II, p.10 11 - , , , 2004, .32, 40 12 [ ] 15 1850, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, vol.10, pp.626. * , 13 , 18 , , 1987, .144

10

[ ] , , Blanqui. , , , , .14

1857 Grundrisse 1859

, , , , , . , , , . , , , . , . , , , . , - , . , . . . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , , , . , , - , . , , .15

1867 1

14 , , , 2000, .148 15 , , .., pp.262-264

11

1864 (! )

16 .

( ! )

, , . , , , , .

( ! )

[ ]- . .

( ! )

, , , .

( ! )

1871

, : . , , , ; . .17

, . [] . [] , . , . , , , , .18

1875 Gtha

, , , , , , , , , , . [] , , ,

16 : 1. 2. Parvus: , . 17 Engels 1891 18 , , , 2000, .70

12

, , : , ! [] . , .19

1878 Anti-Dhring 1888 1881 Jenny. 1883 Jenny. 18.3.1883 .

19 , , , 1994, .21, 23, 34

13

.

; ; , . , . , , . , , . . . , . , . . . , . , . . . (.47-48)

: . - . . (.101-102)

[Stnde] , , . : . , . . (.123)

, : , . (.125)

14

&

[] . . . . [] , . , , , . , , . . , [], a priori , . , , , . , . , , . , , , . (pp.156-157)

:

- . (p.159)

. , , , , . [] . . [] . , , . , , . , [ ] , [], [ ] . (pp.173-174)

. , . ! ! . (p.184)

* Marx Roger Garaudy: , , , , .., .41-54

15

. &

, . , . , , , . , , . [] , . . ( 258-/ . 258-: ) , , , , , , ( ) . 274 - , . . , . 279-)

Stnde ( - . 301- ) *302: Stnde **279-: &

* (Verstand: Ttigkeit des Scheidens) , , , **, Klasse***

( Smith )

* , , ) ) 273-)

** , , , - . , , - , , . (199)/ 189-)

*** , . , , [] , , . (243)

, -

16

, - , . (244)

[] , , , . (245)

[] , , , , . (246)

* Hegel : , , , ..

17

. 1. : [Bruno Edgar Bauer, Cieszkowski, Feuerbach, Stirner, Ruge, Hess] [ 1830 1840] - - : -Doktorklub-Freien

- - V - : (Heine)

-

Cieszkowski, Prolegomena zur Historiosophie (1838) -

Strauss, Das Leben Jesu (1835) Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums (1841)

- [ , , ]

[Hallische Jahrbcher, Deutshe Jahrbcher (1841), Rheinische Zeitung, (1842), Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung (1843), Deutsch- Franzsische Jahrbcher(1843-44)] Bruno Edgar Bauer, Feuerbach, Max Stirner, Ruge, Moses Hess, Marx. , , , 1830 1840, . - . , , , . , . , Hegel, , . , . , . , Marx. , , , Max Stirner. Karl Marx, Engels, . , . Marx Engels Engels , Marx . , , , , , .

18

2. : 2.1. , Hegel, . , Hegel, . , , . . , Cieszkowski, , , . 1838 .

Cieszkowski, , , , . . , .

Marx :

, , . . , , .

: , , . 11 Feuerbach, Marx , . , , . Marx , , . , , , . . 1835 , Strauss 1841 Feuerbach, . , , , , , . , , . , ,

19

, , . . Ruge. . Marx . , , , Stirner. , , , , . , , , - - . , , , . , , , , . , , , , . . , , , . 2.2. , - - . , , , . , Feuerbach, , Ruge, Bauer, , Stirner, . Marx . - . Marx , , , . Marx , . Marx Feuerbach, . ( ) . Marx, Stirner, Feuerbach. . , . . Marx , , . , . , , , .

20

, , , . Marx Marx, , Marx Moses Hess.

21

MARX &

, , . , , -

, Dr. Marx .

