ΓΕΡΑΣΙΜΟΣ ΚΑΚΛΑΜΑΝΗΣ

TEPASIMOY KAKAAMANH

EOI m AOMHSTOY

NEOEAAHNIKOYKPATOYI

B'EKAOIH

EKAOIEIZ TOY EIKOZTOY HPQTOY

TEP. S. KAKAAMANH

EH! THE AOMHZTOY

NEOEAAHNIKOY KPATOYZ

('O e6viafj.6<; TCOV TcptoTtov (X€T€7tavaoTaTixa>v4v 'EXXdSi ovtov OTTO

QUI POUSSE A LA CONTRADICTION,POUSSE AU PROGRES

H. PIRENNE

B EKAOEH

EK86a£i(; TOV) EiKoaiou IIpcoTou

i T) jjLSptXY) Y) 6XlXY) XpTJOljXOTtOtTJOYJ TOU 7T<Xp6vTO<; (AOVOV X<XT(SmV

£YYP«<POU aSeta? TOU auYYP«9e«- "OXa ra avrtruTta ^epovrai L

A' 'EKSoat) : Fep. KaK>.a(j.dvTi<; 1986B''EK5oari : Eic66a£i<; TOU Encoaiou Flpcotou

I. NiKoXoTtouXoq & SIA E.E.MaupomxaXii 15, 10679 A8fjvaTtiA.. 3607876 - 3639336

: A.

E I I A T f t T H

(A)

To KEIHEVO nov ctKoXooGei eypd(pr| ato Jipwio SEKOTIHEPO touTtapeXGovioi; Noeuppiou, yid vd SrmoateuOfj &q apGpo. Fid tr|vEK5oor| TOU oe Pipxto, 6d (iTtopouoe p^paia vd 5£x6fj (iid JtepaiTepw

eitsêpyaaia, Jtpayna Ttou EUKoXa eTteSexeto T|'i5ia TOU f) GenaTiKr)."Av E7tpoTi|iy|aane vd TO eKScoawne dvaXXoiwTo — nXf|v EVOI;eXaxioTou dpiGnou enouoicoStov XejtTOnepEiwv — TtpoKpivovTei; TTJV6ivanXTip(0(iaTiKf> TtpooGear) tf\c, (iiKpfji; touTtig Eiaayaiyfji;, OUTO

6<peiXeTai ae aTtXouc; Xoyoui; taKTiKfj?: eneiSri ato KEIJIEVO yivetaiyid TcpcbtT) (popd TtpooroxGeia EnioTruioviKfji; rtpooeyyvari^ tbpi-

7tpopXT||idTa)v (Kai yid ÊpiKd ndXioTa cm' OUTU oxi OTOV|i6vo), TO pipXio 6' aKoXou6t|or| TO «£X>Lr|viK6 TOU

7t£7tpconEvo»: Od KaTap>.T|9f| irpooTtdGeia vd jtspdar) <X7rapaTiipr|TOKttTd -fie, OIKEIEI; n£968oui; Kai TpoTtoui;, dXXd 6d jtpoKaX£or| TI<;dvayKaiEi; EKEIVEI; avTiSpdoEiq jtou 6d KaTaaT-qoouv TT|V ETtavEK-Soarj TOU KOWIOTE, av 6^1 7iA.r|pECTEpT| ano ajtoxj/sax; i8EO»v, TtpaKTi-K&C, TouXdxiaTov XuoiTEXEOTEpr). TOUTO auvEpr) Kai JÊ TO dXXa \ia.c,

ptpXia (bg Tmpa Kai OUVEJICOI; yid \i&c, TO Jipayjia EÊI TOV xapaKTfjpaTfj<; (puoiKOTT|TOi;. 'Ajto TT|V i8ia TTJV jcpopXTjuaTiKf) TOU KEIHEVOUaXXcOOTE JtpOKUTCTEl, OTl f) TETOIO U(pf| T(OV TtpayHOTCOV 8EV TCttUEl Vd

£^r| TT)V £UE^Tiyr|TT| EccoTEpiKTJ Tr|q aiTioKpaTiKf) dvayKaioTr|Ta.AESOJIEVOU Xoiitov OTI oi aGXoi TTJC; dpxaiai; ' EXXa8oc;

r) uito TT|V 6vo(jaaia TTJ<;7t£paiT£peo EKTaor|<; TOU KEIJIEVOU 0d

aia9r|Td tic, 7ti6avoTr|T£<; EKSooiii; TOU

To KEifiEvo doxoXEiTai pfepaia HE Jtpdy(iata sXXT]viKd. ' E7t£i5r|Td TtpdynaTa auTd slvai TpsxovTa Kai oxi «icrropiK£i; dva8i(pr|aEi5»,

ETIETOI OTI f) orinaoia tf\c, 6£naTiKf)(; TOU KEIHEVOU (ia<; E7toA.i> naKpuTEpa. "Av EXfeyajiE u>c, tic, Ttapu<p£<; Tfj<5i£6vou<; TtoXiTiKfji;, SEV 9d f|Tav TtoXix; 6 Xoyoc;. AIOTI f\ EXXdSa

slvai TO Ttpc&To Kpdto<; TOU KOODOO nov f|p0£ OE jtoXiTiKT) E^dpTT|OT|aito aktec, 5uvdn£ic; diro Tii; i8i£c; Tig EOCOTEPIKEI; TpoTtfci; TT|<; EUpto-TtaiKfji; toTOpiaq Kai 6^1 dno 8ia8iKaoie(; dTtoiKioKpaTiKE?. KaiTOUTO ouvspri, SIOTI oi EÊyspGEVTEc; (iiropEoav vd dyvoôouv TII;OTIOIEI; dTiocpdaen; TWV «n£ydXwv 8uvdn£cov» OTUOX; E^scppdCovTO TOTESid Tfji; «'l£paq Sumaaxiag». ETT|V dp^TJ TOU TO £XXT]viKo Kivrijia

dTio tic, TOTE SuvdjiEii; 8fiv TO fiÊyXE, nr|8E Tfji; Pwaciai;Ttou TO ElÊ TtpoETOijidoEi aiwvEq Ttpiv. To rcoid OTCO

Ti<; TOTE «|j£ydX.£q 8uvdn£i<;» 6d KaTrjuGuve TO Kivrma TOUTO, SEVElvai jiovo TO KaG' EauTO OVTIKEIHEVO Tfjq vEOEXXriviKfii; TtoXiTiKf|(;ioTopiai;, dXXd Kai TO KOT' EÔXTIV TETOIO Tfjq dvTioToixou Eupw-TtaiKfjq. 'EvvooujjE 8r|>.aSf| ns/pi Kai TMV fmsprov [lac,, dôu f)«ioTopiKfi 8iEu6eTT|or|» Tfjc; 'EXXd8o<; ETtfi^GE TEXiKwq (ifeaft) TWV

TOU P' TtayKO0(iiou TtoXEHOu.

i ioTopiKoi noidÊi vd nvt|oiKaKouv yid TTJV EXsuGepiaKOIVCOVIKCOV 8i£pyaoi<5v nov TcpooEcpEpE oTouq EupwitaiKoui; Xaoui;TO £X.X.T|viK6 Kivrina, d(pou ouoiaoTiKd SiEXuoE TTIV «'l£pd lumâ-Xia»a). Kdvouv 8r|Xa8fi TTJV dvaTtoSEiKTr) UTtoGsari, OTI HE TT|V apyr)dXXd TcpooEKTiKf) TtoXiTiKf) twv EUptoTcaiKfflv avaKToSouXicov, TTI-6avov f) EupwTtr) vd KaTwpGwvs nidv TtoXiTioTiKf] EviaioTr|Ta OTOVorinEpivo Koajio, dvaXoyr) \i' EKEIVTIV nou OXETIKSC; ETCETUXE f\| auTOKpaTopia OTOUI; dpxaioug Kaipoui;. Kai O|KO<;: Ttapd

tic, EflTtElpiEi; TOUTED, f) EuptOTtr) HETaTtOÊHtKfii; (IE TOUi; UIIEpEGvi-

KOUI; 6pyavio|iouq TWV EupwTraiKwv KOIVOTI^TWV £H7tf)KE EK VEOU OE

Hid TtEpioSo «'l£pa<; Zun(iaxia?». AUTO dâtc, nob TtapaTT|poufi£ ETtinoXXsg SEKOETIEI; T(bpa vd (if)v SiaGETt), Eivai (iid «6£copia zita.(pf\c,»HE Ti<; aXXsi; x&pEi; TOIJ KOCÔU Kai iSiaiTEpa (IE TII; Tpsig nEooyEia-

KEC, XKIPE? ' EXXdSa, FiouyKooXaBia Kai ToupKia. Oi TPEIC; TOUTEI;Eivai iao8uvd|iou ioTOpiKfji; armaaiai; yid TT|V EupwTcr), d(pou

Tii; EyyuTioEii; TMV ETtiTEuxGsiocov XUOECOV TOU 8i(puoOi;TtpoBXi](iaTO<; HETOÛ Bpav8snpoupyou Kai MEOoysiou, TTOU aTtETE-

XEOE TOV aôva TC£pi(popa<; Tfj<; ioTopiai; TWV 8uo TEXEUTOICOV aiwvcov.AUTO Ttou (ioidÊi vd |rf|v EÔUV oi Tpsii; ai)T£<; x&pE? Eivai

ioTopia. 'H ioTopia TTJI; *EXM5o^ SEV Eivai jiovo

ayvcoarri OTOUC, ariiiepivouc, v£o£XXr|V£i; (Ttpayna ano noXXEC, ano-

VI/EIC, ai)Tovor|To), dXXd Eivai TOOO SiEGvaic, ayvcoaTt), MOTE EKjrXVja-

oeTai Kavsii; vd pXeitT] a£ itoXu oo|3apd KUTO td dXXa Epya TTJV' EXXdSa auyKaTapi6|K)U|i£vr| HETQÎ) TUV inTtEpiaXiaTiKcov xwpwvTOU KOO(iouPl ' AKpipcoi;, ojicoc,, EJt£i8f| f| ' EXXdSa eivai TO KaGapcb-TEpo Ttpo'iov TTJC, SiTtXwuaTiKfji; loTopiai; Tfji; EupconTji;, 6d ETIPETCE f)ioTopia TTH; vd yivt) dTrpoKaTaX^jiTa)^ yvwaTf) Kai vd TsGfj UTIKO ndGrma os 6X.EC, Tiq o%oXE<; TroXiTiKfflv ETtioTrmrov TOU

Kai psoa OTOV 18iov TOV %&po (leXETrn; TTJI;ioTopia?, sva<; JTOU naGaivEi n&q «dv£pr]KE»> TO SUTIKO Tjafjua TOOdp%aiou po)(iaiKOU Koa(iou — Xiyo-noXi) f) ar|H£pivr| SUTIKT)

Eupcbnt) — X^pi? va KaTavofjat) 7tt6<; «KaT£pt|K£» TO aXXo, TOUojtoiou aunpoXiKO unoXfiinjia Eivai f) oTiHEpivf) 'EXXd8a, TtdvTa f)yvmar) TOU 6d JtapanEvr) d5iaKpipwTt| Kai dTEA-î;.

«'Avepr|K£» Kai «KaT£priK£» Eivai pfepaia XEÊIC, axrinaTiKEi;.AWTO Ttou EXEI KavEic, arj|i£pa Ttpo 6(p6a>-nd)v, Eivai OTI r\5

ujtooTaar) TOU dpxatou xpioTiaviKou Koajiou dKoXou6r|a£ TT|V7rapdXXt|Xri TtopEia eÊXt^ri^ nou EIÊ mxvTa, |i£ (iidv napdXX.r|XTifejiiori^ avTiaTOiîa (lETaTOTtiorn; Tfj<; noXiTiKfj^ iaxuoi; rcpoc, Bop-

pa vAev Eivai pfepaia f) oiKEia Geari sSw, yid vd SEI^COUE rtooo QUTO-

auvepr) TOUTT) f| EÊXi^r), Ttapd Td EVIOTE avTiGsTuq

a, i5iaiTEpa as v|iuxpo7:oX£(iiKou? Kaipouq^. Ilwc, Td%advayva)piô(j£ TTJV auTo5uva(ar| EÊXi^ri TWV oacov noXiTiaTiKcBvaTOi/Eicov ETrfjps f) EupcbTtT) OTTO ciXXoui; jtoXiTioôuc; Kai d(i(piapr|-

ToujaE KCXTI dvdXoyo TWV oacov OTOIXEICOV Ttfjpav aAAoidito TOV EuptoTtaiKo, — KaiToi cpuaiKd aTf|v TtspiTrTCoar)TtpoKEiTai rtspi TE/voXoyiKcov Kai 671 JioXmaTiKcov aToiXEicov; "Avoi TtoXiTiKEc; km<3Tr\\i£C, Kai i5iaiT£pa f) 'laTOpia Eiâv TT)V £^r)yr|-TIKTIV 7tXr|p6TT|Ta — Kai auvE7tco<; TTJV 7rpop>i£7mKT|v Suva^r) — TtouE7:i5t(i)KETai EvioTE vd TOUI; dvayvcopiiÊTai, TOTE pfepaia f|Suvajir] OTOV Koajio af||i£pa ETtpETtE vd Eivai r\. Oi

OEI<; TOU yiau SEV sivai, 8sv Eivai Ttpocpavtoc, TauToarijiE^ (IE Trjvd8uva|aia 7tpopX£\)/£co<; EK HEPOU^-TCOV £7riaTT|Hcov auTcov OTI SEV 6dUTtopouaE vd sivai dmac, TT)V wSriyouaav. ' H TtspiTrTcoari KaTavoi^-OECOI; TOU 60co|aaviKou xcopou Kai iSiaiTEpa TTJI; 'EXXd8oi;, JTOU()7tfjp^£ TO TtpcoTo KpdToi; a7to TOV x^po auTov nou uTtri/Gr)

8

OTT)v «A6ar)», Elvai f) rtXsov'H ioTopia Tfjc. Eupa>rcr|<; xpeiaCsTai oiyoupa \iia veav Jtpoo-

nr\.Kr\\ Ttoiov Pa6|i6 oputc, Eivai VOT^TO Kan TETOIO, TipoKsi-

HEVOU yid HEPIKEC; adv Tf|v ' EXXdSa x<&p£?; " Ac. SOUÊ n&c, Jtupouoid-COVTOI oncost) oTJ|i£pa Td oxETiKd HE Tr|v ' EXXdSa TcpdynaTa drcoTOUC. ouyypacpEii; Ttou GETOUV TOUTO TO ETtiTayna TTJC VEO.C, npoo-TtTtKfjg

«"ETOI (npoKEiTai yid TOIX; HETQ TTJV EK0p6vior| TOU "O9(ovo<;Xpovouc;) enEpi|ivr|a£ (iid auncpcovia (IETQÛ Pcoaaiai; icaiSUTIKWV Auvdnfiwv, WOTE f) ' EX.X.d8a vd |if)v KaTavTrjat] Eva£^dpTr|(ia if\q Pwooiai;, dXXd vd KaTaaTaGfj an' auTf| 6vadv£^dpTT|To KpaToi;. 'H Ejiippof) Tf|<; (iEoaicoviKfii; Auorji; ETCITfjc ' EXXdSoi;, KOT' dpxT)v ano TOUC; yaXXouq Kai TOUC KOTO-Xavoix; cpEouSdpXECj Kai fev ouvEXfiia drco Tf|v PEVETIKT) Kupiap-Xia, (mo Tiq ouvGfJKEf; TOU 19ou ai. £9£copf|6T|K£ d8ia(i(piopf|-TT)TT) Kai ESrmioupyriae and TO VEO paoiXsio Eva ou8£T£poKpdTO^ (Pufferstaat), TO OTCOIOV 6d TcpooEcpEpE (iidv dvdax£or|Tfjc; pcooaiKfji; 600 Kai Tfji; ToupKiKfjq ETtippofjc ETCI TWV

Kai TTJC MsaoyEiou (Levante)8'.

"Ortcoi; pXETtouE, OTO KOnndTt TOUTO ounpaivEi \iia

fevaXXayr) SiapEpaicboscov. STT|V jtpo)Tr| TcpOTaar) yivETai X6yo<;«SuTiK(5v AuvdnEO)v»- OTT|V 8£UT£pr) oi 8uvd|i£i<; TOUTE<;EâcpaviaGfj: r\a EyivE «Pufferstaat» (lETaû Prooaiai; Kai

ToupKiac; HE Tic SUTIKEI; AuvdnEic. dTtXouv SiaiTTiTf). AUTO o\uoc, rcou8iaoq)aXiC£i TO sSdcpio TOUTO Etvai f) fi8r| u(pioTa(i£VT| 8i(iEXf|i; yidTf|v ' EXXd8a &c, supcorcaiKou KpaTOug i8£oXoyia: f) (lovint) dvTiGEor)7tpo<; Tf|v ysiToviKii TT|I; %&>pa, ir\v ToupKia, Kai TT|V ujtocnaari TOUdcyTiKou EV ' EXXaSi KpdToui; cbq OUVETCEIO TWV Si£pyaai(Bv TOU EUpw-TtatKou AiacpcoTianou. Eivai pfepaia TtoXXd Td orineia TCOU 6dUrcopouoE vd av(,r\Tr\ar\g sv EKTdoei. H.X. f) dvacpsponEVTi

«aun(pa>via» Ssv Eivai Ttpocpavwc; aXXt) and TOV KpifiaiKO jtoXsuo,yeyovoi; rcou KaGioTd KOTO KUITOIOV Tporto 7tpopXrmaTiKf| TT|VdvacpspGEicja Ercippor] ti\c, jiEoaicoviKfiq Auor|<; ferci TTJCJ ' EXXaSoc;."ErcsiTa, SEV Eivai Ttpocpavscj av TOUTT| f) «ETcippor)» Eivai ETcapKf|copoq yid nidv TpExouoa iSsoXoyia TTJCJ ' EXXdSocj (bq auyxpovouEUpcoTcaiKou KpdToui;. AEV Eivai TC.X. (pavEpo w<; Ttoiov paGô 6d f)oav

Ev8£x6|i£V£c; ditavtiiOEic; TOU ar)(i£pivouLX- £Tci tf\c, Ouyyapia?, Xoycp Tfjc; HEoaiwviKfji; TOU iaTOpiai;, r\; TT)<; ' EXXdSoc; EJU Tf|<; ormEpivfji; IlEpciac £TC£i8fi 6 Msyai;

' AX£i;av8poi; aTT|v dpxaioTT|Ta EÊOTpaTEuos n&xpi TO"YoTEpa, auTr) r\U itou HTCOPEI vd 0Ea>pr|6fj cbc;

«Auor]», Eivai HOVO r\i «Tc6X.r|-nouCTETo». 'H BEVETIO cog

8idaTaor| EIVCU KCTI TO dvaJtoojidaTox; SEHEVO (IE TOV— 6 6110101; dTtoTEXfii Tr|v paoiKCOTEpfj TT|<; ouvioTcboa —

Kai TtoXu Xiyo KOTI TO «dTuoK>.£iaTiKco<; £upa)7taiK6», oJtax; ETUHEVEI f)KaTO7iivr| iaTopioypa<pia. AEV EXOHE TTEpiTtTcocri TCOU vd EvcbOriKE 6Xr|f) EupwTtri fevavTiov jiiai; Kai uovr|<; 8uva|ir|(;, OTCWI; ouvspri TOUTO Tc31508 (IE TT|V Liga TOU Cambrai, £âipoun£vcov TCOV OTaupotpopicovTCOU Eivai aKpipcoq Eva Ka9' 6Xa OHOIO (paivoHEvo. ' EKTO<; TOUTOU, f)BEVETIO cbi; TtoXmcmKoi; 6pyavia|i6<;, jiovo E^ 'AvaToXcov 7tpo<;Auandi; f|Tav SUVUTOV vd H£Tapipd£r| Kai GXI dvTiOETCog. TOIJTT|Xoutov r\» dno TT)V HEoaicoviKf) ioTopia 8fev rfvai KOTI Td

d8ia|i(piopriTT|TO yid TO auvoXo TOU £XXt|vianou Kai OETEI icoXXdiaTopioypa<piKfj<; (puosax; TcpopXiîxaTa. Kupicoq OJIGX; SEV dpKEi yidTTIV ar|(i£pivf| KaTav6r|ar| TWV EXXr|viKc&v TtpaynaTcov.

STO KEIHEVO TOUTO, dvayKao(i£voi v' diroipuyconE u<;;, uioGETouHE TT|V 8idcTa0r) TOU TtpaynaTiKcoi;

«'EXXdSa» ^d 6 EXXrivioHoi; ujtfjpÊ KaTavEHT|n£vo(;Kai «Auar|<;». Kai auTf| KaTavonf) unfipÊ «Ka0'

u\)/o<;» Kai oxi «KaT' £KTaat|», OTKOC, d?caiTr)aav oi xP£ie? Via TO

KaTOJtivo KpdTo<;. TOUTT) f) (lETaTporcT) TOU «Ka9' u\)/o(;» OTO «KOT'£KTaor|» Eivai dKpipwi; TauTO0r|nr| HE Tr\v Kpiat| TCOU xapaKTr)pi^£iTr|v ' EXXdSa cb<; Kp<rto<;. Fid KOVEVO aXXo KpdToi; TOU KOCHOU f)Evvoia TTJg KpioEcoc; 8£V slvai TauToarmr) [ik Trjv 'i8ia TOU TTJVUTCoaTaor), OTICOI; TOUTO ounpaivsi yid TO feXXriviKo KpdToi;. KaiKaOoXou Pspaia dvaina. ME TT|V ' EXXd8a £Tt£Subx6T| vd KaTaoKsua-a9fj Eva KpdTo<; |i£ uXiKd TCOU 8fev unfjpxav. TIOTI, yid vd (pKiaaOfj«'EXXd5a», ETCpETcs Tcpot; TOUTO vd uicdpxouv oi «"EXXr|V£<;», TOTcXda|ia 5t|XaSf| nou EpXsTcav oi (piXEXEuOspoi icrcopiKoi TOU TCEpa-a\\evo\) aicova atii; dpxaio£XXT|viK£<; 0Tcou8E<; TOUI;. ' H ETci Suo xl^-id-8E<; xpovia 9pr|0KEUTiKr) unap^ri TOU EXXrivianou, |iid Kai TOUTT)auvETCTiyETo anEOEi; TtoXmKEc; 0TniaoioXoyTJa£i<;, ETCPETCE vd dna-X£i(p9fj. Kai (laiî HE auTT|v pfepaia Td dTCOTEXsaHaTa TCOU TcapiiyayE:

10

OTI oi «"EXXr]V£(;» SEV fjaav TITIOTE aXXo and eva 7tXfj0o<; XaoTtJTtov,Ha0rm£vcov and rr\v ap%f\; ioTopiKfjc; TCOV 0uv£iST|or|<; vd

crrd 7to?iU£0viKd Kpair) nov e5r||iioi)pyr|ae f|6pT|OK£ia Kai (ie (jovo «£0viKo ](apaKTr|piaTiK6» tr|v 9eXr|ar| TOUC;va JIETEXOUV a' Eva ipono TroXiTiaTiKfjc; £ton<; JTOU el%£ pdar| TOU Tf|v£XXr)viKf| JtaiSsia — dpâia Kai KatOTtivrj. Tidt va 8i£u0£TT|6ei TOUTOTO £1605 T£OV «'EX^T)VQ)V» TtOU fipXETte HTCpOOTOl tr|5 f) Ttpd^T) Tfi<;

eupwjtaiKfii; noXiTiKfji;, £XpEida0T]Ke eva (aEyaXo (ispoi; TOUQ vdEyKataajrapouv dvd Tf|v ucprjîo Kai TO uTtoXoino v' dnoTEXEcr)STtcoq-onax; 6va oujxpoXiKO KpotTog.

To KpdTo<; TOUTO aTf|v dp/fi «ujtE07£To 7toXXd»CT' — Kai TOUTOEivai jioXXanXwi; dXr|0£ia — , aTf|v npafyc\; dvayKaaTiKd TaiiTi-

00T]K£ (IE Tf|V EVVOia Tfj? HOVIHOU KOIVCOVIKT)<; KpiaTj^. ' O £>t)LT|VlK6<;

£(i(p>3Xio<; noXeôc, TWV itpwTcov ÊTd TO '21 /povwv — TOO onoiouHid ETttOTTmOVlKf) Ep|iriV£ta E7tlX£lpOU(i£ vd 8wOCl)(a£ OTO K£l(I£VO TtOU

aKoXou0£i — SEV Eivai KOTI TIOU 'inaye EKTOTE Kai HE^PI tmv f)|iEpc&vHac;. Eivai \iia ouvE/iaOEicra dSiaKOTtax; KatdcTaar) £7ti KOIVWVIKOUETtlTTESoU, f| OTTOta a7lET£A.£OE Ktti ttTTOTEXEt TOV dnOKXElOTlKO (popstt

rf\c, Kpior|<; TOU v£O£XXr|viKoC KpaToug. Mid Kpiar) nou apjaoÊi vdTT|V dj

' H Kpiari \iiac, 67ioiaa8r)7roT£ "X.&>pa<; anotEXe.1 8i£0v£5 Ttpo-na. AIOTI and tic, KPIOEI^ TCOV £7ti HEpoui; /copcov TtpoEpÊTai f|

TtoXiTiKt) Kpior| Ttov Kaipwv [lac,. 'AKounE pfepaia a^jjEpaTtEpi «d<poKXi0|icov», av oûac, Kavsii; fi0£Xs dvaCTiTÔEi XoyiKdou(i7i£pdanaTa Ttdvco cTr)v Evvoia ai)Tf| Eivai pfepaio TICOI; 0d KUTE-

Xr)y£ OTTIV 6XiKf| a.[ir\-âvia. Sr||iaivEi Td/a OUTO (iid KaTacrcaari£ipt|VT|(;, TauToar||jr| ps KdJtoio siSoc; iaTopiKfji; aTaTiKOTr)Ta(;, OTIOU

auToi Jtou ôuv KaXd 6d ôuv KaXuTEpa KI' auToi JTOU 7t£0aivouvarmEpa and tr\v nelva SEV 0d EXOUV TO 8iKaico(ia vd 8i£K8iKt|ooi)v TdTtaiSid TOUI; vd sTtipicooouv; Kai ar)|iaiv£i autoi; 6 «d(po7rXia|K>c;»

nspiopiano TWV dTomKtov OTtXcov iôvo i\o d(po7:Xian6; ToaoTO Eva, ojiax;, oao Kai TO aXXo Eivai XoyiKcoq dSuvaTa, yiaTi f)

8iaTr|pr|OT| TCOV 6rtX.cov OE jtEpinTcoari TtpaynaTiKfji; ouppd-0d auvETtaydyr) dvayKaia TT)V %pr\Gr\v TCOV TtoXEjiiKcov

SuvaTOTrjTcov.Kavsvac; Pspaia SEV QsXr\ TpiTo TtayKooîio nohepo — Kai

11) TtEpioooTspo auToi nob EXOUV of|H£pa OTU xspia TOUC; Td m>pr|-

viKd onXa —, TrpopXETtETai Sfe itoXi) auvTojaa aXXEt; x&PE?> onutc, TI.X-f| Kiva, vd SiEK8iKr|oouv TOV poXo pmc, TpiTt)<; JiupT|viKfj<; 8uva|arn;OTOV KOOHO. "A<; 8ouns OHWC; Tig mGavoTTiTEc; fevoq 7tupr|viKouTtoXfcHou bno Td ormEpivd 8£Son£va.

AUTO<; noi) EXEI TO XiywTspo au|x(pEpov vd £7uSiwKr| EvavTETOIOV It6X£(XO ElVttl f[ ZoplETlKT) "Ev(OOT|. MfiTa TOV

UTtfjpâV «7tpopX£\(/£l(;» OTl f \. "Evwat) UTtEOTTI |i' af)TOV

VIKT) KaTaoTpotpr) (7ipayna TCOU dXT)6EUEi) Kai 6d xpEiaoOfj «TouXd-

XICFTOV 100 xpovia yid vd auv£X6r|». Hap' 6X' ai)Td, CTTIV'iSia TT|VSfiKaETia TOU noXsnou, f) Lop. "Evuar) sSeiÊ Tttbq TITIOTE 8fev ExaoE

drco Tf|v ar||iaoia TT|<; tb<; |i£ydXri<; Suvaîrii; Kai ^dXiOTa, SEKO xpoviadpyoTEpa, EOTEiXE TOV TtpwTov avGpUTto OTO SidoTrma. ' HX£(iiKf| dvopGwar) Tf|c; Sop. ' EVWOEOX; EyivE a<p'

7tpoypd(inaTa pot|6Eia(; Kai 8dv£ia, OUTE Kai nsoOXEOEWV HE aXX£<; i&ptc,. AUTO nou npETtEi iSiaitEpa vd ar)HEico6fjEivai OTI r\i dvopOwori TOU OTpaTiwTiKou tonfea OTTIV

lop. "Evcoar) ouvspdSiaE JIE tf\v dvopOwari Tfj<; EV yEVEi OIKOVO-g, HE niav EVTUTicoaiaKi^ avo8o TOU ETunsSou (,K>r\<; Kai iSicoi; Tfjg

. Fupu atd 1970, TOGO OTOV TOHEO Tflq 7toXEniKfi<; Ttapa-ooov Kai EKEIVOV TUV KOIVCOVIKQV napoxfiiv ETIESEIÊ TETOIOV

JIE EKEIVTIV TWV 'Hv. FloXiTEimv, MOTE apxios vd

(paivETai dvayKaia f| SiaSiKaoia TWV OUVOHIÎWV yid TOV

I vd OT)H£iu6f), OTI KaTa Tig dpxfeg TOU v|/uxpouaiTT)ndTwv TTJ<; dvayKaioTr|T6(; TOU euro

f)Tav OTI, Xoyw TWV TIOXEHIKCOV Sanavwv, 6' dvayKaôTav r\| Vd UJtOKU\|/T| ETti KOIVWVIKOU ETtlTCESoU Kttl vd

XEU9£p07tOlf|OT| TO KaOEOTQg TT|q». 'H OKEV|/T| aUTf|

yid TOV SUTIKO KOOJIO, dcpou f) 8iKf| TOU jtoXEniKf) Ttapaywyf)

Kai TI EV yfevEi piojirixavia TOU EIXE dvdyKT) vd oTripiiÊTai os dnoiKia-KEI; OXEOEK; EâpTf|O£coi; [it noXXsi; X^pEg tou TpiTou KOOHOU,Ttpayna nov ar||iaiv£i OTI (iid EVTaoT) TWV EÔTtXionwv Od ouvETta-yoTav dvayKaia Kai jiid au^r|or) TWV dvTi6EOE(ov auTwv TWV xwpwv

Haî TOU.' H Sop. "Ev(oor| Xoinov 8fev EXEI vd KspSiori uXiKwg TITIOTE and

Evav TpiTOV TtoXsHov dcpou Eivai KaG' 6Xa auTdpKrig. Afev fe^£Tdô|i£i8£oXoyiKfj<; cpuoEWc; «u7to6£0£i(;» («E7t£KTaTiKr|, 6X0-

12

icA.rip(OTiKr| iS£oA.oyia» K^TI.), yiati aura slvai Ttpdynata Jtou SEV(iJtopouv v' drco8£ix9ouv. Fid tr|v EuptbnT] jtdvta f] Pcooaia Onfipê«erci9£TiKr| Suvanr|», &>crr6oo SEV yvtopiônE emQeaev:, ii\c, Pcoaoiac;EvavTiov if\q Eup6itT|g, £v<3, dvTi9£Ta, yvcopiCone OPKETE^ TETOIE^

TTJC; Eupa>7rr|<; svavriov Tfj<; Pcoaaicu;. To oXoyKav TOUTO toO«p(ooaiKou ETtEKTaTioôu" (iTtopEi vd £^T|yT|9fj iatopiKd and SCoXoyouc;: jrpffiTov, oti f) {(^TUEpiaXiaTiicwi; aun7t£pi(pEpon£VT| EupcbTtT)TWV 7t£paa|i£V(ov aiwvcov EpXsTtE v' avTiHETomt^T) cpuaiKd opia tfji;ETCEKTaaEwg tr|<; aid ouvopa tfji; taapiKfji; EJtiKpdTEiai; ('O9. AUTO-Kpatopia, FlEpoia, Kiva, ' Acpyavicrrdv, BaXKdvia K'kn.), Kai,8ei)T£pov, 8ioTi f) UTtap^r) fevog «Eâ)T£piKou Kiv8uvou» f)tav Eva

aJtoTEXeanatiKo (IEOOV yid tr|v 8iaTfjpr|ori Tfjq EacoTEpiKfji; Eôuciai;TCOV EUptOTtaiKWV KpaTfflvl'.

Touta ouvojtTiKcog <ac, 7tpo<; tic, UVTIKEIHEVIKE? 7rpoujto9EOEi(;«TOU vd 9£Xr|» f] (iia TCOV nEydXcov Suvd|i£wv svav

" Ac; SOUJIE tcbpa Tf|v aXKr\:

jtpcoToui; TTOU dv£<pdvr| f) avayicaioTTn; 7t£pi (iiac;X.£(incfji; Evvoiai; «AUOECOCJ», fjTav OTOIX; XoyiaTECj TOU aujtoupyEiou oiKovomKwv. To EXXEinjia TOU KpaTiKoC TtpoiJTtoXoyi-onoO Tflc; ' Aji£pitcfj<; T(3 1945 avripÊTO OE 280 5iO£KaTO(i(iupia8oXXdpm, 5r|X. OTO jtEVTomMaio TWV feooSov TOU iSiou xpovou, EVCBf) dvspyta fjyyiiÊ opia itou ETtEpaXav VEEC; SianoptptboEii; Tfji; TtoXiTi-Kfj?6'. Td -%pr\naT:a ama, rcou 5iaTE9r|Kav OTT)V SidpKEia TOU

ax; 5dvEia Kai OXiKO, f|Tav irpocpavwi; d5uvaTo vd siojtpa-dno Tf|V oiKovoniKd KaTEOTpa|i(iEvr| Eupcbrcr), Tfjq onoiai; TO

roXEniKO nEXrma f)Tav f| 5iaTT|pT|or| TOU Ka9£OTWTocjTt|(;, 5£5o(i£vou OTI oi EupcorcaiKoi Xaoi (IETO Ti^ oujKpopEi; TTOUu7tEOTr|oav apxioav vd 7tpopX.T|naTiâ)VTai SiatpopETiKd yid TT|V(puot| TOU KaiiiTaXioTiKou ouoTT^(iaTO<; Kai v' dva^T|TOUv aXXEi;

'. To 7rp6BXr||aa OUVETOOCJ yid TT)V n£TartoA.£niKf| «Auot|» f|Tavuipfji;: yid HEV TT|V ' A\iepiKr\, jiEaa o' sva TtXEyjia dvo)p9co-

(iEvtov £Upo)7taiK(3v OIKOVOHIWV v' au^rjoT| TI? Eâywysi; Tfji; OTTEPE-Xouor|<; jrapaycoyfjc; Tri? irpog PEXTIOOTI TOU TtpouTtoXoyianou Tr)?,Kai, yid Tf|v Eupduiri, vd £iravo5T|yr|ar| KOTO TOU<; TiapaSooiaKou^Tpojtoucj Tout; Xaoix; ariq KdXjtEi;. 'O 9aunaTO7toi6i; 7ru9o<; ii\c,MEoayEiou TtpooEcpEps TO djrapaiTT|To jrXaioio TOU «KivS6vou», Ttou9d ETtETpETtE Tov ouv5uaono TCOV 8uo TtpopXtmaTtov: 0Ti^ 15.5.47

13

E\l/T|<pia6r|KE TO «86yna Tpounav» yid TT|V ' EXA,d8a Kai ToupKta,£V<55 OE XiyarcEpo and eva nfjva (5.6.47) 6 OTparriyoc; MtipaaXdvEKoivcovE oe \6yo TOU OTO Ilav/nio TOU Xdp(3apvT TO yvooTO

«ax£8io». ' AJIO TO 8uo TOUTO «7tpoypdnnaTa» TO OTtouSaioTEpo f|TavTO TtpwTo, 8ioTi £or|naiv£ TT|V aX.Xayf| dno dit6\t/£(o8iKaiou Trig aito Tfj<; EJtoxfji; TOU Jtpoe5pou Movpos

TtoXtTiKfji;, TtEpi nf| dva)iiÊcog EKTO? TTJI;r|7tEipoula'.

To E^ atpop\if\c, ' EXXd6o? Kai ToupKia^ «ntKpo» dX,X'tfjs duspiKaviKfjq £^coTEpiKfi5 TtoXiTiKfji; f|Tav(IE TT|V 'i5pUOT| TOU NATO, TO OTtOlOV ETOl dT

TpoTtov Tivd «EyyuT|aT|» yict TU xpTm<na TOU axESiou MdpoaX,dvayKaoTiKd Ea-qnaivE £KX(bpr|or| EVOI; Êpou^ Tfji; 7toA.iTiKfj<;aiac, TWV EUpcojtaiKrov KpaTffiv oTrjv 'AnspiKf| —

6Ecopr|TiKd. 'Sic, yvcoaTov, r\ A^piicr] EixE yid (lEpiKa xpovia Tr|vOTtXiKTiv urtEpoXT) EvavTi Tfji; Sop. ' EVWOECOI; (ie TT|V dToniKf) P6|i(3a,TT|V OTtoiav o\ia>c, SEV HTCopouos vd xpT|otnojtotiiaT| — £§a> pfepaia

TTJ<; «XoyiKfj<;» TCOV «0uaTt|(idTO>v» Kai oxt yid «iXarov» TIOU oi dnEpiKavoi EXOUV KaXsi; Kai na'k'iCec, vd

— , SIOTI f) Sop. "Eva)OT| £lx£ Touq oTpaTooi; TTJC; TOV 'iSiovauTOV Kaipo OTT|V Eupamri Kai oxi OTO pcoaaiKO £8a(po<;.

EQC; TCOIOV Pa6(i6 9d nôpouoE vd E!XE f) vd E^TI f)T) TT|V SuVaTOTTlTQ aXX(OV noXtTlKWV KOI IGTOplKCOV ETClXo-

^ — n. X- f*id vfea Kai 'i5ia £7ta(pf| HE dXXou<; Xaouq TOU KOOJIOU— , orinaaia EXEI OTI JIE TO ElSoi; TOUTO TWV TtoXiTiKffiv EitiXoywvdvEXapE vd aTr|pii;r| Kai Tig 7taXr|£<; OXEOEI^ Tfji; EupwTtrn; [is. TOV

TpiTO KOOJIO, TCOU f|oav cxEOEn; £KH£TaXX£uar)<; Kai Piai;, dyvoouoEi;oiavSfjjtoTE loTopiKT) npooKTiKii. ' A(pou 6 «7toXiTiKO<; cpop£a<;» TOUH£TanoX£(ilKoO «7tpCOTOU KOOjiOU" TJTttV OUaiaOTlKtt TO NATO, §T|X.

Evai; noX-EniKOi; opyavioiôi; — TOU ox£5iou MdpoaX ovTtoq OIKOVO-orinaaiai; (lETpou yid Tf|v iaxupo7toir)OT| QUTOU TOU opyavi-— , ipavEpo Eivai OTI oi CJXEOEK; rtpoi; TOV |iri «dTXavTiKo

9d £>.dpaivav Tii; 6ÛTEp£<; 5uvaT£<; (iop(p£5 7toXiTiKf|<; Piag.TOUTO orinaivEi tr\v Katd TO SUVUTOV £K|iT|5£viar| TWV KOTO TOTIOUI;KoivtoviKoiv 8o(icov, diro Tiq OTTOIEI; f|Tav SUVOTOV vd TtpoKuyouv oi

d7raiTfioEa)i; niaq aXXriq TtoXiTiKfji; 8iax£ipTiOTii; TWV. ' H TCEpiTtTtoor) Tfjc; ' EXXdSoi; EWOI TO TUJtiKortEpo napd-

14

Sfiiyua oXwv TWV xwpwv TOU KOOUOU. AEV OU£T|TOI>H£ (puaiKa eSw yidEiSiKfji; (puoEWi; dKour| uqucrrdiiEva jiETaî) TWV 6£wpr|TiKwv if\c,

iciTopiai; TtpopXrinaTa, OHOX; TI.X. KOTO Ttoaov Kai n&c, TO OXE§IOMdpaaX feSiEUKoXuve f\E if|v Ttpocsyyior) jiETaû dvaTo-

XiKfjCj Kai 5uuKfj<; EupwTirn;, SIOTI crro £pwTr||ia ai>To dnavTr|aan£

fj5r] HE TOV TpoTto (xai;. Sr|(iaoia EXEI on TO ox£8io MdpaaX SEVEJtEcpEpE TO 7tpoo5oKcbnEva and Tf|v ' A|i£ptKT| otykXri^, rtpayna TtouTTJV dvdyKaoE vd TEGfj UTCEP nidi; KOTO TO SDVUTOV OUVTOHO EVOTTOITI-

conaiKfji; oiKovo|iia<; (EOK), TTPOKEIHEVOU vd undp^T|OTT|V E7tlpdpUVar| TWV OTpaTlWTlKWV E^65O)V.

Oi TtoXuiKoi TOUTOI cii)v5uaonoi TiXaioicbvovTai pEpaia îs TT|Vri TOVX; i5soXoyia: JipoKEiTai yid Tf|v «pionT]xaviKf) KOI-

vo)via» (dXXwi; TTU<; «dvoiKTf)^» £Trovo(aaô|iEvri<; £7ti KoivwvioXo-yiKou £7ii7rE8ou), ir\c, bnoiac, KUpiwTEpoq OEWPTITIKO^ EKTtpoarojioqOTf)v 'AHEPIKT) Eivai 6 ioTopiKOi; Kai KoivcovioXoyog W. W.Rostow, OTTIV SE Eupcbnr) HETOÛ aXXcov oi Aron Kai Jouvenel. STT|VKoivcovia auTT) KaTt|yopouvTai 5idcpopoi TtpoaSiopiciioi, oncoq it.x-«Koivcovia Tfji; TExvo8o(ifj<;» (Galbraith), TOU «TEXVOTPOVIKOU

(Technotronischen) aifflvoi;» (Brzezinski) KXir. 0£O>pT]TiK6 nXaioioTWV EpHTiVEiwv auTwv Tfjc; «pionT|xaviKfj<; Koivcovia<;» Elvai 6

<;, OTIOU 8id ir\c. Taima£w<; £7tiaTr|no-Kai KowwviKfic; npooSou a'ipovTai oi KOIVW-

VIKEC; dvTi0£OEii;, r\a cpfiuyEi dno TO KficpdXaxo Kai

OTOUi; TEXVOKpdTEi; (ElSlKEUHEVOUi; E7tlOTf|HOVE(;,

T., oi OTCOIOI uTtoxpeouvTai vd ^spouv KaXd Tf|vrove, Kai vd Kdvouv TtoXXfiv yunvaoTiKT| Kai OTtop) Kai tovc, aoepouq(8iavooun£vou<; Kai EV yfevEi napaywyoui; iSewv). ' H avTiOEOT]

LiEtaî) FvwaEwq Kai 'Eôuoiai; cup' EVOI;, 'Ayvoiai; Kai npaKTiKf|<;'Epyamaq dcp' ETEPOU XUVETOI 8id TtavToq, SIOTI 6 p6Xo<; TOU cpiXo-ooq>ou, onwi; Ka0wpioTr|K£ TOUTOI; OTT|V TaXXiKT) ' E7ravdaTaot|

Tt-X-'8', itaipvEi TO TtpayjiaTiKO TOU v6r|(xa Kai XsiToupyia, f|youvEKEIVO TOU TtaiSaywyou, 6 O7ioio<; 6d jipooavaToXtori KaTaTic; VEEI; ysvEsq Kai Od Ti<; EvowiiaTwoTi CTO ZuaTrma dv£uKaTd TOV Rostow, OTTIV Koivwvia auTt| TO ouaiw8E<; SEV slvai nKiov

oi KXaooiKEi; EVVOIEI; JlEpi i8iOKTT|oia(; t| nf) TWV IIEOWV TtapaycoyfjCjK\n., dXXd «6 £X£yxo<; TOU aTpaTou, Tfjcj doTuvoniac;, tr\c, SIKOIO-ouvr|i; Kai TWV (ifeawv HaîKfji; 7tXT)po(p6priOT|<;»lE'.

15

'Arco <XTc6\)/e(oc, <piXooo<piac, Tfjc, 'laTopiac,, r\» dvTioToiXEi OTOV «aTXavTiKov aiwva», 6 OTIOIOC, —

ou|i(pwva (IE TOV iaTopiKO Ttou EiaTjyayE TOV opo TW 1950, TOV O.Halecki — TtpoKEuai TEXiKd v' dvTiKaTaoTf|ar| TOV «£UpwTiaiK6vaiwva», KOTO tov'iSiov Xoyo Ttou 6 TeXeuTaTog auToc, dvTiKaT£aTT|osTOV «(iE0oy£iaKdv aiwva»lOT'. Fid TOV EV X6ya> iaTopiKo, f] MEOO-yEioc, Eivai "KoXrcoc, TOU ' ATXavTiKoU"'^, TOU oTtoiou f]

«UTtoK£inEvr| TtdvTa OTr|v EupwTtr) ibc, Ttpoc, TO iaoûyioTWV 8uo ' d a u j ^ p i p d a T c o v K O C T ^ K O V ' Eupd)Ttr|(; Kai

E ai>Tf| T(OV «VOTi(OV 0UVOpO)V» TT]5 Eupd>Ttr|C,

Kai TWV «ypan(iwv dc(paX£ia<;» (bpiojiEVWv EupwTtai'Kwv KpaTwv16'.AUTQ wi; itpoc, TT^V «0£wpia 8o(ifji;» TOU nETaTtoXEjiiKou «dTXav-

TIKOU KOOHOU». 'Q<; Ttpoc, TT)V Ttpd^r), 6|iw<;, yvwpiôjiE OTI 6 KdanogTOUTOI; — Kai EiSiKd TO supwitaiKo Tjafllna TOU — SEV Eivai auToSu-va|ioc, w<; Ttpo^ TTJV Ttapaywy^ TWV dya0wv TOU, OU'TE w<; Ttpoc, TTJVioTopiKTi TOU 6idaTacr|. Fid vd uTtdp^r), 8riXa5TJ, E/EI dvdyKT)

wpiojiEvcov To\3XdxioTov %wpwv Ttou SEV UTtdyovTai OTO TtoXiTiajidTOU. Elvai ETtior)<; YVWOTO OTI 6 SUTIKOC; KOG\IOC, uTtEpE/Ei TOU dvaTo-XIKOU we Ttpd^ TTJV Ttapaycoyr) dyaOwv. ZTOV dvaToXiKO KOOHO 8svujidpxouv Tt./. auTOKivT|Ta itou vd TpE/ouv 260 xiXi6|i£Tpa TT|V w'pa,OUTE (iTtopsi v ' dXXd^r) Kav£i<; auTOKivr|To Kd0£ Tpia xpdvia. AEVEÊTdôjiE Pspaia Ti Eivai KaXuTspo (5? Ttpoc Tic, auvOfJKEC, Tfj^dv0pwitivr|i; £wfjc,. ZT|(iaoia E/EI STI 6 ÎEV dvaToXiKoqitapdyEi 6,Ti TtapdyEi ndvoi; TOU, EVW TT^V Ttapaywyt) TWVyiKwv dyaOwv TOU SUTIKOU TTJV TtXripwvouv TO EKaTOnjaupia dv6pw-Ttwv TOU Tphou Kdojiou Ttou TtsGaivouv Ka0r)n£pivd dnd TTJV TtEiva fjôuv |idXi<; OTO opia Trj<; ETtipiworn;. Kai Ttpoc, TOV KOOJIOV TOUTOV 6SUTIKOC. KOCHOC; oCSEnia fiTto\)/T| fj Ofiwpia Eitatpfji; EXEI. E^psi ndvo

O'TI TOU xpeiaC£Tal Yla TT1V SIKTJ TOU ETtipiwor). 'ISiaiTEpaUTtd Tig ouv6fjK£Q Tfjq pionT)xaviKf|(; Koivwviac,.

