1. -1- . . TWIN CITIES (MINNEAPOLIS SAINT PAUL), MINNESOTA, USA 2013

2. & -2- : - [ ] ) ) ) ) : : : DVDs , : : , Testimonium Flavianum, . , : Refuting Missionaries, Hayyim ben Yehoshua () I 1: 2: 9 11 12 13 19 21 26 26 30 31 31 32 33 34 36 50 53 53 54 69 71 78 79 81 95 111 117 133 133 138 166 190 191 3. -3- . Debunking the Laws of Moses, Joseph Wheeless () ( ) . Ex post facto ( , , ) Ignorantia juris non excusat - Lex Talionis - L envoi ( , ) ( Clarence Darrow, 1929) - Sigmund Freud : , 197 197 210 214 217 221 222 224 225 226 229 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 239 243 244 250 252 254 256 256 257 263 267 270 274 277 277 285 290 297 4. & -4- ... () [ ] [ ] (Quaesitor) , , , , , , , 1 Pascal 2O Chesterton 307 321 321 322 327 329 334 339 339 340 342 345 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 353 353 354 355 356 360 364 366 367 367 368 369 370 371 374 375 376 376 384 409 410 5. -5- . 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Minnesota Alabama. 1990 (2010) Hamline Minnesota. . 13: 11 , , , , .. 1992 , , , , , , . , : . , , . , , ( , , ,) , , , , . ! !. 10. - 10 & , , . , . . , - , , , , " ", "" "". 11. - 11 - . , , . *** , , *** , , , , , ., , . . , . . , . . . 12. - 12 & , . , , , (: , , ..) . . : , , , , , . , , , Ronald Ezuck Arthur Guetter, Dr Christopher, Ching Wai Ho Joyce, Siu Ping Ho George Kliger Dr Larry Leininger William D. Toczyski . , . , . . , ( www.hellasforever.gr ) 2006 :http://roussos.hellasforever.gr . , . . , , . 13. - 13 - . , ; , . , , , , : (1) , , , , . (2) . (3) : , , , . . .., : , ! . , . . . , , , , . . , , . , , . : . , , , , - 14. - 14 & , - : (), , , , , .. . (O. Spengler, A. J. Toynbee, ..). : , , , , . ! , , . , , . . , . . , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , . . , , , . , , . , . 15. - 15 - . , , . , , , , , , , ... , , , . , , (..). . . . , , , . , . . , ! , , , , , . , , , , , . , , , . **** **** , , , , , , , , , . . . , . . . - 16. - 16 & , . . . , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , . ! ! - : . : , , ; : ! : , ; ; ; , , . , , , . , , . . . , , , . . , , .! , , , ., , , , , ., , , ., , , 17. - 17 - . . , . , , , , , , , . , , , , , ., . , ! . , , , . , . , , , . . . ****** . 14 . , . , . , , , , . , . 4000 ( ) . , , , , , , . , . , , . 18. - 18 & , . , , . . , . , , , .. , , , 2013. 19. - 19 - . 21 , , , , , , . ! , , . , , . . . , , , . , . . , ; , , , . (Loeb Classical Library, Diogenes Laertius IX, 40.). , , , , , , ! , (.., , , .) . . . . . , . , , . , , . ! , . 20. - 20 & , , . . Carl Sagan , , . . , , , 19 , - , . ( . .). , , 600 . . , , , , , , , , , , . 21. - 21 - . - 7 . . . , , , . . . 4 . ( E. Dermenghem, , , , 21, .). , , . 50 , . , . , , . , , , . , , . , , , . , , 4 . . , ( )! , ! , , , , . , , , , . O . , , , . . ! ...! ( +622 - 623) . ... . 22. - 22 & . . , , , , . . . , , ... . , , . . . . 1. , 22: 20: . .. 2. 17: 1-13. 3. 13 17 . ( . , 13: 7-10). , , , , , , , , , , . . , .. . . (.., , .). . - . () - (). . 23. - 23 - . . . . . .. : 3: 10, 12 (), 7: 6 , ., 8: 22, 10: 21, 32-38, 12: 30, 13: 30, 40 (), 15: 13, 18: 34-35 (), 21: 44, 22: 7, 25: 29-30, . 3: 9, 17, 11: 23 , .)., 12: 47-53 (48 ), 14: 23 ( , cogito intrare ), 26, 17: 34, 19: 27 ( , , .), 22: 36-38, 49-50, 12: 48, 15: 6, ( , , , .), . , ( 1192 , Markus Jost), 20: 4 6, .., , , . , , , , . .. , , , . . , , , , . . ...! , . ! 24. - 24 & ! . ! ! , , , . , ! , , , , , , , , , . ( , ). 