. Rousseau, Voltaire, Holbach, Lessing, Heine Hegel -

Dr. Marx. ( Hess Auerbach)

, , . , ,

. ( )

1842-1843 Rheinische Zeitung () () Marx

- 15.1-10.2.1842 - 1842 - 179 Klnische Zeitung 1842 - 1842 - Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung 15.10.1842 - 1842 Marx - Stnde 10,19,30.12.1842 - Mosel 15,17,18,19,20.1.1843

1843 - Ruge - 1843 - - 1843 11.10.1843 Marx 1843-1844 Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher ()

- - . 1844 & - 1844 Vorwrts () 7..8.1844

. -

1844

22

I Rheinische Zeitung (* 1000-2000 ) 1.1.1842 , ,

, Rutenberg.

. 1842 Marx 31.3.1843

1842-43, , . , , Herr von Schaper, , , , , , . , , , , , . , , Allgemeine Augsburger Zeitung, . , .20

1. & (: ) 2. & (, 1253a, Hegel, 267,273,364) 3. () & () (, 1180a, Hegel, Rousseau) 4. & (Spinoza, Kant) 5. () & () 6. ( ) & ( ) (Rousseau) , Marx (1841-1843) Hegel, - , -.

, Marx - ,

20 Karl Marx, , .., p.262

23

, [] , [] , , , . [] , , . . . 21

- ,

[] , , , , [] . , , , , . 22

- ,

, , , , . . [] , , , , Stnde, , , ; , , : , ! 23 , , , . , , , . , , ,

21 Karl Marx, Marginal Notes to Accusation of Ministerial Rescript, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, vol.1, pp.362-363. 22 . Marx, Leading Article in No 179 of Klnische Zeitung, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.1, p.202 23 Karl Marx, Debates on the Theft of Wood, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.1, p.241. Karl Marx, The Ban on the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.1, p.318.

24

, , , .24

-

, , , , , , , [] , . []25

- -

. - , , , [] . , , .26

, Marx Marx, , , , :

, . , .27

, , , .

, , Marx , , 28, , , .29

, , , , , . , , .30

24 Karl Marx, On the Commisions of the Estates in Prussia, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.1, p.306. 25 Karl Marx, Leading Article in No 179 of Klnische Zeitung, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., p.192. 26 Karl Marx, On the Commisions of the Estates in Prussia, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.1, p.306. 27 Karl Marx, Debates on Freedom of the Press, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.1, p.162 28 .., p.158: , , . 29 . Karl Marx, Justification of the Correspondence from the Mosel, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.1, pp.348-349. 30 .., p.349.

25

, 31, , . / , . / . . * , , ( ) ( ) 1843 Kreuznach, Marx Jenny von Westphalen, 1843. ** , 261-313 Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts.

, . , Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher, 1844. , , , , , Hegel , 18 , .32 [ Marx] . [ ], . , Marx , Hegel , , Hegel , . , , , .33

: [ Hegel , Marx . Marx; Feuerbach, Spinoza, Rousseau]. - : - , .

31 .. 32 Karl Marx, , .., p.262 33 Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.21, pp.59-64

26

. , .34 ; , . ; , .35

* / . - , , :

Hegel , . [] . [] . , , , , . [] , . , . . . . [] . . . [] , , . [] , , . [] , , , . , .36

- : Hegel . , , , . [ ] ,

34 Karl Marx, , Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.3, p.8 35 .., p.100 36 .., pp.45-48

27

, . . [] , , . [] . , , . . , , . , , , , , , .37

- ( ) , Marx, [] .

[] , .38

, Stnde Hegel.39 , , Marx, .40

, . , , . , [ ] . , , . , - , . : , . [] .41

Marx ! Spinoza, , Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ,

37 .., pp.29-31 38 .., p.121 39 Marx Stnde - - On the Commissions of the Estates in Prussia, Marx-Engels, .., vol.1, pp.292-306, pp.296,303. 40 Karl Marx, , .., pp.116-117. 41 .., pp.117-118

28

, / (Hegel).42

, , - - Marx , 43, , , , .