Elvai auvETtwi; <pav£po Ttoidi; OTIO TOUI; Suo arj(i£paEivai i)Ttoxp£wn£voc, vd OETT) TO 5iXr|nna mat; dtoniKf)!; KOTO-OTpo^fii; fern TOU TcXavT)Tr| tac, TtpoiiitoGEar) Tfjc, 8iKfj(; TOU undpÊWi;.

Movo Ttou fiSw TO TtpdynaTa EVEXOUV nidv avTicpaor]: 600 Ttio itoXuSEV UTtopsi 6 SUTIKO; KOOJIO? vd TtapaiTT)6fj dito Tiq ditaiTrjoEK; TWVEÔTtXia|iwv, TOGO mo TtoXu au^dvEi TT|V dvTi0£ari TOU Ttpoi; Tig UTIO

?, dq)OU (XKPIPWC. TtaVW OE TOUTTl TT|V

SsAsrioidco srl 5U:xiiiioodii fiUxidoioj Sgirl Uosdas^s AliioBAOdX91QBl Alii SBlAO^BJtXBAB 'f)31(JB tfl 5Ul ACOSDSXo ACOI UOUlOli

-od30o3Y3îcb BIT! 3D liony AUi AnoocpsdXoiiq B0 IBM aoriooji noijdinoi ACpdcoX ACOI 5BJoUldB^3AB BlBrlllAlJl Bl AnODnXoiAS B0 3113

:BAU oag AnoAjBrluo AcosrlBAagdsun OAorl ong ACOI 5coio30BJi OAid-3TIU.D 01 own «5U.Alidig 5i3/l\3:xoBig» 10 '5noi AcpjiliQAnD ACOI uocoii

Â Ano/hBii B0 A3g lOBy Bd53iAcpAi33i 10 no ScoiABii ooAsrlogsy -5

5aoi Bt/l 53CJrl9cJ SsjiirloiB 3D UYBCJBisrl BI BA IBM BdroX-3AB BlOltO 3D BIDBlDoAdS BSlAUdaU OOg U^BAllBAB t

533iuBcjrlnD ong srl OABXI IBAJS norlooji aoi SoiBdx odsiodjurl01 iBJi BdsrIUo Ugfj,, •SUinodBml SUsiiAUdnii 535iU0oiiB 3D

^(bB iBiAcoYX9dwl31^ D0 SsdroX 53A3rl/.aiii3AB 10 nod)B 'SoiBrlU1B1B1D10BM B0 AmtlDl^ltO^S ACOI UOB1QB1B31 U OOO1 'SnOliOXD 5(JOJl

itB B0 !)Bl3^d3A3 SlpiiAudni: !>lii UoLidX U ODO 'OD?>co3/l\33io 5noK9di SnojiiiiYOii 5noi BIBM Unri30

ABlU B0 A3g 'llDCOAg,, 'CJOJ AlllD 5c03^fllKBAB BtfDlgBCjodll Ol 3glg3

B0 Biouo U 'no-^-^B !j3 'SUAlidis UDBIDBIBM BIJAJ -5Ui5U>iiii'YOii SsXoidsii 5ii UolidliiBig BA noAsrlisjiodu 'AcoACOI dsiin iBi30iiBig B0 «Uony» U BIABII IBJI AwdcoX AmdpcbBig ACOI«5BlDUldB^3AB» BlBrlLlAlJl Bl U^ldUlDOltCJ BA UA3t1c03dXo]in 1BA13

B0 533ili0AnD !>33iidoiDi bsonoXsdi 5ii oucj UocoAg,, 't)°3 ^ BIABU5roii3An3 -noUaôDi noMiris'YOK noi LiitodiBAB Udscbius B0 (norloosinoiidi noi AcpX.U.ii ACOI UoUiokoigi srl isrlBAngooi BXiiDBiono noil)LlDCOlltldSE B1O131 BIT) 3D 5U^CO^BdBK 5UJ11T|3Ô1I 5Ul 5O1DO3I O5I1A

-sglirl 91 :AoiBAngB IBAJS oinoi ScoXniDny 'SUcbodioBiBji SUsiiAUdniiSBirt Ll^nd)OliB 5odu 'ACOI 5U.DBioBiB3i 5Ui Uoroii^scj 5odu AcodcoXACOI 5l3OllllBliB 5]1D 1B13Q31BJIBAB AUtl BA UOCOAg,, 'CJOJ U 3D(lodOEt1

B0 AB 'BtlUlffldS Ol B1BCJ3CJ 1B1BAA3J 'SsdCOX UDn3yYB13T<3l3 OUCJ

MID SLoliidB^s 5lptim(ou 5Ui LDIYB^DB^S AUi B^^ iBiAcondgi0B3iX,3BA iBis^BisdX nou (5coii nouidsit srlnogi B0) Acogo03rl ACO^^B ACOI

IB* AC01C01D30BM ACpsiirloAniDB ACOI i0OYY» 9>ii/,OYO3gi 5ro 3g nodsistd>B 'UiU.AB'Yii noi AcoXoidsii AcoAsrloid^ IKS SBiXdBidnsi5llD 513ABM UOCpgAS A3g AB U0O1DB6OUB BA IS

-Udnu 5BA3 no '5UY13J1B 5Ui BIOAAS AUi A3rl

A9i BiX 5UYi3itB noD3rl» !>Ui Brlli9A 91 AnoXs A3g BMioad)jo 'ACOYiio ACOI UXco/.BdB3id3itn U

91

17

aveu TWV drtoitov wg Ivvoia 8ev LiTtopEi vd uitdp^ri — Kai TOUTO 9dOT|LiaivT| TtpdyiiaTi iiid KaTdoTaor| Eipr|vT|<; —, E'UE 6d EÔUV aTtXwqTO v6r)Lia TTJC; dvapoX.fi(; TOU Tphou TtayKooLiiou TEOA.ELIOU.

' H TtpcoTT] dito Tig 5uo TOUTED EKSoxe^ ouv£itdy£Tai Pspaia KaiKanoiov oitaX&nepo puOiio rtapayoyfiq OTO TtXaioux TOU SUTIKOUKOOLIOU. 'EmKpaTEi f) aTro\|/T|, OTi ot uyT)Xoi pu0iioi Ttapaycoyfji;

OKOTIO EXOUV vd KOTaoTiicouv Tf|v Tcapay(oyf| KOTO TO 8uvaTov auTO-8uvaLiT|, OTO TtXaioid EiSiKd Tfji; Eupd)TtT|i;. Elvai iiid VOLIILIT) anoyr\i io%upd 0£Li£Xi(OLievr|, EKTOI; cmo Tf|v itpd^r), OTf|v KXaooiKr)

dpXT) TOU eupcoTtaiKou AiaepcoTiotiou, Ttepi Tfj<; «eôuoiai; TOUdv0p(i)Ttou ETti TTJ<; 4>uoT|5». AUTO OLIOX; TCOU aKOLia 5fev EÊI SiEpEu-

VT|9f| EitapKWi; eivai OTI f) dpXT) auTr|, oao O(OOTT| KI' av slvai, EivaiHid 9iXoao(piKr| dpxf| KXiLiaToXoyiKdiq TtpooSicopiOLiEVTi Kai ou-VETtSi; oxeTiKf)<; iaxuoi;. HepouLie f|8r| OTI TouXdxioTov aTTO TO 1897 6

E. Demolins OTO pipXio TOU «A quoi tient la superiorite des Anglo-Saxons?» — TO OTtotov LieTa(ppdo6T|Ke oe 6Xe^ TII; yXwooei; TOOKOOLIOU, EKTOI; ait' TO sXXriviKd ÛOIKO, Kai TCOU eTtaiê EVUV tiEydXopoXo oTit; TtvEULiaTiKEi; SiEpyaoisc; Tfjq Eyyui; ' AvaToXfji;^ —,d7i£8£iKvue OTI TO euayyeXiKO pt|T6 «ev iSpwTi TOU TtpoocoTtou aou»

£va LiEyaXuTEpo TC8io etpapLioyfji; OTiq Popeisi; EUptoTcaiKEi;

q. STU popEia EupeonaiKd KîLiaTa, f) Epyaoia fiTav UTto%p£<B-vd UTtoKaTaaTf|or| O,TI f) Ouor) 8fev itap£ix£, 8t|X. EitpETtE «6

av9po)ito<; vd KttTaKTf|OT| TTIV OUOT]» Sid TTJI; Epyaoiai;. To KOTaXa-paivoLiE TOUTO dKOLir) Kai LIE Ttoit|TiK£<; ouyKpioEii;. Fid TOV "EXioT,

6 ' AitpiA.T|(; Eivai «6 nfjva<; 6 OKXrip6(;», TCOU EâvayKdÊi TI<; piCe?vd ^£Tr£Tax0ouv dTto TO x^Lia LIE TcoXXf|v irpooTcd9£ia, yiaTi OTOVdpEpaiov TOUTOV Lifjva f| Ttaycovid Kdnoiai; VUXTOI; LlTtopEl vdot|LiaivT| TOV 0dvaTO. "AK'koc, OLKO^ Eivai 6 'ATCpiXriq yid TOV

£oXa>Li6. Elvai 6 avfeyvoiaaTOi; Kai tpeK'kbc, Lifivai; Troi) oXtoq (puoiKdKI' dpiaoTa OTTIVEI LIE TOV EpcoTa x°po. Oi 8uo TOUTED TUOITITIKEI;ouvaio9f|OEi<; Tfj<; <&var\<; slvai TauT6or|Li£c; Lie 8uo 8id(popei; cpiXo-oo(piK£5 ouvavTiXfj\|/£i5 yi' quTfiv Kai yid TOV avQpiano. Fid TOV

Evav TtoiT|Tf| SEV Eivai 8uvaT6v EILIT) f| «Eôuoia» TOU dvOpwTtou EiciTfji; Ouoriq vd 6§T)yfj OTT|V £X£u9Epia. Fid TOV SXXov Eivai Tti9avov fj

UTto5ouX(oar| OTTJV uaT| vd (p£pvr| TO iSio dicoTeXeoLia. 'H SeuTept)TOUTTI dvTiXr|\)/T| iu6av6v vd Eivai aKaTdXTiTtTT) OTOV ' EOKILIWO, OTOVOTtoiov Tti9avov vd Eivai dKotir) dKOTdXriTtTO yiaTi ot dv9p(OTtoi

18

£a>ypa(pi£ouv TOV Xdpo HE naupa xptbuaTa, EVCQ yi* OUTOV filvaidva^(piaprJTT|TO STI auTog SY.EI %p&na &anpo. To '(Sio 6nwc dKaTa-vdr|Tr| Gdf^TavyidTdvd'vGpamoToO 'larmEpivoO n.%. fj £7ti5i(D^r| TOO

' EOKIUCOOU, n' svav Tpono Jtou Gd TOV (ov6(ia^£ ' EnioTfJnr| f) aXXa>c.mix;, vd GfiXfjori vd KaTacrrr|ar| Tiq ouvGfJKEi; TOU 'Ior)H£pivou OTOVBopsiov n6A.o. 'H i8EoXoyia Tfjc, ' ETtioTrinrn; Kai Tfji; TEXVIKTJI;, f|i8£oXoyia Tfjq «'AvaitTuÊcoqw EV aAAoic. Xoyoii;, SEV HOUEI vd EY.T)Uta dvTKpuoiKT) djt6X.T)^r|, nidv cm6Xr|!;r| KOTO TWV TtpounoGEOEWv(puoiKfjq ETtipicoaric. TOU dvGpcbTtou, Jtou 7tapaTT|poun£ cnou? Kaipoui;

Hag vd £K(ppdÊTai JIE Td oiKoXoytKa KivrJuaTa. KivfinaTa ps(3aia6i£6vou<; noXiTiKfj^, d<pou arj|i£pa TO KEcpdXaio 5fe

TOU adv TETOIO and Tf|v EKHETdXXEUori TWVn6 Tf|v 8iaKpaTiKf| EKHETaXXEuar).

jroiov paGjio HJtopEi fj EuptoTtri vd KaTaaTtj auTdpKr|<; HE TT)VTEXvoXoytai;, slvai Eva 7tp6pA.r||ia OTO onoio Kavdc.

at|H£pa SEV urtopEi vd dTcavTfjcrri (IE oiyoupid, nid Kai ElvaiTtpopXrina TOU (liXXovTog. Elvai OHMC, ducptpoXo av noTE f) TEY.VOA.O-

yiKf| dvdJtTU^T) Gd KOTacpspT) vd (pKid^r) nid (puoiKfj (iTtavdva. Kai T)icpaKTiKT) KaGrmEpivr) Cnap^T] TOU dvGpwnou, oao TOUTOI; Gd Jiapa-(iEVT| aTr|v yvtooTfj |ia<; pioXoyiKT| nopcpf) TOU, 6d auvo\(/i^£Tai OY,I

OT' auTOKivr|TO dXXd OTr|v (inavdva. 'H O6or|, nf| £7tTip£aôn£vr|dno TT|V (piXoaocpia TOU EupwnaiKou Aia<pamanou, SEV Jiausi vd7tpopdXX.r| Ti£ 8ianapTUpi£<; TT)q yid Tiq i)7t£paiai66oÊi; Kai d(puai-KEI; TOUTED TtpooSoKiEi; TTJI; dvGpwrcivTii; UTtap^riQ. EEPOUHE ar|H£paOTI f) aC^r|OT| TOU 8io^£i5iou TOU avGpaKoi; OTTJV dTnooepatpa (IE Tf|VpionrixaviKi5! dvdTtTU^r), £q>£p£ |iid TtTdxrri TT|? yEviKTJi; GEpjioKpaoiai;

TOU 7lXavfJTT|.

Elvai oncoi; novo oi ouv6fjK£<; TTJI; Ttapaycoyfji; TOU SUTIKOUK6anou, oi bnolec, KaGioTouv TO TIOÎTIKO TtpopXrma TWV Kaipmv na<;&Kpax; TtEpiTCEJiXEyjiEVo, f) UTtdpxouv Kai aXXou ElSoui; opoi nouOUVTEX.OUV OE TouTrjV Tf|v JtEpiTiXoK'n; ' Qq Ttoiov Pa6n6 X.%. (iTtopsiKavdc, vd 67to6EOT| syKupri Tr)v JtXt|po<p6pr|ar| EK nfepoui; TWV

ElSlKOJV £1tlOTr|HffiV &C, ItpOC, TTJV KOlV(OVlKr| Kai TtoXlTlOTlKf) KOTd-

TWV 8ia<p6p<ov %o>p&v TOU Koafxou; ' Yrcapxouv cbg yvwoTovOE ofac, ll? EUpOOTtaiKE^ XWpE? Kttl OTT|V ' AjiEplK^, 7COU

Ei8iK£uovTai OTd jtpopXr]|iaTa Tdiv aXXeov x^P^v TOU

19

MTtopouv dpay£ TO dnoTEXsanaTa TWV EPEUVWV Touq va T£9ouvyvw^wv Tfjc; TtoXmKfji; EVEpyEiai;;

'E5w rrpETCEi va 8iaTr|pf|cvn xavei^ aoBapfe? £7tiq>uXd*;Ei<; toi>dicoppEouv dno TO £|fj<; epwTTma: TCOIO Elvat TfiXiKd TO KpiTrjpio (ieTO oitoio urcopEi KOVEII; vd £X£y!;r| av oi ETCiaTfinEQ OUTE? TtpoBXe-Ttouv awaTd f| Xa9£H£va; STII; ioTopiKEi; EnioTfjueq EXO^G JiX,f)6oq«6E(opi(ov» Jtoi) ditETEXeaav Ttpoi; OTiynfiv TO nETpo Tfjq noXiTiKfjqTtpd^rii; Kai wajtESEixGiloav" EV auvEXEia «X.a6£HEV£?» fl (laKpud dnoTTIV «(p6oT|» TCOV jcpayndTcov. Iloi6<; TI.X. ai]|i£pa (iJtopEi vd ETUXEI-prjor| TT|V KaTavoT|aT| TWV BuiâvTivtov TtpayndTWv |i£ Tiq d7to\|/£ii; TOU

Ki* 6^0)5: oi 6£copi£<; ameq aTCETEXEoav TO0uv£i8TiOT|i; Kai TO HETpo, OUVETIKK;, (iiaq ioTopiKf)q

vd IXWHE Kparipia, av TO drtoT£A.£a|iaTa auTfji; Tfj<; ioTOpiKf)<;fjp6r|oav r\v dno (XETayEVEOTEpEi; KttTavofiO£i<;.

X.x- £X£l doxoXT)0f) vd unaydyt| a' EVOV aitioKpaTiKo OUOXE-Tia(i6 Tf|v 7toX.iTiKf|v oniKpuvar| Tfjc; Eupwjtrn; HE T-qv 8idXuoti Tfjq

AuTOKpaTopia?;Fid Tr|v (lEXfiTT) TWV fiXXwv x^pwv, aTig £i>pcojtaiK£<; y&ptc, TWV

nEornv, (jTidpxouv ESpEg, IvoTiToDTa, iSpujiaTa Kai7toXi)i; itou aaô'ke.ltai. 'EyyuravTai o\iu>q auTd 6Xa TT|V

TWV ounTtEpaojidTwv; — M7topoO(i£ dvETticpuXaKTa vdjtou(ie «6xi» Kai vd TO dJioSei^mnE novoippaaTiKW?: SIOTI aTig

TWV aXXwv jtoXiTionmv Kai vooTponicov {)7tdpxouvauvopa. Oi TtoXiTioniKEi; ciancboEii;, Sitcoq sivai yvcoaTd,

yivovTal HE EâipETiKd TtoXunXoKEi; i0TopiK£<; SiEpyaoiEi;, Ttou SEVEivai SUVUTOV v* dvarcapaxGouv spyaaTripiaKwc; yid vd KaTavor)-Gouv. Se oXsi; Tiq n£ydX£<; TtpoiTeuouoE? TWV dvETCTuynEvcov xwpwvUTtdpxouv ps|3aia SIOVOOUHEVOI arco TI^ KOTO Tonoui; x^p£?, oi&JIOIOI KaXUTTTOUV TT|V TtpOOTtdGEia TOUTT) KaTaVOIÔEWi; aXX(OV TtoXl-

Tiajiwv. Movo itou into tic, ouvGfjKE? Sonfji; nov ounBaivouv ai)Td Kaiarco TOV Tporto ETtiXoyfji; TWV 8iavooi>n£V(ov TOUTWV, 8sv nrropounEvd TCOUHE on cpGdvovTai TOUTOI oi aKOJtoi. 'O TpOTtoc; EiciXoyfig TWVSiavooonEvwv drto ÊVE? X®p£<; Kai TO oxeTllca KpiTTipia SEV £^£p-XOVTOI TWV dnaiTTJoEWv TOU «ouoTf|naTo^», ETOI WOTE Kai f\-ocpopd TWV 8iavoou|iEV(ov TOUTWV vd \ii\v ETtKpEpri aia9r|T£^ HETO-poXEq crroix; TtapaSESonEvoui; Tponoug aKE\|/T)(; Kai icpoonTiKwv.TOTE 0d uTtfjpXE f) OWOTTI 7tXripo(p6pr|OTi, S^X. f] dvTiK£i(i£ViKwg

«Uony» U 'ArodcoX 5noiroi DID* AWI DiotUpdit pi srl isîgDsJrtno A3gno^90DX noai UJHIIÔH pirl AnoowcbdorlDig «53}dod>odUYir» 10 aod>p'no IDAJS AroinD Ao>go03rl AWI Drlos^sioup bUsniJiDdii 5Ui iits ox

•••ÂnoABJi BA Aaodoiirl A3g OY_YP 3io:m apcbp '5wrloAnoAp> DA OYYP ix '5noi AmlD^d3AaD 5^0^91 DIDJI AmiAlii mi «53}D3dUiia 533iuoarl» 10 iBiAodnidBrlBig ooouiBAjg -5oiBtl30 sioiilignojo \U3 BrlD3Y3ioaiB odnjt/,3 SmDA3 Aaod36OUD DA «53ldo6odllYJI» ]0 AaOAd3d)DlDJt 3101i3g(JO '5

-doiiSAD 5LiA3rlD(OA/.3 DA3rlaoX.Liodii DI IDAIS vumoodv. DAsrlnoioii-orliolidX DI SsioD SsioDjngDig 5uo wn Srorlo Ugisug^ •«Amio3dUiiq

ATO3tiiDarl» Ami von «AroidocbodU.Yii» AWI roosrl U0Uiod5i DA SDIACOI-U^ 'SUXoASAao 5UjiDiAX3iAa£) Aroôdi Uolii30o}a AUio-oua 01 (5DgAB/.Biiodii sioitUgoDjo DrlojsiiAOID DiAOAiDfjrlno DI Sodii 13030UAB AS) SoiBrlUioaD aojiung noiAC01D/.d3AnO U/IU3T(X3 UinOl U>tllBTl/.DdlI H , '!>D}/ldttO113^ 5U.JlllDd3l

5oirl DrirlayDjiodii «ojniDrla3AK» 01 UDpn33ioDiD3i D0DI 3rl '(Aco^9d AWAsrlidJisjiAao U/MIYDAIJ AUio IDIDIDTAQO ACOI

o ao6o oiaoi AUJI/.DAD ÎDM) A(03D30ounodii I5UA3rl/,13g3gOlID 'AWUWDOdji ACOJUrlc

-OX13 U.D3dn3^3 AUlD U0D33ldD D0 DrIUlOaO Ol

•noigi aoi Uoli/.dpiD> srl AnorlDAagooj 'SUrlog SUxiiDiiiYOii 5UoaoX5Ui bodpd, 5}3 AnoAdnonsx 5m{)id>iD Ugisus 'Ssjoiio 10 '

Saontodi 53iAoXdpiiq 5noi oup 5nog903rl

U.DUi30o]n DA isjjsdjj •Aa)3Dpd)OM» U/t\U^ UIDCTD AUi pi/.oUnXAs AUi sono^sioiip p0 <ioii DrlXgdu — 5oioi3i

5m U^dpuq DA piA 5oiDriUiDao noi SsXdp 5ii U0X3goup DA SodrnX5p.ir1 5oA3ririooADig o isjidp A3g 'SoiDrlUiDao aoxnng noiAmjniiYOit oii9di AOI srl 'UgD-yUv 'SUAaiis SUsinôii 5UiDDOOXdplln UgU Alii 13ADâDli3 5Ul Ddl3D AUi 3rl BlOHO U '(D31(5UDUl

U :53droX «!>3A3rlX,niJt3Ap Url» 5u3rl noi 5i3D3Xo SUD DtlUionD owning 01 i3K3ig noii Snoystnjt 5no^nDd>5nod3imrliDid3i 5noi OV.TJ SDAS iDi3*Did{j mgg c 'UdiinD DA isdourl A3g'ArosDltdisXDig AmjtiiiYoit bnouodi SsiAoXdpun 5noi inoigi 5noi oup

'Smrlo '9inv 'SoiDrlUiDnD noi DIDIDÎI pi Digi^ DID DosrlU0DDdd)3i3 DA iDji UoUX-dnoiis^ DA 3DQodojtrl UoU9ADig SsdmXU Ap^ 'Am3Dpd)oup U/hU^ Uiomo AUi pl^ UD30pKnodu UiUiiDdDiip

21

£7EiXoyfj<; £inf| vd £YK

TOU? Tig «7ip6-5uTiK£c;» f|y£ai£<; Kai «Elites» Jtou f) 18ta EJUX.EYEI,TJYOUV TOV £|i<puA.io 7t6X,£Ho! Xwpii; TtpoojrdOeia cpuoiKd \\nopei vd<pavTao9fj KOVEII; TO HEY£9o<; TCOV «8iappo<Sv» Jtou Eva ETOI SonrmEVO«auarr)na TtXt|po(popia>v» dvaYKaoTiKd EVEXEI.

ITapd Td TtpaKTiKd TOUTa SfiSonEva, napd Tf|'v EUTtEipia TOUBlETvd^K:P) Kai TTJV 7tp6o(paTTi Eô5o TWV HD A an' TT|V UNESCO^,

EvaXXaKTiKT^ TOKTIKT^ 8fev novdÊt titi TOO TtapdvToi; SUVOTT^TtXaiaia TTJI; 7roXmicfj<; TOU «8uTiKoi) KOOHOU». Kai f) SuvaTO-

Tt]Ta (itdi; fiXXrig TaKTiKfji; SEV armaivEi pe(3aia TITIOTE aXXo napdTf|v ujtap^T) nvai; 7tpaYnaTiKf}<; 7tpoujr69£or|(; jid TI? aun^tovtEi; TWV

' H TtEpijiTwar) Tfj<; ' EXXd8og dvai dpTicoTEpo TtapdSfiiYna KUTU-TOJV SiaxEipioEOiv TTJ<; SisGvooi; jtoXiTiKfiq TWV Kaipffiv \iaq,.

E OTI f) 'EXXd8a Eivai dpacO-EUToi; At|no-

KpaTia. AEV Eivai GH&X; YV(OCTTO toifei; Elvai oi auv9f)K£<; TOUAiE9vou<; AiKaiou nou bmar\^K>c, £TpO7to7toirj9r|Kav yid vd aunpaivT)auTO TO KpaYna. "ETOI, drco EVO TEXVT|TS<; KaTaoKsuaajiEvo KpdToi;Ttoi) E8r|nioupYr|9T| fe^ dpxfi<;, TtapouoidÊTai of|H£pa dx;«ai)TOKUpiapxov» Ttou XEITOUPYEI oncoi; Kai TdXXa KpdTr| (i£oaauv9fiK£i; Tfjq «£9viKfj<; Kupiapxia<;». TOUTO Eivai Eva TOKai dvai Ka9' 6XoKXr|piav nXaanaTiKO. Elvai ETtioT)<;HE Tr|v Suv9riKT| TOU AovSivou Tfji; 24/1 1/1863, Ê TTJV onoiav TiapE-XO)pf|0T|Kav TO ' EjruavT]aa 0Tr|v ' EX.Xd5a, OTTO ap9po 2«Neutralite Perpetuelle» TWV vr|aiwv auTcovK5'. I,r\[i£pa crrdVTjaa UTidpxouv EâpTf)(iaTa TOU NATO. Kai ndXi SEV EivaiHE itoiE^ TpojcoTtoirioEii; djto dJcovi/Eox; Ai£9vou? AiKaiou uitdpxouvauTd EKEI. ' Arto TO Suo TuniKd TOUTU JtapaSEiYnaTa Eivai (pavspo OTIf) 'EXXd8a foe, KpotToc; Eivai «KpdTo<;-£vvoia», -^pr\a-tiKr\<; 5r|X.a8fiKai oxi JtpaYnaTiKfjc; aQac, atr\v §i£9vfj noXiTiKTi. ' HAr)|iOKpaTia npo(J7to9ETEi aiwTtripcBi; svav (bpiojiEvoVE0T|(;» ano TO 1821 &c, orj^pa. Kai (aovo TO EXdxiatov TOUXpoviKou Sia0Tr|naTo<; n£Ta6iKaTopiKd, OTO ojtoio TtapaTTipsiTai f)Tpfexouoa KpioT) TWV TioXiTEiaKwv 9£a(i6Jv, Eivai dy£u8T|<; an6b£i£,r\l SEV (XTtOpOUJIE Vd 7tpOU7to9£O(l)(l£ OTTiv ' EXXttStt TOUTT|V Tr|V

«£9vocruv9£aT|». 'H Kpiar) Ttov TtoXiTEiaKwv

22

Ps(3aia and \iiav TcpcoTocpavfj KOIVCOVIKTI Kpiat), Kpiar|TtaiSsiai; Kai Kpiar) dvOptoTtivwv axsascov, TCOU Elvai dncpipoXo fiv

Eyvwpias TCOTE 6 £XXr|viK6<; x&P°S OTO icapeXOov. COTE oi £XXt|V£(;SEV £i>p£9T)Kav TOOO dypdn(iaToi Kai d8a£i<; 600 tcopa.

TOUTO EXOUV ti<; £^yf|OEi(; ttov. ' H ' EXXdSa Ttapouaid^si toHOva8iKO xap«KTT|piaTiK6 an' 6Xa id KpatT) TOU KOOJIOU, 6ti£7tp£7t£ v' dnoTEXEoGfi &c, Kpdto? dno OitoXeiHuaTa autoKpatopioiv.To auTovoTito 8r|Xa8r| uXiKO TOU «Xaou» dno TO oitoiov dicoTE-XouvTai TU KpdTT) OTT|V ' EXA.d8a 8sv U7tf)pxe. STT|V dpxri odv KpdToi;«07tooxoTav TtoXXd», OJHOI; £i8an£ v' dvayvcopiôuv OKOUTI T(bpa oiEupwJtaioi iaTopiKoi. npayjiaTi, oi jzvr\t(; 8iavooun£va>v TOUTtapfiXGovTOi; Elxav EVOV f)paKX£io &6X.O vd ETCITEXEOOUV: vd PpouvEva (popfea OjrdpÊwq TOU VEOU KpdToui;, Hid Kai oi XaoTTiTE^ TtouKdGs (popd EKÊivovTav oTd auvopa TOU KpdToug KOVEVO«Koiv(oviaq» 8fiv drtoTEXouaav. ' H ' EXXdSa &q KpdToi; 8fevpouoE vd 67tax6fi OE Kannia 07:6 TI<; yvwaTE^ KaTrjyopiEi;«s6vwv». AEV f|tav «7toX.iTioniKO E9voi;» (Kulturnation),Evvoia TOO «£XA.T|vicJnou» aTtoTEXouoE (iidv TroXXa7tXoTr|TaOTIKWV EK8ox«v TCOU SEV UTtopouoov vd UTcaxQouv a' Evav (popEa.AEV f|Tav «yXcoaoiK6v S9voi;» (Sprachnation), yiaTi 6 EXXriviaHoq (be,TtoXiTiaTiKTi KaTTjyopia £KaXXiEpyii9T|KE Kai OE aX.A,£i; yXwaaEi;

EKTOI; alto TT)V EXA.TJVIK11, Xwpi? tboTooo f) I8ionop(pia auTT| vdXapaKTT|pi^T| TO OTCOKEIHEVO Tt|c; &c, nr| "EXA.T|va. AUTO IOXUEI (ifixpiof)(i£pa OTf|v P6p£ia ' EAAdSa. AEV f|Tav ETTEITU oOTE Kai £9voi; HE(popsa TT|V 9pr|OK£ia, OTttoi; 7tapouaido9r|Kav dpyoTEpa Td TtpdynaTa

OTO pipXio TOUTO yiaTi Kai it&c,), yiaTi 6' AvaToXfj^ drcoTEX-ouoE Hid 7toXuot|HavTTi SidoTact)

7toX.uouv9ETou<; x^pouq TCOV H£ooYEiaKflv XaoT^TCov. 'H

SidaTaar) TTJQ 'Op9o5o£ia<; f|Tav UKOXPEWHEVTI vd

HE TO 'laXdn, GXI H°v° °^6 T11V ToupKOKpaTia, dXXd7ta>.T|6TEpa — OTCCO^ 7tpoa7ta9ouH£ vd SEI^WHE OTO PiPîo

TIOU TT)V U7toxp£(ov£ TtoXXanXwi; oTr|v i8£oXoyiKT|Kai ouv8iaXXayr|, Kai oxi OTT|V HovoXi0iKOTT|Ta Ttou

TTJI; ETtfipaXav 65 TtpoowrcEio oi dvdyKEi; TOU KaTomvou KpdToui;.ToOTO OHCOI; crinaivEi OTI KI' auTf) UTtfjpxE KOTO HidEK8oxwv Kai auTOTEXsiai; Kai OE ai)Tf|v aKpipw? SyKEuai r\U £TC£8£i!;£ — oariv HtopEOE. " AKpox; xapaKTT|picmKf| EV T

23

H£V(p Elvai Kai T| Tponfi TOO £XXT|viKOU dXcpapfJTou KOTO jtEpioxEc;Kai auHpHBOEiq: OTT|V Kcov/TtoXT) oi TiaTpiapxiKEc; ujcoypacpEc; rtaip-vouv n\r\p£iq dpapiKouc; xaPaKTTIPE<;, oi>86X(o<; 8ia<p£povT£i; OTT|VHOpcpT) Kai HEyaXorcpETiEia dico Ti<; oouXTaviK£<; ToOxpE?, £vq> o£

aXXfi? jtEpioxE? f| ypacpf) yivETai Xiyo t| jtoXu KupiXXiKT|.' HTIKTI f|y£oia TOW rcaXaiaiv YEVEWV £?%£ Xoinov TOUTO TdAEV TJTOV EUKoXo TO Epyo TT|<;, 600 KI* av TJTOV Eva EpyoauyKpioT|, urn Kai SEV unfipXE KOVEVO Kpdtog oTig dpx£<; TOU 19ouai. 7toi> ETtpEJtE vd <pKiao9fj HE TO 8£5oH£va TOUTO. ' EJIOHEVO f|Tav vdTTJI; SiacpEuyouv and y£VT|d os yEVTjd Td y£viKa>T£pa vo^naTa TTJI;

^. 'H £i)p(OTtaiKT| TtoXiTiKf) TOU TtEpaoHEvou aiwva 8fev

KaXOTEpTj TCKTIKT) HE tf|v 8rmioupyia TTJI; ' iTaXiai; an' O,TI£Tf|pT|OE HE tf)V ' EXXd8a. "Av Td dTtoTEXfeoHaTa ujrfjpâv 8iacpopE-TiKd, TOOTO 6(p£i/.£Tai OTO STI OTTIV 'lTa>.ia U7tf|p^£ aCid TIOU £XEi7tE

dTt' TT|V ' EX/,d8a: f| sGviKfi auv£i8T|aT|. 'O EOvionoi; odv9iXoao(pia OTT|V EupoJiaiKT) ioTopia dvanTuooETai OTT|V 'l' H £A,A,T|viKfi 5iavoT|OT| Tfiv TtEpaoHEVwv YSVEWV dycovio9T(K£ OTTJV' EX,Xd5a vd ppfj dKpipwi; KUTI dvaXoyo. ' H SidoTaoT) Koivcovia^Kai KpdToui; (niag «Koiva>viai;» nou 8fiv unfjpXE Kai EVO^ «KpdTou<;»Ttou EnpETtE 67two8ii7ioTE vd UTtdp^T)), oi yfitoypacpiKEi;TOU £XA.T|viaHOU Kai noXXd aXXa a'iTia SEV TTJI; E)t£Tp£V|/av' QOTOOO SEV KOTdcpspE Xiya. "EcpKiaÊ jupmTa-itpwTa Hid yXwHid TTpooTtdOEia noi) H£oa OTic; ouv6f|KEq TCOU TEXouoE iotopiKd KaiTtoXiTiKd 6 feXXriviKog %wpo<; 9d HeTapaX6Tav OTO «yXtoaoiK6».KaTdcpEpE §T|Xa8T| ax; Eva Pa9no Tii; XOOTTITEI; Ttoi) ouvEppEav Kd0E(popd OTd ouvopa TOU SiapKccii; 8T|Hioupyoun£Vou KpdToui; vd TiqKaTaoTT|OT| Sprachnation. 'H EXXEiyri OHWI; TOU «E9viKou cpop£a»,TOU itpdynaToq dr\\. TCOU EVI/UXVE vd Ppf), tr\v £Ht£p8EV(/£ OTOVSidXoyo HE ta TOTE voniCoHEva TTJI; EupcoTtaiKfjc; £7tiOTf|HT|q

vd KatacpEpri vd 6p6(baT| o' auTd Hiav i|. ripooTtd9T|OE o£ HEydXo Pa9no vd ouvTovio9f) HE

TO pEunaTa Tfji; EupcojtaiKfji; 7tv£UHaTiKf|g Cwii?> nou T11V tapaKoXou-9ouo£ HaXioTa EVIOTE TOOO KOVTO, WOTE oi Eupamaioi v' dvapwTioiv-Tai — TCEpi Td H£oa TCEpinou TOU TtEpaoHEvou aiwva — «TI 9d yivT|»OTT|V ' EXXdSa HE t6v dpiOno TWV HEta^paCoHEvcov ÊVoyXwoocov

Epywv! Md OTOV Tcu9H£va 8X(ov To6Twv Tffiv itpoo7ta0£iwv UTCTIPXE H1"Tpurca: OTI f) fiOpwTcaiKTi noXuiKfi KaTdupEpE TtoXu vtopiq vd EÔU-

24

TT|V KupiapxoCaa i8£oXoyia, bnatc, EÊcppdCsTo atari and TT|V' EKKXr|oia. Iloiei; fcnfjpâv oi Siepyaoieq Kai oi dvayKaioTT|T£<; jtoi)

STtepaXav tf|v 'EKKXr|oia ax; Kupiapxouaa i8£oXoyiKf| SidotaariTOU eXXr|ViKou xpou, 9d i6fi 6 dvayvc!>aTT|<; ato Kei(ievo (Kat elvatTtpwiT) <popd nou yivETai Jtpoo7id0£ia £pnr|V£ia<; OUTCOV TCOV 7tpay|id-t(ov). Me TO «auTOK£(paA.o» f| ' EXXd8a ditoKTOuos Tf|v'EKKA.T)oia Kai eyivotav ETOI Evaq aOtoSuvanoq iu

6pyavta(jo<; EJII TWV BaXKaviov aid y,epia TMV SUTIKWV SuvdnEWv, f|taCtiar) 6|i(o<; ' EKKXrioiai; Kai Kpdtoui; E5T|nioupyouoE aXXa

KoivcoviKfj? (pfiCEax; itpopXi^naTa crrov EXX.T|vtK6 x^P0- T" onotadjtoppo(pouoav Kd0£ TtpooTtdOeia f\o ifjg Siavotiorii;. Owq 6d(ITtOpOUOE Vd X£lTOUpyf|OTl f) ' EKKA.T|0ia HE TO 0E(ia T(OV «0pT)OK£U-

TIKCOV dnooToA.eiv» ETTI 7tapa§£iynaTi, TaoTianEvri oCaa us TO Kpd-TOI; Ttou fJTav nid KaOapwi; SutiKflq itpoE^sOaEcoi; HETOHOOXEUOTI; Td

Ta TOUTU £TaA.ai7ia>pT|aav TO KOWWVIKO a&fia TTJI; ' EK-

&c, Ti^ dpXE? TOU EiKOOToO aiwva, onou JIE TT|V vsa Jt£pio5oTOO yXwaaiKou, TOU *Puxdpii, TO daufipaTov ctXWt UJIOXPEWTIKO odv

KXriaiai; Kai KpaTouq 68r|yEi OE 8idoTaar) \IE Td». ' H apoT) -co\)tr\c, Tfj<; 8idaTaor|<; 0d

SEOHEUOTI TOU KpdTouq &c, npoq 6pio(iEVEgapno8ioTr)T£<; Tfjq ' EKKXriotai; Kai 0d EXWHE ETOI TT|V 8idta^ri TOU1911. 'H 8vdTa^r| auTT) Ev8ia<p£p£Tai pepaia yid TO «EJI(OT|HOKE(HEVO» TWV rpaepcov (8r()i. TO KpdTOi; 8fiv (XTtopEi vd TtpoTinâri flvd Etor|yT|0fi Eva aXXo KEIHEVO), TOUTO ojicoq tooSuvansi Kai ne6H(i£or| KaTOXupwaT) TTJI; yXwaaaq, depot) usaa OTT|V auvaXXr|X.ia

'EKK^r)aiaq Kai KpaTouc; TO KpaTog 0d urcoxpewOf} Eyyur)TiKd vdoio0£TTJori Kai tf|v yXfiooa auTou TOU KEIHEVOU, TJTOI TT|V Ka0apEU-

ouoa. ripcbTTi (popd auq nepsi; na? rtapaTT|p£iTai £avd (iid 5idaTaoT|'EKKXriaiai; Kai KpdTouq, onou aX^.r| yXfflooa 6d 8iap<xCT| KOVEII;OTO SuvTayjia KI' aXXr| OTiq FpacpEi;, nd OTO KOIVCOVIKO TOUTO Qk\ia

9d £7cav£X9(one.

ITapd Td TspdaTia TOUTO JtpopXrinaTa TOU £XXr|viKoO xwpou, f)feXXr|viKf| 8iav6r|or| TOU 7tap£X96vTO(; OVTEÊ, 600 niropouas, &q TO1930 JiepiTtou. 'AjtoSsi^ri yi* UUTO Eivai i^ 'EyKUKX.ojiai8£ia TOU

«riupaou», TCOU Eivai (iia, av oxi'drto Tii; KaXuTEpeg TOU Koajiou, TTJI;

Eupd)7ir|(; 07tcoo8ii7toTe Kai Ttou SEV 6itdpx£i OTinEpa £p£Uvr|TiKr|fepyaoia as ÊVEI; yXwaaEi; em EXXtiviKfflv 7tpay|idTCOv nou v' dyvoii

25

TO spyo ai)T6. "Evav TfiXEUTaiov orcaono TouTTig tr\c, dvTOxfjq EXOÎEHETanoXsniKd HE TT|v «XpioTiaviKT| Kai °H0iKT| 'EyKUKXo7taiS£ia»— 600 cuco^r) unfjpxav OTU navEJtiOTTJuia HEpiKoi av0pconoi noudv£Tpd(pT)aav (lEoa OTO KXijia TCOV naXaidiv ypamidTcov...

Ma 6Xa TOUTO U7tf|pi;av Kpiai|iT|c, OT)naoiac TtpdyâTa yid TOV£XXT|viK6 /topo, yiaTi TEXiKC&c. EKEIVO Jiou eSfiixvav TJTOV OTI auToc,avTEÊ- AUTO noi) Kupicoc; itpo£KU\|/£ an' TTJV 'E>.Xd5a a><; EnitEipiaTfji; dv0pC07tOTT|TO5 T)TaV OTl EKTOi; OTCO Tig dTtOlKlOKpaTlKSq (IE06-

Soui; TOTE novo 5iao(paXi^£Tai f) Kupiapxia OE md x^pa, OTOVX£ipaycoyT|0fj (f) «Ka7t£Xa)9fi», cbq 0d EXsyanE CTT|V auyxpovT] Ar\\io-

TiKf|) f) EVTOTtia iSsoXoyia. Kai TrpoEKUxys TOUTT) f) suTtEipia an' rf\v

' EXXaSa, yiaTi amr\, orccoc. Ana\ie, TJTOV f) TtpcbTT) xwpa TOUTtou 67if|x0T) CTE TtoXiTiKt) E^dpTT|(TTi ano TT|V AuoT) x

; n£06Sou<;. Ilapd TT|V ujtaycoyf) Tfjg ' EKKX.T|aiac, OTO

itapd TO TEpdcma KOIVCOVIKTJI; (puoEco^ itpopXTJuaTa novdva(pEpa|iE Kai TO dnncoSfii; TOU KOIVCOVIKOU E

JtdvTa dva(paivoTav KIXTI jtou EJIEHEVE vd uirdpXT). 'H svvoia o

«'EXXdi;» f|Tav EKEIVT) jtou HETO TTJV 'ApxaioTT|Ta fe8T|nioi>pyT|a£TT|V SidoTaoT) «'AvaToXfji;-Au<TT|(;», EVCO OTCX ouyxpova 5E8o(i£va

EJtpEJtE vd UTtaxOfj OTT|V AUOT). 'E^T)yoO|i£ CTTO pipXio TOUTO yidTIOIOIX; Xoyouq f|Tav dvayKaonEVT) f| £XXa6iKT) 'EKKA.T|oia vdujtax0fj CTTO KpdTog — KCXTI Ttoi) KavEvai; SEV £0iê &q Ttbpa. AUTTJojicoi; f) ' EKKXT|aia, dô aXXou stSoui; dvayKai6TT)T£C, — Ttou 7cdA.i

vd 8iaTT|pf|aT| TOV xapaKTTipa TTI? 'Op0o5o-yid TOV x&po TCOV BaXKavicov. Md ETOUTO f|Tav auTO irou spyaÊ

Kd0£ ôpd TO «KdTi aXXo». BaaiKd ETtpoKEito yid TOV T£Tpaycovia(K>TOU KUKXou, 6 oiroio^ cnt£8£ix0T) HE (iidv EjiitEipia Tidvco dreo 150Xpovia aTf|v Ttpd^T).