72 ! . ( ...!). .! ! ... ... ! ...; . . , . . , ! , , . . . . . . . , , , . , , , . : : 30 , , , .. . : , - 25. - 25 - . . 72 . , , . . , , Ibn Warraq, Salman Rushdie, .. Ibn Warraq, . . . , . 26. - 26 & [ ] , , . , , . , Friedrich Nietzsche, Werke in drei nden, hg. von . Schlechta, I I, 1914, Seite1234, (): . . ... , , . , , , . ... Nietzsche , ! , , 1982, , , . ( ) , , , . , , , , , , . . 27. - 27 - . , , . . : . , ; : .. , , : ( ) ( ) ;. , ! , , . ! , . , . , . , . . , , . ! , , , , ! . ! . , . , , : , . , , , . Bertrand Russell, , , 6 1927 Battersea Town Hall , . ( : Why I am not a Christian, : , , .). , - 28. - 28 & , Russell - , , , , , Anselm Canterbury, .. - . ! , , , , , , , , . . . . [ Russell, Why I am not a Christian, .., Michael Martin (editor), The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, Cambridge University Press, 2007, 5 9-12, ..]. . ! , ! . , ! , , . . ., , , , . , ! .., : , ..., , , , , , . ( 2 x 2 = 4!). , ... O Russell . , . , , . , , , . 29. - 29 - . . , , , . . : , . , . . Russell , . . , , , , , , , , (7000 ) . : !. ! ...!. , . , , , . ( ), . , , , , . , . , : () . , , . () , . , . , . () , 2 + 3 = 12 2 + 3 5 12. . .. Russell, : , . 30. - 30 & , , , ; ; ; ; ; ! , , . Of all the tyrannies that affect mankind, tyranny in religion is the worst. , . Thomas Paine , . . , , . , , , , , , . , , . ; , , ; ; ; ; , . , , .. , , , , .. . . Bertrand Russell . , , . 31. - 31 - . ) 1) , , . : , , 6500 ! .. (: 5: 14, 6: 23, 15: 22, 45, 11: 3, 2: 13-14, , , .). , , , , , , , , . , , 6500 , . ! (; ...!). , 2000 . ... 2) , , , , , , , , . 3) , , , , , . . 4) , , ! , . 5) ( ) . o oo , o o o o o . 32. - 32 & 6)7) 8)9) . , . . , . , , ( , , ,) , , , , . . , ! . , ! , , , , , , , . : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . ! ! ! , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , ! . ) , , , , , , , , , ., : 33. - 33 - . 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) ) (, , , .) : 1) . , , ! : , -, -, , , , , , . 2) : , , , , , , , , , , . 3) , , , , , , (, , , , , .). 4) . , , . . 5) , , , , , , , , , . 6) : , , , , , , , , , , - 34. - 34 & , , , , . 7) , , , , . . , . . ) . ! , : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 35. - 35 - . 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60) , 61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) 69) 70) , , .... . . , - 36. - 36 & . . . : , , , , , , , , , , , , . . , , , , , . , , , . . , . . . (Pax Romana) . . , , . . , . . : !. . ! ! , , ! (+64) (+94 - 96) +170 . . ( ) ! , 37. - 37 - . (+81 96 ..) . (.. : s . , , , , 2003-2004, 64-65, , 10: 20 2 , , , .). , . , , , . , , . 251 .. . (+302 - 303 ..) ( ), . (+269 - 274) (+240 - ;;; , ) , , ! , ! . , , , . , , ! ( ) . , . 313 .. . . , . 38. - 38 & , , , ! , , , , , , , , . , . , : , , ( ) !. +320 .. , , , , , . , ! , +325, , , , , ! , , . ( ) , .. , , , , , , . , , +135 .. . , . , ! , . , , , , 1945 . . , . (300 . .. 256 ..) - 39. - 39 - . . . , +250 , ( ) . : : . . +250, . , +250 ! +250 . +180185, ! , , , . - ! +135 , ., . , . , , , , , , , ., . , ( ) . ( ) . , . , . , , , ..., , . . , ( !). . . , .. , .., . 40. - 40 & , , , , , . , , , . , . , . , 1, 9, , , , () : ( [ ]:) , [ ], , , . ... , . ... ... . ... , , , , , . ... . ... , [ ], . ... . ( , , , XVIII .) , , , , ! .., . ! . , .., ; ! , 41. - 41 - . ! 