, Karl Marx . . , , , / ; , . , , Marx; , ; , , , , ; * , :

, . . , , , , , .44

I. Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher

, . [] , , . , , , . , , : ,

42 . Marx (308-313) Marx, .., pp.111-129. 43 , . , ! , , 4-14 1966 . Marx. 44 Karl Marx, , .., p.80

29

, .[] : , ! . : , . . , , . ] : , , , .45

( Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher, Kreuznach, 1843)

- :

[ Bauer] , , , , .46 , , , , , , , - , , , , . , , , , , , . , . .47 , , . , . , , , , - , : , , , , , ,

45 Marx Ruge, Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher, Kreuznach, 1843, Marx-Engels, .., vol.1, pp.142-144 46 Karl Marx, , Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.3, pp.149-150 47 .., p.153

30

. .48

- [ ] 1. ; , Kant, , . , , Marx, , . [] , .49 * Marx : , , , . (vol.8, p.506) Marx , : . , . [] .50 2. ; , Kant, .51 3. ; . , . 52 : . . , , , , , , . , -. , , . .

, Stnde - . , , , , . ,

48 .., pp.153-154 49 .., p.163 50 Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, , Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.5, p.78 51 Karl Marx, , .., p.163 52 .., p.164

31

. , , , . , . , , , , , , , , . , , homme citoyen, , , , , , , . , . [] . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , .53

* Marx Rousseau VII , . (vol.3, p.167) .

[ ] , .54

- : -, - , -, -.

, , , . , .55 , . , .56

53 .., pp.167-168 54 Karl Marx, , , .., vol.3, p.181 , . 55 .., p.182. : , . . , . Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, , Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.4, p.119.

32

, , , , . , ; . , , .[] , , , , . 57

- , .

[ ] , , , []. [] [ ] , , , , , , . .58 , . [] , .59

56 .., p.183 57 .., p.184 58 .., p.186 59 .., p.187

33

IV. Vorwrts .

, , .60

* : 4.000 1844, Marx -. ** & 1835-1845 ( - 1842: Lorenz von Stein, Der Sozialismus und Kommunismus des heutigen Frankreichs 1843: Flora Tristan, Union Ouvrire) -- (Buonarroti: - 1828) / . Marx Buonarroti 1844) 1. - 2. 3. : & - (Dzamy)/ (Babeuf, Buonarroti, Blanqui) / (Cabet) ! : . (Dzamy) - (Harvey, Jones) - (1836/ Weitling: Garantien der Harmonie und der Freiheit) - (Blanqui, Barbs) - ,

, , .[] , . [] , . , , .61

- . ,

60 Karl Marx, . , Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.3, p.202 61 .., pp197-198

34

. , . . . , , , , , , , .62

- , . , , , , , . . , , . , [] , , . , , , .63

- , [] , , , , , . [ ] , , , . , , , , . [] - . . , . , , , .64

62 .., p.199 63 .., p.205 64 .., pp.205-206

35

V. & 44 - & ;

, , , , , , , , . [] , , , , .65

* , . ; , :

, , , [ ], , . .66

: ;

[] , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , . 67

65 Karl Marx, James Mill, Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.3, p.217. , Bentham, Marx Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, , .., vol.4, p.134: . ; ; : . , , , , . . 66 Karl Marx, & , Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.3, p.272 67 .., p.274

36

[ , , ] , , , , . , , , . 68

, , , .69

*. : * & Setzung:

. . , - .70 , , . . , , - , . , , , . , , .71 . , -. , . , , . [ ] [] , , , , .72

68 .., p.277 69 .. 70 .., vol.3, p.299 71 .., p.313. . Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, , p.84: , , , . 72 Karl Marx, , MEW, Bd.23, s.193)

37

-

, , ., , , , , .73

* Kant Hegel , Marx. - (1) Plato/ Rockmore,Teeple, Babeuf/ Lwy: , :

[] , , . [] . [] , , , . , , , . - - .74

(2) (-Cabet -Babeuf/ McLellan) -Dezamy/ McLellan, , . 75 (3) []

-, , , . . , ,

73 Karl Marx, & , .., vol.3, p.280 74 .., vol.3, p.295 75 .., p.296

38

, , -, , . . - - . , . , .76

76 .., pp296-297/ 306

39

VI. 1844, Marx Engels 77 . - & ()

1789, , , . , Marat, , , . , [ ] , [ ] , , , , .78

- : :

-. -, . [] , . , Hegel, , , , . , , . , . , , , , , - -, -. , . , ,

77 Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, , Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.4, p.7: , []. 78 .., vol.4, p.81

40

. , . , , , . . , , , , , , , , , - - . . , . , . , . , , , . , .79

- & :

Herr Bauer, Hegel, . . Hegel, , . [] , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , .80 Herr Bruno , , , , , - , . , , , , .