'EX.Xd8a djio anoyeaic, Ai£0vouc. AIKOIOUaTcoxupcb0T|KE £7tioT||ia OTOV x^po TTJI;

AuaT|c;. "OXa Td EKKpEiif) TtpopXTjuaTa Xoinov ETCPETTE vd Xu0ouv.KaTEcpOaoav oi 'AjigpiKavoi HE Td 8oXXdpid Touq, idTOUI; jrpoi; TOUI; £XXT|V£<; TtoXiTiKoix; TOU Kaipou(8£v TOTO Tipayna) Kai (IE TTJV TETapTTj y,op8r\u £H7tv£6a0T|K£ vd

7tpoo0EOT| 6 MavcbXriq XUOTT|<; OTO HTIOUÔUKI, uoTEp' die"HEydXT) TOU napa\iovf\V ' AjaEpiKr). To ^JCOUÔUKI 0d

vd (iJtfj ETOI oTd oaXovia, 6 «xaodjtiKoi;» vd neTovojiaoOfj OE

26

«aupToiKi» (TO (jTtouôuKia |i£aq> TOU 7taXr)oO KaXanaTiavou EKavavTT|V E(poS6 TOUi;) Kai TO pEUJteTlKO Vd U7tOKaTaaTT)Or| 65 «6VT8XVT|

(iouaiKf|» TOUI; oSupjioug Kai Td noipoXoyia TCOV fi£T£(i(puX.iaKa>v

£KKa9apio£a)v. AIOTI o'ka Kai nsxpi to 1967 9d SIEKIVOUVTO £uvof|-Tcog OTOV drcorixo TOU KXifiaTo^ TOU £}iqnAiou — Tfj<; n£yaXuT£pr|<;

nou 7tapouoido9r|K£ JTOTE aTT|v £XA.r|viKf| iaTopia1"'. Elvaivd dvTiXr|(p9fj Kavsic; n&c, oi £KKa9apiasi5 aTr|

KpdTt|crav ndvco ano 20 xpovia jiETd Tf|v fJTTa TOUjroX£|iou. To Ttpayjia 6(1(05 KOTavTa djtXo av OKE(p9fj KOVEII;, OTI 8svf|Tav 6 KivSuvoq EnavaXf|$/£(o5 EVOI; KivfJuaTOi; OTTJV ' EXXdSa HETUdito Eva fj8r| f|TTT)H£VO Kivrma, TTJV dnEXaori 7tXr|9uamaKwvcruvoXwv Kai Ti<; 8iE9veii; ouv0fjK£g jtou Kd0£ a\Ko Ttapd KOTI TETOIOEHETpETtav. AUTO TioO ETtpETrE vd £7UT£Ux6f) fJTav vd d7:aXEi(p9fj f)«7toX.lTlOTlKf| t5taiT£pOTT|<;» TOU £A.Xr|VlKOU XCtpaKTflpO^, TtOU £Jt£-

paXE f) EVTa^T) Tfj<; 'EXXdSoi; OTT)V «Auar|». OuoiaaTiKd Sr|L oiEKKa9apioEig 8EV f|aav KOTO dvuTidpKTWv KOHHOUVIOTWV, dXXd KOTOTfjg EA.X.T|viKf)<; TtaiSEia^. "OXEi; oi np&r\v 7toA.TO7toir|H£V£<; H&CEC; TWV«dy(oviaTd)v» t| 67t(oo8f)7toTE «npoo5£UTiKrov» Jtoi) dTtEHEivav Ecrcpd-(pr|Kav OTOV «xwpo TOU Pip>aou», 6 67:0101; dKpipwi; \ie TO (i£Tpa TWVHE068(ov \iiac, Ka9apd dTtoiKiaKfji; yi&pac, £vad)naTft)6r|K£ OTOV

ai r$ ai)Tf| 8iapK£t &c, af|(i£pa.8fev f|Tav 57toio<; SEV UTCEypaÊ «5r|X(boEi<;» f)

ETiaipvE nspoi; OE auAAaA.r|TT|pia. «Kon(iouvioTf|<;» fJTav 6 ankoc,Ka9r|yr|Tr|<; TOU Funvaaiou, av aTt£(pdoi^£ vd ypd\|/r| (aid «Fpanna-

TIKT|» TTJI; feXXriviKfii; y'k&aaaq, amoc, noi) 9d ToXôuaE vd 8ia|iap-TUpT)9fj yid TT|V £IOPOA.T| TOU pEHTCETlKOU (SfiSoHEVOU OTl 6A.O T&XXa

f|oav «dvTdpTiKa», (iid Kai TuâivE vd Td Tpayou8ouoav Ttpiv Kai oiavToipTEc; jiaî HE Td aXdpiKd Touq), auTOi; nov 9d TUXOIVEyid «EXXr|viK6TT|Ta» Kai o%i yid «£9viKO(ppoouvTi».«£XX.r|viK6TT|Ta» Kai «£9viKO(ppoouvr|» fjoav 5uoSiaqjopETiKd KaTd Tf|v ETtoxr) OUTT) TWV 8KKa9apio£(ov. MfeaaTtXf|pr| £XXEi\|/T| «E9viKf|(; ouv£i5T|ar|(;», TIOU drcoTEXEi TO

TOU £XXt|viKou x^pou yid TOUI; Xoyooi; nou rcpoa-8, f|Tav etJKoXo vd aTt|9ouv «E6viKEi; KupEpvf)a£i(;» TCOU 9d

TOUTO TO spyo KOTO Tfjq «£XXr|viK6Tr|Taq». IlapdX-rjoav oi SiaSiKaoiEg Kai as JtoXu jieyaXuTEpo Pa6^6 OTOUI;

Tfji; 'EKKXr)0ia<;. "Av 8fev CrcfjpxE T|

27

Kai TOUTO Pefiaia ano tic, avTaXAayeg nVpGuanwv, and tr\v aunpaTi-KOTT|Ta auvopwv 8ia(p6p<ov jrEpiox&v eni t&v BaA-Kaviwv K>.jt. —Tfjs 5iaTiipT|OT|<; Tfj<; TtoXmcrriKfii; naviSocj TOO pa^KaviKou xcbpou, f|

SiaSiKacria Sidppwarii; Tfjc; «£X>.r|viK6TT|Tai;» Kai £7ti5ia>J;r| Tfjt; «6-

HOioy£V£ia<;» TOU feXXaSiKoC xwpou 6d eixe Ttpoxwp^ciEi jtoXOi Pa9u-tepa an' 600 f]ST| neiaTtoXeniKd UTtdpÊi. "On auto Sev auvfepri OTO7tapEA.96v OTOV OTIOIOV Pa6|i6 yivetai arjiaepa (iuidpxouv 6<; yvco-OTOV «Ka6i5p6|aaTa» tfji; npcoTeuowari?, tcov onoiwv OKortoq elvai vd«E7tinop(pebvouv» td OdpoaXa HE '!OVEOKO Kai td Zayopoxwpva (isTOV MTTPEXT), EKTOI; and TOIX; aXXoix; Xoyoix; ouvsTEXeoE Kai 6

OEOHOI; tfjc; BaoiXeiaq, f| OTtota iatopiKd fpav vnoXoyoq 65 npoQ6pion£ve<; EyYU^ceiq yid TOV EA.X.T|viK6 xfipo Evavti yettovtKwvXcopmv. XapaKTt|pi<jTiKfi elvai f) ntpima>ar\q EiSiKfj? 8ianaptu-

piaq TOU MooooMvi |i£ JtpooxT|na TO TtEpiaTaTiKO TOO OTpatriyouTellini OTr|v KepKUpa, onou (iET£(p£p6T|Kav [iiKpaaidTE^ npoatpuyE?HETU TO '22. ITTIV AfiUKaSa £7tior|<; ar\[iepa SEV uicdpXEi Hid 7ipoTonf|TOU I.. ZanK£X.iou, UTtdpXEi onax; Tfjg KXEapETTii; AirtA.a-MaXdnou!...

Mid TtpoxEipt) d7t68Ei^T| oXtov TOUTCOV filvai f) E^fjq dJiXfj: "OXsg01 «£6viK£q H£pinv£<;» Kai (ppovTiSEi; TOU 7iap£>.66vTo<; syivav EVOVOHOTI TOU «£X>.T|vi0nou», if\c, «'E\\a&ac,», TOU «XpioTiavia|iou»

KA.it. "OXfii; ofiax; oi HETO TOV TtoXEno Kai Ttpiv TTJV AiKTaTopiay£vr|E<; sna9av TO Wya ypajiHaTtKd OTOIXEIO ir\c, yXwooaq TWVTO novaSiKWi; urtdpxov 5i5aKTiKO EyxEipiSio ifj? ' ApxaiaQ 'viKfji; TOO TâpT^dvou. 'OpGdTaTO pfepaia dno ErtioTrinoviKfji; d;t6-

VI/EOX; EyxEipiSio dXXd Kai aKpcoi; dn£6o5o. "Av ÛToOofiXA.T| FpannaTiKi^ Tfjq yXcbooaq SEV EU'PIOKE KI ' OU'TE Cjtf|px£(Si; TO 1970. Kannia dito tic, «E6viK£<; Kup£pvTâ£i<;» TOOGOVTOI; 5fiv jutopoCoE vd EJUTp£\|/T) tf|v £K8ooTi TETOKOV

Kai fiovov f) XOUVTO — nou Ttpocpavwc; SEV Elxe ISsa dito Tic;yt|TEq TOUTED aunpdo£ii; KOTO TOU £>.X.T|vicJHOu— KOTacpEpE Kai ElSavTO (pwcj (XEpiKEi; FpaHHaTiKEc; Kai aX\a BoV|9f|naTa tr\c, £A.A.r)viKf|c;yXwoaaq. Kai QXI |iovo ai>To, dXXd dvu7to\|/iacTr| 7tpox(bpr|OE Kai OEysvvaioTEpa pf|naTa, oncoi; JT.X- f) |i£Tdcppaar| TOU ETUnoA.oyiKOUAEÎKOU TOU X6<pnav nov OficopEiTai TiayKoaniax; dno Td KaXutEpaOTO El6oc; TOU. IIio jtoXXd JcpdynaTO yid vd TtEor), SEV EXpEidôvTO...

"OTi auTd TO TtpdyjiaTa Kai QXI oi «Koiv(ovioXoyiK£c;» dvaA.uo£iCjKai oi «H£X£T£<;» 7tpoa8iopiôuv tic, KOIVOJVIKECJ Kai TTOÎTIKEC, SiaSi-

28

OTr|v ' EXMSa, cutoSfiiKvUEi TO et,r\q TtEpioTOTiKo, not) KaTdv-Eva «KoivcovioXoyiKO S£8on£vo» OTOV £AAr|viK6 x&po: oi

TOpaTTiprjosic; OUTEC; Ttdvco OTIC; JtoTimoTiKEc; feju8icb!;£i<; TCOV sXXr)-

VIKCOV TtpayndTcov |iac; cb9r|O£ OTOV dvuTtOTtTo XPOVO Tou 1975 vd«7tpocpr|TEUoa)n£» (TOUTO ormaivEi OTI UTtiipânE rcpcoToi Kai jiova-SiKoi Ttou jtpofiiSanE TETOIO Jtpayna) TO EJIEPXOHEVO fev ' EXXdSi VEO«yXcooaiK6» TWV fmspSv nac;1""'. To ysyovoi; OTI oi «jtpo(pt|T£i£c;»

oi)5£ KQTO KEpaiav daTOXT|oav, or)naiv£i OTI f) pdarj TtouTOTE TO TrpdynaTa KI' OUTT) TIOU fj8r| itEpiypdcponE feSw Eivai

f) (iOVr) TtOU £p(IT|VEIJEl TO «KOlV(OVlKa OU(iJtT(b(iaTa» TOU VEO£XXt|-

VIKOU XO>POU-

Oi 8ia8iKaoiE(; TOUTED ÊTaTtoXEniKfji; «£ûyiavoT|(;» TOU EX.Xri-VIKOU x^pou Kai f) i)jt' auTEc; &c, TtpouJto0£C£i<; EVTUÎI TOU aTf|v«AuaT)» £ix«v odv auveTiEia Tf|v oXoKXrjpwor) TOUKpdTou? Kai Koivcoviai;, TO onotov dicoTEXouoE TtdvTaKaTdoTacri OTOV £>.X.r|viK6 x&po. ' H ESpaiwoT) TOU KpaTiKou

viojiou £7ti TWV ujtoXEinndTtov dXT)T£ia<; TTJI; KaToxfii;, oivoOEiEi; Kai TO OTT|oinaTa TCOV nETOKaToxiKtov KupEpvrjoEWVEcpEpavEva EiSoi; KOIVGWKTJC; dpaiwarn;, 8r|X. dvdyKaaav Tig 8id(pop£<;«XaoTr|T£i;» TTJI; £XA.r|viKf)i; fejtiKpdTEiaq vd ou(i7tTUx9ouv fev feXWpi<; KavEvoi; £'i8ou<; fejtiKoivwvia HETOÛ TCOV, Kai 6«Xa6i;» vd n£TapA.r|9fj ofe «v(/r|(poXa6», 6 67toio<;, oupojiEvoq HE OOTU-vo|iiK£i; SiaTdÊiq oTic; KaXrcEQ (QUTO IOXUEI nfexpiTtapsixE TO 7rp6oxr||ia TTJI; Kup£pvr|TiKfjc; piTpiva<;. ' Hpfepaia f) oxoXiKr) Jtou OUTE KOVEVU poXo ETtaiÊ OUTE Kavfevav nai^si—, U7tax0Eioa OTOV KpaTiKo opyaviono Kai feX£yx6|i£vr| (nfexpi autf|TT|V OTiy|if|) (ife TOV dniGdvou TtpOEXEuoEcoi; Kai KaTaoKEufji; «EK-8oTT|», 8r|X. nfe TOV xwpocpuXaKa, Sfev ETEÔUOE UTTO Sico^r) OTO paGô

rtou Sfev JtapfjyE iSEEi;. ' I5s£<; TtdEi vd Ttfj TO «6XiKO» feKEivo TIOU 9dUTtopouoE vd Eveoori Tic; «XaoTT|Tecj» afe md jtpopXT||iaTiKT| 8iatpop£-TiKr) aTto TO KEVO irou ETtpETtE vd ujtdpxr) jiETaû «KupEpvT|OT|<;» Kai«Aaou». FiaTi dKpipcoi; TO slSocj Tfjc; EKXoyiKfjt; XEiTOUpyiac; aTf|v' EXXdSa EIXE POOIKTI rcpouTt60Eorj TOU TO KEVO HETOÛ «Aaou» KaiEKdaTOTE KupEpvT]aT|Cj. TOUTO TO KaTaXapaivojiE cocj fe^fjcj: oi^nEpa

svag vd 7rdpr| TT|V oTi^Xr) (iiac; fe(pr|H£pi5o<; Kai vd Kpivr) TOUCJKai TO TtdvTa — ujtdpxouv 8fe TETOIECJ TtEpiJiTcbosicj — oitcoi;

TOU dpeoEi. ' AjroTEXEOjia 8fev 9d cpfepr). AIOTI f) KaTavoTjOT) TCOV

29

Ypa<po|iEV(ov TOU ounpaivei kni UTOHIKOU EninfiSou. ' O dvayvcboTric,TOU 6d SEI^TI TO ap9po OTOV 8inXavo TOU, OUTOC, 9d KaTaXdpt| TO SIKOTOU, 9d ouncpcovnar) JIE TOV Tpono TOU, 9d SiacpcovTiOT) r\' dpKEo9fi

vd KOUVIIOTI TO KEcpdXi TOU, KI* and 'KEI Kai n£pa r\| 9d

H£TapXr|9fi OE KacpsvoKoupsvTa. 'O dp9poypd(poc. 8£v EniKoivcovfjHE TOUC, 8uo aOTOuc, dvGpcbnouc. HEOCO Kdnoicov i8Ecov, oi onoiEC, 6d(inopouoav vd TOUI; cpEpouv OE ounnTcoar| dvTiXrivj/Ewc, Kai EFiaTi (Jid iSsa SEV Eivai JIOTE iSfea av 8fev XEiToupyfj HEOCO nia<;OTaar|<; Jiou Eivai KOIVT) a' sva ouvoXo dv9pcb7ta)v. Oi i8EE5

oupyouvTai an' TTJV npaynaTiKOTtiTa Kai 8fev dTtoTEXouv vor|TiKdeupfmaTa auTou nou Ti<; ypdcpsi. Oapdya) mdv iSEa ormaivsi Kavcovot|TC&5 KaTaX-TiTiTf) (aid irpouTtdpxouoa KOTdoTaaT) o' Eva 7tXf|9o(;dv9pci)JtCOV, TtpOKElHEVOU Vd TOUq 68t|yT|OCO OE KOJtOia OUyK£Kpl(l£VT|

"ETOI mxpfjx0T|oav TtdvTa oi iSsEi; Kai ETOI 'sSpaoav. STT|V, Xoyco Tfjg «7toXu£9viKfji;» TT|<; KotvcoviKfj^ ouv0£OT)C,, 8fev

uv KataoTdoEii; KOIVEC; OE nsydXEi; naCfi? dvGpcoTtcov, SIOTI f)nia<; «£0v6TT|Ta<;» SEV Eivai f) KOTdoTaori Tf^<; ak\r\<;.

TOUTO Pspaia 8fev Eivai dTtoKA-EioTiKo xapaKTTjpioTiKO ir\c, 'EX-XdSoi; — KaiToi pspaia o' amr\i OTOV uitaTO Pa9no,

Ka9' o KpaToc; E^ UTtoX£inndTcov auTOKpatopicov — dXXd OE 6XaaxfiSov Td KpaTT| TOU KOOHOU Kai iSiaiTspa o' EKEWU Tfjq HEOT|<;'AvaToXfi<;, nou slvai E^ 6pionou 6 TUO TtoXusGviKOi; y_&po<; TOUKoojiou. Ki' sSco Eivai nou cpaivETai f) Kpiai|iOTT|Ta TOU poXou Tfj?«X£ipaycbyT}OT|(;» Tfj<; iSsoXoyiai; Kai Tfi<; TtaiSEiac,. 'O poXoi; Tfji;jtaiSEiag, cbc, yvcooTov, Eivai TI<; (iEpiKCOT£pE<; iSEEC, TOU dv9pcbJtou r\V KOIVCOVIKCOV ondScov vd Ti<; 68riyf|or) (6St|yc5vTac, Kai TOV

dv9pa)7to) OTi<; YEVIKCOTEPEC, i8££<; EVOI; KOIVWVIKOU ouvoXou Kai EVoTi<; iSfeEi; fevoc, noXiTioôu. ' H Kupiapîa OUVETTCOC, o' Eva

EâatpaXiÊTai av (inopfi KavEi? vd KaT£u9uvr| Trjv i8soXoyiaTTJV OE \|/uxoXoyia TC&V (la^cov (ofmspa TO npayfia

Eivai EUKoXo (IE Td (i£oa naiîKfJQ £VT||iEpa)or)i; KXn.) Kai dvaxam-TauToxpova TTJV TtaiSEia. "Ooo mo TtoXu dvujrapKTT| Ka9i-f) TtaiSfiia nou dnoTsXEt EVCOTIKO TCOV dv9ptbncov f\v

cpopfea, TOOO nio noXu sniKpaTEi r\) Sidanaor) Kai TOOO

nio dnoTEXEOnaTiKcoTEpri Ka9ioTaTai f| yêipaya)^r]\iEvr\.

SE uno E^dpTT|or| ouv£nco<; X^P8? (^ £^dpTT|OT| pEpaia Ka9' EauTT)SEV Eivat KOKTI (iid Kai oi ndvTEC, ouvsâpTcovTai, KUKTI slvai f|

30

£XXEi\|/T| TtpooTtTiKfji; u' auTT|) 6 poXoq TCOV «£0viKwv Kup£pvr|a£wv»Eivai £% opiauou dvT£0viKoc; Kai TETOIOC; dKpipwi; UTtflpÊ 6 poXogTWV TtpwTtov uETaTtoXEuikwv Kupepvrjaetov TÎ; ' EXXdSoq. SuvÔeoqarjuEpa yid T<X rcpdyuaTa OUTO umxpxEi rcXr|0wpa «KoivwvioXoyiKcovdvaXua£Wv» Kai awpsia «U£XETCOV», i:Xf|v CXVEU oriuaaiaq, 8iOTi TdTtpdyuaTa Elvai anXa: TO (ppEvdpiana Tfjq Ttai8fiia5 Elvat svaKa0apw<; aoTuvoniKfji; Sispyaoiai; Epyo, TO oitoiov EK (pOaEtoi; 8fevEivai TtoXuitXoKO. ' O UEV ptpXioJtwXr|<; 8£v 0d 8ia0EOT| TO pipXto (f)£K8oTiKrj dvapxia, TO TiXfjOoi; TMV xiXid8a»v n£Ta<ppdo£Wv Kai«TiTX(ov» Kai f) £XA.£i\|/r| fevoq ETticninou KaTaXoyou EKSOOECOV, 6nu>c,

EXouv oXa Td TtporiyuEva Kpatr\, OKOJIOUV vd KaXO\|/ouv TO EpyoTOCTO TOU pipXto7t(bXr|, TOU ojtoiou TO EJtdyyEXua ujrdyETai OTd «£X£U-0£pa E7cayyEXnaTa» OTIOX; rt./. TOU (papnaKOTtotou —nouXavE Kai oi 8uo!...), 6 8£ Ka0T)yt|Tr|i; av 8i8d^T| 0dKOpU(pf) TOU 'OXUHTCOU.

"ETCTI dKpipraq XfiiToupyouv TO TtpdyuaTa Kai OTO £Tcijt£8o TWVKouudTWv. Td KouuaTa 8sv Eivai dTtoTEXEauaTa KOIVCOVIKWV 8i£p-yaaicov yid vd ouyKpoTouvTai died TOUQ 67ta8ou<; TOU<; UEOW i5£wvKai JtpoypanndTwv. Eivai OTr|T£g KaTaoTdoEii; (TO dvEpoKOTEpd-

ouaTa TWV TtpoSiKTaTopiKwv KupEpviâEwv, uovov, Eivai £7tapKf|c;d7t68£i^T|), 6 8fe «Xao<;» 8id TOU doTUvouou UTtoxpfiouTai vd 8taXs!;r|sva. To TtpopXrma auvETtfflc; Eivai TCOIO nitopEi o' auTT| TTJV 81081-Kaoia vd «dvTa7toKpi0fi» OTO erciKpaTouv «£KXoyiKO auoTT)ua». Fi'auTO Kai jiovo Td ouv0T|uaTa Eivai Sia<pop£TiKd, Td «7tpoypduuaTa»6Xwv TCOV feXXriviKcov KonudTwv Eivai Td 18ia: «ArmoKpaTia»,«EooiaXiou6(;», «KoivwviKi^ AiKaioo\5vT|», «'AvditTU^ri», «nai-8£ia» KXit. AOTO Eivai dKpipox; TO «KEVO» rcoO eina\ie Ttporiyoun^vwi;.

Ti0£Tai Tcbpa eva aXXo Tcp6pXr|ua OTOV Tpono OUTOV ?f\c,

XeiToupyiai;. "Av 7:.%. EVOI; TtpwOuTcoupyoi; TpsXXaOfjKai 8iaTd^r| TOV oTpaTo vd TtETd^T) Ti<; djiEpiKaviKEi; pdoEi^

OTTIV 0dXacaa, TI yiveTai; 'E8to Td rcpdynaTa XEiTOUpyouv dXXoicoi;HEOCp Tfji;... 7toXue0via<;. ' O KpaTiKO? \ir\âma\idq SEV £7tav5pwv£Taiarc' TO KounaTa, an' TOU<; orcaSoix; TWV KOHUOTWV, dXXd drco8ia8iKaai£<;. AEV rcpETCEi vd J;£xvau£ OTI dpxf| TWVKpaTiKwv jcpayuaTwv f|Tav f| UETaKaToxiKf) dXrjTEia TCOV Swai-Xoycov, TWV XaOpeuTtopwv KXK. AuToi Ps(3aia SEV Elxav TtoXiTiKfi

ouv£i8T|Cjr|, unsSEiâv ouw? Tf|V xPn°ÔTT!Ta T*l? TETOIU? KOTO-

31

aTaor|<; T(OV. 'O KpaTiKoc; 6pyavio|ao<; ETtavSpcovETai UE jtpoocorcaKOT' ouoiav djtoXmKd, HE uovo KpiTi^pio Tr|v «60viKOTT|Ta» JTOUEXOUV (5i]X. TT)V EAATjviKfi e0viKOTT|Ta). Kai pdoei auTfjc; KioXac;TipocoOouvTai. To SsuTEpo O&OK&SEI; rcpdyua sivai TO nXf\Qoq. Oi ur|EVVOOUVTEI; Kai SiafxapTupouEvot yid Trjv ypacpEiOKpana8ianapTupovTai. 'H ypatpEiOKparia SEV ^Ttopei va imdpJ;r|

), SIOTI OKortoi; Tt|<; slvai vd Tr|pf| TO Kupspvr|TiK6 spyo dvsâp-0Ta0£po, Sr|X. vd TO TtapaXut). AUTO oTrjv

Gecopiai; ovoÊTai «£7tau£t]TiKr| noXn\.Kr\».M' ai)Tiiv, reoi) oTTipiÊTai dKpipffig OTT|V ypatpeioKpaTia, EXsyxETai

TO KupEpvrjTiKO KUK^wna Toao EK TCOV avco npoc, TO KUTW (f| Kupfep-VT)ot) SEV (iJtopEi vd «8iaTd^T|» rcoXXd), oao Kai EK TWV KOTCO npoi; TdTtdva) (OUTE 6 «Xa6i;» (iJtopEt vd npaynaTOJtoirjar) rcoXXd). Kai ETti7tA.£OV EXEl TO 7tX£OVEKTT)Ha VO HT|V (pTOlT] KUVEi^...

Z)TT|V ypacpEioKpaTia ai)TT| npEJtEi vd ouvuitoXoyiaOouv Kai oi(ir| TuitiKd SitopianEvot, onco? n.%. Srmoaioypdtpoi, «£JtiT£XiKd»EKfioTiKd KUKXwuaTa, ujtapôvTa aKpipfflq X.6y(p Tfj<; jcoXiTiKfji; Kaioxi tfJ5 EKSoTiKfji; Ttov 8paaTTipioTr|Toq, KXn. Td KOT' Eôxr|v KOTO-OTpo<psia Tfji; icoXiTiOTiKfji; 8onfj<; Etvai Pepata TO FlavETtiaT^nia,Tffiv ojtoiwv ajtoKÊiaTtKOi; CTKOTIOI; Elvai 6 EÊyxoi; TWV TTOX.ITIKWVKOHHOTOV. Oi unoKoiKECj axsoEiq SiSaoKOVTCov Kai SiSaaKOfiEvcovEK(ppd£ovTai OTr|v EacoTEpiKfi 9uaioyvconia TWV Ktipitov, f) oitoiaOKplpdJi; ElVttl TO TtpOlOV Tfjq V(/UXOXoyiKf|(; E7tl9£TlKOTT|TO(; TCOV

8i8aaKOH£vcov cbc; Jtpoi; TT|V 8i8aKTtKr) 8paoTT]pi6TOUI;. 'fie, Geanoi drtOTEXouv Td «7tXaiaia» Tfji; £Jtiar)|iouTiKfj? TtoXiTiKfji;, f) OTtoia ETCI SEV HJiopfit vdaXXoico? Ttapd uovov KOT' dvTiaTOixiav Jtpoi; amit TtoO ^spouv vdSiSdoKouv ot Ka6r|yr|T£(; OTU Oav/jiia. Oi SiaSiKaoiEi; eîXoyfji; TWV

rcapanEVOuv Pfipaia Ka9' 6XoKXr|piav ayvcooTEi; (f) «ouuu£ToxTi»TCOV dviSscov (poiTr)Tcov eî)7tr)p£TEi TOUI; dpxfj0Ev OKOJCOUI; TCOVFlav/nicov TUOU jtpoEiTtanE), TEÔIJUEVEI; (isacp «£itiTpO7icov», dyvc!)-OTCOV yeviKcoTEpov KpiTTjpicov, rTEpi TCOV 6jtoicov f) au£rJTr|ar) 6dE^PXETO KOTO iioXu TCOV TtXaioicov TOU TtapovToi;. FlaXatoTEpa, asKOT' EÔXTIV «E6viKfj<; ormaaia<;» TtavEmaTrmtaKsg aôXkCj, onac, f\, T6 TIOOOOTOV TCOV yr|y£vco<; 5iopio0EVTCov Ka0T|yr)Tcov,

SrjX. TCOV nrj EXOVTCOV KOIUEI TO «5oKTOpd» TOU<; OTT|V dXXoSaTtrj,Elvat Ci1Tr|ua av ÊJtEpvouoe TO 5% (EX.. 0. Zr\ar\: «'O "Ay. Fpriy. 6

32

FIaXana<;», 1985, OE. 58 — Kaitoi pfepaia dSiKax; KpiveTai arcoKOUC; TO yEyovoq, Sum oi &v9pco7ioi auToi, EV avTiGsoEi npbc, Td TTJ<;

orinepov, etyav v' dvTiHETCorcioouv a'k'kt.q, KaTaoTdosic; Kai ETtpETtEvd EXOUV Kdrcoiav ETtacpf) HE Tf|v SUTIKT) GEoXoyia). Zrinepa oi \ir\? KdvEi TO StSaKTOpiKO TOU<; OTT|V ctk\o8anr\i OTO

SdKTuXa: EâipEOEiq yid vd ETripspaiouv TOV Kavova OTI f\ EXXd8aEÊI HEV Ilav/nia, 5ev Eivai ojiox; EIC, Qiar\v KpdToi; vd TO EJIOV-

8pa)OT|. Fid Tfiv 7tX.£iovoTr|Ta E^ ai)Twv — dJT£<pdv9T| jtpocKpdTax; f)

EtpTinEpiSa «Ka6T)|iEpivT|» — , Eivai ^Ttma av (iTropouv vd Qe(£>pr\-9oOv «n£Tpi(oi; KOTOXOI tf\c, nr|TpiKfjq TWV

f| TiapaTripTiOTi, (aid Kai ÊpoÊ OTI KI' Eva<; UTt^Kooc; tfj?HitopEi vd pdXr| of|H£pa i)irov|/r|(pi6TT|Ta POUA.EUTOV)Kai vd

TI TtEpiitou Eivai f) 8onf) TOU £>.XT)VIKOO KpaToix;, oi

o\uoc, TCOV aiticov TTH; (p9dvouv 710X11 âKpuTEpa aTf|v 'loTopia. S'auTE<; dKpipcoi; 7tpoo7ta9oun£ vd pi^cojiE oXiYOV (pwg sSco. "AvTEXiKcoi; 6X.a TOUTO HETarcoXEniKak; KaTCOp9(i)9t|oav, Eivai SIOTI r\ EKK>.T|aia Tfj^ ' EXXdSog, nio9dYKtova (TIYOUV [it SIOTOÊK; TOU

KOIVOU TtowiKoC 5iKaiou) «%eipay(oyr\\ikvr[», d7t£T£A.£a£ TOV (popfea

TWV HETa7toX£|iiKcov TouTcov E7UY.£ipiia£(i)v. To auv9T||ia f|Tav «'EX-Xr|voxpiaTiavi0n6<;», 8r|A.a8f| — (iid Kai 6 «feXXr|vian6(;»TiXaiata TOU CUYKEKPIHEVOU KpdTouq fJTav KOTI Td fej;

dopioTo — TEîKd «XpioTiavia(i6(;», TsXiKd f| 'or^nEpa SIEKSIKEI TOV «(popsa TOU "E9vou<;» xcopig vd

JTOOO 9avdainr| Eivai TOUTT| f) OUÊU^T). Ka96>.ou £KJtXr|KTiK6 ETOI

Ttou OTTIV TfiXEUTaia Jtpoa7id9Eia dvaTtapaYWYfl? tfl? «e9viKfJ? iSfio-XoYia<;» (ie TOV «VEO|iapîon6», ETOUTT) dvfeXapE TOV poXo TTJI;

«5iavooun£vr|<; 6(id8a<;». Kai Ka96Xou Tuxaio, pfepaia, OTI TO GEoXo-YiKd TipdYnaTa (ioidÊi vd ecpuyav afinEpa arco TOUC; 9£oX6you<; Kai

Touq 7tajtd8£<;, KaTaXfiyovTai; OTd TtEpioSiKd «Kou>iToupa<;», depot)otd itXaioia TOU «"E9voui;» enpEne ai)Td vd yivouv f) «dvTi7io-

E 8£8O(I£VT| «OUH7toXlT£UOT|» TOV «Aia(pCOTlO(l6»...

d 6Xa TOUTO GETOUV TO Hp6pXr||ia icspi TOU £iSou<; Tfji;

'EXXd8o<; cbi; KpdTouc; Tfj<; EOK. 'Yitapxei Tdxa aXXo KpdToq TTJI;EOK, nou vd (aitaivouv oi TrandSei; OTO KoivopouXia Kai vdyouv KupepvôEii;; 0d aîÊ £8co vd stye Kavsii; di:dvTT|or|,

e

53iA9dXodxnrl srl noioA noxiioiuodns noi SsdwX so «A(03oUAd3{)axAroxuoiYBiooQ" 5<03£>nd§i0n:x/,3 5Ui UDBioxng U-îin SUxiiiYou5noA03ig 5a>3/t\9iiio oitn — wrlrlox UgU AfflAdsdjOX 01 'OYY» oj_

-o0do< SidcoX rnrloAoxio ^ Urlnx »A isdoiiri bcorlo TX 'SU5Ui U/.o)/.»Q}3 Alii «3ocod 3t0n5i » 'pxiisdocbnig Uri»x »A

Lirl 5oo/_9Y bnoYyoit oun 'nMiond) ID^ '(^"StloAnX \L 3tlo5}gd3>i»noi ogsiiiiis 010 AnoX,U '«»>nioi^diorl» •••»rl30 Aoyo 01 somoaodnu

'5911039 SoMiiasYnojjoAlox SorlirloA 5nA3 A»iU n0 Uinn

aod>r> 'SodsiDidy. 5Li SUXoAn SliMi/loYosgi 5Ui mosAoXdnan '5noumd0An SidroX pji Ssrlog noi 53i»Yiou 5ii 91:0 ADIDQO

5oi»rlo»X QOI nrliio0ip{) 01 :l»i pian UgU noit oinn53iaoi oiin U no 3rlnA3T

5UoiA3gUrl>i3 SUMiiouiYoai »d» TDM f)U>tiooa)Y/l 5Ui loinoini oitn jo ndnii U^» IDAJS A3g aoir 'aoiyfjifj noi U>iiinrl30 ADIOQO

«norloo>i no3A» noi

01 A3g '«o>uao{OY/l» AQA A9i nU 5»rl «53i3iU6odii» 53D130-Uddodu 5ii srlnAOMS AOModX »>i3gA3 odii

U/Ui)/U)Ano AUi mL »i3Mdp IIOAJS ADondsi: noii »iA9dX n/Liy ni '010 Uoli/ldnoiisY »A iniisModii Aotwii ninx U 'AroiBd>i 5»iUi9Aio>tbUxjniicodns 3Ui 5oy3rl 5m noi fnsorosdXoun !>u Sodii bm

10A IBM U0ldXOH101Ap sA 303dOlitl —

IDX bDiAoyosg} bUxiicodU^xoô 5oipdx -yUg — oj

5oi»dx bra ngny^H, U ndmi 00911 WID>J -oAdnoiin0(odij AOI srlSniindxorlUy 5Ui 5odg39du 9 U0o»diorl 13X3 AOI nUyiond noiAOI aoit OAorl 'bnisîoDjj iii3 IDX AniU niouo isAsrlndnunoi Uriog U ngp^yg , AUi^ -niA9dX oun »A3rioit10nd AnoXdpiin bsdroX

AIO Anirl Anjjnys 5eoi»6oodnnoi 5t3DU0ioii3

-Ud0» 5ii 5odn UXoAp Smyun ^^V «»}3xoUd0 UrlUo)ii3»A3g 5mxn»r1A»iAno) noi 9>iig AOI 5oind^ 01 pox 5Ui odroX AOI

3X13 DioU^xxg^ U '

34

HovoTtcoXfja£i<; TTJC, Eôuoiac. and 6£îd Ko^naTa f\o f|Tav vd EUTtXaKfj <Ttic, 5ia5iKaoi£C. TOU poXou TOU. Eup£-

6r|K£ ETCH (IE KOTtoio «Ttpoypanna» rrou TOU E7tpo(if|0£U£ aUTO<; 6

poXoq, xcopig 6|icoc. Kai mav dvTi<TTOixr| ISsoXoyia yid Tic. siSiKEc;EXXriviKEC, ouvOfJKEC. XfiiToupyiac. TOU. 'ISEoXoyia TOU ujtf)p^£ 6

ysviKfjc, XP1!0510? "dycbvac; yid TT|V Ar)noKpaTia» —EV TcpoKEijiEvcp dito TOV «dycova KaTd tr\c, XouvTai;» —,HEVO<; HE Td dvEKTd dreo yEviKWTEpT)^ TtoXiTiKfji; TPITOKOCJUIKCI ouv9f|-HOTa TtEpi "feOviKfji; dv£âpTTiaiac», Kara'k'kr\X(ocl auv5uac|i£va HE

tic, ysviKEt; dpxE<; Tfjg yuxoXoyiai; TWV na^wv. Td rtpdynaTa yi' auTo9d dKoXouOouoav (iidv KOI' dvdyKr|v dvTiaTpo(pr] (i£Tpr|or|: TITIOTEdTto Td Eâyy£X96vTa SEV 9d unopouaE vd TtpayfiaTOTcoiTJar), Si(5Ti,|i£aa aTiq dJtaiTTJaEn; Tf|c, TpiTOKoaniKfjg Pupivai;, 9d EKaTEpaÊ TO

KpdTO^ OTOV «Xao». 0d ETTETPETCE TJTOI Tf|v dvappixr|ar| aTii;KpaTiKEC. EôuaiEg Jipoowrccov Kai (7Tpo)^dta)v d7rpoa8iopiaTouXatKfji; Tcpo£X.£uoE(Oi; (f) EVVOIO TOU «aycMcrtfj» Ka9iaTa rtEpiTTdaXA.a Kpur)pia), Td oitoia cog TETOIU — JIE (piXo5oî£i; «dv66ou» Kaiapa OTEpr|(iEva dvTiaTdoewv Kai paxoKOKKaXiai; — 0d Ka0ioTouoavTOV KpaTiKO urixaviajio KOT' dvdyKT|v urtoxsipto TCOV «6nd8covEôuaia?», 6T)X. TCOV copyavconEvcov crufitpEpovTcov. KpdTOi; KaiKOIVCOVIKCOI; copyavconEva oujicpepovTa KaTEOTT|aav EJti TCOV t)H£pcov\iaq TtpdynaTa iooSuvana Kai dXXT|X.o£X£yx6nEvaK9'. 'H EocoTEpiKf)

a, 8r|Xa5f| EKEivr) nou 5fev ujtopdXX.ETai drco TOV i8id-ovTfji; 'EXXd8o<; oTiq 8iE9vEi<; OXEOEK;, djtoTE>iEi oTa9sp6Tf|<; 'EXXaSoc. TCOV f)n£pcov nag, oJtcoi; Kai 6 Tporroc.

XprjaEcoi; TTJI; AiKaioauvr|c. — \ar\; rtpocpavcoi;

emar\ôv \iico\) — yid Tf)v ETtiXuoT) KOIVCOVIKCOV JiKa96Xou EKTTXTIKTIKO ETOI, TO Konjia EXEV TcTiSia ouvOrJuaTa cog

KupEpvr|OT| TTOU EIXE cbc; dvTi7toXiT£i)aT|, OTtcog Emar\<; TtpcoTocpavrjq,jtXf|v EuX6yco<; EpfiriVEUonEVTi dito T<X Ttapa^dvco, Kai r\a

£X.X£i\|/T| rcpoocoTtcov Ttou avTijiETCOTtiÊi OTOIX; KoXrtouc, TOU. Mid

EXX£i\)/r|, f) OTtoia, JtEpav tfj^ dvTavaKXdaEcbi; TT)I; ETti TOU 9Eanou if\q

OpOESpiai;, TO KOT' EÔXT|V TtpopXrma TIOU 0£T£i Elvai TO ir\c, iKavo-TT)Tog auTo5ioiKrja£CO<; TCOV " EXXr|vcov EVTOC. (iiag EVCOHEVTH; Eu-pcoTtr|i;. To TtoXiTiKO Ttpoypanna TOU napovTog KO|iaToc, slvai KOT'

ouaiav TO itpoypaujxa Kai oi EâyyEXiEq Tf)<; itpoSiKTaTOpiKfjq'ApioTspai;, Tfji; OTtoiai; uio0£TT|a£ Kai TOV TtoXiTiKo-KoivcoviKO

35

TT|V «y£VT|d TOU 15%» (X£ TOU<; TCOIT|T£<; TT|<; TWV X«H£V(OV

EUKaipiwv... 'H itaXaid 6|Kt><; 'ApiaTepd fJTav KOT' dvdyKT|v Eva«dvTian£piKaviKfj<; TtoXmKf)<; dvEKtwv 6p(a>v». To Kupspvwvdvf|yay£ TOV «dvTian£piKavia(i6» as £Ttiar||io TcoXmKfj EVTOC;

TWV TtXatoioov Tfjc; SUUKTIC; avunayiac,. "Av P^pata feSw Ti9£Tai EvaTtpopXrma, ai)T6 Eivai rtEpi T<Bv dvTiKEi|i£viKW<; XEiToupyouvTwvSESoêvcDV [iiac, TETOICK; TtoXiTiKfji;: Elvai f| dvTi5v)TiKf| \|/i>xocn3v9£ar|TOU VEOfiXXriviKou opyavionou t) f| «(ptXEXXt|viKfi» ôXiTiKr| tfjq

EvavTi ir\c, ' EXXd8o<;; ZTO paaiKO TOUTO 9sna 9d ETtpsitE vdpfeBaia Kdnoia * AXXayr), EV O\|/EI TWV HEXX.OVTIKWV OXEOEWV

' EXXd8oi; Kai AOorn;, aXXd f) ' AXXayf) npoi; KCXTI TETOIO 7ipou7iE9£T£Tfiv dXXayf) Suo dXXwv TipayndTcov: Tf)v dnaXXayf| duo Toug ifipaTto-

Tfj<; yXwooac; KI' an' TOU<; pipXioTtwXEi;. ZTOU<; Suo auToui;TO Kupspvcov KOfifia, 6/1 novo dXXayf| SEV EKOUE — Ka96Xou

pEpaia EUKoXt|, EiSiKd OTOUI; TOUEII; auTOUi;, cmo oiavSfJTtoTE Kupfep-

vr|ar| — , dXXd, jcXrjpax; SEOJIIO TWV vor|(idTWv Jtou EJIEOWPEUOE ETCITWV TOÊWV auTwv f| TtaXaid ' ApioTEpd Kai wg i8£oXoyiKf| auviaTa-

) Touq, EKaXXi£pyr|a£ KupioXfiKTiKd TO xdoc;^.vd Tcpoo6Ear| KOVEIC;, TCOCTO Tcpoxwpr|a£ f|

OE TOUTT|V Tr|v Tportr) Trji; JtapaXuTiKfji; SiaSiKaaiai; TOU'O oSoaTpwTfjpaq Eivai pfepaia TO «yXwoaiKo». Ot rtoXi-

TIKOI Jiou TtaXaioTEpa EpXETtav «VEE<; EKKivf|CEi(;» HE TT|V «EVTa^r|»,or)|i£pa ^r|ToDv «E7ciTpoJt£<;» yid TT|V «yXwaaa», yaxvouv 8fj6£v vd«KaTaXoyrioouv £i)9uv£i;» fj, T£Xo<; rtdvTwv, (XEOW TOU «yX(oaatKou»vd TtapanEivouv OTTIV ETticpdvEia TOU v(/r|(po0T|piKou opiôvToc;...«Ar|noTiKiaT£<;» jtdXi EKTtaiSEUTiKoi, 7tiKpa|i£voi 'iowi; TCOU SEV

Eywav dKaSrinaiKoi, |if| ÊpovTai; Jiou vd «^saTtdaouv» Kai £r|-TWVTO? £îX£wa£i<; yid TOV TpoTto TCOU aic9dvovTai |i£oa TOUC; TCIrtpdynaTa (TEXIKWCJ OTIC; iSsoXoyiKEc; «TOTto9ETiia£i<;» jtaiôuv KaiXoyoi dvaTpotpfjc; KOTO Tf|v 7tai8iKT| f)XiKia Eva oopapo poXo), auvi-OTOUV «KpaTiK<x n£Tpa» yid TOV Tpoito itou oi VEOEXXr|V£c; TTJC;af|H£pov 9d HTcopEoouv vd auvSudaouv TO Tpta ypdnnaTa «y», «a»Kai «u» aTf|v KOTO TO SUVOTOV (puaiKfj TOU<; EKtpopd... Kai oi «EîX£w-a£i<;» pfepaia 8ev Elvai SUVOTOV vd TtpospxwvTai rcapd drco TT|V«dv£TcdpKEia» Tfjc; «jtaXaiac; Ka6apEuouor|c;»... — Eva TtpayjiaaXXwoTE Ttou ditT|ax6Xr|a£ Kt' EHUI; OTO Ttpoava(p£p9£v pipXio nac;...

36

To rtpopXrma ojiox; Eivai: oi «ounpouX£uovT£<;» TIOIO spyo Td%a

EXouv vd £TtiS£i!;ouv Ttpoc; TOU? «ounpouX£uon£vou<;» itEpav and

dp6pa oTi<; £(pr)(i£pi5£i;; AEV Elvai Ttapd£,£vo TIOU TtpcoToaTaTouv oi«£8p£c; AoyoT£/via<;» OTi<; EndXÊii; TOO «yX<BaoiKou», 8r|X. oi ESpsi;TTJI; Ka9' EOUTO SrHiooioypacpiKfji; SpaoTr)pioTr|Toc; Kai TWV «Kpi-

TIKWV OT)HElO)HdT(OV» TTJC; «OK£V(/T]C; TfflV TlOir|TCQV», TJTOl oi fiSpEq tf\C,

TiapaitoXiTiKfji; SpaoTT|pi6Tr]To<; OTOV xwpo tf\c, i

Md 6Xa TOUTa Pfipaia KdnoiEi; pa6uT£p£c; KOIVCOVIKEI; Kai IOTO-KaTaycayfji; aiTisi; EÔUV, Ttou SEV 9d 5uaKoX£u6fj 6 dvayvw-

oTr|<; vd dv£upt| OTO KEIJIEVO Ttou dKoXoi)0£i. Kai OTO OTIHEIO TOUTOEivai 'ioui; Ttou TO (iiKpo TOUTO TtovT||ia cpiXo5o^£i vd TtpooÊpr) (iidv£iSo7toir|cr|: av 6Xa TOUTO Etvai dKO(ir| 8uvaTd, SEV 9d Ttapa|i£ivouvTEToia Kai OTO HEXXov dcpou f\» TOU feXXriviKou /wpou9d Xdprj KOT' dvdyKtiv VEEI; ôptpEi;.

"Ooo Ttbpa yid TOIH; «yXcoaao6£T£<;», (iid KI' auToi SEV ^fepouvTtw^ 9d «ouoouv» Tf)V yXwooa ait' TO «yXcoooiKO», 9d Touq TIOUHEEHEII; Ttoao dnXa ^TropEi vd Xu9f| 8id TtavToi; TO «yXcoooiK6Ttp6pXr)|ia: (IE TO vd pydXouÊ TTJV Xfe^r) «auy6» OTO AriHoy^cpiona!"Oaoi TO 9EXouv «d>6v», Eva... oiKOTt£8o, 6001 TO GfeXouv «auyo»,

dXXo KI' 6001 TO 9£Xouv «dpyo», Eva TpiTo. 'Yrtdpxsi oiyoupa HidHEpiSa ' EXXi^vcov Ttou SEV Touq TtEipdÊi TO «dpyo», yiaTi SEVyXcoaoiKd dvTavaKXaoTiKd — KI' auTii Elvai Kai f)

piSa ' EXXrjvwv. I' auTouq'ioax;, OTICOI; Kai OTfjvToupKia, E

Kai f) XP!1OT1 TOU XUTIVIKOU dXcpapf|Tou v' dTtoTEXEor|TtpaynaTiKf| SiEUKoXuovri. 'YTtdpxouv o^(oc, KI' aXX£<;£XXr|vio|iou yid TIQ OTtoisi; TO «c66v-dpy6» dTtoTEXEi KaTdcpopt)TtapapiaoT] KdGE £vvoia<; «dv6pcoTtiv(ov 8iKai(ondT(ov» Kai (idXioTa

EVTO<; TfJ5 EUpaiTtaiKfii; TtEpioxfii;. ^£y eivai pspaia TU%aio — onax;E^T|yOU(iE OTO KEljiEVO - TtOU oi «8T1HOTIKIOTIKE(;» TtpWTopouXlE?,

TtpoEpxovTai KOT' EÔXT|V dno TTJV popsia ' EXXdSa. KaTavooujiE(puoiKd TO Ttp6pXt)na, nd SEV Eivai TOUTO — Td TtEipdâTa JJE TrjvyXwooa 8t|Xa8f| — Ttou uTtopEi vd Xuar) TO EXXTJVIKO TtpopXriâ OTOauvoXo TOU. ME TO... «Armo\(/TJ(pio|ia» Td TtpdyjiaTa TaKTOTtoiouvTaiaTtXa. Kai Ttpo<; ocpfiXoi; (puoiKd TOU ' EXXr|vio(iou, SIOTI Ttpocpavan;OUTO<; (id? EvSiatpEpEi KI' oxi f\a JIE TOUI; «yXwoaoX6you<;»

TT|<;. KdTi TETOIO SEV 6d Eivai HOVO TaKTOTtoiT|OT| Tfj<; ' EXXd8o<; cb^

37

Ttpoc; TT|V EupcoTtri, d'X/ux — Kai Kupicoq — Kai Tfji; Eupcbitri^ cog

TT|V ' EXXd8a.

(B)

«IIavayia [too!TOV Aaifiov //ac0.