36 ! (62 ...) - . , . ! ! ! . . . , . , , , , , , . , . . . . , . ( +622623) . ... . . . , , , . . . , , ... . , , , ! , , . , . ( + 363) . . - 42. - 42 & , , ! . ; . , ... , . . , . 150 . , . . , , . , ! . , , . , . : , , , , , , ., . . +476 ! , . ( !) Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) ! , ( ..: , , , , 2000, . , , , 2003, , , 2005.). , ! 43. - 43 - . . . , . ! ! ; ; ! . , . , 3 , , . . . , , ! ! . ! .. , , 17 +180, , ! , , . . , , . . . . . : , !. (99-55 ...) (De Rerum Natura)! , , , , , (divi figlius) ; ! , , , . . , , - 44. - 44 & , , .., . . . , , , . . , ! , , . , , , , , . , , (+218-222) , , ;! , , . , . . , . . , ! (: !, Ortrud, Lohengrin Richard Wagner.). ! . . , 3 4 , ! , , , , , , , , . , . , , . . , , : . - 45. - 45 - . !. , , ! , , , ! ! 150 . . . . , . . , , . . , , , . .., ( .. , ...). ( , : 19: 9-10, 10: 1112, 16: 18, 7: 8-9, 5: 5-16, .). , . , , . . . () , . ! ! , , . 250 ! , . , . . 46. - 46 & , . . +337 . 2, ! , ; ! . , , ! , , , , . . , , , . : , , , , , , , , ( ) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , ! , 1600 ! . , , , ! ! . .., +313, Gibbon , 4 , . , 1 10 %. 3 %. ! (, , , , ..) - 47. - 47 - . . . .. 4: 12-13, 5: 1-5, 12: 21, 4: 28, 2: 2, . , , . , , , . [ (;), 16: 14.]. . . 1700 ! ; ; , . . Bertrand Russell. Russell . . . . , , , , . , . . . , , 1700 ; , , , 3: 15, ( 1: 24, 10: 30, 16: 24, 19: 22, 21: 15, 38: 3, 6, 39: 7, 12: 12, 28: 15, 28 7: 16-17, ), , , , , . . - 48. - 48 & , ! , , , . . . . . ! ; ; , , 6000 ; . Max Weber , , . . , Gutenberg, 2002, R. H. Tawney , Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, Transaction Publishers, 1926-1998, , , , ., . , , : ... (civitas diaboli ). . , , , . , : , , , , , . , , , , . ... . 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DVDs: 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. 566. 567. 568. 569. 570. 571. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. 577. 578. 579. 580. 581. 582. 583.A Brief History of Disbelief Apocalypse Archaeology Mysteries of the Holy Land Christianity, The First Thousand Years Christianity, The Second Thousand Years Egypts Golden Empire Sigmund Freud and Lewis Clark From Jesus to Christ Galileo Galilei History of Disbelief Inside the Vatican Jesus Lives of Jesus Monkey Trial Peter and Paul Pharaohs and Kings, A Biblical Quest Religulous Secrets of the Pharaohs The Forbidden Goddess The Kingdom of David, The Saga of the Israelites The Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls Who Wrote the Bible Zeitgeist 79. - 79 - . , . Bertrand Russel 1 .. . , , . (1) , , . . . (2) , . , . . . , (= , ), . (3) () . . . . , . . . . . , . . , , 80. - 80 & . , , , : , , . !. . , , , , , . : , . , , , . . , , , 150 , . , , . , ! , . : , , , , : : , , , , , . , . . , , . 21: 25 , ' , . .. , , ! ! : + 70 .. + 95 .., 81. - 81 - . , . , ; , , , , . , , , , , , , , , (, , , , , , , , , , , , . . .), ; , ; ! 16 , ! , , . [ : , , . . ! ! . , , , , . . , 1: 1-17, , , . . ) , , , , 1: 17 , , ., 3 x 14 = 42 . . [ : ! ! ; , 82. - 82 & , !]. ) ( )! , ! , , . , . ( ), 41 42 ( 41 = 42 , !). ! ! ) . 2 3, , , : , , , . , , . . ) 1: 10-11: , , , .. , 21: 26, 22, 23, ( , 33: 25, 34: 1-32, 35: 1-25, .), 609 39 . : , , , , 23: 30, 23: 34, 24: 17, 3: 15. 604-602, ( ) , 23: 34-37, 24: 1-5, 3: 15, 1: 1-2, . , 3 , . 7 8 , , () , King James, .., 24: 6-16. - 3: 16 . ( . .). 586-585, , , , 25: 1-26, 3: 15, . , , 5-6 - 83. - 83 - . . ;! , , ( ) ! . ) , : . , , , . ; , . ! ) . 3: 23-38 , . . , ! ;! . () 4000 4500 . ..! . 