79 .., pp.36-37 80 .., p.79

41

Hegel , , - . , , , Hegel , . , .81 , , [] ; Feuerbach. , , ; , , , ! - ; Feuerbach, Feuerbach. . , - , , , . , , , . , , , . , , . , , , . , , , , . , , .82

-

Hegel . , , , , , . , . , post festum. O Hegel : , , , , . , post festum , , , . Herr Bauer Hegel .

81 .., p.85 82 .., p.93

42

, . , . , , Herr Bauer . O Herr Bauer Hegel. post festum , . . . . , , , , . , , , Herr Bruno , . .83

- :

- Herr Bauer []] , , , , , , , , . , . , . , , , , , , [ ] , , . . . , , , , , , .84 , , . [] , , , . , , , , ,

83 .., pp.85-86 84 .., p.113

43

. . , . , , , , , , ., . .[] , , , , , . , , .85 , . , , , . , . , , , , . , , , , , . [] , , , . , , , , - . , , [ ] , . , , . , , , , , , [] . , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , .86

85 .., pp.116-117 86 .., pp.120-121

44

- : 1. :

Robespierre, Saint-Just , - , - , , . , , , , , , - , !87

2.

[] : Robespierre, , , . , , , , . , , , - , , , , , . . , , . .88

3.

, , . , , . , , . . . , , , . , . , , , , ., . [] , ,

87 .., p.122 88 .., pp.122-123

45

. . , , , .89

4.

1830 1789, , , , , , .90

89 .., pp.123-124 90 .., p.124

46

MARX & ( Feuerbach & )

1845 1845 O Marx Feuerbach 1845 1845- 1846 1846 Engels

[ 1846 Marx Engels ] . Feuerbach

, [ Feuerbach] , . -, . ( ) , , , , . , , . . ( ) . . ( VI) [zu verndern]. ( XI)

. . & -

, , . , , , , , , , , , , . [] , , ., , , ,

47

, . [das Bewusstsein] [das bewusste Sein], . camera obscura, . , , . , [] , , , , , , . , , . [] , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , . . , , , . . . , , , . , , ( ), , . , , , , , , , . .91

- / /

[]. , , . []*

91 Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, , .., pp.35-37

48

.92 * : , , , , , , .93 * & : . . , , , , , , , , [. ]94 . - /

[] , , . , . , , . , . , , ( - , ) , , , , . , , , ( ), , -, . , 1) , 2) , , 3) . , , , , . [] , , , [...] . , , ,

92 .., pp.59-60. Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, , Marx-Engels, Collected Works, .., vol.6, p.503 93 .. 94 .., p.77

49

- . - , .95 , , . , . .96 , , .97

* . :

. , , . , , . , , . . , , [] , , , . , , , . , , . , . . , , . , , , , , . , . , , , , . , .98

, , , , - , , [], , , , , [

95 .., pp.48-49 96 .., p.49 97 .., p.81 98 Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, , .., p.487-488

50

] . , , , , [], , , , .99 : 1) , , , (, ). , , , , , , , .. [...] 4) , , , , . , , .100

, , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , 101 / / . , , . , ., , . , , , , ,

99 Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, , .., p.51 100 .., pp.52-53 101 .., p.47

51

, . .102 , , , , , . , , , , , ..103

* , Stirner, Marx Engels104 1. , , 2. , 3. / , 4. ( ) 5. , 6. - 7. , , , ., , , , .105

102 .., p.78. Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels, , .., p.506 103 .., pp.438-439 104 . .., pp.213-214 105 .., p.292