ZTO TtpcoTO LiEpoi; TOU KEILIEVOU Ttou aKoXouGei, TtpoaroxGouLiE

' dpxf|v vd SEI^COLIE TTJV paaiKf| ioTopiKf) 5iaoTpa)|idTcoar| TOU

£XXr|viaLiou TOU TcapsXGovToi;. AUTO icou and TO a/oXEio LidGaLie —

Ttspi TWV Xoyoov Ttou KdTtoiEi; (popfei; 5fev LiTtopsaav oi ToupKoi vd

«EîcrXaLit0ouv» TOUC; "EXXrivE^ — Eivai OTI «Bp£0r)Kav OTT|V

' Av5piavoi)7toXTi» 8uo «u7tEpyr|poi» ToupKoi, Ttou ep£paici)oav

OTOUI; KaTOTtivoix; SouXTavouc; Td TtpovoLiia TOU McodLiEG itpog TOV

TEwdSvo. AUTO pfepaia Eivai TtapaLiuGia, Ttpoocpufj Icax; aTtOKui]-

LiaTa LLia<; Kupiapôuarn; iSeoXoyia^ Ttou SEV KaTdcpepE vd OUVTO-

vioOfi LIE Ta ioTopiKd vornittTa TCOV vECOTEpcov aicbvaiv. Tov 'EXXr]-

viaLio ioTopiKa TOV §ieTr|pria£ dcp' EVO^ LIEV TO yEyovoi; OTI Kaia'iva

(LLlKp6) TLlflLia TOU LiTtOpEOE VO EVOCOLLaTCoGfj OTli; lOTOplKEq Kttl

TtoXiTioTiKsq 8vaSiKaa(£<; Tf)<; BEVETIKTJI; ArnioKpaTiai; Kai acp'

ETEpou f] TtoXiTiKf) 5paaTT]pi6Tr|Ta if\c, Pwaova? LIE tr\v 'O0. AUTO-

KpaTopia. "Eva aXXo E7tiar|(; GEjia Ttou dvaTtTuoasTai — KaGwi; VOLU-

iÔLiE yid TtpcoTr) (popd — sivai TO GELIO ' EXXrivioLiou Kai 'laXdii. AEV

Eivai yvwaTo av f) KaTd Kaipoug |i£TapXr|Tfi EIKOVO Ttou EIÊ 6 supw-

TtaiKoq KOOLIOI; yid TO 'laXciLi (6X. n.y_. TO TtpmTO K£<pdXaio OTO

auXXoyiKO epyo: J. Schacht-C. E. Bosworth, «Das Vermachtnis des

Islams», 1983, TOLI. 1, asX. 23-81) d)8r|yr|a£ TeXiKd os LU<X KaTav6r)ar|

TOU ioXa|IlKOU KOOLIOU TtOU vd dvTlOTOl/fi O£ Llld OT|Ll£plvf| TO)V

TtpayLidTcov KaTdaTaar|. AIKO Liag 0£ita sSco Eivai vd E^r|yr|0(OLiE, TIWI;

ouvEpr) Kai 6 «£XXr|viaLi6q», EKTtpoacoTtouLiEvoi; JtdvTa dno LIEIOVO-

Tr|T£(; Ttou itiXouaav EXXrjviKd Kai ppiGK6|i£V£<; afe TtoXi) UTtEpTEpa

TtXrjGuaLiiaKd Kai dXXoTpia auvoXa, KaTcopGcoaE &c, orJLiEpa vd

ETtipiuoT) Kai LidXioTa «dX6pr|To<;». 'H dTtdvTr|ar| noi) 8ivoLiE sivai

OTI 6 «kXXr|viaLi6(;» cbi; ai>aTr||ia iSswv Kai KoaiioGECOpia 8fiv f|Tav

UTt60£ar| TCOV feXXr|vo<pcbvcov (iovo, dXXd E^ dpxfji; (lid «8i£6viOTiKf|»

iSsoXoyia, f) oTtoia dyKdXiaÊ 6XoKXr)pov TOV KOO)IO TTJ^ MEOO-

yEiou (Bu^dvTio, Auor) Kai LIEOTI ' AvaToXf)) Kai TOU oitoiou OUIOTE-

38

A.OUOE TOV TtoA-iTioTiKo (pop£a. FIpooTtaOounE SriXaSf)KaXuTspa uidv iSfia Jtou EKcppdaajie Kai OE aAAo Ttp6o<paTo BiBXio

na<;, Ttspi Tfji; «dpxaia<; £AAr|viKfic;» Katayuyfji; TOO 'IoA.au, KaiPUOEI TOUTOU vd £!;T|yiiaa>u£ (bpionEva q>aivon£va Tfjc; kXXr|viKfjqioTopiag. STT|V Sianopqxoori TOU OEOUOU T<BV KOIVOTTITWV ir.x-Eitaiâv dvan(piopf|TT|Ta poXo TO E0i|iiKd jtA.aioia TWVEi:oiKTioE(ov KOTO Toug «aKOT£ivou<; aiwv£<;», DHOX; TT^V5ianop<p(ocjTJ TWV rtpETtEi vd TT\V dvayvwpiawnE JIEOW TOU8ioTi rcpoi; OUTO E8iv£ TOV dyrova ujtdpÊax; TOU TO Bu^dvTio Kai Jtp6<;auTO ETtpETtE v" aTtoKTiôT) (iidv JtapaXA.t|Xia KOIVWVIKTJI; Sonfji; ax;

dvTiaTaoT). BdoEi auTfji; TTJI; OTtTiKfji; £^T|y£iTai a"n£oa f) GPTJOKEU-TiKf) dvoxf) TOU 'loXdja npoc, aXXs<; 6pr|aK£UTiK£c; HEIOVOTTITEI; (yiaTiST))L. auTo «Eypd(pT| OTO Kopdvi» — (be, yvwaTov TO 'IoA.au £>)?0pr|OKEia SEV EÊI avdyKt) duo isparuooToXoui;, 5i6Tt KaWmTEi TOEpyo TOU<; dKptpwi; (IE TT|V iSfioXoyiKT) TOU dv£î9pr|OKEia) Kai i5iai-TEpa Ttpoi; lie, xptotiaviKEi; Tfjq |J£OT|<; 'AvaToXflq, oi OTIOIEI; 9dXpt|oin£uoouv ioTopiKd odv «8iaouv8EO£ii;», jrpoK£i(i£Vou vd (iT|v

8iaKO7ifj f) ioTopiKf) ouvEXEia Tfji; dvaToXiKfji; MEaoydou 5id Tfji;'O6. AuTOKpaTopiaq Kai vd «Sa>ar)» TEX.IKW<; 6 MaxiîsO TO «npo-vonia» OTOV TtoTpiapxr) TEwdSio. ©EÔUHE vd TtoujiE SEV TOU TO«E8(oa£», aXXd Td nfjpE. Kai TO TtfjpE ioTopiKd, airovsc; Ttpiv TtEor) f|

"Av Pspaia TO 'laXdfi Elvai (iid «dpxaiO£XXr|viKfi»TOTE Kai f| 'O6. AuTOKpaTopia SEV Elvai rrapd OUVEXEIO TOU Buâv-tiou. ETOV TtapovTa aiwva EniXrioav oi iaTopiKoi ytd «Bu^dvTioHETO TO Bu^dvTio», £v(B 8£v £X,Ei\(/av TtaXaioTEpEc; anoyeic, TtouSiEKpivav Tf|v oujicpuf) (puot| 'EXXr|vionou 'AvaToXfji;, OTUOX; TT.X.TOU E.-M. Roeth, 6 orcoiog dvEKaXuTtTE Tig KaTapoXEi; TTJI; £XXr)viKfi<;(piXooo(piaq OTi<; aiyurtTiaKEi; KaTOKOnpsg, f] TOU J. Braun, 6 ojtoiot;dTtEKOTEOTTlOE TT)V £XXt|VlKf) T£XVT| OTf|V dolOTlK'n TT|i; KaTay(Oyf|.

KOVTO o' auToix; TtpsTtEi Pfipava vd irpoa9£O(0(i£ Kai TOV J.-P.Fallmerayer, TOV UEyaXuTEpo "ioco<; (piX£XXr)va itou U7r"rjp^£ TTOTE.AUTO TCOU siSs TOTE 6 Fallmerayer OTVI; TtpooTtd9£t£<; Tfjc; P(oooia<;,fJTav OTI fflSriyouaav OE nia SidoTaot) ' EXXr|vionou Kai 'OTT|V SidKpiori «'EXX.dSo<;-' Aoia<;», r\a HE Td TOTE

Tfji; EUpwrtaiKfji; ioTopiai; 9d wSriyouoE otr|v KaTaoTpocpf) EVOI;ioTopiKou |it|xavio(iou aiwvwv OTOV x™P° TT)? voTioavaToXiKfji;

39

MEOoysiou. Kai SEV eXd0£V|/£. «' AcpfiaTE, TtaprjyyfiXXE TOTE OTO

EUpamaiKd dvaKTopouXia, TOV 'nsyaXov da0evfj' <rtr|v TUXTJ TOU Kai0d iSfiTE Ttcfx; (iTtopEi TtoXi) ouvTojia va dvapp(bat)». Mr\n(oq

ai)TO SEV fJTav f) yvcbur) Kai (iia? (aepiSai; ' EXXiivtov;

"AXXd 6 Fallmerayer doxoXEuai KUpicoc; HE TOV HEKOT' ouoiav £XXr|vion6, ev<S oi aXX£<; dit6v|/£i<; aTtoTEXouv ouoia-

«£TtavaTOTto0£TT|OT|» TOU Ei8ou<; EKEIVOU Tfj<; «' EXXd8o(;» Ttouf| EUptOTtaiKT) ETtlCJTllHTl T(OV TtEpaOHEVWV aitOVWV, 8t|X. TT(V

«'E>.Xd8a» JCOU 7tpOU7t£0£T£ TO SlKO TT|5 «7tEplOTaTlKO TTJi; (plXoOO-

(piai;». 'An' ai)Tf|v TT|V «'EXXd5a» (b<; TO paoiXfiia TTJI; TpaitE-ÔUVTOI; £H(piXox(op£i Eva KEVO 1500 xpovwv TtspiTtou. 'H «'EX-Xd5a» Pspaia auTT| £7ta\|/E TtoXi) vwpii; va UTtdpxt| yid TOIN;«"EXXT)V£?» — KI' &q, arJHEpa yid TOU<; crmEpivouc; dKOna SEVUTtdpXEi, JtapaHEpvConEvwv TCOV Xoycov itou Tr|V ETttpdXXouv cb<; iSEO-Xoyta —, dcpou Eauv£xia0T|K£ uito aXXfig nop(p£? TtaiSfiiai;. npoaTta-0OU(a£ XoiJIOV KUTtCOi; TllO OUV0ETIKCI OTO KfiinEVO VO l8oUH£ TtCOQ

£OuvExio0T|KE auTt) f) «'Apxaia 'EXXd8a» Kai 6 TtoXiTiano<; TtouauTr| Ttp^yayE OTOUI; x^pouq ri\c, MEOTJI; h£yo\i£vr\c, 'AvaToXfii;,Sr^X. vd TtapaKoXou0iiacone Tf|v icTopiKT| auvuTtap^r) TCOV KoajicovTtoi) £Sr)nioupyr|aE. ' O EXXr)vian6i; ETOI aTi^ OECOPTJOEK; UUTEI; SEVnapouoidÊTai odv KUTI TO HovoSiaertaTO (sva «£0vo<;» ' EXXi^vcov,Tiou (iiXdEi Tr|v sXXr|viKf| yXcoooa Kai auvTt|p£i TOV «£XXr|viK6 TtoXi-TIO(IO» r\V UTtEpaaniÊi dito KdTtoio EiSoi; «pappdpcov»), dXXd odvnoXXaitXfi ioTopiKf) 8ia|i6p<pcooT| Kara ouvoXa, dvdXoya HE Ti<;ouv0f|K£<; auvuTtap^T|(; TCOV KOOJICOV dnoppofji; TTJI; EXXT|viKf)(; dpxaio-

I;. Td fiXXriviKd EKTOI; dit' Touq puâvTivoi)<; auTOKpdTopEi;, TO

Kt" 6 'AptKEvva^. Ki' OTI Td fjÊpE KoXuTspa, SEV xwPEid(i(ptpoXia, ormaoia ojicoi; EXEI OTI -pTav UTIOXPECOHEVOI; vd TO Jjspr)KOTO TOV ISlOV TpOTIO TtOU f)TaV l)TtOXpECO(I£Va VO TO HtXoUV Kai TO

sXXr|viKd ouvoXa Tfji; (j£ooy£iaKfj<; TtEpioxfji;.

AUTO 6Xa Ttpocpavcoi;, yid vd dv£pEUviiocon£ TO «uXiKo» and TOOTtovo EitpETtE vd aTtoTEXsoOfi f) ouyxpovT) ' EXXdSa cbi; KpdTOi; —Tipayna Ttou 5ia5panaTi^£i Kai TOV Kupiapxo poXo OTT|V

tr\c, —, dXXd Kai yid vd iSoujiE itcoc; EyKa0i8pu0r|K£Td KpdToq. To 0£na Ttoi) 0d Ttapa^£V£\|/r| itoXi) OE TOUTO TO

io Elvai TO 0£|Kt TOU «ncoan£0aviKou aToixeiou». AEUE KOI XEÊia yid Tr|v «£XXr|viKf| ' E;tavdoTaar|», (id ai)TO TCOU SEV 0EXou|iE

40

vd XEUE slvai on ai>Tf| ÊKIVTIOE and Evav ncoa|i£9av6. Kdrcoia auiacpuoiKd £X£i TOUTO. To £rJTr|na TOUTO TOU «|icoan£9aviKou OTOIXEIOU»GETEI Suo TtpopXfJuaTa: TtpwTov ti£V yiau TO XEÊ. X' auTO f) dicdv-

TT)ofj |ia<; TtpEitei vd Eivai xropi? uTtovooujiEva: SIOTI'EXXd8a (iidv 'EKKXr|aia !;£xcopioTf| arco TO KpaTo<;.vd ÊPCOUE av TO KpaToi;, dvEâpT^Tox; HE itoio K6(i|ia

UTtopsi |i6vo TOO, XwPi? tpopfea TT|V 'EKKXtjoia Kai TO «"E6vo<;», vdPpfj evav ouvToviano npoi; TOV auyxpovo KOO(.IO, f| ^r\nu>c, 9d TtpETtsivd TtpoKuvyouv, DXI |i6vo yid Tf|v ' EXXdSa dXXd Kai yid TOV ysviKcb-TEpov x^po Tfj<; civaToXiKfjq MEOoyEioi), VEOU siSoui; TtpopXrinaTi-onoi. MsydXri f| drcopia TOU Kopafj, f| TOOT) O7tou8f| v' avaKr)pux6fjf) «6p968oÔ(; matic,» feniKpaTouoa 9pt|aK£ia TOU KpdToui;, d|i£aco<;HoXii; f| 'ErcavdoTaori (i£T£(p£p9r| Eiti ri£X/oiaKou feSdcpoui; (BX.«AidXoyoi; 8£UT£po<; rtEpi TCOV sXX. aun9Ep6vTcov», 1827, asX. 58).

'Aitopia pfepaia jiEydXr) |i£aa aTa TOTE 8£8o|a£va TTJI; 'EK'ka&oc,, TOOTtoia dvayKaôuv Kai Tov'i8iov TOV Kopafj, Ttap' 6Xov TO opaîaTfji; «dpxaiai; 'EXXd8o<;», vd |i£TaaTfj OE oitaSo TTJI;

. "Oxi Ojicoi; Kai aTiopia SuaE^rjyriTTi JIE TO ooa XEJIE feEXEI OTI EKTOC; OTCO Tig TtoXiTiKE^ Kai ioTopiKEi; Epnr|V£ua8i(;

TCOV TtpayndTcov auTcov, f| 'EKKXr|aia dTCETfiXEOE TOV «(pop£a TOU"E0vouq» Kai 7ipoa£(p£p£ OTOV iSfioXoyiKO TOJIEO auTO Ttou KOT'

ouaiav EÊITIE aTf|v pdar|: Tr|v npocpaari TTJI; «KoivcoviKfj(; auvoxfj<;».Aonr]|iEvr| auvETtcbc; E^ dpxfji; f) £XXr|viKf| «KOivtovia» cog Koivcovia(iu9cov, ETtojaEvo f|Tav |i£TapXr|9fj oXoKXripri OE Koivcovia nu9oXo-yiKii, Koivcovia «0au(idTcov» Kai v|/i9upia|icov, Koivcovia TOU «Eivai

KaX6g»-«£ivai KaKog» £Ti£i8f| Kdrtoiog dXXog TO EUTE, Hid KoivcoviaTCOV «dXXT|XonEydA.cov». AEV Eivai Tuxaia fj Ttpoooxii Ttou SIVEI 6

TtoiviKog KcbSiKag OTTJV «TtpooTaoia TCOV ou|ipdXcov».dXXoicog vd E^r|yri9fj f| TtEpurtcoori TOU iKaXKWTa, TOU Mt|-

TpoTtouXou, TOU SiKEîavou — yid v' dva(pEp0oO|i£ OTTJV TpExouoaTtEpioSo — Kai TOOCOV ciXXcov OTO Ttap£X96v; ncog yivETai Kai f)«Koivcovia» auTOui; «SEV TOUC; KaTaXapaiv£i», dcpou (i£o% dno TT^ViSia Pyaivouv; Kai TO vd Pyfj evac, SKaXKcbTag HEO' dno (iid TE-Toia Koivcovia Eivai Ttpay|iaTiKO<; d9Xoc;. Mid Koivcovia Tfji; dvTi-ÔOTTITOI;, TCOV dyovcov ouv9r|Kcov, TOU TtavTOEiSouq TtoXsnou, TOUoiKovojiiKou dTtoKX-Eiajiou, Tfjg SiapKoug uTtov6|i£uor|g, (iid KOI-vcovia TOU «itaTta» Kai TOU «xcopocpuXaKa». Md KI* av Kavfevag Ttap'

ong — AmiprlrloM ACOI mliigidlaioDdg (laii/iycm U. U0LiAi5i »001 oiaoi so nosj^ -"jiorlndsi oia^wigs^n »A3 i^nri *>^g

OTj-SoiQidx '«npU^)isgi»-«!)OA03» :5U.3ui-3dod>mg 5(03ond) wuojjsdj IDAIS A(oix>riA.»di: AMI Scorlo 5orl£>iY»3dd3i:qO, •UrliA9rlndioii 5aoi U^niMipAD IpulioAmg laXioioiiAn moupsi insi3i30oiinodai qoii »TUndu — ndoAao m

-idx" AOI sADyad) qoai Ssironndio lo^nji 10 IBAJS —•y AOI oAi^ iT)3i 3rlno0Lirla0 »A m/l — «noYn»]j QOInoi ninrlrlg BID mnfjsg 'nrlojin 3Agynd) AOI ngp^^g, AUij -3AB03U

A»ig — 53iom»dio loinrimd 10 wdocb nirl An^Y?* A91

AO^L 'DisgoAnD IpuroiiDdio srl i3AinA{) A3g 5oi6»nii3 o aDA30aoij j«aoi»diD aoi LiidoU U»-coAmioidX SlixiyoinAn 5Ui Uidoi/, Udsiayn/lsrl U IDAJS qoii '01 IBM «noud»j\ Ali5j» Alii isAiwrlUo 5orloiY3/./lnqg«53>iiA03» 5u srl SsidoU !>33iiia3>ioUd0 Ssyn/lsrl 5u souqnis noliaorlD93i aoi nioli^MJig c LiA9rl U. IBAJS no U0*3>iD HA isusdu -AnoA»*

5Lii »g nog UolioAnnoM srl Ugi BA isiisdai nioUYMMg t u _ 'Uysiio ndod)»ig ni I»M "SisonyioAD 53>nAcoAio:x» 5n '«53id(030»

3 A»irl 5mu3Aao iniAo^nisdX »\ winy•Aw0D3iOAi>id)35i oioooon odsiayDlsrl 01 srl

OID odroX OMiAUy^s AOI A»îo()3i3rl i»>i Aeogsiiins AMI Aroyo

UA»d)oi(odi£ nirl 3D AnoU/lLigq) '— Acorlog A(03iiiiod>i

IBM ACOXIACOAIOM ACOMlAll^Y^ AQ?1 «O>lllDDrll31Og» »A3 _!>!

»IOKO U —13X3 Scorl

UiU/Hi0»x aoi niyirlg Uinchogdii »irl aorl i3/t\citn LiinT) Lirl/liiD A!II mXs in>i) AOOADJI 01 noi: 5Ui 5noiiYO>i 5qoi53AorlLigi3 AnoXdnu^, 'niQn ^g Ano/.Ugo Alti aou ni

-»Y^{3 Aliio srlm'jisgoim n0 aou loinn bisrls m»(j3{) sionrlis ASV•UAsrlDi^DADD^s ndao/.iD AnoXs Alii Aoi»A»0 nisrl nôg ALti

0.0)5 A^ ioA3rl»03it 30 inx wirl 'roni niADii 'nit){)3{) nuioôitn m 5odit 5u_ -ndiDliXdo Lixuxidji

aoi «iôi()» 01 5cp^)id3i]o 5coiio '«»rl3Y9{)» iniis^nx5U.1 Lioliiinuw la Aiodsii 11031 rags oiiy s -5ioi/,o\o0arl

»}Aa)Aio3i Alai mgÂlii nU «lad{)a» isysioMn aoi LiDroiuidsit la '

-»i»3i ni i»3i »irl :aoi AOIIADAS 0113^9^ orlUoius AOI 13X3 3191 '11931Iad36»ii03i i»3i Aroioa0 Ao)A»0iif» ACTI nrllarlii 01 U^SIAD »iaio ô

42

T(opa — Kai HEaa OTO 1810 9d EâvsnioOfj KdOfi 8uvaTOTT|Ta KOIVCD-viKfji; 8ia8iKaaia<; TCOU 0d \inopovae vd (p£pr| TOIX; «xpicmavou<;» a'

ai)TO nob ae êvEq, yXwaoEi; XfeyETai Volksgemeinschaft. 'O 'loucm-viavo<; EIY.E psBaia TO 5iKaia>na vd EvSiaiTdTai OTf|v «OiKoun£vr|»TOU, yiaTi aKpiBcoi; SEV fi^spe rtou TEXEUOVOUV TO ouvopa TUV«7tiaTcov». Mid «OiKoun£VT)» oncoq jiETaû 0£a/viKT|c;, AapiooT)<;

Kai TpiKaXcov Eivai o^_f\[ia oûuwpo Kai dv6£XXT)viKo. Kupiax; 8fiioTopiKwi; TtpoBXrmaTcBSEi;. 'H 'i5ia f) &c, Tcbpa 'laTopia sivai r\ EÔXT|V dTtoSEi^T). Md TOUTO TO oxfj(ia, av ujtfjp^s icTopiKdic;

&c, nov vd ppfj Kavfiii; Td «oovopa rf\c, 'EXXd5o(;»,orjuspa 8£v i)7tdpx£i TiitoTE Jtoi) vd UTiopfj vd TOU 8cbor| Tr|v 67toia8r|-TtoTE vo(iinoTT|Ta. To vd Eivai Kaveii; «xpioTiavo5 6p668oJ;o<;» OTT|V'EXXd8a ;:piv dKont) y£WT|0fj, slvai nEoaiwviKoi; rtpcoToyoviajioi;Ttou KaTapysi oiav8fjjcoT£ Evvoia auvTayjiaTiKfji; Td^Tiq. 'H '£K-KXrioia TtpETtei vd 8ouX£i|/r|, OTTWQ Kdvouv Kai 01 fiXXEc; 'EKKXriaisg,

vd âvaKdjiT) TOU<; arinEpivoiic; "EXXt]V£(; xPl<3Tiavoui;. AEV Ttpsneivd TTJC; KaKoipavouv 6Xa TOUTO, yiaTi TsXiKWi; Eivai 6 (jdvoc; KXd8oqTOU feXXt|viKou ATJUOOIOU nou 8fev £Kavs TIOTE TOU dnspyia...

To dXXo 0£na HE TO «n(oa|ie6aviK6 OTOIXEIO» Eivai (puaswi;

TEXviKfj?. £E ETtoxE? (b? yvwoTov OTa0£pfji; i8eoXoyiai; — onox; n.%.OTOV (isoaiwva — Td BipXia ypdcpovTai dJKoXa Kai yi' auTo Eivai«XQVTpd». TiaTi, dKpiBwi;, £jt£i8r| f) iSsoXoyia dvai aTaGfipii, TOBipXia OKOTCO EXOUV v' dvaitapdyouv TI<; i8££c;, tic, r\&r\; Kai

âvaypann£VE<;, Kai f| 7tp6o6Ear| «\)/uni9i(ov» £8co KI' EKEV dpKEi yidvd xapaKTT|piaouv TO «£pyo» (05 «8rmioupyiKO». Oi noXXfei; pfepaia

unoormEiwoEi^ Kai TO TUTTIKO Ocpot; Eivai ai)Tovor)Ta o' OUTO TO elboc,

Pipxicov, nou eivai ETOI «auoTt|p(B5 Ei:iaTTmoviKd». 'H EJIOXTJ na?Eivai E7tioT|<; (iid ETtoxr) OTa6£pfi<; i8EoXoyiaq, Ka6' 6 ataoinr\c,, KaiauvEJtc&i; E^ opicnou ExOpiKf) itpoi; pipXia nou TtapEKXivouv TOU«Kavovoi;». SE ETIOXEC; avriGeTa iSsoXoyiKrav HETapoXcov Td PipXiaPyaivouv KUT' dvdyKT|v «dxa(ivd». To «Discours» TOU KapTEoiouX.x- Hid «aTaXiTaa» jipayna Eivai. noi£<; iSsEc; vd dvanapdyTi 6KapTsaioi;, d<pou Eivai oXs^ 8iK£i; TOU, Kai OE noiov vd Jtapa7r£n\|/r|;

TOU «Discours» OUTE (b<; Jipoq Tf|v EKTaor) oOTE cbc; Jtpo?0d niropouoE vd napapXT]6fj Ê ric, «E^r|yiicTEi(; tf\c,

BipXou» X.x- TOU Kaipou TOU. To'iSio TT.X- Kai Td i8EoXoyiKfji; Sonfjq(Kai QXI n£6o8oXoyia(; oncoc; TO «KE(pdXaio») Epya tfjg

-<pimd3K 5ii 53ian to 5»}dco30 Snirl Smsoids odisrlÎDS IDS — 5a)0liAa3 -!:>9SiiDrlU0Di1 SDAS 13X3 5miio noi 5mda>305Ui «5a>3oids odi3ri» 13X3 A3g p^Yp 'i3i30mg aoaj «osi"^q osidi3iirl3»

01 IIIQD 4rt UosgAno DA aoAsrlissodu '«Dida>30» Uoliiou DA SOAS-rlcosdXouq IDAJS '5oAoYOinXdn U !>O/.OYOIA(OAIOX 5»A3 ti3t 'mnjjsg•9)iii»rlli0x)Tl ADAS »U iDi3n3doX,»uio x»Jii/loyo§o03t1 aoii -Ûg 9i(jn

l3» AlllD AnO/,fl3d)101103l WA !)3A3rlDI)3lA»AlCI 53Ô 1DAJ3 1T)31

Alti Uian 13X3 A3§ SsrlUioi^s ^syyio 5ii ^D ntrlrln^•O1O131 5m U0Xt3goii» 4A ladoitrl u'o oAorl IDAJS

AOinn (U OA10UYV. '^9PY »do6LiinAio0 30 js/lligg aoi nsrloi AOID«nidi3iir(3» U. IDS «53i3AD6odii» jo no isds^ IIDI/. 'U^dpuq »A isdoiirl53T(»d>013I3 IDS OlliOKQ O13I ll'O 1DA13 OSllDl1U0Drl ADAS »l/l «5Dld

-isurls 5Ui 9siY()» ox 'DiXaoU UsusXo IDS iidoX DAS 'ifjayorl DASoiiD OAorl DY^D 'Ano^dpwa DA «DiUiosiiDi1/lDdu» Alii ÛD LsApADAnoXs A3g '«U.rlLiiDiii3» 5odo o U.0Uis3YOidas DA isdourl AOIOKOA91D 13^31 A3 5D3t1ol 5OA9l1 O 1DA13 (JOlt 'DS11D11U0DJAJ DX '"

DS1A3/U Dl 3l1 DlADli D1D{)3{) (prlODagAQO A3 '5D}d(030 Spi

Aoiwdi A9i AoigiiA9i oup isiunsodu aou «oidUnds» 91 IDS!)OSld31(I)D3 9 1DA13 ll^l3g9Mp PY^D '5l3^13gOlip 3l1 AQOllDAagODl A3g

pi A91DOTAA 5q) psiiDrlU.0Dj^ pij •59SiiDi1U.0Di1 n\ou

IDAJ3 59190 Soiiodi o, •Soinrt/.Ddi: noi Uîsgoiip UsuUdco30AUl Dl/. AOTIDSADAD AW1 'ACTlsXlOlO 9l10ldp AOlUllDdDliD

A91D 3rlao0Xidliio DA 53iAao0DiiDodii 'srloAps 5(0(jidsp oiny '!i5(0 3A(01D{)3{)lU3 Dl D0 nOU DlDD/,d3^31I3 IDS DAO3d3

U isXdpun A3g aochp 'UoUioiiorlioUdX pi DA siisdus p0 A3g '013X1010513ADS 3X}3 D0 noil 'Ûg llO(013i}d31i ALllD 1D^ "ACOpXlOlD 13DD{)

«5UsilS13gOUp» iXO IDS U031 DA 3K3dl£3 D0 «5ro3DD() 5UsilUd(030» \U3

«noi3Xioio gosiAD03rlDrorl» aoi Dil30 91 Ddy,.A(OA3TloldO) DldllllSSl IDS DlsXlOlO Dl U/tV3dlODlDS DA

3X}3 OliOSO 5O1OK9 O '—A(01ADoUlDlDDADli3 Affll «50)3Drod30a3Y3Kp»

«Dlg3Xo» Dl ACOdlD IDS 5(01O^^p ^>Ol[lL\t.^3M) — J £ t (JO1 «LlDDlD

Alii PIDS Soils-ôi: 5oiyn6Tl3 SoiAodXodsorl SDASno 5liDiii3 srlodsw '"SUA^sds Di3Xioio» AaoXdpun A3g— U0Ul3Y3l1 IDS 13X3 A3g »dD 'U031 13X3 A3g QOcbp 'O1QD »TiS0 9^

•«O13XlOlD 9S1A

-D03T)»a)t1» 01 bodii 5ro 53sU0Ano «5ssnUda)30»10^30 Si

44

OEK; sivai Td «TUO TroXXd oToi%£ia», nob (irtopei vd Ppfj Kav£i<; vd

Tt|v Eviaxuouv. AUTO o^coc; Ka^Hid avTiKEijiEviKOTriTa SEV TtapfeÊi,yiaTi |i£ Td 'iSia aToi/Eia, dvdXoya (IE tic, iaTopiKec; KaTavorjaeic;TCOV, HTtopouv vd iaxuaouv aXXec, SEcapiE^^P'. AUTO otd Ma9r||iaTiKdSEV Eivai SUVOTOV. ' EjtauJ;r|oeii; jiovov (XTtopouv vd SE/SoDv Kai 6%i

) 8ia5iKaaia<;. Fi' aiJTo, aKpipffiQ, yid Evav na6r|(iaTiK6, TO vd) vd pdXr) jiid iSsa OTO and reavTou «KXEIOTO» Kai «Te0copa-

Kia)iEvo» atoiaa nia<; na9r||iaTiKfji; 9£e»pia<;, elvai TO aKpov acoiovTTJC; dvOptoJtivrn; TtvEUHOTiKfji; Srmioupyiai;, TO OTTOIOV TtpaKTiKd6Sr|yEi OTrjv dvaKdXuyr] VECOV |ia9r|naTiKWv KOOHWV.

"O7ico<; EarinEiwaaÊ, ne TO «E|i7tEipiKO i)XiKO» nnop£i vd SouXeu-ETai ETI' ajreipov f] dvajiapaycoyf) |iia<; iSeoXoyia^ aTd Êpia TWV«Ei5iKwv», OTiou HE «i)7tocr)(i£icbaEi(;» £7ti «6noormEitbaecov», «7iapa-7to)iTtoJv» KXn. vd «io/upO7toioDvTai» oi iSsei; Kai vd dnocpEuyovTaioi VEEI;. FIpocpavEi; elvai, OTI 6ao Td iSfioXoyiKd TtXaiaia ETtiTpeitouviaTopiKd if\v £cpapnoyf| TTJ^ «(i£966oi)», SEV aujaipEpei oi «7tr|y£<;» KOITd «aToixeta» vd KUKXotpopouv ai)Toi)oia. Kai aXXoTE JXEV Eâipavi-

dXXoTE 5s ouSETiOTE KUKXocpopouv, MOTE vd 7tapan£vouvOTOUI; OCTODI; Xiyoui; Td exouv — nov euvor|T(o<; Eivai ndvTa oi

— Kai vd rcpoacpepovTai OE «epnr|V£i£(;» dveu 8uva-, ai)(i(pwva HE tic, dvayKaiOTr|T£(; dva7tapaywyf|(; Tfji;

TtdXi, as EâipETiKd aopapec;onutc, aijTr) ToO SIKOU [lac, «(aa)a|4E9aviKou oToiXEioi)»cpovTai TEXsiw!;.

Elvai oiivETtttn; cpavEpo OTI 6 auvSuaafjoc; TWV «aToiX£icov» \iac,

yid TO TrpoK£in£vo 0E)ia 5fcv f^Tav SuvaTov vd oTripixQfj OTO 7tXfj9o<;,dXXd OTT)v KaTdXXr|X6Tr]Td TOUI; tbi; Tipoi; ir\v ditoSEiKTiKf) «KX£iaTO-Tr)Ta» Tfjq 9E(opiai;. To vd ^pr\(smOTiowocsaê JT.X. (paivoêviKd«aToixeia», onux; X.y_. if\v auxvoTr|Ta XPioTiaviKuv 6vo(idTCov, SEV9aTav oopapo, SIOTI KOITI TETOIO 7tpou7to9£T£i Kai SEV dnoSEiKvuEiKOivwvioXoyiKd SESojaEva. To v' dvap(OTr|9oun£ cp£p' EiTtEiv av 6* Ayoc; MouxoupSdprn; — 6 daTUvoHog TOU ' A X f j Flaaaa — HE TO

EXXr)viKWTaTO ovojaa «'Ayoi;» f|Tav xPlaTlavo? fl H(oaH£9av6<;, 0df)Tav dnopia XoyiKtoi; iao8i)vanr| Ê TO av 6 ' A X f j Flaoaai; f)TavOVT&X; na)a|i£9av6<; £7t£i5r| £7roXe(ir|a£ KOTO ToD SouXTavou, i\ TTJVdjiopia TCOV TtpcoTwv %pianav&v, n&c, f\iav Suvatov 6 FIXdTcova^ vdeivai Toao HsydXoi; (piX6ao(po<; d(poD SEV f|Tav xpiOTiavoi;!... "Eva

45

Ttou 6' dîoXoyriori 6 dvayvcboTT|<; atfiv oiKEiav 6ear| TOUK£i|ievou Kai nov SEV Tipercei vd Ê^viETai eivai, OTI oi (icoaneGaviKoi7iXr|6uo|ioi, jtou eêaTpateuaav OTT)V rieX/VT|oo Ê TCI opXcocpiKd Kaijrou fe!;e8ubx0r|oav EV CUVE/EICX cmo EKEV an' TOUC;'iSiouc; TOU<; Toup-KOUC;, SEV feyupioav aiii; EOTIEC; TOU<; (a(pou OUTE f\a ayvwoTT)

r|iav OUTE tct fi0ri) dXXci EjiEivav OTTIV urcoXoiTtr) ' EXXdSa"HiiEipo KXn.) Kai cutETEXEaav TOV r:Xr|6uoniaK6 cpopsa TOUToD ' AXfj Ilaaaa. " Av TO KpdiToc; ai)To 8ev EIÊ TT|V (icoanE-

0aviKf| onoioyEVEia, 8ev G&Tav SUVOTOV OE EXd/icTE^ 8eKaETi£5 v'a7toKTr)ar| TETOIOV Pa6n6 £i)vo|iia<; Kai auvo^fji;, WOTE vd

KaTa ifji; DuXrit;. Td 6v6|iaTa, |i£aa OT<X TtXaiaia Tfjdvoxfj<; Tioi) EnepaXs r\) ouvunap^r) TCOV 5uo GpriaKEiSv Kai

TWV XEJITCOV GPTIOKEUTIKWV dTtoxpwaEWv, dnoTEXouv TtapaTiEioTiKovTtapdyovTa yid ir\v Eâyuyfi ounTCEpaaj^dTcov. Td Ei)dpt6|xa eiq«oyXou» ovopaTa (Td onova OUVOVTOUHE OE 6Xa Td £7tt7tE8a tf\c,

KoivwviKfjq jia<; £wfj?) SEV Td OEWPOUHE ToupKiKd, OUTE Kai TtoXXddXXa (bv OUK EOTI dpiOnoq, onax; TO MTtaipaKTaprn; TI./. 7to() Od ' rtfj«or|jiaio(p6poi;» (OTO (iTtaipaKi).

KaTacpEuyojiE (be; EK TOUTOU OE upianEva iaTopiKd 8E8on£va yidTOUI; «KaTd cpuoiv XataKou<;» TWV Ba^Kavicov (6 -âpaK^pia^dc,

slvai TOU "EjKt'kc, Kai cpavEpcbvEi pfepaia yeviKWTEpou eiSoix; Ttapa-aTdosii; if\c, EUpcoTtaiKfji; TtoXiTiKfji; yi' auTov TOV xfipo), oi onoioidJtoÊxaajiEvoi OTO «0ipET» rf\c, Eupwrcru;, Tf|v dvaToXiKt) nÊUpdTTJI; ' A8piaTiKf)i;(BX. n.%. M. D. Lambert: «Ketzerei im Mittelalter»,Miinchen 1981, OE>L. 212) EKpdTTioav Td Ttio Pa6id vofmaTa Tfj<;EUpcoTcaiKfji; iaTopiai; Kai TCOV orcoicov TT)V KaTdoTaot) f\|

EpEuva dyKonaxdEt vd KaTaXdpr). "Av KOTI cpiXoSo^fj vd ouvsiocpe-pr) TOUTO TO KEi)IEVO KpOC, TT|V KaTEu6uVOT| ttUTI^, TOUTO ElVOl TtCOi; Td

TipdynaTa auTd 8fcv dvr|Kouv cb<; EpEUva OTO napsXGov, dXXd Eivai TdKX£i8id yid Tf|v KaTav6r|ar| noXXwv OsudTwv TTJC; JtpootpaTTi^ noXi-TiKfji; ioTOpiai; Kai TTJC; orniepivfii;. "Av Xdpt| KavEiq urt' oyr\

cbnoXoyt|nevr|v EmcpuXaKTiKOTriTa nou auvavTa Kavsii; OE EÊxovTaspya TOU aiuvo^ na^ feni TWV jtpayndTcov auTtov (PX. F. Braudel: «LaMediterranee etc.», 6r| EK8., TOJI. 2, osX. 112), TOTE rtiOavov Td ypaipo-

OTO pipXio TOUTO v' djtoTEXouv Kdrtoiav (aiKpf) ouvEioipopd yidKaTavorjOTi TCOV OÊTIKCOV KaTaoTdoEWv.KOVTU o' auTd pspaia — Kai dvayKaoTiKd — Kai (i£piK£<;

46

dvEpEUvrjaEic, Tfjc, «u£ydXr|c, °I8£ac,», d(poO dTtfjpÊ f) KupicbTEpr)

8idoTaar| TOO feXXriviKoO KpdTouc, TOO TtapsXOdvToc, aicovoc,. AEV

Êpous av UTtdpxT) Kdrcoia <XXXr| Epurjvsia, OTO TtXaiaia Tfjc, rtoXi-TiKfjc, iaTopiac,, Trjc, «H£ydXr|c, °I5£ac,» Kai VOUIÔUE OTI r) £p|ir|V£ianoO 8ivo|i£ EVSXEI dpKouvTwc, TOV xapaKTTJpa Tfjq «6pyaviKfjc, KXEi-0TOTT|Toc,». Elvai cpavEpo ncog die, E^riysiTai SrijiioupyrmEvri rj «HE-ydXr| 'I5£a» EXpEiaôTav 6va EOWTEPIKO KOIVGMKO dvTtpapoiXiyyôv ir\c,, Kai TOUTO CiTcfjpÊ TO «yX(oaoiKd». 'H icrropiKoic,Kpiaijir) TCEpioSot; Tfjq «\*.tyakr\q 'I5£ac,» EIVOI yid tr\v 5i£6vfjTIKT) |i£Td TO EuV£8plO TOO BEpoXlVOU, 6TttV 5r|X. Kai

«(i£ydXr| 'I8£a» 6d paXOfj vd SiaXOor) TT^V AuaTpoouyypiKr) Movap-Xia. 'H 5EUT£pr| tomr\» Eivai jcoXu dvau£(iiyn£vr| Ê TT|V

VEWTEpr) TtEpioSo TOU «navoXapiouou». Eivai GVVETI&C, (pavEpr) rârjuaoia Tfjc. Cirap^rii; TTJI; £XXr|viKfji; «|i£ydXr|<; 'IS£ac.» Kai fiKpox;£U£^rjyr|Tr| f) dvTiaToixti oûvar) ToO «yXo)aaiKou» TOV 'iSiov auTovKaipo. "ETOI ppiaKouv Kai (j5pia|i£V£c, noXiTiKEi; djioTinrjoEii; yi'auTO Eva uaXXov aTaOEpo nETpo EXsyxou. 'O KaGriyriTî; 'Eji.KcovoTavTivi8r|i; OTO (5paio pipXio TOU yid TO «Euayy£XiKd»('A6fjvai, 1976), EVW |3aaiK<x SEXETUI Kai ETtipEpaiwvEi Tiq OEOEK; TOUSiKoO na<; (he, npoc, TT|V KOIVWVIKT^ Kai 7toXiTiKr| orinaoia TOU«yXcoooiKou» OTT^V 'EXXdSa, (he, npoc, TTJV TfiXiKt) E^rjyT|or| T<BV«Euayy£XiKO)v» uioOETEi TT^V yvcooTT) 6£or| ToO Kop8dTou (nou EivaiKai r| n<3vT| fiXXwoTE — TT|V 'iSia, ÎE Kdnoiav ETticpuXa^r] Tacoc,,uio6£TEi Kai f) «'!OT. TOU feXX. "E6voui;») n£pi «8aKTi5Xou» auyKE-KpiuEvwv jipoocbncov Kai 6(id8cov. Ziyoupa auToi uTrdpxouv KaiunopoOv v' dvEup£0oOv and itoXXE? nepiEi; afe Kd0E TtoXiTiKO

Kd0£ i&pac,. 'H Eiri (IEHOVWUEVCOV 6(ico<; SfiSojifivcov Tfji;iaTOpiai; £p(ir|V£ia TWV yEyovoTcov ETtiTEivEi (idXXov Tii;

Ttapd ouotaoTiKd £p(ir|V£UEi. Nd noO|i£ OTI 6pwoooyaXXiKr] oTpaTiuTiKr] auv0rJKr| TOO 1892 |i7top£i vd £p(ir|v-Euor) TrXrjpQx; Td «Euayy£XiKd» TOU 1901, Eivai yEvvaia d7tXo7toir|cyr|."H8r) 8ud xpovia Ttpiv Td «Euayy£XiK<x» V) Fspnavia EXEI Eâccpa-XiaEi TT)V KaTaoKEur^ TWV oi8r|po8pd(icov TTJ<; Bay8dTr|<; Kai d;t6 TOO

1897 ujtdpXEi oujiipcovia UETaû Kd'iÊp Kai Tadpou yid TTJV SIOTTJ-prjar) TOO Status Quo TCOV BaXKaviwv, ETtEiSf) aKpipfiq oi 8paoTT|pid-Tt|T£c, Tfjq Pcoaaiai; auTf) ir\v EJIOXTI HETOTOTtiôvTai OTT)V "Ajtco'AvaToXrj, firrou 0d viKr)0f( Xiyo HETO dno TOUI; 'IdTtwvEi;, Kai

47

iGJi; TOV Kaipo auTov 8£v UTtdpxei f\) dvTi9£OT| JTOU 9dEp|iT]V£U£ ETiapKok; TtoXiTiKa Ti^v dvdXr|i(/r| auyKEKpijifevcov Ttpano-

v. 'H 'AyyXia aXXcoaTE TT^V Eitoxt) OUTI}, nov TO KupiaytspoTt|c; Eivai vd H^V Pyfj i*j Aucrrpid CJTI^V 'ASpiaTiKT^, SEV 9d

v* d(pTôr| vd UJt£paKaXixp9fj i^ TtoXiTiKi^ snippoii TTJI; EitiTfj<; 'EXXd8oi; dno Ka(iîdv dXXt) %d)pa Kai ouyKEKpiHsvax; djto TTJVFEpHavia, f\a co^ ioTopiKt) SidaTaori dnoTsXoOaE TOV Kupi(b-

TEpd TT|i; dvTircaXo. AUTU Kai JtoXXEC, aXXEg XETITOHEPEIEI; Tfji; SinXco-liaTiKfjc, iaTopiai; TOU KaipoO SEV ETtiTpsnouv TT^V EiiKoXr) «KaTavo(iTi

Eu9ovr|<;» yid TO «Euayy£XiKd». To 7tp6pXr|(ia HE TO «yXwooiKO» 8£vEivai vd TO iSoOjiE adv uTtdGEari «5aKTi5Xcov» Kai (dvuTtdpKTwv E^fiXXou) «£u9uva>v», dXXd tic, TOV pu9niaTiKov JtapdyovTa and EOWTE-piKfji; KOivwviKfji; d7t6v|/E(i)<; Tfji; ioTopiKfji; aT]naaiaq Tfji; feXXriviKfjc,«HEydXr)<; 'I5Eai;», i^ 67toia dnoTEXoOoE nidv dvayKaioTr)Ta yid TTJVEupcojtaiKii EV yEVEi TioXiTiKtj. 'O TioXEnoc, TOU '97 Kai i^ 8pdor) Tfjg

«'E9viKfji; 'ETaip£ia<;» ESsiâv dpKETd KaXd n&c, f\| 'I8£a»,

(lEoa OE md nu9°^°YlK:il Koivcovia, Koivcovia «ai))ipdXa)v» Kai«£9viK(5v Hvr)(iwv», HrcopoOcys vd n£TapXT|6fj OE dvEÊXsyKTov Ttapd-yovTa Tfj5 8i£9vouc, 7toXiTiKfj<;. Oi «dvaSiopyavcbo£i5» jaETd TOVjtoX£ja.o TOU '97, (puotKEi; ÊTCX dno K&Qe. I^TTO yid oXsc, Tiq /wpE^, 9d£(pspvav Kai «dva8iopydvcoor)» OTOLK; iSEoXoyiKotn; TOHEII; Jtpo-(pavwi;, 8r|X. Kai ndXi 9d Ka9iaToOaav TT)V «(i£ydXr| 'I5£a» drcpoaSio-PICTOV napdyovTa dito (irjva OE \if\va Kai dTto xpovo OE y_povo.