56 . 42 . . . , ! . . . . , 2 3, . .., , , 1: 16, 3: 23, . ; , : 1: 18 . , .. : 1: 34-35 , ; .. : 3: 23 , , , , 84. - 84 & ,, ! (). . . . , . , , , ! , , ; , ; ; ! , : 1: 4 , 3: 9-10 . ,. , . ! . . . 2 2 . , . . ! , ! ! ; ; . , ! , , , . , ! , , ; ! ! - 85. - 85 - . . ! :] : , . . . , , . , , , . , , - , . , . ! , ! , ; ! . , . , ... !. , , . [ : 1. , , , 1973, 207-230. ( . , 1925-1930.). 2. , , 2 , , 1975, 1-52. ( . , 45 !). 3. , , , , , 1978 1979, 1-65. ( . .).] 86. - 86 & , , , . . 300 , , , , . , , : , , . ! , , ! [ Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus ( ), Introduction by James M. Robinson, Collier Books, 1968, !]. , , , ., , , , , . (= , ) 7 . .. . () , . . . . , , . ! : , , , , , , , , , , , , . ( , 9: 2, 24: 5, 22, 25: 19), , , .! , 2: 34, ... , . 1 .. , . , , , 87. - 87 - . . , . , , , . , , . 181-185 .., 150 , 150 . (, , , .) , , , , . .., 1) 1: 11-13 , , . , , , , . ; ; ;, , , . 2) 2: 17-18 , , , . 3) ( ) . 2 . . , ! , ; . 4 ! ( .., . !). 4) . . ; , . ! 88. - 88 & 5)6) 7)8) 9) . , . . - ( ). 4: 1-3 , , , . , , , .. 7 , .. 24: 23-24 , , , , , ., 13: 21-23 17: 21-23, 21: 8. ... .... ( !) , . , , , , , , .., . . .. , , ( 18: 2-3, 24, 19: 1, 16: 4, 1: 12, 3: 4-6, 16: 12, 19, 3: 13. .). ( 15: 20). . , (+161 180 ..) ( 27 . .. +14 ..) ( , !). , . , .., . 89. - 89 - . . , 2, , . , , , . 200 . . .. , , . , , , . (, , .). . . , . , , , , . , , , . (1) ( , 37-100 ..). 93-94 .. (2) (55-120 ..), XV, 44. 110 .. (3) (69-140 ..), , +110 .. (4) , (62-113 ..), + 112 .. (. . 18: 3: 3 18: 63-64) . , , (8 ). , , 90. - 90 & . . (. . 20: 9: 1 20: 200) . (. . . 20: 9). . . . . () (+ 64), . . (.., .). , , , , . () : Judaeos impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantis Roma expulit, , () () . . , , . , 18: 2. . . ; . ; . ! . , , +30-35, +41 +54. . , . , . , . , . ! () . , 91. - 91 - . . . ! , ..., . . , , ! . . , , , . , , . , . , , : (1) , . , , ! ( : , ..). .., , . (2) , Hieronymo Xaviero Historia Christi Persice ( ) 1703. . (3) (+61 - 115) (+55 - 120) . , ( +112) , + 98. 14 (+ 98 - 112), . ; . . , Hochart, H. Schiller, P. Fabia, R. Taylor, . Drews, Malver, .., . Christiani, - 92. - 92 & . ( - 11: 26, 26: 28, 4: 16, . (+55-135) (+331-363) , . procurator prefectus. , . R. Taylor Diegesis, 392-397, 20 . +110 , ; : , 15 , Johannes de Spire +1468. . , 1300 , , . , , , ., ! +1468! ; ! , , . . 300 ( ), , . . . . . . , 11 .. . . . ( , ) 314-325 .. 70-80 . (+185-254) ! , . 93. - 93 - . . : (1) , . , 7-8 . , 800 , , , . , , , , , 4 , . 7-8 , ! (2) , . (3) . (4) , , . 35 .. , , , . . Testimonium Flavianum ( ). 60 (.. ) (.. ), . : Testimonium Flavianum ; : (1) 60-65 . (2) , . (3) . 94. - 94 & (4) . 300 , 40% , 50% 10% . . . . , . 10%. . -(1) , , , 8 , . (2) , , , . , . , . (3) . . (4) . . ! (5) (. : , , , , , .). . (6) . , , . , 2 , . , , , .., , 53, . , , Lentulus , . 16-17 . , , . . 95. - 95 - . (7) . , . (.. , , , 600 . ..). [: . ( ) ( ). (). ! ( ;)! , , . . , , , , . , . , , , . , ( 2 ). , . . 150 ! ! , , , 8: 27-30, , 16: 13-20! , , , 180-185 .. . ( !). : ... ... .... - 96. - 96 & , ! , , , . - ! . ! . , . ( 2: 16, 14: 24, 1: 11, 2: 8, .). ( 4: 15, 9: 12-23, 15: 1, 1: 712, .). +50 , , , 20-15 ; , . : 7-9, , . ' , . , , .. 15-20 . ! , .., : , , , ! , , .: , , . . . +135-145 .., . , +150 , . 50 53, , . , ! . 12 3 4. 3 . , - 97. - 97 - . . 21 . 5: 7 ( ) 15o 16 . , . . . Bart D. Ehrman ( North Carolina, at Chapel Hill,