To '1810 TtpEJtEi vd i8ou(XE Kai OTO vOv «yXa>ooiKo». ©a fJTav8iaKiv8uv£DH£vo vd 6£Xr|acoHE vd dvayvopiowjaE «8aKTt)Xoi)(;» OTOUI;SriHOTiKioTEC, Ka9t|yr|T£i; nov Pyaivouv vd «8i8dôuv» TOIJI; "EX-

Xr)v£i; Kai oi '18101 ypdtpouv HE Xd9r]. Oi Xoyoi Eivai dXXou E'iSouâ'iTia. 'H 'EXXd8a vno va TPE/OVTO ioTopiKd 8£8o|i£va

vd EVTay^fj TtoXiTiKd oTf|v EOK, 8r|X. OE (iid 8ia8iKaaia6XoKXf)pcoar|<; HE aKpcoi; XEJITEI; KI ' Ei)aia6t|T£C, 81081-

Kaoi£<; Kai HE anEipa EHtoSia. Mid «doTiKf|» Td^r) OTTJV x^pa ai)Tf|,XpT]oiHOJioiEi \iia Hu9iKr| Koivcovia, Xtopig SOHEI;, x^pi? ouvdpTt|ar|,Kai HE (pXdHTtoupo Tr|v «£9viKf| oHoioy£VEia» nov KaTaaKEudÊiHEOW Tfj<; iSEoXoyiaq TTJI; 'Op9o8oîa(; ^r)Td£i «dvdjrru!;r)», «8d-vsia», «Jtapox£(;». AUTO 6Xa OE nidv EOK, f) oitoia OIJTE KOV EyKai-viaoE dKona TUJtiKd Tfiv «6XoKXiip(oaT)» TTI^ npoc, NOTOV Kai T:OU 9'dpyr)at| aKonri jtoXi) vd Ppfj sva TtoXiTiKO iaoûyio neTaû TOU EVTOI;

48

TWV itXaiaiwv ii}c, vxpiaTanevou irpopXiiiiaToc; «Boppa-NoTou». IloiaXOITTOV HJTOpei vd Eivai f) «Xuar|»; Flpoepavwi; f) ysviKf) 7ioXmaTiKf|

| (Sr|X. r\| TOU «£7iavaaTaTiKou /apaKTf]po<;» TIOU

f) «dvonoioy£V£ia» \iiac, TEToiag «doTiKfj(;» td^rn; EVTogTWV TtXaialwv Tf|g EOK) Kai eTtavEâyuyT) iSv xpr)ndtT(ov, aid (isipo

noi) atJto elvat Suvaiov ((i£ya (ifepo^ TOUC; KaxavaXioKei TO sXX.nt)7dvr|na), neaw TWV Eâywywv.

KCIT' ouaiav 5sv U(pioTavTai suOCvei; yid TO vuv«y>.(oaoiK6», oiXXd novo KaTavor|ar| KataaTdaecov. 'AvaXoycogTtpsTCEi vd KctTavor|6fj Kai r\a TOU naXaiou «yXcooaiKoi)» &c,

iipoc, Tf]v «|i£yaXr| 'I6ea».EKOTCIJIO elvai vd 7ipooTE0fi, OTI KQTU TO SsuTEpo utao Tofj 19ou

at., nod Kupicoc; 0' d)taiTr|0fi TO jtoXuiKo vorma Tfjq «ji£ydXt|(;'I8ea(;», r\a Ssv unopEi v' dvaTiTU^r) jaidv TtoXuiKri «npo-

aTaaia<;» TWV /plcmaviKuv n\r\Qv<y^S>v TWV BaXKaviwv, SIOTI Eva

TETOIO cruvOrina SEV 6d st^s OETIKEI; v|/uxoXoyiK£(; ETtiitTcbaEii; CFTOIX;|icoa(i£6aviKou(; jcXr|0uonoi)5 TTJI; Mfearii; 'AvaToXfjg, OTCOU Kupiwg

ai v' dvaTiTU^r) TTJV ETtippori TTJI;. 'O TipwGimoupyot;

E8r|Xwv8 OTI r\a Eivai «doiaTiKri Kai 671 Eupw-

7wpa»^Y\U Ttspi T<X TeXr| TOU 'iSiou aiwva Kai dp/eg TOUioSoq TWV «Ei)ayyE>UKwv») 0d E/r) 7t£piaaoTEpou<;

iawa|ie0avot><; UTITIKOOUI; an' O,TI 6 SouXTavoi;^8'. Elvai Jtpocpavrii;auvETtwc; fi ar||iaaia TOU vd EVEpyfi Eiti TUV BaXKaviwv Ttiaw dno (lid/wpa, f) oitoia 0d 8i£0ETE nidv avTioToi^T) «ia7upd» TrXfjv KaTaXX-r|Xw<; sXEy/onEVTi iSsoXoyia. Kai f) /wpa aiiTri 8sv UTtopouae vdEivai cpuaiKd aXXr) an' TT)V ' EXXd8a.

(H

tr\c, (piJaswi; TOU pipXiou [iac,, 8ev 0daa|i£ v' a7io(pi>ywn£ TO TEXIKO spwTrina: ureopei Td/a r\a Tfj<;

v£O£XXr|viKfj(; ioTopiag, n£oa aTf|v dva^r|Toun£vr) ioTopia |iiac;KoivoTr)Ta<; Xawv, vd EÊXiÔfj KUTO sva dvaXXoiwTO

TtoXiTiKwv EitiXoywv; To EpwTrma pfepaia TOUTO Eivaiarniaaiag, 8iOTi f) y£viKWT£pr| TOU 8iaTunwor) 0d (XTtopouoE

vd Eivai f) E^TJI;: av f\ EXXdSa Kai f) ToupKia, nov TTOTE 8sv eTiayavv' djtoTEXouv Tig ouoiw8EOT£p£q SiaoTaaEic; Tfjg EUpWTra'iKfig IOTO-

49

\U KaTav£n6|i£V£<; OE eva EiSoi; TtoXmKwvascov aav ilc r\&r\, Jtoist; eivou oi «£yyur|a£ic;» Ttou nape-

dno ciTcoyeox; «0uaTr||aaTo<;» oiov Oepari, TOV "Apa|3a, tovKai TOV AativanepiKdvo; To kpcoTrina TOUTO Ttou napa-

aid r|Sr| EV dp/rj Sev 9d unopouae pfepaia vd 8i£pEuvT)6fi

TtapaTtEpa otd TtXaiaxa TOU îKpot) ToxJtot) novâioc,, toO onoiou r\a Elvai oiXXa vd OTHIEIWOTI: oti oao f) «E9voyE-

5uo toi)TO)v xrop2>v 6d ETUTorxuvetai dno tic, 5ia5iKaoi£i;XoKXf|pcoar|(; — r\» 0115 Stio amec,

Eivai d|i(pi(3oXo av 'i^r\v dpxiaEt''0'^ — , TOGO dTEÊ-a<p6pr|Te<; 9' dnoSeiKvtJcovTai oi TtapaSoaiaKE^ |a£9o5oi KOIVCOVIKWVKai iroXiTiKffiv 5ia/Eipr|CJE(av o' CU>T£<;. 'H

' EXXdSoc; yid Triv eâycoyf) yeviKUTEpwv TtoXiiiKwvrr\c, arinEpov EyKEixai OE TOUTO: on av)TT) (mf|p!;£ TO TtpaJToToD KOOJIOU Ttoi) unr\y&r\ aâipa TTJC; EUpconaiKfji;

Enippofji;, (it) EÔVTCK; dKoXou9r|OEi pidv avTiaTOfxt) nopEia EOCOTE-PIKWV £E,£WÊCov. STU 200 auTd ^povia, r\ EXXdSa Eivai «E£>p<b7ir]»Kai «jif| Ei)pcbjrri», «'EXXaSa» Kai «|af) 'EXXdSa», «BaXKdvia» Kai«Hf) BaXKdvia» (yEwnoXiTiKax; r\O TWV BaXKaviwv SEV nspi-

Xan(5dvEi tf|v 'EXXd5a), 8T)Xa5ri it'kiK&c, TITIOTE. 'O paaiKoq Xoyoqyi' ai)To f)Tav OTI, r\a OTpaTT|yiKf) armaaia nou E!Ê Kai

EÊI 6 feXXriviKoc; i&poc, yvd TTIV unoXoinri EupcoitT), f)Tav Kai Eivai,TOOO aKo EacoTepiKfn; eXXtiviKfji; dnov/Ecog 600 Kai dnb EupmnaiKfji;,avajiEHiynevoq HE TiapaaTdosii; \i\ac, nu9oXoyiKfi5 noXiTiKfi^. "Av

dvaKaXu(p9fj |iid neiôva ornaaaia TTJI; ' EXXd8o<; yid TTJV Eupco-ioTopia, daipaXok; 9d f|aav aXXoi oi 6pio|xoi itou 9d (xnopoOaE

vd 8war| Kavsii; yid TTJV auy^povri ' EXXdSa. OoXu TtiOavov Xourovvd EKipdXXETai (iid piîKwi; VEOU siSoui; TtpooTiTiKf) — npoojTTiKfiTroi) vd OTrjpiÊTai oTa cpuaiKd Kai ioTopiKd 8£8o|i£va — wq npoi; TOauvoXo TWV usaoysiaKcov TtpopXrindTwv. npooimKf) TIOU v' dnopfi£7t' (bcpeXEia TTJI; Eupwitrii;, if\c, 'EXXdSoi;, ir\c, ToupKiai; Kai Tf|<;...

yXcbaariq, d(pou ai)Tfi UTCO Td TPE/OVTO noXiTioTiKd SsSo-ir\c, <xv9pa)jroTriTO<; dnoTEXEi |aia dno Tiq TtoXuTiôTEpEi; KXrjpo-

TT\C, Kai f) 8iaTr|priafi ir\c, sivai (>7t69EOTi TOW Koajiou oXou. ' OTtjt; voTioavaToXiKfjq Eupwnriq (iTtopEi dKOjiri vd 7tpoa<p£pr|

Ttdpa TtoXXd OTT)V EupcoTcaiKf) 6XoKXf|po)OT). Fleo^ 9d [inopouoav vdTO KaTaXd|Jouv auTo Kai nspiKoi dîoXujtr|Toi av9p(onoi OTOV TOTTO

50

HO? — aiJToi Ttoi) TuSavov TIOTE Toug 8sv KOTdXapav on ta eXXr|viKaEivai f) yXcoaaa-cpopEai; £vo<; jroXiTiajiou nou axfiv sitoxii nag EXEIyivsi nayKoamoi; icai nov av Tr|v nd0r| KOVEIC; Eivai adv vdTauToxpova 5uo

ME if|v EXjriSa OTI TO KEifievo Jtou <xKoXou0£i 9d auvtsivr) 'iawc;atr)v KdTav6r|or| JJEPIKUV TETOICOV npayndtcov, TO 7tapa5i8on£ OTr]vSrmoaioTrjTa. "OTTOX; e'i;ta|iE, TOUTO EypdcpT) yid vd SrmoaieuOfj we;dp6po, Ttpayjia Jtoi) ar||iaiv£i, OTI voni|i07toi£iTai KavEii; vd dvajiEvr)Kdjtoia au^f|Tr]at] yid TO dvTiaToixa GEâTa. Zfe îd TETOIO OUVEJTCO^

TtpsJiEi v' d(pr|vr| Tf|v 5uvaTOTr|Ta vd niXâouv Kai oiTITOI Eviaxou v' dTtocpEuyr) tf]v n\r\pr\| Kai vd

£7n8i(bJ;r] TOV SidXoyo. Td TtpdynaTa ojaox; auTot Sfev Eyivav HE TOKEIJIEVO TOUTO. 'H n£Taypacpf| TOD OE pipXio, EKTOI; and TOUC;

X6you<;, 0d npooEKpouE Kai OE TOUTO: OTI f|'i8ia TOD f|9d TO HETspaXs c' Eva TtoXuaEXiSo oi>yypan|ia, xpr|aino

'iocoi; otTto «9iXoXoyiKfi(;» dTcoxi/ECoq dXXd noi) SEV 6d npooE0ET£T17TOTE CTr]V dp/lKT) TtpoGEOr) TOU K£l|i£VOU, T] OTtOlO fjTOV (tlt^SiC, Vtt

auvTEXfiari OE Kdnoiotx; 7ipopXrinaTia|aoi)(; Kai KaTtoist; OKEvj/Eig. 'fiqTETOIO Xoiitov TO OETo|i£ aTf|v Kpior) TOU dvayvcoaTri. 0d f|Tav Xd9o<;vd TO KttTaXdpri Kavsit; cog sva KEIHEVO iaTopiKwv ditoTinriaEcov. Td

Tfjq ioTopiai; tsXiKax; 5sv djtOTifiaivTai, onax; SEV ditoTifi-Kai TO (paivoÊvo TTJ^ ^K>f\c, Ka6' EauTfii;. "Oaoi £vr|pyT|oav Kai

ditKic, £vr|pyr|aav OTOUI; ^cbpoui; nov naq dTtaaxoXoOv E8w, £viip-yrjaav 6X01 drto TT)V anoyr\; ocooTd. Kai svr|pyT|oav acooTd,

t]v 'i8ia dvTiXr|v|/ri ?i£pi tr\c, 'O0a)naviKfi<;'H ioTopia pfepaia 0d SEI^TI av auTt) f) dvTiXti\|/r]

f)Tav awaTri, <S<; TOTE o\ia>c, 8£v slvai daipaXcoc; Kav£i<;Kai /povou daôXounEvo^ ÎE Tfiv d7copr)TiKf| TWV rtaXaiwvHdTtov. " Av Ka;tou Xa0£V|/r|, dacpaXwi; 0d undpôuv oi yvcooTiKoi TTOU0d TOV 6iop0a>aoDv.

To pipXio TOUTO £ypd(pr| HE Tt)v Jt£7toi6ricr|, OTI Elvai SUVOTOVvd (iEivri KavEii; OTU jtXaiaia Tfji; AUOECOI; /wpi? vd uio0£TT|crr| KOT'dvdyKT]v Kai 6\£c, riq OEOEH; Tfji; «Aua£Co<;». Kai TOUTO pfepata ETtEiSf)f) TtoXiTtKr) £7tiTf|8EuaT| SEV Eivai KOT' ouaiav Ttapd SiaxEipTior] TOU

TMV TCEpaoHEvwv y£VE(5v. ' H £vvoi,a ifj<; AUOECOI;KaTr)yopia<; E/EI 7roXX£<; SiaoTdaEii; — VOTIEC;,

51

(jtoi) KapTEpouoav tic, yovi|io7roiec; aiTisg TCOV arc' tig VOTIEC; yid vd

£K5r|Xw6ouv Kai TCOU SEV £K8r|?uB9r|Kav Ttpiv auTEidvaToXiKEc; Kai SUTIKEC;. liyoupa 6 UTiepnetpoc; Toviojiog TTJ<;/aXdei TT|V aunnsTpia TOU auvoXou. Ou8ei<; cpuaiKd djacpipaXXei OTI

6 npoe8po<; TWV HITA TI.X. e/ei Tspdoxia Bu6ijvr| yia xriv 5vatr|pr|aT|evog TioXmanou noi) eupfJKe eioijiov Kai CTTOV onoiov o'iSiot; aunne-TE/SI. Ma Kai 6 \a\Kpbc, nposSpoi; KOIVOTTITOC; £v6<; 'xcopioD tfi<;KecpaXXwviag r\; X./., 6 onoioi; eOeneXieoae ai)i6v

TOV TtoXiiiaô, jioi) 6KpdTr|0e TO vorind TOD Kai TO pdpo^ TOD aiwvst;Kai Ttoi) TCI KOTaXapaivsi 5X' aiiTd Ttoi) XEÊ E5co, daxE'ox; av 5ev|i7topf| va TO ' 7cf|, SEV Eivai (idTaio va/r] KI ' auTOi; TOV anXoiKO TOUXoyo...

To ypd\|/i(io EVOI; pipXiou 5fev eivaif|0iKfji;, OTiwi; Kai TO ucpoi; aXXwcTE SEV Eivai Ttapd uit60£ar|

dîOTtpETtEiat; TOU auyypa(pEa. To ypdyino Eivai (iTKai r\) TtoXiTiKr) eivai eKetvri JTOU KdvEi TTJV

va noid^r) |i£ tf\v jtpot|youn£vr|. Eivai avdyKr) oXcov TUV XawvKai TOU ̂ EyaXou TtXfjOoui;, nou f]p6av feSw OTOV KOOJIO 6/1 yia

da/oXoDvTai JXE if\v «5iav6t|cr|», dXXct yia va ^r|aouv — vdTtaiSid, vd niouv Kai vd %op£\\iovv... Ki' EJtEiSr) ai)To Eivai

TOU<;, 6 «auvTT|pr|Tio|a6(;» eivai f| HOVT| v6(ii|ir) pdcrr| TTJI;TtoXiTiKfji;. 'O oi)VTr]pr|Tia(i6(; TtdXi adv TETOIOC; Eivai TO 7:16

Ttpayna Ttoi) tnapxei OTOV SiE^dyeTai dito TtpooSsuTi-KOIX; dvGpwTioui; Kai TO Ttio nsydXo EyKXrina Ttoi) SiEVEpyeiTai, OTQV

dno auvTr)pr|TiKOV)(;. FiaTi dKp

ETai Kdnoia aTiy|ii^, dno Tf)v 'i8ia Tr|v svvoiaaXXayfjc; aTrjv 'loTopia, Jtou SEV KaTo/upwvEi nid Td(puoiKd 5iKaiw(iaTa TWV Xawv. "OXa ToOTa Eivai 5£5o|i£vayi' ai)Tov no\) ypd(p£i Kai (iEaa OE TOUTa E/EI vd SoKindar] Td 5piaTfjg SIKTJI; TOU avTo^fji;. TOUTT) fi aaKriar) yia Evav ouyypatpsa, iSiai-TEpa as knoy_ec, «OTa6£pfj<; i5EoXoyia<;» — Kai r\| [iaq, E'ITCUHE,

Eivai nid TEToia Enoxr] — SEV Eivai KaOoXou EUKOÔ Ttpayfia. EivaiHid dcKr|0r| rtou TOV XuyiÊi KdGe êpa VDîKd, nou TOV SiaandEiJTVEUâTiKd dno TT^V SiapKfj TtpoanETpr|(Tri TWV ypacpoiaevwv TOU,SvavTi TTJ<; dXriGEiac; nou 9d dnoKaXu\|/r| r| icnopia OTi^ ouvEiSrioEK;TWV ETIEP/OHEVWV yia tr\v TipayiiaTiKOTriTa TOO Kaipou TOU, TIOU

52

TOV imovousuei EV TEXEI umxpîaKd. Eivai uid KaTdoTaor) a/sSovauucpufic; UE rr\v auyypaipiKr) daôXia, HE Trjv OTtoiav oi TtEpiaao-Tspoi auyypacpEic; £iy.av v' dvTiTtaX£X|/oi)v ( pX. TI.Y,. A. Adler: «Herderund die deutsche Aufklarung", Wien 1968, asX. 22-23). To uovo'iaox;

UEVEI adv OTf|pi^r| OTO aâpo TOUTO Epyo Eivai, vd Ttapouaid-

Td TtpdyuaTa TOOO novoar||iavTa, cSoTE TEXIKOK; Kavsi<; vd ur|vUTtopfj vd Kauri SiaepopsTiKd. Kai TETOIU sivai aKpiBcoi; Td TtpdyuaTaTtoiJ uac; dTtaa'xoXoCv feSw, TtpaKTiKd Kai uXiKwc; anTa...

Ka66Xou Bfepaia 8ev onuaivEi OTI us 6Xa ToDta XUVETOI TO7tp6pXr|ua, Ttspi TOU Ttcoq uTtopoDv vd EÔUV dîoTtpETtsia Td

aToua OTOV Eivai crtpaTtaTaapiauevoi oi Xaoi. npooTta6r|oauEdnXwi; vd ut)v aTtoKpuycous Ti 9d £Tti9uuoi>0au£ vd 'i%r\' 6i(/Ei TOD6 dvayvwaTriq SiaBdôvTai; TO pipXio TOUTO. " Av sv TOUTOK; uEpiKoidvGpwTtoi aia6av9ouv ir\v avdyKr] ufeaa TOUI; vd SiauapTUpr|6ouv8iapdôvTai; Tic; aEMSEc; (ia<;, 9d 9sXau£ vd TOUC; TtapaKaXsacouE,Ttpiv TO Kdvouv, vd Ouur|6ouv TouXd/iaTov TI^V auupoXr) EVOC; UE-

aocpou — TOO G. W. Leibniz: «"Otav Td TipdyuaTa itapouaid-dvTKpatiKd, Eivai TdTE TIOIJ r) AoyiKr) uac; nd£i EVU Bfjua

uaKpuTEpa».

'A9fjvai, 'ATtpiXioc; 1986

TEP. I. KAKAAMANHS

103

a.

a) BX. J. Bowie: «Geschichte Europas», 1985, aeX. 666.

P) "ETOI K.X. CTO \iiac, 5XXr|<; ontiKfjc; KOI oi>m<58£<; niKpd pipXio «L'Islam

Contemporain» otf|v cmpd « Que sais-je?», ortou f\ EXldSa (pepETai tfj<; «

tdêox;" i|jji£piaXiaTiKT| Suva^t] HE Ti<; aXXei; nEydXei; 5uvd|j£i<; Tfi<;

(asX. 66).

y) BX. jr.*. W. Keller: «Ost minus West egal Null», Knaur 1960.

5) BX. J. Bowie, E.O., TtpoX. otf|v yEpn. EKSoor), asX. 6.

E) E.a., OEX. 626.

at) BX. a(iT66i osX. 625.

QBX. Jt.x- H. H. Nolle: «Dieeine Welt»(Abriss der Geschichte des internatio-

nalen Systems), 1982, OEX. 122-3.

t|) AEV Etvai Pefiaia r) oiKEia 8Eari £&&, yia vd £KTa9fi Kaveii; OE EOCOTEPIKEC;

auyKpiTiK£<; dvaXuaeii; TWV atmEpivcov iSsoXoyiffiv «' AvatoXfi<;» Kai «AUOTI?»,

oitrai; Kai ato TtXfjOoi; JcapavorjaEwv noi) f) rtpoiotopia TOUI; EVEXEI, tap' 5Xov OTI

oi TtapavoiôEii; atf|v Bscapia Elvai auio itoi) ditoKaXEiTai itoXejioi; OTTIV itpd^T).

OaXaioTEpa f| EdpaiTtTi, Êoa ato KXiîa TSv Sucffiv TTJI; iSEoXoyiKSv SiEpyaaiSv

(Aia(p(OTia|i6i; KXn.), f|iav (puaixo vd EXT) SuaKoXi£<; EôiKeiwoerai; HE Tf|v evvoia

Tfli; «afcTapxiKOTTiTO<;» toiv KaSEaTwiajv Tfj; 'AvaToXfjg, id 6nota, tbi; EiSiKfj^

oTinaaiai; cpaivonEva SrmoKpaTiKdttiTo^ — KatavoounEva uovo HEOO OTIO if|v

18ia TOU^ tr|V ISEoXoyia — 8fiv Elvai KaGoXou TauToarma (IE Tf)v EVVOIO Tfji;

TtoXiiiKfi^ dvEXEuOspiai;. Fi* aCto dKpipffii; n£aa ard TtXaiaia TT^? EupionaiKfii;

lotoptai;, 6a£<; cpopsi; E869T]K£ f| euKaipia OTOU<; ptoaoiKoui; Xaof)^ (aXXo Ttapd-

Ssiyna SEV EÔUE) yid «ditEXEu9Ep(oor|» Kai «6r||joKpaTia», Tfjv ditEppiyav Kai

iroX£(itioav yid tf|v SiairiptioTi tfji; 8iKfi<; TMV «dvEX£u9£pia<;». Kara napdSoôv

tporto, nf| 8uvd|j£vov pfepaia v' d7roTinTi9fi HE TtoXitiKE? novo EKTIHI^CTEK;, f)

naXaid Ptoocia r&v «8ouXo7tapoiKiov» Kai tSv «KoXXrjy<ov» 8i£T£9r| ujtEp Tfj;

KaTapyrjaEWi; Tfli; SouXEia? OTOV djiEpiKaviKO EjKpuXio ii6X£|io.

' Art6 TT|v id^T) ttov GECOPTITIKMV TOUTCOV EptoTrmdTwv, TtpEJtEi cpuaiKd vd Eâi-

Kaveii; Td EJtiKaipra^ TpE/ovia ?t£pi «itoXtoviKoD», «Ta£xooXopaKia<;» KXn.,

TO npopXrina TTJI; dvatoXiKiî; Evpatm]^ HETU TOV TioXEno ditoTEXEt d8td-

cjtaoTov auvdpTT|OT| HE tr|v dvatoXiKfi MEaoyEto. ' H n£Ta7toX£HiKf|

104

ifli; dvaToXiKfi; EupG>7iT|c; itpoEKuye eix; Hid dvayKaaTiKf| XuaTj tfji; SuTiKO-Eupo-

TtaiKfjc; TtoXiTiKfii; EVUVTI TTJC; Pmaaiac 8101 toO jtoXEHou. 'O XtiXep uTtfjpê

jipocpavax; eva EupamaiKfji; (puaeio? 7ip6pXr|Ha — TI naXXov Eva jtpdpXrma TTJ? ev

EUpEig ivvoiqt jipoiioXEHiKflc; AUOTIC; — Kai oxi Eva TtpopXrina y£pH<xviK6. "laox;,

a, f| KaTEatpanjiEvri drco TOV Jipavtov noXEHO Tepâvia, IXEI TTJV EXa

HE TO itpopXtiixa TOUTO. 'A<pou. TO aopiETiKO KaOEOTci)^ EV Ttdar)

SEV KaTO)p6(b8ti HE TOV itoXEHO vd KUTaXuSfj, f| 5i)TiKr| EuptbJtri etÊ vd

i HETOÛ dvaToXiKf|; Eupo)7tT|<; Kai MECOYEIOU. ' AvayKatJTiKd TipotinTiaE

Tr|v TEXEUTaia, SIOTI aJtoKOHHEVTi Hid EOpffljrri duo tii; iaTopiKEi; HEaoyEiaKEi; TT)<;

OXEOEH; Elvai TI T6 d8iav6T)To. OUTE Kai itpaKTiKui; aXXraoTE f)Tav 8uvaTr| Hid

TETOia dnoKOTtr) HETO euro Trjv iniuEpiaXioTiKri SpaoTT|pi6TT|Ta Tfiv TsXEUTaitov

aicbvcov aToui; x^poui; Tfj<; Eyyix; ' AvaToXfig. KovTd a' ai)Td, unfipâv Kai EvSo-

EftpcoitaiKfji; armaoiac; jtoXiTiKoi Xoyoi yid Tr|v H£aoy£iaKf|v TOUTT|V EîXoyri,

6£8o(i£vou OTI HE TOV ai<pvi8iov BdvaTO TOU Todpou Tfj^ BouXyapiai; Bdpi5o<; oi

itpojtoXEniKEi; pXEyEii; TOU EXXriviKoD EncpuXiou jtoX£nou aXXaâv npoojtTiKii,

Hia SE aJtopipaoT) Tflv aun|iaxiKSv OTpaTEUHdTcov OTTIV MEaoyeio 6d £ofjnaiVE

i EVO? %<apov km TOVJ OKOIOU f\i jtoXiTiKf) Etx£

Kai fmiaEox; airavoi;.

6) BX. H-H. Nolle, E.d., afiX. 116.

i) BX. W. Besson: « Von Roosevelt bis Kennedy», 1964, asX. 128-9.

10) To 86yna TOUTO ETT|pr|6TiKE Ka6' 5Xr) ax£86v TTJV 8idpKEia TOU 19ou

aiwvo<;. ' Aito TII; 50 (popfei; JtoCi oi ' Hv. HoXiTEiEi; EOTEiXav oTpaTodi; EKT6? T&V

ouvopoiv TOUI; KOTO TT|V SiapKEia ai)Tou ToD aifiva oi 43 f)aav yid TI'IV AOTIVIKTI

"AjjEpiKri (BX. P. Noack: « Die manipulierte Revolutions, Miinchen 1978, OEX.

196).

IP) BX. n.x. A. Haig: « Geisterschiff U.S.A.», a£X. 1-426. "H8ii 8uo xpovia

Ttpo Tf); "XapTac; TOU 'ATXavTiKou», T$ 1939, unfjpâv pipXia oTf|v 'An£piKf|

Ttou mXouaav it£pi «popEioaTXavTiKTJ5 EVCOOEIO<;» HE paar| T6

vy) XapaKTripioTiKfii; dvacpspoHE HcpiKO EvSEiicciKd OTOIXEIO: f| £TT|oia

EHtopiKr| aC^riaT) atic, H.IT.A. KaTd T6 8idaTTiHa 1952-1962 U7tfjpi;£ KOTO HEOOV

opo 2,5%, EvS OTf|v SUTIKTI EupunTi 4,5%, duo SE ToD 1957 OTU Kpdtti Tf)<; EOK

5,5%. METOÛ Tffiv ETMV 1948-1960 TO TtoooaTo TO>V 'Hvo)H£vcov IloXiTEiSv CTTO

8i£8vE(; EHTtopio EKEGE &no 48% afe 27%, OTO "1810 SE xpoviKo SidoTtiHa, Evffi oi

EâycoyEi; TSv piOHnxaviKSv XmPSv dvf)X6ov KOTO 140%, UUTEI; TWV ' Hv. IloXi-

TEIWV a6^r|6r|Kav HOVO KUTO 50%. T<5v SuTiKo-EUptojra'iKffiv Ha^-iOTa xft>P»v ai)^-

8r)K<xv KaTd 190%, EVOJ TT)? SUT. TEpHCiviai; Kai 'lajtoivia; KOTO 300%. ' YTtoXoyi-

ÊTOI OTI KOTO TO 1962, H^ ti^ oiKovoHiice^ auTEi; ETtutToiaEi^ Kai TT|V OUTOHOITO-

7toiT]OT| Tfj^ napayoyfji;, EHEVOV oTf|v 'AHEPIKT) 1,5 EKaT. fiv9pcojtoi £Tr)oico<;

avEpyoi, EvS fjST) ETti TtpoESpou KEVEVTU EVO<; HiKpoi; TiXTiOopiano^ tfj? Td^fitoi;

TOU 2% apxio£ vd SErapfjTai EJti8unr|Td5 105 icivT|Tpo napay(oyii<;. A&TU pEpaia 6Xa

EXdxiota auvTEXoDoav yid TTIV £vSuvdH«oaTi TOU SoXXapiou, H^ T6 dnoiov ETtpEitE

105

vd «OTr|pix9ouv» oi OiKovouiEc; noXXSv Kpatfiv UETanoXfiuiKSc;.

18) BX. yid TO OEUU TOUTO TOU KXaaatKOU qnXoaoipou EII; J. Habermas:

«Naturrecht und Revolution»et? «Theorieund Praxis», 5r\ 1984,aeX. 95. 'H

«dXr|6£ia» yid *6v <ptX6ao(po etvai KOIVOWKOK; §£5ouivr| Kai SIKO TOU Ipyo ttvai

vd Tf|v Kd|^r| yEviKWTBpa KaTaXriittri.

IE) «The stages of economic growth», y£pu. £K8. 1960, orsX. 11.

IOT) «Das europaische Jahrtausend», Salzburg 1966, <J£X. 40.

iQ "Apa E!; "iaou KOI r\. ©dXaaaa, SIOTI ai>Tr| sivai KoXrco? TOU

«KoXnou», ToiSio Kai 6 ivSiKO? COKEOVOI;, Ka9' OTI Elvai TtposKTaari TOU ' ATXav-

TIKOU, EV TEXEI SE 6X6icXr|pT) f) 'YSpoyEio^. 'E86i Pefiaia &EV 7ipooKa8oun£ vd

SEI^WHE Tf|v iuTtEpiaXiaTiKi1! cpuar) Tfiv TtpaytidTiov 65 TETOKX, dXXd (.icaa OTO

JtXaiaia TOU O,TI SEXoÊ v' dnoSEt^fflUE OTU 7t£pi8wpia tfl? MiKpfji; TOUTTII; Etaa-

c;, 8r|X. 65 dnoTEXEaiaa EXXgiyEOx; fiXXcov TtpayjidTcov Kai ouyKEKpinEva Tfji;

taiopiKf); TipooTtTiKfji; Tfjg «pu>nr|xaviKfi<;» fl «dTXavTtKf)5 KOIVOJ-

via;» |i£ Tig aXXEi; itEpiox^? ToD KOOHOU. 'iig ISfioXoyiKd nXaioia Tfli; nETaitoXs-

(iiKf); Koivtovia? Tfflv KaniTaXiCTTiK&v x^P^v oi OEtopiEg TOUTED SEV eivai ditoppi-

JtTEEi;, 8e5on£vou OTI TtpoaitaOouv vd aTT|pix6oOv OTi<; KaTapXr|6EioEi; UETaitoXE-

\IIK&C, TtpoojtdSEiE^ TOU KajiiTaXioTiKou KOOHOU dupXOvaEwi; TSv

(iBTaî) K£(paXaiou Kai 'Epyacria<; (it-x- TO KpdToc; SEV d<piiv£i TTJV '

OT6v KajtiTaXioTT^, dXXd TI^V cpopoXoyEi — («(pdpo<; un£pa5ia<;» — Mehrwert-

steuer —, 6 6jtoioi; EV ' EXXd8i HETa(ppda8r|K£ 7toir|TiKd «7tpooTiOE(iEVTii; &£ia£»)

Kai Tfjv EitEvSiJEi as aXXou E"i8oui; KOIVCOVIKE? napoxEc;, uyEia KXrc.. Oi TOÊI? tfiv

EpyaôjiEvtov EV yfevEi Kai aTd Suo auoTrinaTa TOU KOOHOU ^05 aKoXouGrioe TOUC;

auToix; puQuoix; OTOTiaTiKfi<; dvajtTOÊOx; |i£Ta7toX£niKS<;, uiuoXoyiônEvtii; 7t£-

pijtou yupo) OTO 1970 aTd 190 EKOT. dv9pcb7Kov(|3X. TT.X. H. Schulze: «Strategie der

Gegenprophetie», Akadcmie Verlag 1976, OEX. 41).

IT|) ' H UTtoypdnniari SIKI^ nag. " Av ETOI di;uoâTiKd nitopouv vd xapaKTTj-

piaSouv oi 8uo TOUTOI Koajjoi, TOTE Pepaio ar|naiv£i OTI SEV 6jtdpx£i 7tpoo7iTiKT|

auvundpÊMi; HETUÛ TOJV. "OTKOI; o\i<ac, BEXrjaanE vd S£i5fnE(pX. TO Pipxio na<;

«'H 'AvaToXiKri MEOoyEiog &<; EupioitaiKi5! 'loiopia, 'ASfivai 1984) oi 5uo

TOUTOI KOOHOI SEV Onfipâv drtXSi; auîrXripconaTiKoi TiEpi^ tr\$ MEOoyEiou KOTO

TOUI; vecoTEpoug aifive;, dXXd Kai and TT|V dpxai6TT|Ta eixav nidv KaiairXiio-

aouaa KOivf|v KOTaymyii, onrai; Jipoo7ta8oune vd SiEUKpiviiaionE KaXuTEpa OTO

KEIHEVO nou dKoXouOEt.

18) BX. «Europa, Grenzen und Gliederung seiner Geschichte», 1957, osX.

63-65. Oi TtpoypaunauKEi; ctpxEi; TWV TtpayndTcov auTfflv, jtpoToD vd dnoTeXE-

aSouv OE SEcopiEi; onox; Tic; dvaq>£pou£ ESS, EKnovouvTat oTdTSia TO xpovia toD

U. npOKElUEVOU 6 ZTaXlV VO KlVT|TO7lOir|Cir| TOV Xa6 TOU, 67taVE<pepE C5Tr|V

i TMV Pcboacov TOU<; 6panaTiouou<; TOU uovaxoO <DiX68£ou, dvdSeuaE iSso-

XoyiKd Tr|v «JtiaTr| Jipoi; Tf|v jtaTpi6a» TOU TtaXaiou riavaXapianou Kai dvayKd-

a8r|K£ vd «auyKaTapfj 6Xiyov» &<; Ttpoc; TT|V 'EKKXr|oia. IlpdynaTi 6 TOTE Ila-

Tptdpxi?, dvanvriaOEii; jtpd 700 dKpipffiq ETfflv, OTE 6 'AXeâvSpoi;

106

aToui; miyow; Tfj<; Xiuvrji; Ilainoui; 80o oTaupocpopiEi; KaTd ff\<;...

6p9oS6!;ou ntaTEax; — rr|v oour|8iKf| TOU 1240 Kai TTJV XiSouaviKi1! TOO 1242 — ,

ti<; KdaoEi; Tfji; ' EKKXr|tria<; ytd Ti^ dvdyKEi; T<OV pwoaiKwv

(dvEXapE udXioTa 6 18105 TT|V xPrm"T08oTTl<JTt T"u aaiuaToi;

OTpaTOU nou rJTavlaax; TO jtio 7toXu£ô8o, itXf|v duax; tipepe TO ovoua TOU EUOE-

POU<; Kupidpxou — TO «T£9<opaKiaueva ' AXEâv8po; Ni£(paKU»), Td £i>X6yr|aE

Kai TO E9ECTE oTrjv SidOEOT) TOU iTaXiv Ttpo? dvTiuETtbjtior) TSv «SuTiKfflv oTaupo-

(popcov» TOU 1942...

E660? ox; dv£(pdvT| OTT|V Mooxa f) 9E(opia Tfj; «TpiTT|i; P(buii5», dUEOCOi; OTf|v

O&daiyKTtov fipxiOE vd EKitovfJTai f| 9Etopia tf\c, «TpiTr|<; pmuai'Kfj^ AUTOKPOTO-

pia;». STic 30/9/1940 f) EiprmEpiSa «News Week>» TOO W. A. Harrimans Eypaps:

«'O npOESpo^ Kai f| Kupia PoOapEXT Ev8ia((i£povTai KOT' E!;OXT|V yid Trjv Ka9o-

XiKi1! iSfea niai; nayKoauiou EVCOOEUC;, dXXd pEpaia 6 dpxr|y6<; TOU Kpdtoui; SEV 9d

ou^r|TT)ar| 8rmooia Eva TETOIO 9Eua». "Apa XoiTtov TO TEXEUTUIO aCiTO f|Tav

8ouX£ld TWV 9£(flpT|TlK<flV Kai TfiV 8iaVOOUH£V(OV. "OvTCOi; T6v ' lOUVIO TOU 1941 TO

7CEpio8iKO "Current History» OnfipÊ mo ouyKEKpinEvo: «T6 KEVTpo if\<^ <3<; T(bpa

TtayKoauiou TdÊfl)? OTf|v Euptiutri KOTaXuETai. Kavfeva EOvoi; Tfji; Eupii>;ir|<;,

r|7tEipa>TiKTi<; f| nrj, SEV 6d nnop£OT| vd dvaXdpr) Tf|v f|y£oia yid |Jid SiapKfj

7rayKoti|iia Td^r|. A6Tf| r\a tf^? Ebp&mqc, UTCOXPEWVEI Tt|v ' AuEpiKf^, E^TE

v' dvaXdpr) Tt|v rjvEoia ff\q EJiEpxousvrii; Enoxfji; E!TE v' dvTin£TO)T[ior| Evav VEOV

UEaaiwva dnpopXEnTou 8iapK£ia^. ' H ' AyyXia 9d UTtdp^T) TO Kupico? Ouua dno

TOUTOV TOV noXEuo... Kai TO uovo not) ujtopouv vd EOxwvTai oi "AyyXai Elvai vd

aioaouv EauToCi; cb? EOvoi;. AEV Od 8ia9£Touv TtXEOv TO ^(oi'Kd dno9£naTa, yid vd

f|yti9o<3v TOU KOOHOU OE uid VEO ETtoxri. ' H uovaSiKf| £iprjvr| yid Tf|v 6itoiav Kai

Hovo EvSiacpEpouaCTE Eivai uid Pax Americana, OKpipw? KOTd TTJV "iSia EVVOIU

itoi) fcrtfipÊ KditoTE uid Pax Romana Kai uid Pax Britannica»...

Oi iSEEi; ai)TEi;, KOITOI £K7tovii9ritjav SVEU ouuuEToxfi<; Tfjc; HEydXr|<; udî;

TOU dnEpiKaviKou Xaou, Eou^TiTViOriKav TtoXu dito T(<; f|yETiK£c; tdÊi^ Kai 6 HpoE-

Spo<; "ATXdi STI^PEVOOV KaT£pt|KE dpyoTEpa UE TO ouvOr|ua TOU «p(ouaiiKoO

aiffivo<;» oti^ EKXoyE? TOD 1952. AUTOI; itoi) dvEXapE TI"|V dpxitEKT6viar( TCOV

ysviKflv dpxwv TfJ5 v£a<; Oecopiac; UEaa oTd"i8ia TO xpovia TOU ôXEuou, unfjpÊ 6

EÊXCOV duEpiKavoi; 8T|uooioypd(poi; Kai ouyypacpEai; Walter Lippmann. ME TTJV

TEXvoXoyiKr| dvantu^ri, EXEyE 6 Lippmann, 6 OTXavTiKoi; Kai Eipr|viK6? (OKEOVO^

UET£pXii9r|aav OE XIUVE?, oi 6noiei; TtXEOv SEV KUTOXupwvouv TT|V dc(pdXEia Tfflv

HFIA. STT|V 'AuEpiKt) SEV OTtouEVEi (&; EvaXXaKTiKf) Xuar) Einf| novov rj KXao-

oiKii dpxi1! Tfji; TOKTiKfli; Tr^ TtaXaidi; Ptbur)?, 8r|X. f| KUpiapxia £ti Tfi; «dvri-

HEpav 6x9r|5». 'H 'A(j£piKf| OTIEXPEOUTO, oituc; aKpipeoi; f| naXaid P(bur|, vd

£7ti Ttov dvTiTtEpav aKTrnv-Tfj^ popEiai; 'A<ppiKf)^, Tfflv dTXavTiKfiv

Tfji; EuptoTtrii; Kai daiaTiKWV dKTfflv TOO EiprjviKoO. ' flc, itpoi; Tr|v dnoTE-

XEauaTiKOTr|Ta auTfji; Tfji; TOKTiKfj? 6 Lippmann KUTapEuyEi OE ioropiKd Ttapa-

SEiyuaTa. ' H ' AyyXia £KUpidpxr|a£ EJti if\t; dvriKpuvfji; oxOrji; tfj? ' OXXavSiai;,

IT\C, ' lanavia; Kai — u' EVOV 7t6X£uo EKUTOV ETMV — Tij<; TaXXia^. 'O KdpoXoi;

107

tffc £our|8iai; Erti Tflg evavti aK\r\c, Tfji; dvaToXiKfte 9aXdaar|c;, npayna noO TOV

cbSt|Yr|OE <JE JioXEHO ne TTJV Pcooaia. XapaKTrjpiaTiKd EV itpoKeinevo) Elvai 6ti

np6 TOU TeXoug TOU JioXEHOU 6 Lippmann npospXEJiE mdv avaXoyri eÊXt^Ti. ' Eni

too 7rap6vTo<;, EXsyE, f) Pojaaia Elvai Eiatpoi; Tfjc; ' AnEpiKfji;, HETO TOV rt6XE|ao

;, 8iav f| FEpnavia Kai T) 'lancovia 8d EXOUV r)TTT|6t|, HE Tf|v oTpaTr|YiKf|

f| " AnEpiKr| 6d E!XE v' avrinETwrtiaT) TT|V (

VCOOEOJ^, 8E8on£VOU OTI f\» pa>n<x'iKr|

SEV 8d f|tav itapd (Jid dvaXoyri ir\c, jiaXaifi^ ini KOXTUOJV Kat ioOnfflv: ETII rf|£

popEiou SaXdoatii; \it tf\v Nop|3r|Yia Kai 'AyyXia, TO TippaXTdp nfe TT^V

' loTiovta, TT|V MEOOYEIO HE TT|V ' iTaXia, ' EXXdSa, Toopicia, TO £OUE^ HE Tt<;

popEioaeppiKaviKEi; OKTEI; Kai EV TEXEI TOV rtepaiKO KoXito ÎE Tii; O^SE^ Kai TO

vt|md TOU. STT|V npd^ri f) vea auTr) aTpaTr)YiKf| £TE9r|K£ dnEaioi; ÎETO TOV JtoXEno

HE TO SOYHU Tpouîav KOI, Xtyo HETO duo Tf|v 2uv6T)KT) TSv BpuÊXXmv, ETCIOTPE-

(povTai; &ni> Eva TaîSi TOU OTT)V ' AÊpiKTi, 6 7tp<o0unoupY6^ TOU BsXYiou P. H.

Spaak EioTJYaYE TOV opo «dTXavTiKfi KOIVOTT|I;» OTO

EOpO)7tT|<;.

'H KoivuviKoitoiriori T&V i5e&v aimov, STiXaSr) f| Sid if[<;

8id8ooii<; TOU<; atic, eupEiE^ naÊg, aunpaivEi jtdvo)-KdTto OTiglSiEi; SEKOETIEI; 7toi>

Xapaivouv TII; EHEÊpYaaiEi; TOUI; odv OEtopiEi; Kai OTOUI; Kaipoui; na<; EÊI Tf|V

Hopq>fi Ttov EjtiaiiHtov aKa8r|)aaiKa)v oxoXfiv. Ot TtoXiTioTiKEi; {8iaiTEp6TT|T£i; SEV

elvai pspaia KdTi TO diuoXuTro? ETtiGunriTO yid TT|V VEU «dTXavTiKri KOIVOTTITO" Kai

f| 8onr| Tfji; "dTXavTiKfii; Koiv(ovia<;», onux; EtSanE nporiYOUHEVtoi; vd TT|V opi^T) 6

Rostow, SEV KaGioTa KOT' dvdYKTjv d7tapaiTT|TEi; HEPIKEI; OUVT^SEIEI; TWV naXaifiv

TpoTtcov oKEV|/ri<;, Smog Tt.x- 6 SidXoYoi; Kai 6 SiaXEKTiKoi; Tpomx;

tf\c, dXrj6Eia<;. ITOV TOUEO tfj? SEUptiTiKiii; epEUvr|i; 6

0^61; EXEI uio6£Tt)OEi fj8r| Tf|v dpxr| OTV T6 TtpopXriHa

ETtaYOHEVox; OTO kmts'bynara r&v ETtiatTmffiv (oT6v TOÊO

(piXooo(pia<; af)To 8r|Xot STI Cnap^T) SEV arinaivEi dit68£ii;T| uTtdpÊco? dXXd

bnoSEv^tl ToD TpoTiou KaTaaKEuf)<; — PX. ETtiorii; T6 pipXio nai; «'H ' AvaToXiKT)

MEOOYEIO(;» KXn., OEX. 39), EvS f| dvaXuTiKf| XEYOHEVT) ipiXoooipia JIB TI<; enpa-

6uva£i? TT)I; ETti Tite (piXooocpia^ Tfj<; Yô>oor|<;, tSiaiTEpmi; Sid TOU N. Chomsky,

ditESEiÊ OTI oi UTidpÊic; TWV Koiveoviffiv SEV OTT|pi£ovTai OTOV «AOYO» Kai TT|V

«' IoTopia», dXXd at dpxEYOVouq nuGoui; n& 7t£pipXfi(iaTa ovEipou, OE jif| SXXoyE^

VUXIKE? SiaodoEig TWV XaSv. KUITOI Pe(3aia afiTd dnoTEXouv OUVEXEIEI; TtaXaio-

Tepcov jipaYndT<ov(pX. TO itapaitdvco PipXio \utc,, a£X. 21),unt^pâv JtdvTto^ iKavd

Yid vd auYKpoTTâouv TI$ TtpouitoGEOEii; TUV VECOV XoyoTEXViKSv EKKIVTJOEWV.

"HSri Tffl 1958 6 dHEpiKavoi; ai)YYpa<pEai; P. Drucker OT6 pipXio TOO «The

Landmarks of Tomorrow" xpr|oinojtoiEi t6v opo «HETaauYXpovo<; Koanoi;», EVKJS

oi d|iEpiKavoi KpiTiKoi Tfi<; XoYOTEXviag I. Howe Kai H. Levin HE Tf|v Evvoia auTT|

TOU "HETaouYXpov00" dasouv Hid KOTO paOoi; KpniKr| ETti TOU umipxovToc; Co?

«ouYXPovou». Oi veoi KaXXiTExvEi;, OKUC, oi Ginsberg, Cage, Kerouac K.&.,

U '5noipd}l aoi Scos^dpuq D3dod> psidiASs AOI IDS nortoos noAidsrfUo goi DiUiUlSa3<t>OllBAp ADlrt 13^31OUp UlQD UX.CoX.ndDU U Ugl3U3 '5(orfo '5od3t1

pi puy, •(•«•¥* AfOiptlUAis AcosuoXds AMI UoiucoisrliiAp — DinrlU^cjodu5(03on<b 5Usm-<ou IDS Uon^ DA isscoigius Scosooy 5Ui odcpX AGIO — DiorlUioaoDSIACOAIOS Dd3t1Uo Oflg BIO IDS SUtlog DlXlOlOllAD 13glgQOdU OO91OCO DlOUp U —

(dsiaoiurfos) Acoiprfoiao «AmA3rloiu3so» IDS 5Usiond)odsirf 5Ui U^niupAp UAsrlo-DICjsd, If 110 'X'U 5(OJIO 'AroiUlOllUJOSO AO>A3l1oA3rlDAp 5w3Ofld) SUY'/D A(OA3TlOl£

-3-<{)DdDM) SU^dojiQ SUAiurodgAD 5Ui SrosoasrioAoiK) Sisosgoitnodii 5Ui IDS Smtfo13X3A^ 'D0DXp A3t1 13/.pdDU UX.O)X.DdDH LlSlXoÔAXSl l,lSltl3-<01iD13rl U 110 50AOX3X:

01 pup DiDjjscJ iDiisioaiotlirloA SUoraAX 5UsiAor(Uioiii3 5Ui pios Usinds H ,'"AO^rlDldg AOSllOgS3 3O3^

-3i3up — SoiAXsioXo^ SUinoi «3UJ3pouijsod» 5Ui 5ogji3 pio iDisXpiiQ rtoaj oriUd-pioignrl — «nogp,j goi orloAp pj_» osg_ oidjurlao goi orlUdpioignrl pi '^3sXsxApl IDS lAp}J -"AplO 5Ul D13lUQ Alll pllp llASTloUgaUlIp Alll IDS AH)3gl AMI

Didoaioitodu AUi pup Uidod>rt3, DIADIJ AUi 'Dgp^-^g, AÎO :5coiAO,9 — SplflD DSlgl3 — pSlg!3 IDS D13SDUd0 U lOlU 'AtOlpllXDdlJ AMI AC01QD

Uo30piiaodn Usidoioi î IDS iDissoidj) 'noAsrlogsgndoii 301 Usuids UsiA3D03l1 '5DlAo^03gl «3UJ3pOUlJSOJ» 5Ul OdlOOXplO plO lip 1D1130A A30OS1Q

•5nod)pdXoidoioi0ar( Snogjs Qosigis Apo 3rtQO0oDiADd>5<joi DA 3rloodourl AJDIOAJV. AOI IDS OIOÎ^DJ Api Apo SsAortUiolu? 5no^pX.3rl5noj. -SUixnAX îXoidsai 5m I3i3-<soiip Digi U ijoai pipo 30 îgn-Ûg 'AnoioiiorliiloAAlii noil 5i3opioDig 53si0nt1 5iio UXnd>DiDs DA i3U3dn — <ouj3poui)sod (JIOABSnp) uouipuo.-) BI» noi otYf)1^) 010 i3<bpd/. — 5Ui Di30U^p Alii Uîsgoiip .A pij

•SoiAroAios 5U"^9 3ioul,igoDio o0grl AOI 3i1 UrlDAngoo; '^DIACOAIOS SliAsrddsssXnD5oirl Uooiopig Usi0nrt AUi is^sioiip UrlUioiiis U Digi U UIQD U/hoiio AUi pup IDSD130UYP AUi isXîos no U§]3gojip _ A Saoupdi 13X3 A3g UomAX. UsiAot1UioiiJ3 Uno isAiorlUoiii^ 'Uurodng AUio 53ino 533gj 5ii 3ocog3ig aoai pJBjoXT sio5uBjj-UB3f5od)oopîd> 5oi(^pj o, 'AnoX3A3 IOIQD (JOB AmisXioio AmsiXo^dsuq ACOI IDS ACOIA-WAios Ami A(i)0riT( ArosiXdp Ami UomsAOAD AUio AnoXdpun ScwoliAAsXDAp 5010131ioitl isiUipiDAag 10 uDrtXpdii iioU '5oiX.oôAX3i 5Ui AroiAmAios ACOI 5co3o-UAA3X.DAD Di30piiood3i Usu30 plrl ADO U0oidUisodoX DA isdoiirl oisXioio psi0nrlpio SUi pdocboAD AUi 5pdn 5cp SDIACOAIOS <ouj3pouiisod»•Didi3iiTl3 UsiADSidsrip 5codD0ns pirl '5oiUiod>^3gp !>Ui DIACOAIOS pirl 'AOdl3AO IDS SUlpSUDlUodH nOUO DIACOAIOS Dili 'ACOADlgAJ. ACOI DIACOAIOS DO130O

-3-ôiip «Didoioi» AUi pup UA3t1XD-<-<Uup AUi DIACOAIOS Ugcosgi 5m«QOADSid3r(p noA3TlDX noi SogOApiis H ,» n01 prlUd9ioi0ni1-oiriisog pio"I O, '3'ôf l" 1̂ Junoj 'loi|g ACOI Didoiioimdu piD^DU Alii 5Ui Sooumooduss5noiDa3\3i 3i1 IDS 5S61 91 °ido psiAodX oiDicisysi ^rl Doao0^3dDii Scpsuoidp1DAJ3 UlIlD 11O AflOSOldfJ 'J3IP9UJ "\S UESSE(-| qBlJJ 9 ScOUO '«5UXOU3 5UA

-odXXao» SUi losuids lo-y^v. •5Usid)DdAro5 SUsiADSidsrlp 5Ui prloiAoioosdJi^s

OA3rlUdU*p Apio UÛ-^DIDS OA piX, '3rido^YnW ^P1 !DJl 3MOSZj3ijM AOI srl UiicodagAUio i35)Xdp AOioup 01 '«noAd3iAori» QOI DioiDîi pi psusn*op Anosoidcj

80T

109

KpiTiKf) KUTCC Tou «A6you» — 6 OTtoiog dTtOTEXEt TO SeSonEvo l*i&g JtoXiTioTiKfjg

dycoyfig Tf|g Kowcoviag — OKOJIEI vd 8iaxcopiot| TI^V i5xa avtr\a arco Tig

5iaSiKaai£g Jtapaycoyf|g.

KOTO Ttoaov airtd 6Xa unopouv vd ari(iaivouv (iidv i5£oXoyiKf|v ' Avayev-

vt]OT| aid TiXataia TOU SUTIKOU KOOLIOU, elvai Pspaia Eva EâipETiKd aui^TTiavLio

EpcbTT|Lm. £uvr|9eog oi noXmoTXKEg' Avay£vvT)O£ig SEV Elvai novoyEVEig KaTaatd-

OEII; aid itXaioia EVOI; TtoXiTianou KOI itpoujtoGETouv KUTIOIO yovinoTtoio «dXX6-

tpio» OTOIXEIO, oitioi; Kai OT6v pioXoyiKov KOOHO. Td 8«6 ÊydXa pEU|jaTa Jtoi)

\iac, Eivai yviooTd oid jtXaiaia tfj<; EupoiTtaiKtii; ioiopia? — Tf\i; ' Avay£vvr|or|5

Kai TOU Ounavionou — ETOI napf\if)-r\aav. ' H HEV ' AvayEwriar| dno Ka6apd

HEaoyEiOKEi; 8io8iKaoiE^, oi OIIOIEI; EVEIXOIV noXXEi; noXuiOTiKE; 8iaoTdoEii;(3X.

TO (iipXio no? «' H dvaToXvKf| M£ooyEto<; ax; EupcoiraiiKfi ioTopia», a£X. 191 K.E.),

6 SE OCuaviono^ dno KdmoiEc; jtapdXXriXE^ SiaSiKaovEi; OTTIV TtEpioxt| Tfj<;

avaToXiKf|i; Eupcbitrig, SrjX. drto Tf|v «ouyKXiar)» EKEI TOOV 860

KOOHCOV. Ilpiv dTto Tf|v MEiapp09nior|, f\a £lx£ sva JtoXu HEyaXOTepo

itooooT6 SpaoTripioTtiToi; aToix; %<apovc, OUTOIX; djto oao HETU. Kai cog yvcooTov,

KaOtoi; £7tavaXanpdvo|j£ Kai OTO KEIHEVO, f| TtoXrtiKf| ff\c, 'Op6o8oîa<; f)Tav vd

H£Ta8i8r| Tf|v 7ioXiTioTiKf| ouoia TT|<; OTO £0viKd SESonfeva Tfiv Xafiv, atii;

yXeoaoEi; TOU^ Kai OTO SIKO TOU<; £9ina npoor|p|joo(i£vri — nid Kptb'inTi EUTtEipia

Tfj<; dvaToXiKfji; 'EKKXr|oiai; Jiou upof|XeE and ir\v ITUKVTI EnoiKTiori aXapiKcov

(puXcov OE noXXfci; puâvTivE^ nEpioxEi; KOTO TOV 7cp(bi|4ov nEcaiiova. TOUTT) f)

TOKTIKTI Tti<; dvaToXiKfii; "EKKXrioiai; 5i£Tr|pr|aE Kai ESuvdniooE 6X£<; Tig

«£9viK£g» ouvTETaynEVEi; Ttov Xatov Tfjg popEiavaToXiKfjg EOpcbnri);, Tig oitoiEg 9d

ppf) ETOIHE; (bg npouJto9EO-£ig f) EUp(onai'Kr| M£Tapp69(iior| nou 9d ÊKiviior| dno

Tig xcopsg auTEg. ' AKOIIT) Kai ebg TO LiEydXa KaXXiTE/viKa pEOnata TOU airavog nag

OTOV EUpcoTcaiKo x<opo, f\g Spdor) djto T6v xpov TOUTOV TOU «dXXo-

Tpiou» OTOVXEIOU — 8r)X. TOO OTOIXEIOU Ttou EVEXEI Kai mdv aXXr)v EoXmoTiKf|V

SidoTaari — 9d JtapanEivr) npoE^dpxouoa. AEV EXOUIJE rcapd vd 6u|iTi9ounE TO

6vonaTa Ttov Archipenko, Gabo, Pevsner, Kandinsky, TOU M. Chagall. ZTIIV

Toug ZTpapivoKU, XaTaaToupidv Kai LooTdKopug, OTOV x°P° Ta

TOU NTiayKiXEq), OTOV KivrmaToypd(po TOV Pudowkin Kai Eisenstein,

dpxiT£KTOviKf| Toug BXaSiîiipoxp, TdTXiv, So^TtoXicocp, AavTOipaKU Kai

noXXd fiXXa.

Oi cpuoioXoyiKEg TOUTEI; noXuiaTiKEg SpdaEtg, TO «KUKXoipopiaKO ouaTtma»

TCOV TioXmancov 8riXa8^ OTOV x^P° T*l<; Eupamrig, EXEiToupyrioav and TTIV

dpxaioTTiTa cog TOV SsuTEpov 7tayKOO|jio n6X£|jo. ' H MEaoyEiog £7ta\(<E Evcopig vd

XfiiToupyfj Kai HETO TOV itdXEno EnayE Kai fj dvaToXiKTi Eupcimr|. "Eva dvdXoyo

UTtoTEXeona TCOV jiporiyouiiEvcov yid TTIV TtvEunaTiKT) dvayEvvtioT) TOU «jtaXaiou

Koaiiou», nioov aicova IIETO TOV TioXEno, f) 'An£piKf| SEV EcpEpE. Kai SEV 9d

iiTtopouoE "locog vd (pEpti, yiaTi f) 'An£piKf| Elvai noXuioTiKo CrtoauvoXo Tfig

EupoiTirig, yiaTi SEV jtEpvExei Ka^md noXiTiOTiKT) 8idoTaor| itoi) vd \ir\v Etvai

Ti. OCTE Kai nJt6pEOE vd cppovTiaT| vd KaTamaoTfj HE jtpopXiinaTa TOU

110

xcopou — cud Kai TOUTOI; uovoi; aTtEHElvE 65 uid Suvduti «7toXm-

OTiKii 5iaaOv6£or|» aTf|v Auor| — , HE jrpopXrjuaTa Jtou to; jtoXiTiKE? Kai IOTO-

PIKEI; £Ki5i(bÊi<; dvTioToixouaav at aXXou<; Kaipoui;, itpopXi^jiaTa noil f| dpxil

TOD; dvdyETai OTO luvESpio Tfj<; Bi£WT|<; (!), 7ui8ava><; TtpopXrjuaTa eacpaXnevcov

KaTavoiio£(ov Kai 6;tcoa8Vi7toTE dvavTicnoixa TCOV ar)ji£piv5v SESoiiEvcov. ME 6XaTOUTO fj 'AuEpiKn, SEV daxoXfj6r|KE, reap' 6Xov TTOU Kai OTf]v dpxaia ptonaiiKn,

AuTOKpaTopia TO rrpopXliuaTd ir\(, pptoKOVTav CTTTIV 'AvaToXr)... AEV <XCT)(oXfj-

9r)KE vd 8ia|iop(pcbCTr| nidvTSia yv(!>nr| yid Td 7tpopXr||jaTa TMV Xacov Toiv VECOV TTJ^

«£8a(pcov», <xpK£a6£iaa vd HETapdXrj okEC, TI<; KaTaoTaoEii; TOU itap£X66vToc; TOUI;

CTE EyyuiioEi^ rtoXuiKo-oTpaTicoTiKfiv iooppoiticov! ' AXXd, pEpaia, Eva Ka9£OT<iii;

«npocTaoia<;» TCOV «niKptov Xatov», /copi^ KUVEVOV ifiEoXoyiKo TEXoi;, Eivai

EKEIVO TtOl) E/El OV\ilfEpOV vd KaXXlEpyfj E^' OTtElpOV Tl^ £CT(OT£plKE<;

Eii; TCOV Xacov Jtou TO EJtipdXXouv cdv TETOIO. AUTO Eivai O,TI rrpoacpEpEi

TEXiKd or|HEpa f] *An£piKr| OTOUI; aXXoui; Xaoui;, OTOU? «mKpou; Xaoui;». MEVEI

Xoiirov vd nEpinEvconE vd iSounE T! VEO E/EI vd itpoacpEpri itpo? Tf|v KaTEuGuvCTT)

TOUTCOV TCOV TtpopXr|n<xTcov 6 «Postmodernismus» (fid TO GEHO TOU «(i£Taouy-

Xpovou» TOUTOU KivrinaToi; EvSiacpepovTa OTOIXEIO ppiaKEi KOVEII; cTf|v ouXXoyr|

SoKiiiicov: A. Huyssen — K.-R. Scherpe (Hsg): «Postmoderne» (Zeichen eines

kulturellen Wandels), Rowohlt 1986).

K) BX. A. Merad: « L'Islam Contemporain», |jv. £., oeX. 35-36.

KU) npoKEiTai yi' ai>To Ttou arf\v yXcoaoa ifjs TtoXiTiKfji; OECopiai; ovondÊTai

« Strukturelle Gewalt» Kai TOU oicoiou f) XElToupyia Eivai vd oTpEipETai KOTO Tf|<;

uitapxouoT|5 TtoXiTiaTiKfji; Sonfji; dXXoicbvovTai; Tit; KOWCOVIKEI; npourtoGEOEii;

TT)<;, 8r|X. ouciaCTTiKd KOTO Tfji; TtpaynaTiKfji; 8iav6t|or|(; K<x0£ /mpai;.

KP) BX. it./, H-H. Nolle, uv. £., CTEX. 124.

Ky) £r|UEicoTEOv OTI oi HOA unfipâv dito TO !8puTiKd ii£Xr| Tfli; UNESCO

Kai f) ISpuTiKii TTH; SiaKiipu^r) T<3 1946 yiopTda9r|KE adv u£ya EmTEuyna Tfli;

duEpiKaviKfji; SiitXconaTiai;. OaivETai, 6nco?, STI diro Tr)v dpxt) TO TtpdyjiaTa

Eitfipav XaGEUEVo Spojio — Ka6cd; r| itpd^r] drtESEiÊ — , BEcopcovTai; Tr|v'i8puari

TOUTOU TOU opyavianou TauTOCTtmn |i£ Ti<; icpoypanuaTiKEg 8iaKr|puÊig TOU SIEU-

TOU dnEpiKaviKou FIpaKTopEiou EiSfjaEcov K. Cooper, 6 onotoi; Tc5 1942

pipXio(«Barries Down») Kai Eiar|y£iTO TTJV civEu £U7to8icov SiaKivT|or|

TCOV djiepiKavcov SrmoCTioypdcpcov TtavTou OTOV KOCTUO. Auo xP°via dpyoTEpa 6

y£pouoiaaTf|i; Tom ConoHy TtapouoiaÊ nidv Eiar|yr|ar| OTO KoyKpECTCTo, rtou

lytvE TEXiKd SEKTII, Kai auu(pcova HE Tf|v oitoiav oi auv6f|K£<; yid Eva itayKoouio

« Free flow of Information)) ETtpETtE vd Eivai Eva dito Td dnETd0ETa TtXr) Tfji;

dnEpiKaviKfjg iroXE|iiKf)i; 8patJTr|pi6Tr)TO(;. ' H nETaicoXeniKri 6|a<o<; npdijn, cpai-

VETOI TUOC, SiETUrtCooE Ti<; civTippr)CT£i<; Tr|<; yid 6X' UUTU. TOUTO TO « Free Flow»

PEpaia T| ' EXXdSa TO aia9dv6r|K£ OCTO tcaujjid aXXr) xo>pa CTTOV KOCTHO dnTO, Ttou

CTUV tot? fiXXoii; auvETtrixSr) Kai Tf|v KUpioXEKTiKr] 7toXToitoir|CTr| toD xcbpou itoO

OTii; uepE; uai; napaTr|pounE.

K8) BX. L. Leontiades: «Die neutralitat Griechenlands wahrend des Weltkri-

Illeges», EI<; « Zeitschrift filr auslandisches offentliches Recht und V61kerrecht», t6u.

11, No. 1/2, 1930, OEX. 127 K.E. 'H ooSETEpoTtn; auTT| Pepaia TponoTtoiiiOriKE Xiyo

dpyoTEpa, SIOTI r\| pi<ooT| TCOV tdiE 'EXXrjvtov JioXmKcov kQeia-

pr|OE arcapaSEKTov TOUTOV TOV Su'iauo TOU £XXr|viKou ESdcpoui;. ' O TpiKOU7ir|<;, HE

TT|v POTÊIO TOO Gladstone (PX. JT.X. 'Eu. I. POUKOUVO: «AijrXionaTiKf| 'loTopia

(19oi; aicbv)», 'A9f|vai 1975, osX. 102), KaidcpEpE Eva dito EKEWU td «u£Ta!;u

vuKTa<; Kai f|U£pai;», id TOCO yoviâ Kai itpoocpuf) OTOV tXXriviKO x&po: TTJV

«fmi-oi>5£TEpoTTiTa». ' Aito Ta 7 vr)aid, novo f\a Kai oi Octroi 6d EÊvav

8iT|V£Kw<; oOSETEpa, HE Tf|V £yyi)T|ari TOU bXXr|Viicou KpdTot^. AE5on£vou b\i<ac, STI

TO EXXtiviico KpdTo; &c, «nX<xaua 8iKaioi)» oi)8£itoTE 9d fJTav CE GEOT) v' dvTaito-

Kpi9fi OE TETOIOU EiSoDi; uitoxpEcooEii;, Kai r\; ai)TT| jiap£pido9r|

JtXiipioi; OTOV itptoTo jtayKoouio n6XE^lo: ai cuianaxiKai SuvduEi? 7tpOE^(b<pXr|oav

OTI f) 'EXXaSa «SEV 9d urtopouoE vd 'EXI dvTippriari vd (piXo^£vr|9fi yid Xiyo 6

OTpaToi; TTJ<; cunudxoo xibpac; Trig Êppia? OTT|V K£pKupa» Kai dvEKoivtoaav

auTf) TT|V d7c6(pact| toix; OTT|V EXX. Kup£pvr|OT| nEpiKEi; (i£p£<; dpyoTEpa, dip' OTOU

fj5r| djt£pipdc9r| 6 oTpaToi;. Oi EyyuiicEii; ai>T£<; o65£T£poTr|Tai; icoi) dveXapE

TtaXaid r) ' EXXdSa EÊitXripfflGrioav TOGO nmiKct, (5aT£ vd ppouv TTJV jiXr|pr|

auvoyiaii TOUQ axETlK" M^ T(* To^ ttp(i)Tou noXEUou OTOV Xoyo TOO Mitptdv:

«8oi)X£id Tf|5 'EXXdSoi; Eivai vd SianapTUpeTai Kai 8iKn, (jai; Eivai vd \ir\v dnav-

Tan£». AESOHEVOU ouvEJtax; OTI f] KUTdaTaari f||jiou8£TEp6Tr|Toi; KaTEOTri d(p'

feauTfic; otviaxupl, £v<3 SEV 7tpo£Kuv(fav OTO ÊTaî) oi)v9f|KE(; noil vd itpopXEitouv

Tr|V apot) Tfji; oi)5ET£poTr|Toi; OE nEpiitTioari itoXEnois £itior||jo)i;, EJIETOI OTI OE

Kaipo £ipiivT|5 f) itEpijtTcoan, yid Td ETCTdvT|oa Eivai f] npopX£jton£vr| Ono Tfji;

oov9riKr|(; TOU AovSivou TOU 1863.

KE) Kai Tfji; onoiai; pEpaia aKOur] oi «Koiva)vioXoyouvT£<; ioTopio8i(p£<;» nag

\)/dxvouv «v' dvaKaXuv)/ouv» TO a'iTia OTII; «KOIVOMKE<; ouv9fjK£Q»

Xtbpou, Jtapd TI<; £KKa9apio£ii; ToC METU^S Kai TO jiEydXo itpoitoXEniKo

outoSriniai;. Md Ttooo «Kow(ovioXoyiKd» (>jifjpâv TOUTO TO a'tTia duoSEiKvuEi rj

HETEJtEiTa ouuji£pi(popd Tfiv TOTE «£TcavaoTaToJv», irou SiKaia oi dv9pconoi GEXouv

«<vd n£9dvouv OTO "£<a\iata TOUC». AEV i;Epo\>|j£, av TO TtpdynaTa EPXOVTOV Siacpo-

PETIKO, fiv 9d £n,Toua£ 6 AEVIV «a8Eia ditopKba£(oi;» an' TOV Todpo, (boToao

9aTav jtpayuaTiKO aSiKo oi 5iKoi pac, EitavaaTcnxc; vd TrcGdvouv TiuwprinEvoi yid

KUTI Jtou SEV EcpTaiâv, JTOU dKO(ia SEV Êpouv vd ito&v yid TIOIOV Xoyo ÊOTIKO)-

9riKav, Jioioi; TOU^ SpaXE vd TO KOHOUV Kai yiaTi.

'AXXd 6 £XXr)viK6<; EucpuXioi; noXEjaoi; EV T(3 yiyvEaOai TOU, EKTOI; cijto 115

SiE8v£ic; EJiiTiTtboEii; nou EIXE f\a TOU, £(p£p£ KI Eva KaXo OTOV Tono:

KUTd(p£p£ v* djiaXXd^r] TT)V 'EXXd8a an' TO Kouvoimia. ^PdxvovTai; (JE T" a£po-

JiXava TOU^ oi 'EyyXEôi yid Kpu(iu£voui; dvTdpTEi; OTO pouvd, covonaoav tr)v

ETtixEipTiori «KaTa7to/t£ur|or| tfj^ £Xovooia(;» Kai KUTdipEpav OVTWI; v' dTtaXXd-

ôuv TOV feXXriviKo x*Jpo EKTOI; an' TOU<; dvTdpTEi; KI' ait' TO EitipXapfj EVTOHO!

KOT) TOUTO ouvEpri HE TO Pipxio na? «' AvdXuor| tfji; VEOEXXriviKfji; daTiKfj?

ISeoXoyiai; (d7t6 TO 1880 &c, OT)H£pa)». XTO pipXio auTo EpEuvorrai yid rtpajTr)

112

<popd f] jtoXiTiKf) Kai KOIVCOVIKTI aTjuacria TOU «yXa>aaiKou npopXi^naTO^" ioto-

piKd Kai (6<; 7tpou7id8£aTi Tffc HETaiuoXEîKfjc; iSEoXoyiai;, fjyouv EKEIVT)? TOU

«Xamanou» (noirjuaTa Kai TpayouSia). ' H onoia, ox; EK (puosox; &XoKXt|pamKf|

iSsoXoyia (SESojjEvou OTI UTtdpxouv itoXXoi «XaiKianoi» aiov £XXr|viK6

Xoycp Tfjc; TtoXXaitXfji; £8viKfj<; auv6£a£<b<; TOU), f|Tav Kai Elvai TO Kupio

jtoXiTiKfji; itpd^rn;. To pipXio auTo ESpaaE 071105 T° EpyaXEvo TIOU slvm itporapi-

a(i£vo yid ouyK£Kpi|a6VT| -£pr\aT]: oi VEEI; "TIOITITIKEI; yEvtiEi;», oi OTCOIEI; aSrino-

vouoav vci ÊaKXapioBouv out' TOY 5Eipax9fi Cuyo T°u EecpEpri Kai TTI<; «yEVT)a(;

TOU '30», ETtf)pav TO pi(3Xio ai)TO Kai TO EKUHOV cpXanitoupo Tfiv SiEKSiKiâetbv

TOUI; (8r|X. TTJI; «OUÎHETOXTJ<;» TOUI; OTT|V «Eôuoia»). T6 Pipxio EywE a£Xi8a Jtpo?

OEXiSa Kai rcapdypacpog rtpoi; Ttapdypacpo ap6pa OE TtEpioSiKa KI' E(pr|HEpi8£i;,

£Tpo(po86TT|OE 7toXiTiKa ouv6T)(iaTa, £K7tonJi£<; OTf|v Tr|X£6paorj Kai SiaXEÊii;.

' H £7[i6Ear| KaTd TOU «Xa'iKianou» &c, ETtiarmTi? iSEoXoyiai; ETCOHEVO f|Tav vci

(pEpr) KXovicno Tfji; «jiop(pfj<;» nou SKOXETEUOTOV auTf| itpoc; «TO KdT(o», 8r|X. OT6

«EVTEXVO Tpayou8i». 'AjioTEX£a|ja: 6 yva)OTo<; JtoXEjioi; HETUÛ «£Tatp£ia)v» Kai

«5ioK<ov», 6 6710105 dvdyKaae &c, Kai TtEpiXapf) oXoKXr^pcov KEcpaXaitov ctTto TO

pipXio OTCI Sidipopa EVTUTIO noXEniKfji;. OiKoSev VOEITOI OTI oXa TOUTU Etxav Ti?

ETtiTtTcboEii; TOUI; OTOV x^po SiavooOnEvrii; ' ApioTEpai; TTJI; «v£oop-

», d<pou f\| «£6viKf|» iSfioXoyia OTTIV 'EXXdSa dvayKa-

OTIKO JtapriyETO KOTO Eva TtoaooTO oxi niKpoTEpo TOU 11-12% drto TOV

OTI f) 8id daTuvoniKflv 8iaTayndTcov rtpoaayeoyf) OTII;

auviaTa nid KaTdcpopr) Ttapaptaar] Kd9£ Evvoiai; ArmoKpaTiai; Kai

«dv6pa>niva>v 8iKai(0)jdTa)v». ZTTIV ' EXXdSa slvai TO HETpo UVEU TOU oitoiou SEV

VOOUVTOI EKXoy £<;...

Kr|) ' O «napîO(joi;» Eivai f| x£ipoT£pr| nopcpr) iSEoXoyiKfii; unoTEXEia? yid

TtoXXE? x^pE? TOU Koa(jou. ' Acpou 6 «oiKovo|aiK6i; 7tapdyo>v» KaOopiÊi TO «£rtoi-

Ko86nrina», ETtETai rtax; av undpôuv «5dv£ia» Kai OIKOVOHIKE? EvioxuaEig —

auTd ETOVIÊ f] «NEU Ar|noKpaTia» yid Tf|v «£VTa^r|» — Kai TO KoivioviKd

8d 8iop6eo6ouv. STf|v «8£0)pia» auTt| OTtipiôvTai Kai TO «7tpoypdji-

por|6Eia<;» TSv dvETtTuynEvcov x&>p5v Jtpoi; CTtavdnTUKTEi; xtopEi;, POOEI Tfiv

onoitov jtpotT7ta6ouv v' dva8£pndvouv TTJV dyopaoTiKTi 86vanri Tfiv xtap&v aCTffiv

yia TO iaoiJCyio TOU SIKOU TCOV EâycoyiKou Enôpiou. (BX. it.x- G-K. Kindermann

(Hsg): «Grundelemente der Weltpolitik», 1986, asX. 250 Kai D. Owen: «Human

Rights» y£pn- £K8. 1980, a£X. 1 13). "OTI Pspaia abta TO TtpdynaTa Kaîia OXEOT)

SEV EXOUV HE TOV |jap!;iO|a6 (6 OTtotoi; Ti<; dpx£? TOU cbi; «Koono6Eeopia» TI<; dvTXEt

dno Tf|v ' HOiKf| Kai oxi drto TT|V OiKovonia), Od Ppfl 6 dvayvcboTtii; dvaXuTiKd)-

TEpa OTO K£i|J£VO.

K8) KaTd itapdÊvo Tpono, oi TtpocipaTEi; TpojjOKpaTiKEi; EVEpyEiEi; £H7tpr|-

tjnou TMV doTuvojiiKSv oxTinaTov ouvEJtEoav HE Ti^ EâyyEXOEiOEi;

Tfji; KUpEpVTlTlKfi^ ItoXlTlKfi^ &C, TtpOi; Tf|V 7lXr|pO(p6pTlOT| TOO TUItOU...

X) MEya pEpaia 8d I^TOV TO Xd6o<; TMV 6o(ov 8d rjBsXav vd jtapE

113

TOUI; OKOitoO? ToO pipXiou TOUTOU. To BiBXio âi; SEV £7ii£r|T£i Kavsvav «8idXoyo»

Kai CTUVEitffii; f\d TOO <JE TPEXOUOEC; TtoXuiKEi; KOTaaTdaEic; EXOUV TO

v6t|na tfj? «7ipaKTtKfj<; £<papnoyf|<;» ETC! TCSV 6"a(ov £7ti8ia>K£i vd dvaXOor|. 'H

TtapaTrj pr)ar| auTr} KXEI dnXou"? Epnr]v£UTiKoiX Xoyou?: Td BiBXio TOOTO dirooKo-

7t£l £15 TI^V Ep|jrjv£UOT| jtpayndTtov TtayKoivtoi; yvtooTtov. 'YcpioTUTai finaw; drtd

ditd\)»£<oc; EJtioTrinoviKffc nEBoSoXoyia^ \iia niKpr) Siatpopa: Eivai fiXXo TO vd

«vo|jiCrj» KOVEU;, Kai fiXXo Td vd (jnopfj vd dTtoSfii^T) EniaTrmoviKd aiJTd nou

' AjioSEtKVUEiv £jricTr|noviKd» OEXEI vd icfl vd dnavTS aitioXoyiKd,

TTIV HSia TI^V auXXoyumKr) nou oioSETEt, yid TO Kd6£ Epcbrrma TtoO 6d TOU

T£8fj. nid KOTO) 6d £7tavEX9(onE dvaXuTiKd OTT)V XEETOHEPEIU Toi3TT|. Td ypapd-

na<; SEV duooKoitoOv ord vd «dn(piaBT)TT)CJOuv» TIHOTE d/ud TO vuv uiidp-

U. IKOJTOUV 6niac, dnXS^ vd TO Crtaydyouv oTiiv Eviaia £K£ivr|v 8E(bpr|ar|, KOV

6 auyypatpEai; ta>v ypa^nSv aCTfflv SXEI TT1V oir)ar| vd TtioTEOr), STI XEIJTEI

6Xoax£p(5? dnd TOV 7tpoBXr||iaTi0nd ToO £XXr|viKoO i<bpo\>. Kai ^JIEITO — TtpîtEi

vd ôOne Kai TOUTO — Cjtdpxouv BiBXia TtoC dnoXoyoOvrai EVOVTI Tffiv

auyxpdvtov TOUI;- urrdpôuv Kai SXXa Jtoi) KOT' dvdyKT|v SEV jinopEi vd Td EvSia-

TO Ttpdyna. Md Td 6ena Snioc; TOUTO yi' autoCii; nou KUTaXapaivouv Ti

i<i&ta\| UUTT^), SEV nitopEi vd Etvai 6E(ja (jifi^

yiaTi slvai TO KSio TO OEÔ TTJI; 'lOTOpiai;.

pEpata 6 Xdyoc; Tf|^ «'AXXayf|?» Kai nEydXe? oi avTupdoEii; TOU,

6mac, yid TO Kd8E Ti (lEydXo. 'AcpoO f^ EXntSa dnoTEXEi TT)V navTOTivii (jotpa TOO

dvOpwJtou, Ttoidi; EIV' UUTOC; TIOU SEV OEXEI TI^V 'AXXayrj; 'H 'AXXayr) dnoTsXEt

v6|jo 6Xtov T&V Koivmviuv TOU Kdanou, 67ioi£i; KI ' fiv Elv' auTEi;, SidTi auTi^ SEV

Eivai Jtapd r| (jETapoXrl Ttpdi; gva OTdSio Sldcpopo TOO vOv CitdpxovTO^. Oi KOWCO-

vi£<; yid vd ETtipicioouv, gXEyEV 6 oTpaTtiydc; NTS FKtbXX, fyovv dvayKT) dn' Tiiv

7CETtoi6r|ar| 6n «7cpoxtopoOv». 'AXXayr^ (iTtopEi vd arinaivT) ditd 'EjtavdaTaori

ÊXpi TT)V ditXfj TtpoEKXoyiKr) dyyEXia itpoiSpou KowdTtiToi; xiopiou. Elvai

yid 6XE<; TII; KOIVWVIEI; arJUEpa SUVUTT] (Jid "AXXayr) Kai yiaTi; XE Ti EV

(jnopEi auyKEKpijaEvto^ vd cuvioTOTai aCTtj;

BaaiXiaoa -f\a CTTU; dTtoneipE^ 'AXXayfl^! 'H iaTopia rt\c, SEV Eivai

TteoTE fiXXo Ttapd f^ SiapKr]? dnortEipa yid TT)V « ' AXXayrj». Kai 6nco<;: TOOO £5d>

HE TOV BEVIÊXO Jt-X-: Sao Kai CTTT^V ToupKia JJE TO Kivr|na Ttov vEOTOiipKcov,

uitfjpâv KivrJHUTa 'AXXaySv, x<°Pk SJKOI; vd KarapGibaouv oi x<5pE<; auTEi; vd

PEXTICOOOUV a£ KOTI TT^V GEOT] TOUC; OTO SiESvEi; ai5<JTr|na. EiSiKd OTT^V paoiXicaa

'EXXdSa, f^ oEipd T&V KivrmdTwv 'AXXayfiv ditoTEXEt naGriHaTiKov n£y£6oi;.

Ka6' gva^ rtoO 8d Pyfj OTIIV 'Eôuaia, Pyaiv£i rtdvTa |4£ TI^V Ttpo8£or| TTJ^

'AXXayf|(;. TOUTO ditd uTtdpÊox; VEO£XXr|viKoO KpdToui;. To cpaivdnEvo TOUTO,

6ito><; 8d 5Ei);(0|aE, d(p£iX£Tai dKpipoi^ OTT)V dvTiKEinEviKii gXXEiyr) ouv6r|K<ov yid

TI^V dTtoiaSrjjtoTE 'AXXayri. 'ISoii TO SHEOOV EpwTrma: jircopEi

'AXXayii OE nid xebpa vd ETtiTEUxfifl |J£ |Jdvr|v TI^V TtptoTopouXia TTJI;

fjyEoiai;; Eivai KXflpoi; TWV xuprav |i£ (jaKpEid 8r|TEia OTO KOivraviKO-noXiTiKd

vd TtiaTEUouv OE mdv TETOIUV dnX6TT|Ta TOJV

114

' AXXayei; 6^<oi; EK TOJV «Svco», Sr|X. JJE |i6vr|v Tf|v JtportopouXia iffiv TtoXiTiKiov —

Kai iSiaiTEpa oiii; xwpEi; 6rtou fj noXmKii OndpXEi OE EyyEvfj SidoiaaT) HE Ttiv

Koivojvia — OUTE 8uvaT£<; Etvai OUTE uitfjpâv ITOTE. AUTO Ttou dvond^ciai

«i5pinavoTi TO>V auv9r|K6iv» yid nidv 'AXXayfj, SEV Eivai TIJTOTE SXXo drco TT|V

auHHETOxrj TfJQ jtvEunaTtKfji; fjy£aia<; nia<; x<opai; o^ Hid SiaSiKaoia ' AXXayfjc;, i^

6itoia 'AXXayii JIEOIO aCifj; EKCppdÊtai. 'H Siacpopd nEiaÔ nidi; "AXXayfji; —

TÎ; 67toia<; dspato KOIVIOVIKII £K(ppaar| Eivai i^ 'Enavdaioori — Kai £vo<; Flpaî-

KO7ii^|iaTO<; Eivai dKpi(JS^, 611 dno TO SEUTEPO XEIÊI i^ OUHHETOXII Tfji; fj KdTtoiai;

jtvEUnaiiKfji; i^y£aia<;. LE X^PE? ouvETtSi; itoO dno Siacpopoui; X6you<; EupiaKoviai

CTE nidv ndvi^Ti KOTdoTaon itoXmoTiKfji; Kpiorji;, 5T]X. OE x^pEi; yiiapic, itoXin-

TaOroTTiTa oitox; i^ 'EXXdSa, i^ dnrfrtEipa 6j[Oiaa8^noT£ 'AXXayfji;

Kat' dvdyKTiv TtpaîKOTtrinaiiicii 8io8iKaoia. Fi* oOto dKpipaii; OTI^V

'EXXd8a — ditoTEXouaa TO TUJtiK(!)T£po napd8Eiyna KpdToui; HE 6XiKro<;

dvOnapKTT) oiovSrjjioTE TtVEujaaTiK^v EviaidTr|Ta — r^ Kd6E EâyyEXia 'AXXayfji;

Eivai TtdvTO tauTdatinri HE TO auv6r|na EI[TE Tfjg «dvavEtoatii;» EITE tfji; SriHioop-

yia<; Kditoiou «KOHnaTiicoO <popEa». FIpoKEiTai yi' auto Jtou dvaKaXuitTEi icavEii;

(5<; «7toXiTiKi^ iatopia» TOU VEioTEpou KpdToui;, dXXd Kupiwi; orJHEpa OTT|V

TpExouaa £K(ppaar| Taiv UTtapxovTcov KOHHUTIKMV 6pyavion<ov.

' H TtaXaid AEÎO, napd Tr)v HETa8iKTOptKr| H£Tovonao(a TOO Ko^jiaTiKoO Tr|<;

ifopia, npoacpEpEi dxpipffl^ TT^V iSia i§£oXoyia Ttou EIÊ Kai naXr)d, 8r|X. toO

«doTtKoO (j)iXEXEu8£pianoO». MjiopoCjie Tdx<J aOTT) ti^v EVVOIO vd TT)V dnoSd)-

o(0(.ie HE aCTO rcoC OTO 8iE6vEi; jtoXuiKO XEîXdyio Eivai yvtoaTO (Ac; Liberalismus;

'O AiH7t£paXia|K)i;, Sjicoi;, cTdv x^P° Tfl? E0p«bnt)5 TtoO y£WT)6T|K£

ouyK£Kpi|j£vo OTdSio iatopiKfji; SiaSiKaaiai;, np6<; TI^V 6rtoiav 6

'EXXdSoi; Kai TOJV BaXKavirav yEviKoitEpa jtapanEVEi KaOoXiKfix; ÊVO?. 'O

AiHTtEpaXionoi; OTTJV Ei5po>Tcr| rtporiyEiTai Tfji; SiaSiKaciai; axr]HaTia(ioO TOU

"EOvoug, Jtp6^ OXTIHUTIOHOV TOU dnotou KOIVOVIKO ouvteXEi. LTI^V 'EXXd8a 16

"EOvoi; uTtfjpÊ E^ apxTj? 8£So|jEvo Kai TtporiyoiinEvo (65 iSEoXoyia JtdoT|<; fiXXr|i;.

KaSdXou auvEitwi; SEV Eivai cpavspo TI 6 XinJt£paXiandi; HTtopEi vd dvriTtpoao)-

jtEUEi OE nidv yi<apa E^tipTrmEvou KEcpaXaiou, x<°Pk ytiyEVEii; KaitiTaXiaTiKEg

SiaSiKaoiEi; Kai dpa x^Pk Kpuripia nEpi TOU EiSoui; Kai Tfji; Jipoicrropiai; TWV

«Ka7tiTaXiaTc6v». To itpopXrina SrjX. TOO XinJt£paXia|4oO Eivai

TfJ5 «iSi(OTiKfji; np<OTopouXiai;» TOO «KartiTaXiaTfj», dXXd fj EV

yEVEl KOIVWVIKTJ TOU XElTOUpyia (&C, ItpOi; TO OUVOXo TSV 8£8OHEVO)V OUv6T|KttlV TOO

EXXriviKoO xwpou. EiSiKO xapaKTtipiaTiKO rf\c, AEîSi; Eivai, 6Ti Ttpoi; TO ouvoXo

Tfflv auv6T|Kcov TOUTWV ouSfinia 6£(opia TCOT^ KOTtopGwOE vd 8ianop<po>ar|.

FISi; (iitopEi E)ti napa8£iynaTi jiid AEÎO aTT|v 'EXXd8a vd Eivai auvTT|pr|-

TiKr) Kai TauToxpova 6p6o8o!;r); "EvvoouHE Pspaia E8S vd TtounE TO JtpdynaTO HE

T* 6vond TOUI; Kai ouvEnSi; vd Hiiv TauTiacoHE 'OpOoSoîaKai 'EXXt|viaHO—TO

XpriaiHO TOUTO TEXVOOHO, ittiyf| Tfj^ aiowou KaKonoipia<; Tfj; 'EXXdSog. 'Op9o-

8oîa orinaivEi 'AvaToXii Kai oxi Auarv Mid dp968o^r| auvEJtrai; AEÎU SEV

|UJtop£i napd vd Eivai AEÎU «6p9o8d^(ov 'EXXi^v(ov», SriXaSr) pa9uTOTa dvTop96-

115

TT|I;, 7rpayp,a TtoO TroXXaTtXfii; £8£i!;e (6g uoXuiKi^ (85 Tcopa.

'ApKEi vd 9i>nr)9fj KOVEU; tr\v TtpdacpaTri 'lEprovuHiKr} TtoXiTucrj, TtoO SEV f^Tav

itapd f\| 8uvaTr) TtoXiTiKt) Tfj; AEÎOI; EV 'EXXdSi. Kai nax; yivETai oi

«8uTiKOTpa<p£i<;» EKTtpdawnoi TT]<; A£i;iai; vd 9r)T£i5ouv CTOV KOVT Kai TaOTdxpova

vd EKOTaaid^wvTai HE TO PUÔVTIVO TOU^ Ttap£X9dv; Floid etvai i^ auyKEKpiH^vt]

8ECOpia itou Ttpoa£<psp£ i^ Asîd <4? rcpdc; TO £l5o<; ToOTO TWV dVTKpdoEtov; 'AvTKpd-

OEig EVTOI; Tfiv dJioiwv ppiaKETai KOT' ioTopiKi^ dvayKaidTr|Ta

Kai fipa xMPk Ti1v 8i)vatoTT|Ta CTuv£i8TiTf(; ErtiyvoKJEtoq TWV.

TtpOKUTtToov dno TO yEyovoi; 6n OTI^V 'EXXdSa itpouJtfjp|E TO "E8vo<; naar\c,

fiXXr|^ i8eoXoyia<;, f\a 9d HJtopoOaE vd KOTaaTrjar) ir\v ' EXXdSa EOpconaiicd

KpdToi; — ifyouv OTO XEKTIKO ti(iv6r\]ia TOO «eXXr|voxpicrTiavianoO». 'O 6notoi;,

EITE CndpXEi OTO XsîXoyio EtTE 5xi, And rr\v KOWWVIKT^ 7ipaynaTiK(5TtiTa Tfiv

VEOEXXrjvuv SEV Eivai SUVOTOV vd EâXEi<p9fj. «'EXXrivoxpiOTiaviandi;», I'JTOI

«6p9<58oôi; EXXr)vion6^», arijiaivEi Tr|v TtoXtTiKfig 8i(pufj C7t6oTaor| Tf]<; "EX-

Xd8o<; jiETa^d « ' AvaioXfj<;» Kai «AOar|i;», EVTOI; Tfiv TtXaiauov 8\uoc, Tfli; «AOar|5».

'O £XXr|vian6(; ndvoi; dôTEXei (iid 7tayK6a|iia tOTOpiKi^ KOTriyopia, r^ 6itoia

7t£piXanpdV£i Kai TOUI; feXXaStTEi; "EXXr|V£<;, evfi oi 18101 ?7tp£7tE vd dvuTtpoao)-

ÊUOUV TI^V taTopiKT) Siandp<pcotJT) TOU £XXr|vianoO (ito(p Tfj<; dvaToXiKî;

8pr|aKeia?, 8r|Xa8r) TOO puâvTivionoO. TOUTO dnoTEXouoE (xid EK Tfiv i5v oOK

fivEU dvayKaioTr|Ta Tfji; sOpaiTtaiKfli; n£aoy£iaKf|g itoXutKfji; TOO nap£X8<5vTO5

atfivoi;, dXXd Kai |jidv TEpdoTia dvTi(paar| yid TO auvoXo TOO EXXaSiojioO. 'O

pulJavTivian6<; 9' dTuoTEXouoe ETOI ma 8ir]vgKfj dvartapaywyi^

Xprjainr]<; EXXaSiKfji; ISfioXoyia^, f\a 9d 7tEpieXdnp

TCJCO TO Tufjua TWV 6acov SHEIVOV 8ifoTOpiKd "EXXr|V£<; (Kai TO Tjifjua TOUTO 9d

ouppiKV(i)8fj dnEXnioTiKd EVTOI; Tfiv KpaTiKfiv dpiwv, 6ao Kai fiv, X6yw Tfl^

ECpraitaiKfji; TOU 8idaTaor|i;, 9d dv£|i£V£ KavEii; TO dpKipfiq dvTi9£to), 600 Kai

EKEIVO Tfiv oarnv Ojif|p!;av n<3vo 6p9d8oôi xpmTiavoi, TtoO aTi<; XfiiToupyiE^ TOO

EitiarJHoi) KpdToix; dpydTEpa d7toKXEioTiKfi(; 9d ETtiKpaTiicti (pX. OTO TEXoi; ToO

dKoXou9oOvTOi; KEIH^VOU). ' H xpt|oin6Tr|Ta auvETtfii; TOU oiouSrjrtoTE rtoXiTiKoO

TOU rtap£X9dvToi; EV^KEITO OTOV Pa8no itoO |i£ TI^V armaia 8uTiKOEi8fiv ouv9r|-

(jdTiov urcopoOoE vd auvTTiprjor| EVTOTCICOI; TI^V iSEoXoyia TOO BuâvTtvianoO Kai

Tfj^ 'Op8o8oîai;, OTCOK; djtaiTOUOE rl TEXEOT] tfji; auyK£Kpin£vr|<; ioTopiKfjq

TtpaKTtKfji;. To auTo pipaia iaxOsi H£xpi orJHEpa. ME EXXaSiKd ouvEJtfii;

Kpnrjpia auvETCEia OTrjv TtoXiTEia TOO oiouSrJTtoTE £XXr|va TtoXtTiKoO T^TOV

dSiivaTO vd pp£9fj Kai eivai v* ditopr) KUVEI?, yiaTi noXXoi £XXr|V£5 jtaXaioi

TtoXiTiKoi KataipEOyouv OTt^v ouyypacpii «djtonvr|novEUndTWV» Kai «auvevTEU-

£E(I>V» T tEp iTf jg FIoXiTEiai; T(OV. noidorniaoia rt.x. HitopEi vd£xi, TdTiHôpEiEK

tfiv OoTEpwv vd 'rcflj £va<; £XXriva<; rtoXitiKOi; yid TO «£9viKO 9£na» Tf]<; KuTtpou;

TOTE HOVO 6d HTtopoOoE vd «8i£UKpivia9fj» TO 9£na Tf|<; Kurcpou, fiv unopoOOE 6

onoioi; rtoXitiKOi; aio9dv£Tai OrcoxpEton^voi; vd rtfj Kdti yi' auTO v ' dTtoSfi^Ti, yid

rcoiov Xoyo to KujtpiaKO SEV 9d HtopoCoE vd £xi Miav SiacpopETiKtl E^Xi^T),

rtapd TII; 6itoiEi; noXiTiKEi; SiaxeiprjoEii; TOU oiouSrjrcoTE £XXr|voi; JtoXuiKoO.

116

'AXXd TO OEHU UUTO 8£v Elvai p£Baia Ka06Xou Eva aTEvfjc JtoXniKfjc £nB£XE{ac

0£Ha, STKOC dvTtXanPdvETai 6 Kd9s noXniKdc TT^V SIKTJ TOU dvTioToi^T) rtoXiTEia.

'H AEijid OTO aOvoX6 TT|C dvTa7U£Kpi6r| Kai EÛTtT|p£Tr|O£ TO ouvoXo auyKEKpi-

HEvtov (oTOpiKtov dvayKatoTr)T<ov TOU TtapsXedvToc. 'H \ie\£ft\c y£ViKf|c

'loTbpiac drtoTEXfii ETtapKf] amoXoyia, 6Tt<t>c Kai 7tXrjpT| EpnT|V£ia, Tfjc TtoXiTiKfjc

Tfjc A£J;iac. Oi rtoXuiKoi, fiXXoxiTE, SEV SriHioupyouv 'loTopia' ditXcoc TT)V

UTtr)p£ToCv. 'AK<5(ja KI ' STOV — 6?t(oc OTI^V TtEpiitTcooti Tfjc; nX£iov6TT|Toc TWV

EXXrjvcov jtoXiTiKfflv —TOUTO yivETai x^Pk TT)V dvTiaToixri auv£i8iiaiaKr) ECKpi-

VEia... "Av Ti8£Tai 2va TupdBXtiHa HE TT)V EXXr|viKr^ AEîd, TOUTO SEV E{VOI TOU

jtap£X66vTOi;- Eivai KOTO Jtdoov OUTT) HiiopEt vd EôtKEicoOfj HE T6 Ev8Ex6n£VO

Hiac HETapoXfjc TWV auvOtiKSv CTTII; auy^povEC 8t£9v£i<; CTXEOEII;, fjyouv vd Tic

ouv£i8r)T07toiiâr]. 'Eni TWV BE^dTCOv aOTfiv TIJTOTE SEV yvrapiÔHE d7t6 TT^V Afield

TOU TtapdvToc, OUTE Kai Kdnoiav vu^r| npoBXrmaTiKfjc duo TI^V Siavdtiarj TT|I;.

'And T6 SXXo, Td KupEpvfiv flSr) K6nna, adv VEO K6nna nou 0£Xr|a£ vd (pavfj,

6d dvEÊVE KOVEIC, fiti (Ac JtpWTO ?pyo TOU 0d dvEyviopiÊ Tdv TtoXniKdv £Kauy-

Xpoviano TOJV VEOEXXt^vrav, 5r|Xa5ii TT)V Cn^ppacri TOU KXaaoiKoO o^rJuaToc

«A£îdc-'ApioT£pac» tou uitEpaXE r^ dvTi<paoT| TOU "EXXrivoxpioTiavianoO" Kai

Ttou EtTtaHE OE noiouc Xdyouc (AcpEiXETO. ToCTO, BEpaio, fiv uiio9£aeon£ STI 6

DooiaXiOHOC ElÊ Kai OTI^V 'EXXdSa KdTtoiouc dvTiaToixouc npoc TT^V ECpmnri

Spouc vd EK7tXr|po>or|. Kdircoc £TOI uito0£aan£ TO jipdynaTa Ttpiv dv£X0r| OTT)V

Eôuoia (PX. T6 pipXto HOC «N£OEXXr|vion6c Kai IOT. ouax£Tio£tc» OEX. 81-82 Kai

96-97). 'O EOpeoTca'iKoc IoataXion6c SEV uitdyETai (puoiKd a£ Eviata 6£(opT|TiKd

KpiTTJpia, ETtEiSr^ SEV OrcdyETai OE dvTiaToiâ Kai 6 sOpianaiiKdc Konnouvl°H<5c.

' O ZooiaXictidc TOO EuptojiaiKou Boppa Cuto TI^V OKavSivauiKii SianopcpcooTJ TOU

dnoTEXEi (iidv SidOTaar) TOU TtapdvToc K6a|jou JtEpav T&V uitapx<5vT(ov 8uo

aucTr|ndT(ov Kai TOO 67toiou oi 8ianop<pcba£ic EXOUV SHEOEC Kai pa0uTOT£C

ETciJtTcbaEic yid TO ouvoXo TCOV ECpcojiaiKcov KpaTmv. TOUTO e(pdvr|K£ rtpoo(pdTcoc

OTT^V TCEpiJtTcoori TTJC Aavico; — (iiac Kpiainri)TaTr|c ioTopiKd y.a>pa<; HETOÛ ZKOV-

Swautac Kai rlJtEipcoTiKfjc Eupamr|c —, ir\c, 6itoiac r) dTtoiaSrJTtoTE dva0£(bpr(aT|

TtoXiTiKfjc (6? rtpoc Tt)v yEiTovd TT|C x<i)pa EouT|8ia 9d slê pa9uTOTEC ETtiJiTcbaEic

Eni TOU auvdXou Tf|c CitoXomou Eupomr|c. ' O ZooiaXiaHoc Tfjc SUTIKTJC ECptbrtTic

8iaq>£p£i dito TOV LooiaXiano TOU EupcairaiKou Boppa KOTO TO n^TP° KOU

dnoTEXEl Hid TtoXiTiKr) TOKTIKT^ yid TOV EupojraiKov Kupitoc NOTO, TtpoKEiHEvou

v' dvTtH£TO)Ttio6fj i^ HETaTtoXEHiKi^ fivoSoc a' auTov Tfiv KOHHOUVIOTIK^V

KOHHaTtov Kai A o'UHH£TOXT1 TOUC OE nepiK'Et; KupEpvrjOEic EupcoTtaiKoiv KpaTtov,

6n(oc t-X- OTT^V TaXXia Kai 'iTaXia. 'O iTaXiKoc noXioTO KoHHO^v"1^?, H&

£rt£^£ipyaon4vTi dno Tdv A. Gramsci 0£(opia TCOU 0d Xdpr| dpydTEpa TOV itoXiTiKd

XapaKTfjpa-ToO «iaTopiKou ouHpiBaanou, urtfjpÊ 6 TtoXiTiKuc KivSuvtoSEOTEpoc

KOTO TT)V ETiiKpaToOoa Td^r| itpayndTiov, 8idTi i^ fivoSoc TOU OTI^V Eôuaia 9d

urtESsiKVUE TOV SP^HO Kai Jtpoc Td dXXa KOH- KOHHaT<i (PaXXiac, 'loTtaviac),

TtpSyna Ttou 9d iooSuvanoCoE — dKpipco^ E^ aiTiac TOU «ioTopiKoO aunPipa-

anou» — HE KaTdpyT|OT] TOU CndpôvTOC SirtoXiKou ouOTTJHaToc SuvdHECflv.

117

ToOta tv dXiyoii;, rcpoKEiHEVou vii d|ioXoyiiaconE TOV p<5Xo toO feXXrjviKoO ao-

maXionou.

'H i8ionop<pia EV rtpuTou; TOU feXX. oooiaXtonoO elvai 611 toOioi; 8£v EXEI

npo'iaTopia. Mid fiXXti «i8io(iopq>ia» Eivai 6ti, EVCO Td urtoXoina KO\I. KOHiuaTa

(letaitoXeniKfii; K6ya> Tt\c, ounn£TOxfl<; TMV OTT)V 'AvTioTaari £7taiâv Evav dvay-

KUOTIKO p6Xo yid TT\ Srimoupyia TCOV jjETaJtoXEjuKcov KupepviÔEtov, TO eXXr|-

VIKO K.K. £T48riKE EKTOi; N6noo. 'H HEtd TT^V 8iKTaTopia vomnojcoitioi^ TOU

o08iva npdpXrina 86eTE |3£|ktia itEpi dpvriTiKoO Ertr|peacnoO ToO 67toiou8iîtoTE

Ku|3epvtiTiKoO £pyou. Ta SeSon^va auTd iâav EKEIVO rtoO Od Jipoa£8i8av OTOV

£XX. aooiaXiono TOV xapaKTfjpa Tfjg «£8viKf](; arinacia<;» itoXiTiKfji;, iioTEp' dm}

Ti^v (pGopd TOO (puoiKoO <fopta tr\<;, 5t]X. Tf|i; AEîSi; Kai TTJI; <puoiKf|5 EXXEivi/etoi;

TCOV VjyETiKSv otEXexcov Trig. Kai SEV ?XEI KavEi; yid vd TO SiaitiaTtooTi, napd yd

) TU; auyKEKpinEVE^ aunitEpupopE^ TTJ; TuoXuiKfji; TOU

KOT* dpx^v Tr)v 6vonaoia Tfj^ BouXfji; (&; «E8viicfJ5

Kai dvTiJtapETd6r| e&? djtXSi; £vo SXXo KOÎCX EVOVTI Tfli; A

(5'7to TI1V ^wTEpiKi^ jioXiTiKi^ (TUTtiKffl? tpoi; KaXuv|/r|

ouv8rindT(Bv, dXX' dKiv60vtov (65 EireanE, Tf}<; ' ApxaTEpai;). rioid 6\ita<; E^

JloXlTlK^ HE Hid X^P" |IElOVOTrJT{OV, £K TfflV 6jtOlO)V ^dXlOTO SUO

dv£yvo)pio|JEVEi; <iTi<; 8i£6v£i<; axioEig; TOUTO otmaivEi, STI T^ 'EXXd8a OUTE TI^V

?vvoia Tf|<; «EocoTEpiKt]i; Kupiapxta?" SEV ?x£l <*? tcpdto? 8£8on£vr|v, dtpoO, OTOV

Pa0|j6 rtou oi (i£iov6Tr|TEi; dnoSEiKvuovTai «Kiv8uvEi3ouoE<;» (rupayna KaSdXou

SOoKoXo OE nid HEyaXotSEUTiKi^ cdv TI^V 'EXXdSa x^po, 6nou oi «auv<onooi£i;

KOTO TOU £XXtivia|iOO» ditoTEXouv TtpounoSEOEic; Tfli; EitiKpaTo6ari<; EGVOKEV-

TpiKfji; iSEoXoyia^ — ^xot16 dpKETd t^Toia napa8£iynaTa, dnou Td dvTiOToixa

Pipxia ditETEXEoav «£K8oTiKoui; 0pid|ipou(;»...), r^ dvdm^T) ^vtov KpaTGv EJIUKO-

XouOet aOTondTcoi;. 'E^cotEpiKT) TtoXiTiKr^ HE }iid xwp" rto|J ^X£l S"0 ppapEiaN6nK£X Koi dKpipwi;, dKpiprag 8uo PpapEia AEVIV, SrjX. pia xo>pa-nXdona TOU

AiESvoOi; AiKaiou; Td CTOIXEIO TOUTU, SiacpopiôvTU oOoi(o8w<; TT^V 'EXXdSa dno

TOV CutdXoiitov KOOJIOV EOprajtaiicfiv KpaTuv, E)tonEvo Elvai vd KaOopiôuv iSia-

^6vTox; Kai TOV feXXriviKd aoaiaXian(5, iSiaiTEpa <!><; itpoi; Tii; EitiitTtooEi^ TOU

OTOU? Sidcpopoug x^P0"? Tfl? KoivtoviKfji; ôifj^. 'H 'EXXdSa dig EtnaÊ I^TUV TO

«EyyuT)TiK6 CT|H£io» TOU ECpuTEpou HECoyEiaKoO x^pou, 6 drcoioc; drtETEXsoE TI^V

«ypanni^ da(paXEia<;» Hifi^ i6pio[i£vtii; TtoXiTiKfli;, 6rt(o<; £i8a|J£ v' dvayvupiôuv

oi (jEydXoi ioTopiKoi Tmv KaipSv no?. 'AXXd arJHEpa i^ SiEOvTi^ oTpaTtiyiKTJ,

St^X. r} OTpaTT)yiKi^ Kai Tfflv 6uo auoTrmdTiov, sivai i^ XEyoH^vr) «6XiKi^ OTpaTr|-

yiKi^» (Globalstrategie) Kai i^ 671010, Ei5iKd OTOV x™P° T'1(5 ECp(bTcr|<;, Ev8iap£-

pETai yid TO ouvoXo Kai 6/1 n£novfO(i£V(Oi; yid Tt^v KupiapxiKi^ 8i£K8iKT)OTi Eni

auyKEKpiH£V(ov x^P^v- "AXXaÊ H^TTCOI; 6 00010X10(165 TT)V ormaoia tfl?

'EXXdSoi; <&<; £âipEar|<; drto TOOTOV TOV Kavdva; Kai i^ StapKoOoa TETOIO

or|naoia Tfji; 'EXXd8o<;, Ttoppto dÊxouaa TOO vd Ka6opi£r) EiSiKOjTEpE^ oxEa£ll»

HETOÛ Tflv 8i3o auaTrmdTcov, SEV jtauEi v' drtoTeXfj 8va TcpdpXtma — ouvaydnsvo

died Td dvaXXoitoTa KoivcoviKd 8E8o|i£va TT|I; 'EXXdSo? — HEOO oTig T8ie? TII;

118

TOO SUTIKOVJ

Md oi «d8uvaiu£g» TOUTEg SEV Citfjpâv dvaiTiEg. ' A<poO TO KupEpvwv KOHIKI

<6g vtog <pop£ag Tfjg iSiag TtaXaiag «£9viKfjg» TtoXuiKfjg dvfjX9£ OTT|V sgouaia,

67tp£it£ vd SEI^TI 6n fJTav IKOVO yidToOTo TO £pyo. ' AitapaiTr|TO npog TOUTO fJTav

v' djtoKTrjar) Tf|v TauTOTr|Ta TOU KomjaTog «KpaTrjnaTog». 'E<p* oaov Td npopXrj-

£!;a>T£piKfjg TtoXiTiKfjg (jjtopoCcav vd Xdpouv TOV xapaKTfjpa TOW EOWTE-

KOIVCDVIKOJV EKTOVOKJEWV, OugEli; 9d EIXE dVT{ppr)CT| yid TT)V |4(XKpOT|n6-

pEuor) TOU napovTog K6nnaToi; OTtiv Eôuota. Td cuv9rjjiaTa auTd T^TOV pEpaia Td

^<o oi pda£ig» K\K. TOUTO a£ Hid OIKOVOHIU Jtou

OT6 ysyovoi; Ttov pdoEcov (daxETCog p^paia Sv TO

9dvouv OTIIV KaTavdXioor|, dTioppo(pou|j£va drto TOV KpaTiKO

0 itpoi; 8iaTrjpr|aTi mag dvaXXoidbToi) £6viKfjg i8£oXoyiag) Kai HE TO OUTO-

JtoXiTiK(bg 8£8on£vo, 6Ti Kam.ua Kup£pvr|ar] SEV Eivai dpno8ia v' drcoipa-

1 yid KdTi TETOIO, depot UTIO TO TpEôv Ka9EoTiog TOW 8iE9vSv C/EOEWV aCTEg

SEV Eivai aav,£T£g HE SXXEg pdaeig TOO TtXavriTT), ortrag TC.X. Tfjg Koupag. Kavo-

VIKO, £va KOHMa It°1-' 6d 8iE9ET£ oi^HEpa jiid Sscopia E7ta<pfjg TOU EXXriviKoO x^pou

HE TOV ouyxpovo KOOHO, TO unoupysio JgraTEpiKoiv HE TT^V dîo6prjvr|TT|, TI^V

KupioXsKTiKd yid KXdnnaTa SiTtXonaTia TOU 9d ETtpETtE ditpoaxr|HaTiaT(i>g vd TO

dva9Eor| OTig dpno8ioTT|TEg Kdnoiou dXXoSaJtou TtoXiTiKoO... Oi dvTivo(jiEg

TouTEg dvayKOOTiKd 9d urcoxpEuvav TO KupEpvrav K(5|Jna OTT)V EyKa9i8puar| TOJV

iSEoXoyiKwv EKEIVIOV HTixaviontov Kai |jE968a)v, TOJV avTartoKpivoHEvrav aTig

ditanrjaEig 8iaTT|pT|aE(og TOU OTT^V Eôuoia i6g Evog «fiXXou K6nnaTog». Mrixavi-

OUKPV nou TEXiKd KavEig SEV TtpotSt) Tig TEXiKEg cruvEJtEiEg. AEV Eivai Tuxaio, 6Ti

KOTO TO TEXEUTaia xpovia fj £XXr|viKr} Kowovia |j£T£pX^9r) OE Kowcovia TCOV

vapK(i>TiK(ov. Td vapKtoTiKd Eivai HETpa jtoXiTiKfiv SiaxEiprôEwv. "Av 6xi

Pf.paia dito tr\v i^yEoia TOU Jtap6vTog KojinaTog, dTtcooSrljtoTE dito TT^V (jsydXri

HaCa TUV TtoXiTiKfig EVEpywv auvEpyaTcov TOU, itou HdXXov Eivai dSiivaTo vd

aK£ip6ouv SiacpopETiKd... ndooug Tdxa And auToug JXEyxEi i^ r^yEaia TOO

JtapdvTog KdnâTog; "Ooo Tcbpa yid TO 7tp6pXr|na TOU oooiaXioTiKou odXou

(odXog, P^paia, fiv OKE(p9fj KavEig 6Ti oXiycov jaoXig xpovuv SEV fiKouyE KavEig

napd yid «£0viKoippoaOv£g», «£a|jopouXydpoug» KXit. oi SE Ha9r|T£g SrtpETtE v'

dKouvE OE Kd9E «£9viKr^ yiopTi^» Td dvTiKojiHOuvioTiKd 9oupia TOJV KaBriyriTSv

Toug), TtpdKEuai Jtpoipavibg itspi TOKTiKfjg \ii\g TUV «E9viK(bv» KOIVIO-

VIK&V TtXamicov: 6 adXog auiog CKOJIO £xsi vd (o9fj TOV KOOHO itpog TO

«'ApicT£pd» (TOUTO TrporiyouHEVwg TO £KOVE 1̂ «E9vxKo<ppocOvt)» Tfjg Asîag)

— , x'OPov oiyoupa «£XXtivoxpioTiaviK6v», d(poO OUTE Kai OTI^V dvaToXiKr)

Eupcbrtri HTtopEi vd ucpioTUTai ETuarJHrag doTiKov K6\ma... 'Ev dvTi9£C£i Jipog TT^V

UTt6Xoi7tr| EOpuTcri, oi oxEOEig 'ApiaTEpSg Kai SooiaXianoO EV 'EXXdSi TtapaHE-

vouv TtdvTOTE oTa TtooooTd Tfjg e9viKfjg dnoipaioTT|Tag... To 7tp<5pXr|na TOU

ooaiaXioTiKou TOUTOU odXou Eva Kupirog ESEIÊ: 6Ti TO EKXoyiKov yiyv£o9ai EV

'EXXdSi oujjpaivEi eptinr|V itdarig iSEoXoyiag Kai TO EKXoyiKO dnoTEXEOna

EgaipouHEvou Pspaia TOU x<bpou Tf(g 'ApiaTEpSg, pdciEi fevog

119

Hovinou xpou fiXXrov KOIVCOVIKWV jtpoapdoEiov — Ttov 6atov undpEOE f\)

iaTopiKr} EÊXi^rj if|5 'EXXdSoc; vd Srmioupyrjcrri. Fi' aCid Kai 6 aoaiaXianog

attiv 'EXXdSa — Jtipav and topiajiEVEi; «Ka8dpo£i<;», oi drcotEi; Sîax; ditoTE-

Xouaav fiXXou £'i8ou<; y£viKtoT£p£<; dvayKai6TT|T£<; — SEV £up£9r|K£ |j£ KOT'

oCoiav xpEtooEK; KoivtoviKtov npopXr|naTtO|jtov. Kai dpKoOv Suo novo rtapaSEi-

yHOTa, Ito|J undyovTai otd ouaia>S£aT£pa: To 9£na Ttov ax^cscov °EKKXr|aia<; Kai

Kpdioix; — 0£|ja Tauioormo HE TI^V uitap^r| Tfji; 'EX.Xd8oi; c6i; Kpaiou? Kai m\yf\; rtavTO£i5oO<; 1^5 KOKoSainoviag —, yid 6noio8^rtoTE Kdnna nov 9d TO

ditaaôXoOoE EpitpayndtdK; i^ ETtiXuoTJ TOU, oOSETtoiE 8' dTioTEXoOaE GEJIO (Jepia-

dTtOlpdOEtOV Kai TtoXlTlKWV £KH£TaXX.£>5o£<OV. TOUTO IJJtfjpÊ TO JtptflTO (i>C,

ToO KupspvcovTOi; KOHHOTOI;. 'YitfjpÊ Tcopa i^ d7tapaiTT|Tr| xpoviKi]

ETidpKEia Kai TO £i5oi; EKEIVO TMV dvayKaiov iSEoXoyiKcov TouXdxiaTov dXXayfiv,

jtoO 6d £Ka9ioT(ov T^V EâyysXia JcpaynaTiKOTtiTa; ME TOV OPTIOKEUTIKO ydjio oi

EJtavTpEuovTO «£V(bmov TOU ©EOU», 6 ditoioi; ©Eog, &<; yvwoTdv, SEV

HE KaTOXDpoKJEig Epyaoiag, napoxii aTEyt|c; Kai EJti5ondTiov, KOIVM-

VIKEI; 7[£pi9aX>)/£ii; KXit. Mi TOV itoXuiKo 6nwi; yd|jo oi SvOpwjioi KavTpEoovTai

«Evd)Jiiov TOU KpdTou^», yid TO 6itoiov 6Xa TO TtapaTtdvw dicoTEXoOv auvTayna-

TIKEI; urtoxpEwoEig Jipoc; TOUI; TtoXiTEg TOU. ' YTtfjpâv icporiyounEvox; 6X' auTd EK

TOU KupEpvfivToi; KOHHUTOI; Kai n£oa OTO EXdxioTov TOO xpovou itou

TO «n£Tpo»; MnopoOjiE auvE7tS<; vd TtoCjiE OTI TO Kupepvwv

EXpr|Oij»oitoir|O£ dTiXtoi; md napa5£8oji£vr| KpaTiKi^ voTponia, npoc,

KOnnaTiKfiv (aovo ouvGrindTeov. Fi' aCTO dKpipffii;, \a-f\v l%ovta<; Kannidv i8Eo-

Xoyia EV 6v6|4aTi Tfj^ dnoiai; 6d nETEâXE ri<; EâyyeXiEi; TOU CTE Jtpd^r|, TOV iSiov

Kaipo Tioii EiofjyE Tdv noXiTiKo ydjjo SiEpEpaitovE TaiHoxpovox; 5id TOU unoupyou

O'TI «fj Kup£pvr|ar| SEV itpdKEuai vd SiEUKoXuvr) Tiqv xaXapmar) TMV

'OpOoSoîa^ Kai FEVOUI;, Jtou C(pupr|XaTrj0r|Kav OE KpioiÊi; £0viKd

i;» (BX. F. Mt|XioO-0. MiKpoOTtJiKou: «£TIIV U7tr|p£oia TOU "E6voui;», S.E.,

OEX. 53). 0d r^Tav o<pdXna vd (AniXoucE E8S KOVEii; rtEpi «itoXuiKou £Xiynou».

np6K£iTai drtXot n£pi Tfiv dvTi<pdo£<ov ditouoiai; -ci\t; 67ioia8rjitoTE tSsoXoyiai; yid

TO ouyKEKpinEvo Eyx£ipr|na. Kai cpuaiKd TO (jEipo dnETUÊ. «'An£TuxE» SHOK;

Etvai XE^T| icapa7tXavT|TiKrj: r^ KOIVIOVIKI^ ditoTUxia TOU HETpou u^fjpÊ (aid i8£o-

XoyiKrl ETtiTUx'i — EOTCO Kai dxpEiaoTt^ — ytd Tr)v 'EKKXr|oia, i"! 6itoia KaGiOTd

8id navTOi; tocoi; dSuvaTr| TIIV 6jioiaSii7toT£ ou^TTicr) TtEpi TOIV oxôEtov

' EKKXr|oiag Kai Kpcrroui;. Floiog n?top£i TOU XoiTtou vd ia%vpia()f\, STI OTO «1 Oov

H£Xo<; Tf^<; EOK» r^ 'EKKXr|oia 8sv drtoTEXEi TOV <pop£a TOU "E9vou<;; "£TOI

Xotrt6v 6 SiKaiuKO^ EKtJuyxpovionoi; Tfj; 'EXXdSoi; 161; ECpwitaiKou KpaToug 9d

ouvioTUTai OE 6,Ti ouviaTUTo: ot OXECEII; TWV rtoXnSv t5i; npoi; TO KpdTo^ Kai

HETaÔ TOW 6d puOni^fflvTai 81' EVO<; AiKaiou Ttou 8ianop(ptb9riK£ dKpipfi^ duo TI^V

ioTopiKr) SidaTaarj 'EKKXr|aia^ Kai KpdToui;, EVW i^ KOWUVIKII uTtdoTaar) Ttov

i8iiov dTd^cov 9d auvioTUTai dTto TO Sv auTd EpajtTio6r|(jav «xpifTiavoi 6p9d-

Soôi". "Hyouv KOTO EitiaTrinoviKi^v 8iaTuntoar|: TO KpdTO^ 9d XEiToupyfj Kai

atd E^fji;, 6roo<; Kai aT6 nap£X96v — KOTO ptîKr)v SidaTOari Koivtoviai; Kai

120

q. Midi SidoTaaT) nou dnET^Xeae dvEKaSev Kai TOV itio dacpaXfj urixaviaîo

auTonpoaTaaiai; TCOV yT|y£V{Bv Sonfiv: 6itoio<; fjOeXe vd Kpivr| SITE TO £va BITE TO

fiXXo, aOTO|idTax; EupuJKdTOv aTO neTa^C TOUI; KEVO!...

To fiXXo Kai aopapcoTEpo napd8£iyna Etvai, CTT6 (JEV TOUEU Tfjc; TtoXiTiKfji;

dytoyfji; 6 «dyo)va<; yid Tr|V ArijioKpaT{a» — £V(p CTTT^V ouaia UJtdpxov TO

KupEpvSv K<5n|ia neoio TWV itopa6e8onEva)v KpaTiKoiv SiaiKaoiSv T^TOV CutoxpEco-

HEVO vd 7tpoa5£x9fj 6Xou<; TOUI; (iTixavionou^, HT^SE EKEIVOV Tfji; XOUVTUI; Eâi-

poun^vcov — OTdv 8E ysviKcoTEpov xwpo 7tai5Eiai; i^ Sid ToC yXaxjatKoG KaTdXri^t)

a' £vav «jtoXiTia|i6 TOO naTioO». Aid TOO yXcoaaiKoO £7tiSia>K£Tcu vd KaTapyti9fj

jiXrjprai; TO pipXio dTto TI^V dyoy'l ToO VEO£XXt|voi; Kai dvT! auTou vd sioaxOfj ^

(pcoToypacpia (E<prin£pi8£i;, TriXedpaoT)). AUTO Ttou OEXOJJE vd orinEiaKJanE Eivai r^

dvTiipaoTi Tfflv TipayndTcov Kai dxi 1̂ armaoia TOU^ Ka8 ' EUUTI^. ©d EVOHIÊ KavEii;

6ti aCTd 6Xa Elvai TeXiKfix; cOncpcova ^£ nidv cpiXoooqiia 6jt(opoXaxaviKfl<; dvaitTU-

i;, Jtou 6d (jitopoOoe f\a HE TOUI; SfiSonEvou^ TTI<; (jrixavioiaoui; v*

£VT6<; TTÎ; EOK, Sv itapaXX^Xioi; 5sv S^XETIE Tiiv Enipioori Kai fiXXoiv

«ax£5itov dvanTUÊtog", Sn<ac, «pio(iTixaviKf|(;» KXn. 'H \i6vr\, TUOU

EJtipdXXouv TOUTED oi dvTKpdoeii;, SEV elvai novo 6 Pa9no<; KOTO TOV 6itolov

PpiaKETai TO napov Kdnna Ka6T]Xcon£vo OTU iSsoXoyiKd 7rapa8E5on£va, dXXd Kai

6 Paflnoi; nou PpiaKETai SECHIO Tmv Ka6iEp(OH£V(ov 6|id8cov aunq>£p6vTcov rtou

Kupiapxouv TtaTpO7tapa86TO)i; TOO feXXriviKOU x«>pou. KaTd ndoov 6Xa auTa

Hitopouv vd ot^naivouv TT!V KOIVOMKT) EKEivti r^pEnia Ttou 6d diraiToOcav oi

npoajtd9£i£(; Tfl^ Snoiai; « ' AXXayf|i;», Eivai KdTi nou 8£v xpeidlÊTai EiSiKr) CU^TJ-

KOVEvai; SidXoyoi;, ica(ania 8iaKivT|OT| iSerav. LTI^V EiticpdvEia XajjitOKondEi

pEpata Kanoia 8<5ari «7tXoupaXionoO», 8e8o(i£VTi(; Sjuo^ TTJ^ KoivraviKfji; 8id-

O7iaari<; jtou EJtupEpEi fj 8pdar| TMV- uJtapx<5vT(ov iSeoXoyiKmv (irixavianffiv, 6

«7iXoupaXianoi;» dJtoTeXfii OTpaTTiyiKi^ SidaTaati Eviaxuoti^ tSv TEXEUTauov.

*I8ou nid Jt£pij[Tcoar|:

noTe T6 PipXio SEV ECp£9r|K£ uito jtpoypannaTiKov 8i(oyn6, 6ao JIETO TI^V

SiKTUTOpia |i£ TT)v «viKT) Tfj? At|noKpaTia<;» Kai TOU «aoaiaXianou». To napd-

ÊVO Eivai STI EC(pufl Kara Td fiXXa fiTojia, EV^ dito TO 8va HEpoi; TtapaSexovTOi TO

TtXfjpEi; KOKKdXa»na — Kai (jdXiaTa auvtaynaTiKfi^ KOTCOXUPCOHEVO — Tfji; «£XXt|-

voxpioTiaviKfj<;» jia^ iSEoXoyiai;, dnd T6 fiXXo jioidêi vd KUTacpdoKouv yid TT)V

) «7tXoupaXianoO». Elvai 8r|Xa8^ odv vd XEyajiE 6ti TI^V £noif\v TtiaTo-

fe sSviKoqipoaOvTii; XEiToupyouoE T^ AritioKpaTia, ETteiSii OTO Jtspi-

JtTEpa ETOOXOUVTO Kai TO gVTUTia Tfj; 'AplOTEpSi;. "OTWOc; T6TE TO "StlHOKpOTlKO"

aOTO tiETpd ditEOK67t£i OTI^V Eviaxuori Tfflv TiapaKpaTiKoiv HTixavianffiv Kai TOU

XacpisSiOHoO, fTai, vojiiÔ|ie, Kai oi^HEpa 6 «7tXoupaXiano^» 8sv dnooKOJtEi EtjiT^

OTI^V ouXXoyt^ dpouXov KOHHOTIKCOV 6na8(5v EK T&V KOTO) («Ta£5 SuvaTdTrjTei; »

OT6 K<5nna, rjyouv iaon^SioaTi gvavTi TTJI; eaaiKOHHOTiKfjc; lEpapxlai;) Kai, duo

ToiJTTiv TT)V «Ka9 ' iiXTiv» auXXoyr^ TOW 6na8uv, Evioxuori 6Xwv TWV fiXXoiv nt)xa-

vionmv TOO itapeX9(5vToi;.

121

Efc 7tp6o(paTo 8tiHoai£und TOU 6 N. Arjuou (BX. «OiK. T<xx.», 13/3/86, OEX.

32) 6iaBEBaioi STI «Td PipXia KUKXo<popoOv £X£u6£pa» — SvapEpaicoati jtoO 8d

f^Tav dSid<popr| P^paia, fiv 8£v ETUXOIVE vd TT^V Kdvri Eva? 6J;uS£pKr)<; 7tapaTr|-

pr|Tr)<; Tfflv KowtoviKfflv not; itpayndT(ov. Kai KUpiax; vd TI^V auax£Tiar| n£ tov

«7tXoupaXiCTnd». To v<5t](ia TOU «nXoupaXionou», EiSiKd CTTdv x&po *°0 pipXiou,

ji6vo And rf\v dvdXuori JtpaynaTiK(Bv 8£Son£veov nitopEi vd pp£i TI^V 5iEUKpivr|CTrj

TOU. ££ KaGEOTona 6XoKXr|po)TiKwv iSEoXoyidiv SEV djicoaSrJTtoTE novi(iffl<;

d7tapaiTr|Toi oi KUTdXoyoi XoyoKpiaiai;, nap' 6Xov jtoO aOToi TtdvTa vmdpxouv.

nfi<; Tdxa HitopoOnE vd E^riyiâtoÊ TT^V Oirap^r) 8uo n6vo na9r|naTiK&v pipXio-

JtcoXEiwv OTI^V 'ABr^va — Kai TOOTO ETII SEKOETIEI; SEKUETIMV — n^ TT^V unap^r)

500 TOuXdxiatov «EK8oTffiv» OTT)V rtspiox^ jtp(OT£uoOari<; OTOV unoXoiTiov x<opo

tfj? y£viKfj<; «KouXTOupai;»; 'YitdpXEi itpfOTEUouaa 5 EKat. OTOV K6ano, itoii vd

rcapouoid^ri TETOIOV ouvSEtiri aTd EKSoTiKd TTI^ jtpdyHOTa; Ilooo Tuxai« Eivai f\» KUKXocpopia pipXtov (ife TI^ aOv9£ar| aCTrj; ZTO Flav/mo anaTa-

XvffivTai (puaiKd oi (5p£<; TSv (poiTT|Tc6v \it TO vd 8i8doKtovrai itEpi «8iKaid)naTO(;

i8iOKTT)a(a<;», u?tdpx£i 6(1(01; §va «8iicaio TMV EK8oTfiv»; tt&c,

HiXaîE JtEpi EXEuSEpric; KUKXotpopiai; pipXiov, STUV 6 HEV «EK86TT|(;»

XEiToupysi OTI^V i8ia PUOT] HE Tdv navdpr| (f\) Siacpopd sivai STI oi TEXEU-

TOIOI SEV xP'm«to5otoOvTai dno TO KpdToi;), £V(3 SEV CitdpXEi £va? EniatiHOi;

KOTdXoyoi; 6Xa>v Tfflv EicSdaEiov, 6jtto<; EXOUV ^â Ta KpdTr) TOO K6anou, 6nou, fiv

«SEV 8uHatai» 6 pipXio7t(bXr|<; fj fiv «SEV Êpr|» TO pipXio jtou TOU ̂ r|TavE, (iitopEi

6 TSioc; 6 dvayvmaTrji; vd v|/d^r| vd Td ppfj; AOTd dpayE Tuxala Elvai; Iloid Elvai r^

KaTOxupiooT) TOO dvayvcboTTi SVOVTI Tfji; «nvr(nr|(;» fj tfji; 9EXr|ar|<; TOU pipXio-

rt(bXr|; AuTd 6Xa SEV ?xouv v(^ Kdvouv HE TT^V 8iaKivr|ar| TOU pipXiou;

auyypatpEii; EXEI XPTHjaT°5oTria£i TO KpdToc; vd EKScixjouv oi 18101 Td pipXia

FIOTIxP1|JaTo8oT£t «£KS6T£i;» Kai6x l auyypacpElc;; 'An' TI^V dndvTT|ar| o' auTd

TO EptoTiâTa jtpoKunTEi TO fiv «KUKXocpopouv EXEu6Epa» TO pipXia.

'EjttKpaTEi Pfipaia TO KaXSi; ouoKEuaoHEVo oX(5yKav STI «oi "EXXr|VE<; SEV

8iapdCouv». "Vno tic, £XXr|viK£<; pipXiaKEi; auvefiKE^ Elvat KUT' dpxrlv np6-

pXr)na, fiv OE 6jtoio8rJ7tOTE (i£poq TOU Kdajjou 8d Sidpaâv jt£pioa6TEpoi, cSoTdoo

Td Kupufl; EpcbTT|na SEV Elvai fiv Siapdôuv oi "EXXr|VE<; dXXd Tteoi; TtouXiSvTai Td

PipXia. Flfii; SiKaioXoyEiTai r^ T6or| JtXr|6c!)pa EKSoTiKSv OIKCOV, nSx; SiKaioXo-

youvTai TO SioEKaTomiOpia jioO KUKXo(popoOv OTOV x&po TOU pipXiou H' £va

KOWO «7toO SEV 8iapd£ei»; Iliac, yivETai Kai ÊKIVOOVTOI; KOVEII; duo ruXaoife (p6dv£i

CTE Xiya XP<5via vd yivr| EKSdTrji; EcprmEpiSo^; Tl&c^ yivETai Kai (6piCT(i£va pipXia

(Kupleoi; «XoyoT£xvia^») Eyyi(ôuv doTpovoniK<i uv)»r| TtcoXtjascov; Hapd TI^V

dvunapîa aToixEiwv (CTT)V 'EXXdSa JIOT^ SEV uitdpxouv OTOIXEXU yid (pXfiyovTa

OEHUTO), TO dnoia 6d HJtopouoav vd 6Sr|yrjaouv afe Hid dKpipfl T&V itpayndT<ov

dvTiXr)V|/Ti, OTOix6ni)5Ei<; Xoyionoi £7ti TUV itapExojiEViov CTTOIXEIIOV Eivat Uavoi

yid TI^V auvaycoyi^ Kditottov vormdTiov. Oi 35.000 ToCXdxioTov

KUKXo(popouvT££ TuXoi pipXicov CTTT^v eXXtiviKi^ dyopd, H^ ?va

oujKptova \it Td arjHEpivd S£5oneva HEOOV 6pov Kdotoug 200.000 8px. yid T6v

1DAJ3 QOO'OSZ !° SCOIAJ? Ay,. 'AOAjrlOgSg AOJSllOgS? ATO1 513A3SQ 9Mp

bsonosddoup '5i3030ojin 5?siiUdo>30 IDAJS o-<9 5(orfp piny '('Uf* — SoiDrtÔA

(i3Ap jorloiDXiAorl — «O*DS» 01 loiou '«oi^{jid, 9^ns» 01 Aao^pjJDig JOIOM)

5i30irl0Dd,Dig DiDjJ3{j 5?sii30ou(i 3tl 'OOO'OSZ 5iio wdcU -ylig 'Qorlon0Uû 001

%t~Z P1D <"dO^ Aao5j/.oôim Snoi nd^riUo IDS OOO'OE ADrtos3 5aoi 0113:13 'Ano5

-pjjDig (\ou Q00'£ P1^ ADoUîrl :AD3iU00)ii^3{)3 DiorlX-pdi: pi sioijig,, '«5aoiaD % up

5O1O1XD3( DO3I1 1DAJ3 AUrl pA 31DDt1(J)l'<D31DdDlI pA 131I3dli Odl3d3(t) DA3ADM 3r1nOM3"<{)

DriD . 131 OOS 1O"<9 , l31 10"<9 1DAJ3 Dgp-<^g _ AUlD AdO^pjJDlg 1OO9»

J3K 3X53 noi odiDS 910 filiApdoO O, 'A(i°5Pf)Dl8 ^3A^X"<3., !° AS 91 Po^-^p 1DAJ3 5corto 9iny 'DIACOAIOJI ADO A^Xdp .ID* isXdpiia A3g uoig 'n

001 DlA(OA105t 1DA13 A3g DJACOA1OJI ÔHAlr^3 l̂ DlDj)3g t«135p^D19 A3§ OO1I» QOA1OJ1

!>OA5 (bo3i1 IOWA}/. AOiprlUdX ATOI AWIQD UoliAisiDig î ID* odroi ioi3A)A Sroy

•^^^nd)Dlg AU*i/loôdod> UA3rl30iiounodii DIAPM AUi

srl 5torl9 Scoidaji '«Aro3iU0A(io Amoao^Digi" Aco^yp ID* Uoroiurlao IJL îilodgAao Alii

3rt JDS Stoin^sg j5ogid3rlUd)3 5Ui9g3t3 UAJ/, DA IDS 3ioD-<ix ouip UoJiAissJ DA

isdoiirf Dgp-^yg, AÎIO no '1D113Û53 5ro{)idsp ioig.. •••«noAd3 aosiA03»

-31AOO 5m{jldsp 1DAJ3 UOD1S3113 OO1 ^SllDrlUdl3XlU3 \Ji llOlg '[llO3-<31AnO AO1CID

A91 plDS ADSU00plODYUDYX01I 53^^3ldOS aoi !)3Sl/.0-<Odod) 10 110 3tlDAlDd31irl(10

DA 5o0p-^ ADIÎ p0 'x 001 noinyi)d)33i 5Uiogs3oyn/.3rl ItAjA DA Uop0* 'S

ArorlXndg ArogpiîX x SrosoiiAixnig oisdiodX. A(0i30oig 'SIOD^M oup

'U Ay,. •••ioi3/.pi:n 5Ui9idUioDdg îsuogsj 1,1 Aoioit9 A9io '5Usu

5Ui odmX 13A3^ A? AGIO Smug 'DlAO^pdDlI SDioDilUo «5ljsiioirl0nd» oirio

,1/113^310^ Di3dod>gi î '«!>oiDrl(pYsnji nosnogs3» 13A3/. A3 noi SoioDrlUo !>yi3iiA

-(OAIOS 5j.il 5liA3rtog3g 'uoig 'aojY{ji^ 301 osrloi AOI pi/, lips 3Tlno0oidoii pA srfno

1DA13 DA Ddmi 5(0 5q)AD011i) AOTyill A(01A30d3(t)DAp AO)gDl"(lX 5£ A0)l

AÎ 3rlo)d35 DA DiO{J3{) 3rl0odoiirt A3g '5noipd^ rioi

5orlUotii3 isXdpiiî A3g aoihy, 'DiA9dX ong U aoirfpA^ 30 nyou 91

«5oyiii» 30ps 9 '(5rou srinogi p0) i3Xdpuo 91510 5?) «AmiocoAADAp 9Aios» OA3T1

-OAa0n3ios 91 ?rt '5(o0[iAci3 !ogoo3 DIOÎIS ADO 3rtmoUd(030 pi pA DIÎD DiortUdX

pi odmi isijsdu 'uys inosiiiyoii 30 'oiorlrlos pio «iOA3rlmaisig» IDAIS Atoo9

— A(od3i(o/.i^9 nyou n^Dwrt IDISAJ/. UrfoADios î DiD()3{) niocio AUij -DidfirfrloiDS?

Qt7 AfloXlOlOllAp ADA30DS A91O D1D{)3{( SlOlip '«A(01OgS3 00£» A5X 05D13rl nA3rl

-prlsADiDs 3rfa)o^d(030 pi DA isusdii 5jg pipo 03 PX iD2°53 P1 1O1S1 5° AaooradUx^pA 5jd(oX 5noi DJY{)I{) pi piA SUiogs? U03d(j AD '5i3X(ii^>3 5noinD3 A<jod(030

PA i3ii3dii A(oipt1/.DdM AMI 5^<bri SJisoiAXsiAno ilii (b/lpy '5oiDrl(iiDno QosDid

-ocbopias 301 5i3doDi3rl

3ino A(03d)Dd/./.ao 3130 Dgo^j DiD(J3{) AnoXdpufi A3y 'doi^fjifj noi odroX A9io

i^tlXodg Didtirlrloiossoig QZ noiiidsii "<Ug 'f'-\s UosXo

a PA srfnodoiirf 'Srosixpiitss piooooii pi Aaoop^^DiAp DAOABS pins

, 3(ioi psig AaoXg 53ipgs3 jo up cioA3rlog3y juituuiuij\g

A(Oidnrlt1oiDS3oig i_ 5aoiops Apooii OSIÔAOO DAJ ?o AgoXioioiiAp 'ADA30DS

ZZl

123

i;, TC^TE pfepaia TtpEJiEi 6 Ka6£va<; vd SiaOETT) jiEpiitou 84.000 Spx-

Tovxpovov yid pipXia, 5r)X. 7000 Spx- itEpiitou TOV nfjva, fJToi vd dyopdi^ri 10-15

PipXia nr|viaia><;. 'AniOava itpdyimTa Kai oOSoXox; aunpaSiôvTa HE jtaXaioTEpEg

OTaTiOTiKEg 8ia(p6p(ov «EiSiKiov» jtEpioSiK&v Kai itpooraTtwv, auiiqxova LIE Tic;

67toi£g fivo) TOO 76% TWV ' EXXrjvwv SEV SiapdÊi JIOTE, TO TtoXC 2,5% LioXu; EVO

pipXio TOV jjfjva Kai 0,23% laox; TtEpioaoTEpa. "Ooo mo uyriXog 8s imoTEOfj 6

dpi6ii6<; Trav auv£i8r|Tw<; SiapaôvTwv and TIC; 250.000 T<OV «7tEXaT(bv» TOO

PipXiou (auvrÔaK; TOV CnoXoyiôuv OT-II; 40-50.000), TOCO |iiKpoT£pr| itpsnEi vd

OitoT£8fj T^ dyopaaTiKr) TOUC; SpaoTTipiOTr|Ta, SIOTI aCToi E/OUV Kditoiav i5£a

cÊTiKd HE TO jtpdy(jaTa Kai TTJV JtoioTT|Ta TOU pipXioo. "Av 8s Kai TtaXi E^ auTffiv

JIOOUE 3.000 TOUCJ dvitac, TOO KOOHOO TOO PipXiou, T(3T£ auToi aTraviox; dyopdfjouv

EXXr|ViKd yiaTi Siapdôuv Êva. Td voOÊpa Xoinov auTd TtEpi «dvayv(ocTc6v»

Kajinid jtpaynaTiKOTr|Ta SEV EÔUV, dTtoTEXouvTa dnXto; I'IPEHIOTIKEI; KaTaoTd-

CEII; yid (Apian^va npdynaTa itovi jtpEitEi v' d7tooio)7tri6oOv. 'O x°P01; T^lv 6io£-

KaTOnmipiwv SpaxuSv OTO x<"P° T°0 pipXioo 5iv nitopEi vd 8iKaioXoyr|6fj |j£ TO

vounEpa aCTd Kai cpavEpcbvEi 8uo itpdynaTa: itpfiTov JIEV STI 6 dpl0^6l; TUV 6ocov

9£Xouv vd Siapdaouv Eivai noXO HEyaXoTEpoc; TWV 6ouv auvrjemcj ipEpovTai jtwi;

5iapdôuv. ITO yEyovog aOTO ctripiÊTai 6 p6Xo<; TOO TtXaaiE OTliv 'EXXd5a Kai

TCOV «ypa(p£i<ov», JIECCO TMV 6noitov £<p9aoav OTO AiydXEO) Kai fiXXa JtpdcTEia TO

Epya HEpiKfiv dKaSrinaiKrav âc;, EOTCO Kai (>7t6 TT|V pipXioSeTiKii

TTJCJ (pouvtaviEpai;. "Ooo tiEydXoi; 6ntoi; KI* flv uTtoTEOfj 6 <ipi8|K><; TUV

6jicoo8rjjioTE dyopaôvTcov PipXia OTTJV ' EXXd8a, Sev dpKEi yid vd E^riyrjari TOV

TpEXXo x°P° T™v SioeKOTOHnupitov. AIJTOI; yivETai KaTavor|To<; [jovo ano TO

SEUTEPOV: STI 6 ojiou8aioTEpo<; jt£XdTT|<; TOO eXXriviKoO £K5oTiKoO

Elvai TO EXXr)viKo KpdToi;. AEV CndpXEi JiEputTioar] EOU 6 «XuXXoyoc;

Xtbv-'EK8oTa>v» 8' dvoi^r) TO oT6|ia TOD vd niXr)ar) yid TO pipXio Kai SEV 9d

8ia|japTi)pr|0fj yid TT^V «d5pdv£ia TOU KpdTou<;», yid TI^V «£XX£iV|/r| BipXio-

8r|KoJv», yid TT)V «dw>napîa Kov8uXi(»v», yid TT^V «pr\| EK84-

OEOW» Kai (jupia fiXXa. TIUTI o\iu>c, 6X' aOTd; FiaTi nptrtEi vd £7C£npaivr| TO

KpdToi; c' £vav x<*po «i8iO)TiKfjg jtptoTopouXiac;»; AUTO 6Xa itpoKUJiTouv cdv

«ouv8iKaXicTiKE<; 8iaiiapTupi£i;», SIOTI jtpdynoTi TO KpdTO<; EitEjjpaivEi Kai oi

£KSoT£<; 64Xouv vd EnEnpaivri mo JioXu, 8r)X. 6X0 Kai Jtio TtoXu vd Itaipvouv. Kai

yid ntv ToOc; X.&POVC, TOO «VEOEXXtiviKoO 7toXiTionoO» (8r|X. yid T6 ipoXKXop)

Cutdpxoov Enicrma KpaTiKd KovSuXia, yid TO\J<; fiXXoug xwpour; Sjnoc; <5xi> SIOTI

SEV slvai OTpaTriyiKtog SUVUTOV. A<5yo) TtoXiTiKffiv dvayKaioTTJTtov, SXr) fj EKSo-

TIKI^ 5paoTr)pi6TTiTa TtpEJtEi KaTd Kdnoiov Tpdjto v' dXXoiOtopi^Ti |K>vi|KO<; itpog

T' 'ApioTEpd. AEV nJiopEi <3no)(; TO KpdTog vd EônXiori Tig SrmoTiKEg pipXio-

6f|KE<; T(ov x^piSv TOO 'OXCuitou it.7. JJE PipXia «7ipoo5EUTiKfjg KouXTOupac;»,

SIOTI CmapxEi ^ dvayKaioTT|Ta Tfjg «£XXr|VOXpioTiaviKfj(;» pupivag... MEpiKe*;

Sid TMV «BipXio6r|Keov» unopEi vd EionpaxSfj 6 Tîpog Tffiv SiaEKaToji-

dito TO KpdTog Kai TOOTO yivETai Kupiax; p&aia TSv pipXio6riKwv TMV

Ilav/|U(ov fj fiXXrav dvaXdyiov «Ka9i8pundT<ov» T&V (jEydXtov )i6XEiov,

124

CJECOC ETCH EUpioKouar|c fiXXouc Tpdrtouc; EK5r)Xco<J6(o?. METOÛ aiJTSv TC.X- slvat

Td 8o>p£dv iapti, <popoXoyiK£c drcaXXayEC, xPIMôS^TTiari ^KOEOECOV Kai,

Kupuoc, i^ XPtmaT°8<5Tr|or| T<OV rcoXmcmKfiv dpyaviancov rcou dvajuapdyouv |jidv

c5piaH£vr| pipXiaKi} KouXioupa, firtioc; TC.X. Td OEOTpa. "Eva £pyo TOU MrcpEXT TC.X.

rcoC 6' drtoT£XEar| «£7tiTuxia», 9d Ejri(p£pT) TIIV rtd>Xr|ari TOU oEvapiou KUTU

EKOTOVTdSEC xiîdSsc, <5rceoc dKpipcoc yivETai Kai JIE Tic rccoXtjoEic SioKiov |i£Td

dTto Kdrtoio yTiTCESiaKd \ix.o\>\i. STI^V 7t£pinT(ooTi aCTi^ T6 pipXio TtouXifetai tic

ouHTtXripconTiKO TOO Eior|Tr|piou Kai SEV urtdyETai OTI^V OTOTIOTIKI^ TOU «8iapd-

Êi-Ssv 8tapd^£i», SIOTI Elvai oiyoupo 8Ti 6 dyopaoTr^c SEV TO SiapdÊi dcpoO

«£t8£» TO Spyo. StmEKoOECix; olîo Eivai STI TO KpdToc neaa aTic 8ia8iKaaiE(; UUTEC

oCSEJtoTE xP1âT°8oTEi auyypacpEii;. ME TOV Svav Tp6no fj HE TOV fiXXov \i6vo

£KS<5T£C, oi 6jtoioi ETOI ppiaKouv EuXoyo SiapKSg vd yKpividôuv Kai vd drtai-

ToOv. 'H Kup^pvr|ar) TOO rcapdvTOc KOHHOTOC, 8%i ndvo SEV EcpEpE TI^V napa-

HiKpii dXXayi} OToOc x<*>pou; OUTOUC, dXXd, HE cpopEa TO «K6nna», TI^V

«'AXXayT^» Kai TOV «2oaiaXia|i6», oi EKSOTIKEC SpaoTTipioTTiTEi; oipio^vcov

«6jia8(5v» SXapav TT)V nopcpi^ dniSdveov EpyoXapifiv, Ka6r)Xo)vovTai; KUpioXE-

KTIKU TO pipXio Kai q>£pvovTa<; TOV x^po 100 xp<5via Kioto...

'Ait6 TIIV KaTavorjori TMV EKSoTiKSv rcpayndTcov, Xoindv, E^dyETai TO OUHTCE-

pac|ja rtEpi T^<; £X£08Epr|c fj nil KUKXoipopiac tSv pipXirav Kai <5xi drto TO flv

HTtopfj KavEii; vd Tuitcbvri TO KEiÊvd TOU. TUTC(OTIKT^ djiaydpEUOT) SEV HTCopEi

TExviKd vd CTtdp^r). KovTd OE TOUTU pipaia itpoaTiSETai Kai 6 p<5Xoc Tfjc

«KpiTiKfjc», rcou ditoTEXEt 9EH£Xi65r| ouvtOTtoaa Tfj<; 6\r\t; KOTdoTaoric. B^paia

OTr|v ' EXXdSa SEV urtdpxfii KpuiKi^ Kai SEV gx£l Kavsi? rcapd v' dvaTp£i;r| CTTI^V

«KpiTiKr)» jiidi; 50£Tia; TC.X-, yid vd TO SiarcioTcbori. Nd i8fj 8r|XaS^ T( TI^V &nr\a%6-

Xt]a£ Kai Ttioc. Xi^HEpa pXsrtoHE oiKovoiioXdyou^ vd Kpivouv pipXia cpiXoaocpiac,

XoyoTExvE^ Kai TCOIT)TEC vd £xouv yvebjiil yid PipXia MaStmatiKfliv Kai 3>uaiKfjc,

KpuiKoi SEdTpou vd Kpivouv pipXia pioXoyiac Kai rcupr)viKf|c Xt]H£icic K.O.K.

AuTd pEpaia 6Xa yiari SEV CndpXEi KPITIKT) iSEfflv Kai 8idXoyoc. AUTO rtoO

voEiTOt (6c KpiTiKi^ aTi^v ' EXXdSa — HE SE8o(iEvr|v (puaiKd TtdvTa TI^V dvacpEp-

6Eiaa KUTdaTaaT] EK8oTiKSv TtpayHdTtov, OTI^V 6rtoiav EVTdoaETai — Elvai 6 drco

dKOTOvdriTE^ Kai (juaTtipicbSEig SiEpyaaiEi; XPIOHEVOC (6<; «KpiTiK6c»

?va pipXio Kai vd XET) TT]V yvd>ni TOU. "£TOI EPHTJVEUETOI Kai i^

ErtavdXim/ti XEKTIKUV HOVTEXCOV, itou ppiaKEi KUVEII; OE 6Xa TO KEiÊva KpiTiKfjc:

«£pyo papiivouoai; ar)nacjiac», «?pyo O(paipiKc5», «pipXio 8i£ia8uTiK6», «8iopa-

TIKO pipXio» KXrc. EuCTTrmaTiKi^ KpiTiKi^ CTTr^v 'EXXdSa — EâipoujiEvrav Hide ^

8uo TC£piJtTO)0£(i)v, Srtrac TOU IToXiTri, TOU FIoXiTr|, TOU fanntar\. — O<STE

OrtfjpÊ OUTE Eivai SuvaTov vd Crcdp^r). AidTi SEV Crcdpxouv Td rtpopXrlnaTa.

"Evag rcou 8d i5r] \iiav dpxaia TpayioSia TC.X. OE Hid EOpfonaiKii HEyaXounoXr) Kai

TI^V dvTioToixtl napaaTaai^ TIÎ; SSra, 9d KaTaXdpr) dHôeoc Ti<; itpourtoOEaEi? tr\c,

EVTortiou KpiTiicfjc. AUTO nof> KUT ' oCaiav rtapanEVEi fiyvocTO Eivai i^ Sia<popd

rcou CrtdpxEi HeTa^ ^voc KEIHEVOU rcou unoptl vd ypdyr) KavEi; SiapdôvTac;

fipSpa EyKUKXorcaiSEiSv Kai XriHH«Ta XEÎKCOV Kai TT|C Eitinox9r)c;

125

yv(i>ar|<; TtoO dnaiTEi f) £7iioTr|HOViKrV SiaitpayndTEuari EVOI; GEHCITOI;. Tiati

8uoiuxS(; Td TtpopXrJHaTa Tfl<; ETtiaTrJHiK Sôuv Toi5TT)v TI^V (JT^ SVETTI iSidiriTO: vd

HT}V ETtiH£pi£tovTai. "Av Kav£va<; SEV KOT^XI OTJuepa ToCXdxioTov ipeii; EitiaTTi-

HoviicoOc; /cbpoui; Kai OE 6pyaviKT^ dXXr|Xouxia ustaÔ Tav, 6£topr|TiK(o<; Elvai

d8CvaTo vd EitEêpyaoefj Kpmicd TO 6Tcoio5rj;toT£ TtpripXrina. ITI^V 'EXXd8a TIOU

6 8iKT|y(5poc; OUY/EETOI nt T6v «VOHIKO», 6 Xoyiatiî; |i£ TOV «na6rinaTiK6» Kai 6

JtairSi; HE TOV «0EoX6YO», slvai noXC cpuaiKO vd EKOTaatdôuv td KetHEva JtoO

ypd<povTai HE 68tiYoC<; pr|Tcov Kai yvconiKSv. Kai Xfec;: nSx; yivEtai Tdâ v*

dnoKTTÔTi KOVEU; nidv T^TOIOV yvtbor) Tfj? dpxaiai; EXXriviKfji; rpaHHUTEia^, (5oT£

v' dvaipEpr) <JE Kd6s TOU (ppdar) Kdnoio PT|TO dpxaiou, OE Kditoiav fiXXii Eva fiXXo

XUTIVOU Kai a£ Kdnoiav Tpiir| Kdnoiou fiXXou Tfjg ECptoitaiKfji; fj TtayKdaniag

TpamiaÊiau;. Ki' dvapwTifeai: Eivai SUVUTII Hid T^TOIO EII; pd9o^ d(ponoicoar|

EVO<; Tdoo ditEpdvTou K6onou yvo>o£0)v; — Eivat P^paia, SIOTI at^v EupdiTtti TO

XEîKd pr|Tfiv Kai yvwHiKwv dTto TI^V AoyoTEXvia, TI^V IloXiTiK^, KXit. nou-

i 8i?tXa duo TOUC; 68r)yoOi; KaXfji; ou|aji£pi(pop6<;. Kai (jdXioTa XE^tKoypa-

KOTaxcopriHEva (X.x- yid TTIV X^l «Ar)noKpaTia», «n6X£noi;» KXrt.), (SaTE

HE Tt^v poi^SEia TETOKOV £pycov vd jinopfl; vd ypd\t»T)<; M^ «fenPpi9£ia» yid 67101081 -̂

TTOTE 6sna. T^TOIOC; Eivai 6 Tpditoi; KptTiKfli; aTi^v 'EXXdSa OTT)V KaXOiEpTi JtEpi-

TtTojari. ZTii; fiXXE? itEpiitTWOEii; TO «KpiTiK6 CTTi(.tEi(i)na» yid KdTtoio pipXio Elvai

?va V|A)x°^°YlKO «of|na» (SEHeXiton^vo dKpipSi; ETti toO 8e8oH£vou 6Tt Td pipXia

SEV KUKXoq)opoOv EX£i36Epa), TtoO HE q>pda£ic;-ci)v6^naTa aKonEi vd 68Tiyrjcr| 8va

(6pian£vo «KOWO» OTOV TtdyKO TOO nur|n£vou pipXioTtcbXT). Fid vd XEiToupyoOv

6|«o<; STOI TO itp'ayHaTa, Elvai dKpipwi; dvayKT) vd Cndpxi 6 «7tXoupaXionoc;»

TOU pipXiou TtoO HE ditXoOoTEpa Xdyia 8d nrtopoiiaanE v ' drtoKaXE-

dvapxia. ME TO vd TtapouoidÊTai CTTOV x<opo TOU PipXiou Kd8s

KapuSiSi; KapCSi, HE TO vd Pyd^r) 6,Ti 9£X£i Kai vd irviyri TO «KOIVO» JJE ThXoix;,

Elvai T^ ditoTEXEaHaTiKtbTEpti HÔoSoi; rtviînaTOi; Tfiv pipxtcov Kai TOIV iSefiv. To

TtaparcaiSi TtoO 6d TtpooXricpetl, yid vd Kdvri TO 8£XrJnaTa a' Sva pipXtoTttoXEto, 6d

Hd8r| TO voTJHUTa Kai Td KaTatoTtia Kai 8d yivr) HE TT^V CEipd TOU «EK8dTri(;».

AuToi SE Eivai TO x^'poTEpo El8o<; EHTtopcov OTOV x^po TOU pipXiou TtoO KOTO-

OTp£(p£l £V yEVEl TO £K8oTlKO KOKXcOH"! yiaTi ElvUl 8iaT£6£lH£VO<; yid TO Kd6£ Tl,

vd «dv£X0ri».

aia Kai 6 Oito fiXXei; «TtpoOTto6£OEi<;» ysv^HEVoi; EKSoTT)^, i8ia

OTOV x™P° Tfl? "TtpopXriHUTiÔHEVTn; 'ApiaT£pa?». 'EitiKpaTEi f) 8E(opia STI 6

«6pyaoHO(;» Kai r^ (paaapia OTOV y,&po TOOTOV, STIOU KOTO Kavdva 6 £K8oTr|i;

Eivai Kai 8iavoouH£voi;, OKOTIO

OTOV x&P° T2|V' i8E<ov Tf]g

Eivai TO TpiTOKOOHiKO H"VT£Xo, TO TtXrjpox; EvooiHaTcoH^vo OTi? ETtiorin£<; Kpa-

TIKEI; XEiTOUpyiEi;, T&V iK8oTiKfflv EV 'EXXdSi npayHdTcov. 'H EKSoTiKr) 8paoTT|-

pioTr|Ta dTtoTEXEi TtdvTa «ouHTtoXiT£uar|». Eivai 6\uac, SiaTtioTcon^vo STI r^ TtoXi-

TIKOX; EKippaÔH^vr) 'ApioTEpd £x£l TtoXiTiKO aunipepov and H'd 8paoTT|pi6TriTa

6lt(0i; TT|V EÛTtOVOEl 1̂ £V EOpElO EVVOIO "TtpopXtlHaTl^dHEVT) 'AplOTEpd»;

126

PipXia TOO Map!;, TOO "EyKEXi; Kai AEVIV KUKXocpopouv a£ jioXXaicXsi;

CTTO EjjJtdpio. AUTO itoC SEV KUKXotpopoOv slvai TOU KapoXiSii, TOO

BEpvapSdKTj, TOU AEnJtsari (KUITOI Pf.(5aia toOio^, EJtripEaanEvog dito tdv K.

Xdnaouv, jtEpiypdcpsi n<5vo mdv STO^TI tflji; datiKfJi; Koivwviai;, itpoKEiHEVou vd

dvTniepa0Ear| a' aCTi}v Eva yEcopyiKO dpiaTOKpatiKo iSEfiSEi;, xMPk va T11V

E^riyfl), TOU ZanneXioo, TO£> ' Av5p£d5r|, TOO SoKKoXr) Kai flXXtov. AOtd id pipXia

SEV KUKXoipopouv K I * OIJTE nitopEi vd td Ppfj KovEii; fiv td ^TIT^CT) Kai EVOVTIOV

TOU Epyou aCiwv oipEcpEiai i^ 8pacrtr|pi6Tr|Ta ifj<; «jtpopXrnxaTi^6jiEvr|i; 'Api-

oiEpdi;», SpaaTTipiotTiTa Jtou EûTtripETEi dTtXffii; TI^V Ka6i(Jr]ar) trj^ j

8o|jfi<; c, itpoiiitoGEc^ TTII;.

AOxd 6Xa E/EI vd rd oKE<p6fj KUVEI? TEXounsva HEOO ati; EJt

OEII; TO>V itoXiTioiiKrov eiuinîrav. 'H Eiuinîa tfjc; TtpcoTTn; yEVEag

Bou6po)Tou Kai Tupiai;, i^ TTJI; SEOTEPTI^ ^ta!;C AtyuTtTou Kai AOotpiag, Tfj<;

tpiiTu; (jEiaÔ Ai6ionia<; KI ' AuotpaXiai; Kai i^ TETdptri â(pviKd jiapouoidÊiai

ÎE SEXtio TaOTOT>iTO<; toO daiuvoiaiKoO 1̂ 1̂ 0105 TpiKdXtov v' daKfl «EK8oTiKi^

8paoTtipidtriTa» aij^v 'A6>iva. FlEpi noidi; EXEuOepiai; SiaKivrôEox; tSv Pipxirov

IJiXdîE, itEpi itoicov 8iKai(ondT(ov «itvEi)|jaTiKfji; i8iOKTtiaia(;» Kai TtEpi noicov

«dv9p(07tivo)v 8iKai(0|adTiov» TEXiKd; Nd td 8iEK8iKiâri itoioi; arco itoiov Kai IÊOCO

TIVOI;; Ti an' 6X' add «aXXaÊ» TO KupEpvwv KOHHU; Kai fiv SEV

vd EitiXri(p6fi aCifiv tSv icpayndxcov, dno rtoO dviXEi TO SiKaiiona yid v '

aXXa;

'YitayopEUETai 6^0)1; TtpdyâTi drto Kditoiav dvayKuioTT|Ta TOOTTI f\v jtpayndTwv; AEV 6d uTtopoOoE v' dXXd^T] f\a TOU<;

TO TipooxtjuaTa, fiv 6^1 TO itEpiEx^nEvo TOUI;; AEV 6d jiJtopoOoE Tdxa 6Xr| i^

^ 8paaTr|pi6Tr|Ta vd auyKEVTpwOfj OE 4-5 TO TtoXu copapoCi; EKSOTIKOUI;

s Kai 8X01 oi unoXoiitoi — ntd Kai «dyaitoOv» TOV «Kdano TOO pipXioo» —

vd TO 8ia6£Touv \JL ' £va 10%; Td «ouyypa(piKd 8iKai(b(aaTa» TO EÔUV KaSopioEi oi

£XXr|V£(; £KSoT£<; OE 15% irti Tfji; ovonaoTiKfii; TOU Pipxiou rtpo xpovwv duvrino-

VEUTIOV. Oi 18101 6no)i; yid vd oiaOEoouv EVO pipXio ditauoOv 45% Xoya) TOU

)tXri6(opianoO. Fid Totic; ouyypa<p£i5 SEV U7tdpx£i JiXr|6copiaji6c;; noioi Elvai oi

itou puGniôiiv aOTd TO npayjaaTa; riocoi dTt' TOUI; pipXionioXEi; EXOUV

Fu^vaoiou KOTO tl? aTOTioTiKEi; TOO KpdToui;;

KaGdXou pEpaia SEV armaivEi OTI av ouyKEVTpwSfj r^ EKSoTiKii Jtapaytoy^ OE

aopapoOi; OIKOU<; nETapdXXeTai auTOndTwi; OE KUTI f\| TWV

, OTI 6<x KUKXocpopoOv rtio noXXd, itio Xiya fj dXXtig (puaEtoi; pipXia.

i 6\uac, 6ti 0d dpOfj f\) EKEIVTI pia, f\a SiKaiax; uTtopdXXEi

TO EpioTrma JiEpi TOU EiSoui; Tfji; 'EXXdSoi; (65 KpdToui; Tfji; Eijp(onaiKfj<; KOIVO-

Tt|TO<; KpaTfflv. Kai orinaivEi dKO|jti OTI 9d 7tpoKuyr| Kai ntd dvTiK£in£viKO>T£pr|

KaTdcjTaori yid dXa TOUTU TO rtpdyjiaTa. 'YTidpôuv p^paia oi «Ei5iKoi» ToC5

pipXiou TTOU TtapE/ouv OTatiOTiKEi; Kai (JEXETE; yid TI^V EJticpavEia. To npopXrina

SEV Eivai TO Ti ypdcpETai — KOVOVIKO TITCOTE dXXo And HETacppdaEii; (aCTO

yivETai 5r|Xa5ii) SEV (jTtopEi vd ypdcpETai HECU aTig auvSfJKEc; aOTEi; — , dXXd

127

to TI uitopEi vd ypdq>£Tai.

Kai yiaTi Tdxa uid dvaitpoaapuoyf| TCOV EKSOTIKCOV npayudTcov vd HT)V Xdpr|

uit' 6yr\i TOV £XXr)viauo Tfji; SiaanopSi;; Mrjitcoc; 8ev Eivai itEpiaadTEpoi oi

«E!;CO» dito TOUI; «u£aa»; Fid noiov X6yo 6d itpiitEi TO KVEUUOTIKOX; fiGXio

«K£VTpo» vd 8iox£T£ur| Jtpoi; Tf|v Siaaitopd Kai oxi f\d itpoi; Td KEVTpo;

Fid itoiov Xoyo 6 dypduuaToi; u£TacppaaTr|<; TCOV 'AGrjvcov itp£ii£i vd UETacppdfJrj

TO oitoia uETacppdiÊi Epya Tfji; EupojiaiKfji; tucoKouXToOpai; Kai vd \ii\v KOVT)

auTiiv TTJV 8ouX£id 6 £XXr)va<; Tfji; Siaaôpai;, 6 67toiO(; ToCXdîoTov 2)[Ei TO

aiyoopo itpooov OTI 5ia6ET£i KaXiJTEpa TI^V aiaGricri Tfji; !;EVT|(; yXuaoai;; ME TT|V

Ar|uoTiKt} ortioi; KaTdvTT|C£ SEV TiGETai 6£ua £XXr)viKrov OUTE dito TT^V uid uEpid

oi)T£ and if\v aXXr|. Fiati r^ oOyxpovr) itoir)crr|, r} 67toia SEV diiaiTEi Tdco Tf|v

ypanuaTiKT) KaXXiEpyEia onax; aXXoTE, dXXd uovo TT)V KaXXtTE^viKTl EuaiaGtiaia,

vd 5iaTr|pfjTai <4^ EniTii5Euar| TOO KEVTpou, £v<3 Eivai yvtooTO STI Kai 6 £XXr)vi-

a\idc, Tfji; 8iaanopa<; 6d uitopoOoE vd ErtiSEi^T] EcpauiXXEi; itoir|TiKEi; ETCITEUÊII;;

"Av ptpaia f| 'EXXdSa £lx£ Trjv TtiOavoTtiTa vd pydXt) OTO uEXXov gaTO) KI ' £va

KXdana TOO itoir|TiKoO u£y£0o»<; TOO 'EXuTTj K.%., i6xe P^paia fj XEiioupyia TTJI;

rtoir|ar|(; 9fiitp£it£ vd SiaqiuXaxQti- Md icoXO itEpioaoTEpo dn' 6'Xoui; typouv oi

itEpi ToO Koajioo Tfjg jtoit|ar|5 OTI KUTI TETOIO SEV TtpoKEuai vd auupfj Kai TtoXu

KaXOTEpa pEpaia oi TOO yXcoaoiKoO tEpoKrjpuKEi;. EEpouv SrjXaSr^ STI oi itpoaSo-

K(E<; TOUI; £OT£(p6r|oav uno EitiTUxia^. To n6vo taw? nov SEV ££pouv Eivai STI

KI ' SXXEc; XUOEII;, itpoKEiuEvou vd KaXocpGfj aToi/EKoSSi; TO TEpdoTio

Tfji; 5pacrtripidTr|Tai; TCOV, nou -£top\£,Ei Tf|v 'EXXdSa dito TI<; xfflpEi; rcoC

v' dvfJKrj... STTJV FECouETpia TOU £XXr|viaôO TOO FlaXaua, E^ fiXXou, TO

Maximum Kat Td Minimum ditOTEXouv ouuitXripconaTiKE? HETOÛ TOV KaTaaTd-

OEI<;. AUTO TtoO E/EI orinaoia Etvat fj Kivriar]. IfjuEpa uitopoOv TO aôXiKd

TtpoypduuaTa vd EKnovoCvTai dito EitupoitEi; oou(pcova ue Tiq «£6viKEi;» dvdyKEi;,

TiitoTE 6uco<; SEV EuitoSiÊi vd EpôivTai Td ua8r||4aTiKd pipXia Eiti itapaSEiyuaTi

KUT' EuBsiav nETa(ppaau£va dito Tr)v 'Au£piKf| yid TO oxoXsta, O'TOV Eivai rj8r|

Eig TO TETpdycovov ditoSsSEiynEvo STI SEV uitdpÊi TO SiSaKTiKo auyypacpiKo

SuvajjiKo itou 9d nitopouaE vd ditaXXd^r) id oxoXiKd EyxEipiSia Tfji; svSriuiKfji;

d6XiOTr|TOi;. To «yXcooaiKo» E5r|uioupyr|aE TII; itpoi)ito6to£ig yid vd uitopfj vd

yivr| TO 1810 Kai OE aXXoui; TOUEI^. FiaTi, p^paia, fiv Td iSiaiTEpa OTCI Ma6r)ua-

TiKd KooTiiôuv 5.000 Spx. fl. ifipa Kai xp£'d^covTai fiXXa Toaa Td 'EXXr]viKd, TO

itpocpavEi; KOIVCOVIKO dvTiKpucua Eivai itEpiaodTEpsi; ditEpyisi;, itEpiaaoTEpoi

auvSiKaXiauoi, UEyaXuT£pr| KoivcoviKfj dvaTapaxfj, «fivo5og» TOU cpoiTi]TiKou

KivfJuaToi; Kai EV T^XEI xatpiESiauo?... « 'AXXayrl» TO KupEpvcov Kdu|ja cqispE

OTOUI; xtopoui; auToui;, uovo dXXayfj Eiti TO xsipio-

"AvTiopOoXoyicuoi; Eivai EV yivEi TO ipaivduEvo vd urjv 6£Xr| KOVEVUI; vd

SExOfj TI^ auvfenEiEi; TCOV EitiSicbÊwv TOU Kai Citdpxouv f(Sr| oi dvGptonoi itou

«EXOUV gToiuov TOV dvTiXoyo npoi; 6Xa ToOTa: Eivai aKpipffi; oi EIOTEUOVTEI; OTI oi

uitdpxouaEi; KaTacTdoEii; ditoTEXoOv Tig itpouitoGEasii; Tf jg SiKfji; TCOV iiitap£r|i;.

Eivai EJti ItapaSEiyuaTi oi dpudSioi TCOV EXXrjviKcov £j;aycoy(ov, 6'Tav SEV SsiXiouv

128

vd 8r|Xci>vouv O"TI oi "EXXrivsg pyaivovTac; aTd E^cotEpiKo «dyopd£ouv Eupconaucd

jtpoWvTa, Xfpi? vd &POUV fiTi Etvai eXXnviKfji; KaTaaKEufjg" Kai Eivai Kai oi

dvEpEuvrjTEc; Tfji; «£XXr|viK6Tr|Tai;» HE T6 niKpooKdnio TOO sXXaSiaHoO. Ouaia-

OTIKO SEV itpoKEiTai yid 8ia<pop£TiK£i; KaTnyopiEi; dv6pi!>jteov. Eivai EV £vi oi jif\; vd 8£x6oOv 6"Ti f| 'EXXd8a TO Tpatvo Tfji; pionr|XaviKrte dva7rrui;£(o<; TO

EXaaE 6pioTiKd, d(poO SEV nitdpEOE vd ETtipipaaSfj s08ug HeTa TOV rtdXEno a'

auTd. Kai fiv SXXEi; Eupwna'iKEi; 7t£piox&; TCOU JIETUXOV KdTi T^TOIO, 67tu? Tt.x- rj

yaXXiKr) BpETdvr|, Ttapd ir\v TtXrjpr) TOU; dvdJtTu^l xapOKTripiôvTai tic, itpopXr)-

HOTIKE^, CTuyKpivd|J£VE; HE TT)V dvdnTui;r| 6XoKXrjpou Tfj<; x^po? t(°v, TIOIOI Elvat

oi Xdyoi TCOU auvr)yopoOv yid Tig aioioSo^tE? Tfji; £XXr|viKfj<; dvartTUÊWi;, (i£otp

HdXiaTa TOU «yX<oaoiKoO»; TOUTEI; oi iaxupoyvo)|jo(njv£<; P^paia dnaiToOv mdv

«EXXa8tKdTT|Ta», (lid supEia fiVvoia «*OpOo8oîa5», (Jtdv uit6nvr|ar| 8r|X. 6'n f\» SEV vomjiortoiEiTai rcXrjpax; duo EXXaSiKflg dTtdyEwg... Kai TOUTO 6Xa

TtpouJto0£Touv (Jid SiapKfj noup(4O\5pa ytd TT)V TtoXiTiOTiKf) Kpiori TOU VEO£XXr|vi-

O)joO OTr)v £Tta<prj TOU HE Tf)v SUTIKT) KouXTOupa. "Av TO<3Tr| Tr)v cpiXoXoyta (aOTo

P^paia Ka06Xou SEV or|(4aivEi STI SEV ucpioTUTat Hid Kpior|) fjOEXE KO.VEIC, vd TT)V

ujiaydyri OE ETtioTrmoviKoui; xapaKTr|pia|Joui;, T6TE 9d ETtpEjtE vd rr)v urtaydyri at

aCTO jtoC (ivondo6r| «jtpcoTO£6viaH6(;» (PX. TI.X. G. Barraclough: «An Intro-

duction to Contemporary History», y£p(i- MET- 1967, OEX. 171 K.E.) KOI ToO 6Ttoiou

fj TtpoE^dpxouoa iSEoXoyiKi^ f.K(ppaar\i dxptpSi; r| KpiTiKr) TWV yr|yevSv

TtoXiTtoTiKoiv 5o(jfflv OTr)v £ita(prj Toug H^ Tr)v SuTiKr) KouXTO<5pa. Eivai f) <piXo-

Xoyia T<OV d(ppiKaviKtov Xaeov Kai T<OV Xacov TTJI; 'Aaiai; KOTO TO T£Xr| TOU itEpa-

OHEVOU aieova. 3/rrJv 'EXXdSa dnoTEXEt ^tdv (i6vinr| KaTdaraari, itpouitoSETOuora

Hid "EKKXnaia die, «q>op£a TOO "E8vou<;», yid TT)V TtoXmatiKr) (piiXa^T) Tf]<; 6itoiag

HJtopoOv CTto SESOHEVEI; o~uv6f(K£<; vd yivtovTai oi KaTdXXr|XE5

SiaSr|XdK>£ii;. AEV Eivai Tuxato STI TO iSia npoowTta fj oi KUKXoi

OTa6Epw; OTT^V dv£p£uvr|ar| TOO £XXr)viaHoO Eivai noXXEi; <pop£g Kai j

HaiKfjvE? Tco5oa(paipiKtov aconaTEiiov. 'H armaaia TOU EXXrivianou

OTOV pa0Ho tou HtopEi vd HETaTpaitfj ce Sia5rjXtoor|...

To 8i'icTopiK(o<; dXuaiTEXEi; TWV TtpayndTOiv TOUTIOV, fJToi f\l 8r|Hioupyia

Hiag doTiKfji; TdÊtoi; \tiaai auTiov dvaXdyou Ttpdi; Ti<; EupconaiKEg TtoO 9d

HTtopoCOE vd EIXE JtpayHaTOTtoirjoEi cpuoioXoyiKd TT]V 8iaTUHitavi^6H£vr| arJHEpa

], dcpEiXETOi dnXoOcTOTa OTO yEyovog Sri 6 EXXnvionî; SEV HôpEt v'

dito £XXa8iKfjg H<>VO dir6\|»E<o?, EpfJHr|v TOU EXXrivianoO Tfj<;

8iao7topa;. "Oa£g tpopEi; gXapE TOUTO$ OTO Ttap£X96v iXXaSiKE? £Kippdo£i<;, JT.X.

HE TO «yXioaaiK6», fiXXEi; T<)OE; rtapEOupE CTf|V 8ivr| TOU Kai TOV £XXt|viaH6 Tfjg

Siacitopai;. To 1810 IOXUEI Kai we, Tig H^PE|! Ma?: EuOOg tic, 6 «£XXr|viaHdi;»

XEOE TO ytd dKona Hl" <fopd dvTiKEiHEVO HEXETng Siavooun^vaiv KUKXcov

'EXXdSog, dHEorog <JvaSeuTT]K£ aTfjv 9£cr) TOU Kai 6 EXXnvianog Tfjg

Siaonopag (pX. T. Mr|Xiou-©. MiKpouTCiKou, HV. £., OEX. 49-50). Tijv

auvd(p£ia TOU feXXaSiKOu EXXrjviaHou HE TOV EXXnviano Tfjg Siaartopag

KaXiiTEpa d;t6 KdOs Ti fiXXo f) SiTtXtoHOTiKf) 8paoTr|pi6Tr|Ta TOU

129

EXXr|Vio|K>0 Tf)<; SiaoTtopSc; Kara TI^V SidpKEia TCOV 80o TtayKoanicov rtoXEncov Kai

iStaiTEpa TOU TtpcoTou. Oi auv6fJK£<; («dToviKd», «dXXay£(;» KXrt.) c6pinaaav

dpKouvTcocj, vojii£o|j£, CO'OTE vd SEÔfj x^pk £K7iXTii;r| 6 feXXaSiKocj tXXrivianocj

Tr)v 7tpaynaTiK6TT]Ta TOO TtpoaSiopianou TOU... 'H itoXrtieniKi^ Siacpopd KEVtpou

Kai SiaoTtopacj OTU; n£p£<; nou; ETtayE vd UTtdpxtl- OuSsnia auyKpior] ucpiaTOTai HE

TT|V ETtoxil ToC MioTpio>Tr|. AUTO TCOU rjSfiXE 6 « ' EXXT|voxpicmavia|i6i;» Kai f\...

«YXcoacjoXoyia» atic; n£p£i; |Ja<; SywE TtpaynaTiKOTrii;! MEVEI Titd vd dvTiXr|(p6oOv

oi «dni)vd(iEvoi» TOU «KEVTpou», OTI 5ev £xouv nXsov iSEoXoyiKi^ pdor| vd ;taT^-

oouv. Kai vd Jidyouv vd «£7[i(iEVOuv El>.TiNIKA»... 'O fcXXriviKO^ "HXio<; Kai id

EXXrjviKd dKpoyidXia Eivai ci^nEpa nid nayKocnia i)7t<58£ari. Oi dpxaioi EXXr|V£i;

paoiXr|d8£5 Kai oi puiâvtwoi aCTOKpatopEi; nai; Eixav wcf\v KOTOX^ ton;

6X6KXripov TOV (jEooyEiaKov yîapov. Kai (jnopEaav vd SiaX£!;oi>v Ta KaXutEpa

HEpT) OTOV x&pov aCtov, yid vd EyKaTaataGoOv. ToOxo UTtfjpÊ EitiXoyii Tfj^

'latopiai;. T6oo 6nco<; i^ dpâia 'lotopia, 600 Kai ^ Puâvtwii, drtoiEXouv

tfji; ysviKfji; 'loiopiac; TWV Kaipiov (jo; Kai i5iaiT£pa TTJ<;

. ' H nEpiîva auvEJtax; SiaTTipiicEwi; TOO £XXr|ViKoO "HXioo Eivai nid

Kupicoi; EupwTtaiKTJ. 'O £XXr|viK6<; "HXioi; ditoTEXst VI/UXIKI^V itpouno-

6£or| TWV v£(OT£po)v EupioTtaiKcov YEVECOV, d(poO o[ jtaXr|6T£p£<; 8EV TOV rj^spav, Kai

i^ 8iaTr)pr|arj TOU SEV EitiTpETtETai vd EitacpEOfj atoCi; oirnEpivoui; KOTOIKOUI; TOO

xo>P°u. Tflv 6noicov oi KOIVWVIKEI; auvSfJKE^ Eivai dKpipS^ T£TOIE<;,

vd \af\v ^Tiopouv vd TOV SiacpuXdôuv. Nd 8ia(puXdôuv Ti oi Eâypiconevoi

67ta8oi TTJI; "'AvdjtTUÎC" — TTJI; «'AvdETu5T)<;» jjiaq 5£KaETia<; 8r]Xa8t^, Sao

diraiTouv oi dvdyKEi; Tfji; npoaomiKfj^ TCOV ^cofj^ — Kai oi doiyaoToi

TOU EXXaSiKou /rapou; Nd SiacpuXdôuv Ti oi naivon£VE<; TOUTEI;

TOU xiîdpiKou, Ttou KaTaaTp£(pouv TT^V GdXaooa yid vd ipKidôuv awXfjvEi;; 'H

'EXXd8a 8sv XPEIOÊTOI T?iv itapaytoyii SXXrav dyaGSv, yiaTi g/Ei TO 8uo Ox|/iaTO

yid TT^V pioXoyiKii auv0rJKr| TOU dvOpdmou: "HXio Kai ©dXaooa. Tid Ttoiov X6yo

TtpEitEi vd Jiapdyr) Kai 1s} ' EXXdSa (&; elvai arj|j£pa Kai (6<; KpctToq ECpioita'iKO 6,Ti

Ttapdyouv Kai oi fiXXE^ EupcoitaiKEi; x&pec,; AEV (jjtopoOv auTd vd EiodyravTav

gvavTi o>T6<; Kai 'HXiou; Fid itoiov Xoyo ev TEXEt rtpEHEi vd CxpicrtaTai KavEii;

TOUI; dvaitTUîdpxEi;; Fid Ttoiov Xoyo SEV KUTapyouvTai dK6nt| Td TEXtovEia; Md

OE TOUTO TO EpuiTTJuaTa Eivai Kupiwi; i^ Ei3pcI>Jir| rtoO itpEJtEi vd 86ar) Tic; dnavTrj-

OEK;.

Xa) 'O Kopafj<; oicj TtoXuiKii SidaTaar) Eivai P^paia utiSeviKfli; TdÊcoi; EV

auyKpiasi p£ auTr) Ttou Eivai c5<; cpiXoXoyiKr). Fi* aCTO Tti6avov Eivai Kai fiKpax;

dîoitoiôinri TtEpiitTftjori n£oo OTT^v iSEoXoyiKr) OKOTOnixXri Tfjc; oTJ(i£pov. 'H

TtEpi «KauKicov» dvTiXr^vEi^ TOU TOV cpEpouv OE dvTi8£ari JJE TOV KaTtoSknpia Kai

aTi^v i)io9£Tr|OT| Tfjc; «d|a£aou Ttapoxflc; SuvTdynaToc;», Evffl dito TI^V SXXr| Êpid

itapayyEXXEi OTOUI; ETtavacTaTTmEVOuCj «"EXXtiv£c;» vd HT)V OKOTUVOUV TOUC;

"KaXouc; ToupKoucj», dXXd vd TOU<; GEwpouv laouc, TCOV (mo TI^V «OK^7tT| TOO

N6nou». AUTO paoiKd SEV EÊP/ETOI TCOV a/ESicov TOU Pt^ya Kai vorinaTiKco^

TtpoEKTEivonEvo orjuaivEi, dvTi vd SioiKfj 6 SouXTSvoi; vd SIOIKTJ 6 riaTpidpxi<;.

130

Tfjv pcoCTCTiKf| itoXiTiKf) 6 Kopaffc Tr|v pXEitEi eXXr|viKf| itoXiTiKr) Kai 6y_i 110X1-

Tucr) Tfji; 'Op9o8o|iag.

Xp) XapaKTTipicrtiKd Eivai EV itpoKEXLi£v{p TO Xdyia TOU ppETavvoC dpxaio-

Xoyou R. G. Coolingwood: <- 'H ELiitEipia LIOU LIE 8i8ai;£ ittoi; TIHOTE SEV ppfjKa,

EKTOI; tacoi; duo ditavTfjaEii; OE rcporiyooLiEvcoi; TE9EVTO EpcoTrjiiaTa. "CHav

Kav£vai; Kdvr| dvaoKacpEi; Kai X£EI «9d iSoOLiE Ti LiitopEi vd Elvai ai>T6», TOTE

TiitoTE ditoXoTtoi; SEV Lia9aivei. AOTO itou KUVEII; Lia9aiv£i EâpTdTai

drto auTO Ttou PpioKEl, dXXd dito auTO nou KavEii; *|raXVTl vd ppfj. EuvEirSi;

KoC 9^TEi auyKEKpiLiEVEi; EpmTtôEii; JtaipvEl Kai auyKEKpiiiEVEi; ditavTrjoEn;, '£vac,

SXXo^ TtoC OETEI dXXoicbTiKE^ EpcoTrjaEii; 9d rtdpt| dXXoitoTiKE^ dTtavTr|C£ii; KI '

£vac; TpiToi; nov 9ETEI Liu9(b8Et<; Epanrjaeu; 9d Jtdpri KOI Lii)9(i)8£i5 ditavTrjoEi^". To

1810 rtpayna pspata ta%ii£i Kai yid TO «VTOKouii£VTa» EVOI; ioTopiKoO. ZUVEIIWI;

Kai OTII; ETtioTfinE; aCTE^ aiJTo nov EvSiaipEpsi Eivai r) 9£<opia Kai 6y\a «OTOI-

X£ia» aOiTd Ka6' samd. Kai £85 T^ «E|j7t£ipia» TtaiÊi Svav 7tapdXXr|Xo poXo LIE

TOV TCOV Ma9r|LiaTiK(ov, LIOVOV OTI Sev LiitopEi vd ir\v dyvorjar) KOVEU; EK TWV

irpoTEpojv dntac, OTO Ma9r|LiaTiKd.

Xy) BX. E. PouKouva, LIV. £., asX. 124.

X8) BX. JT.X. V. Valentin: «Deutschlands Aussenpolitik 1890-1918», 1921, ofiX.

75.

XE) 'npiOLiEvoi ouyypaipEii; KI ' aCTtiv dKOLir| Tr)v y£v£ar| TOO KajtiTaXiOLioO

aTr)v Eupd)Jtr| SEV TT^V xpovoXoyoOv dito Kditoio itEpioTOTiKo Tfj<; EV oTEvfj Evvoia

ECpmitaiKfji; ioTopia^, dXXd PPIOKOUV Xoyoui; vd TT)V Toito0EToOv oTr)v nt<aar\

Ktov/itdXEOx; (PX. A. Dauphin-Meunier: « L'Eglise en face du capitalisme», y£pn.

HET. 1958, oEX. 10).

XOT) 'H «£9voySvEor|» oXrnv Tfflv paXKaviKffiv KpaTcov itapaKoXou9£i KOT'

dvdyKr|V Tr]v 8ia8iKaaia StaXua£to<; tfl? 'O9. AuTOKpaTopiai; Kai SiapKEt itdvw

duo EKUTO xpovia. '£1^ yvcoaTov, OUTT) dpyJijEi LIE TO feXXriviKo '21 Kai TEXEICOVEI

TO 1916, OTOV 6 «A(5p£v<; Tfji; 'Apapiai;» it£i9r| TOV a£pi(pr| XouoEtv OTI 9d yivr|

«AuTOKpdTopa<; TWV ' Apdpo>v», Sv EnavaaTOTrjari KOTO TOJV ToOpKcov, £v<3 HEVTE

Xpdvia LiETd 6 BEViÊXoi; n£i9£i £^ 'iaou TOU<; "EXXr|V£i;, 6n LiitopoOv vd yivouv

K I ' aCToi... AijTOKpdTop£<;, SETOVTOI; £TOI Eva TUHIKO T^piia OTI^V 8ta8iKaaia

aia oiiTE K I ' 6 XouoEtv Td KatdipEpE: TOV dvTipaoiXEa yui(5 TOU 9d TOV

oi TdXXoi 4 xp^via LIETO, svep 6 'iSioi; 9d itapaiTr|9fj T(5 1925, OTOV 6

"iLiitv ZaoOvT 9d itdpr) Tr)v M^KKO. Ka9' 8Xr| TI^V SidpKEia Ttov 100 auTtov

7p6v(ov r^ «E9viKii ouv£i8T]or|» TCOV paXKaviKfiv KpaTcov TEXst EV TCO yiyv£o9at.

' Eveij O'LIM^ Td dXXa paXKaviKd KpdTr| £i)prj KOV LiETaitoXELiiKd fiXXoix; <pop£i<; Tfji;

«£9vtKf|? TCOV 6XoKXripcoor|i;», OTfiv 'EXXdSa ToOXd/iOTov EpEuvdTai dKOLin. ME

TO <«Xdpapa» TOU '21, itpSyna itou itpocpavtoi; ar|Liaiv£i ireoi; Kd9s aXXo itapd EÊI

6XoKXr|pco9fj. 'H tiitap^ti 4^ fiXXou «£9viKcov itpopXr|LidTO)v» LIETUÔ 'EXXdSo^

KOI ToupKiai; TO EitipEpaicovEi. 'H «2§ayr|» Tfji; «£9viKfj<; ouv£i8r|OTi(;» itpo

dvaXdycov itpopXr|LidTeov Kai fj KOT' oCoiav 8taKivr|arj TOU<; Eitt Kup£pvr|TiKoO

£7tiit£8ou, Eivai dKpipSi; TO xapaKTrjpiaTiKo TOO iv TCO yiyvEaOai E9voLiopcpiaLioO.

•«Uolig}3Ano U

nyoai oiii ODOI '5Uo(odtiY.:xoY.9 ^l^1 10131113̂ 011̂ 5oinn ayoii oiai ODQ.,

ΓΕΡΑΣΙΜΟΣ ΚΑΚΛΑΜΑΝΗΣ

Documents

Transcript of ΓΕΡΑΣΙΜΟΣ ΚΑΚΛΑΜΑΝΗΣ