ΕΔΔΑ 18-3-2011 Lautsi - Θρυσκευτικά Σύμβολα

8/13/2019 ΕΔΔΑ 18-3-2011 Lautsi - Θρυσκευτικά Σύμβολα

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GRAND CHAMBER

CASE OF LAUTSI AND OTHERS v. ITALY

(Application no. 3!"#$%&

'UDGMENT



STRASBOURG

"! Mac) *""

T)i+ ,-/01nt i+ 2inal -t 0a4 1 +-,1ct to 1itoial 1vi+ion.

In t)1 ca+1 o2 La-t+i an Ot)1+ v. Ital45

T)1 E-op1an Co-t o2 H-0an Ri/)t+5 +ittin/ a+ a Gan C)a01 co0po+1 o26

'1an78a-l Co+ta5 81+i1nt5 C)i+to+ Ro9a:i+5 Nicola+ Bat9a5 811 Lo1n91n5 'o+1p Ca+a1vall5 Giovanni Bon1llo5

Nina ;a,i<5 Rait Ma-+t15 Anatol4 =ovl15 Sv11 Ei: '11n+5 8>ivi Hiv1l>5 Gio/io Malinv1ni5 G1o/1 Nicolao-5 Ann 8o?15 @av:a =ala4,i1va5

Mi)ai 8oal1l-n/i5 G-io Rai0oni5 ,-/1+5an Ei: Fi1/)5 R1/i+ta5

Havin/ 1li1at1 in pivat1 on 3 '-n1 *" an on "% F1-a4 *""5

D1liv1+ t)1 2ollo?in/ ,-/01nt5 ?)ic) ?a+ aopt1 on t)1 la+t701ntion1 at16

8ROCEDURE

". T)1 ca+1 oi/inat1 in an application (no. 3!"#$%& a/ain+t t)1 Italian R1p-lic

lo/1 ?it) t)1 Co-t -n1 Aticl1 3# o2 t)1 Conv1ntion 2o t)1 8ot1ction o2 H-0anRi/)t+ an F-na01ntal F11o0+ (t)1 Conv1ntion& 4 an Italian national5 M+



Soil1 La-t+i (t)1 2i+t applicant& on * '-l4 *%. In )1 application +)1 +tat1 t)at+)1 ?a+ actin/ in )1 o?n na01 an on 1)al2 o2 )1 c)il1n Dataico an Sa0iAl1tin5 t)1n 0ino+. T)1 latt15 ?)o )av1 +-+1-1ntl4 co01 o2 a/15 con2i01 t)att)14 ?i+)1 to 10ain applicant+ (t)1 +1con an t)i applicant+&.

*. T)1 applicant+ ?11 1p1+1nt1 4 M N. 8aol1tti5 a la?41 pacti+in/ in Ro01.T)1 Italian Gov1n01nt (t)1 Gov1n01nt& ?11 1p1+1nt1 4 t)1i A/1nt5 M+ E.Spata2oa5 an t)1i 1p-t4 co7A/1nt+5 M N. L1tti1i an M+ 8. Accao.

3. T)1 application ?a+ allocat1 to t)1 Co-t+ S1con S1ction (R-l1 * " o2 t)1R-l1+ o2 Co-t&. On " '-l4 *! a C)a01 o2 t)at S1ction5 co0po+1 o2 t)12ollo?in/ ,-/1+6 Fanoi+1 T-l:1n+5 Anton1lla M-laoni5 ;lai0io @a/11l+:45Dan-t 'oJi1n5 Da/ol,- 8opovi<5 AnK+ Sa, an Il =aa:a5 1ci1 to /iv1notic1 o2 t)1 application to t)1 Gov1n01nt appl4in/ t)1 povi+ion+ o2 Aticl1 *P 3o2 t)1 Conv1ntion5 it al+o 1ci1 to -l1 on t)1 a0i++iilit4 an 01it+ o2 t)1application at t)1 +a01 ti01.

#. On 3 Nov101 *P a C)a01 o2 t)1 +a01 S1ction5 co0po+1 o2 t)1 2ollo?in/ ,-/1+6 Fanoi+1 T-l:1n+5 81+i1nt5 I1n1- Caal Ba1to5 ;lai0io @a/11l+:45Dan-t 'oJi1n5 Da/ol,- 8opovi<5 AnK+ Sa, an Il =aa:a5 1cla1 t)1application a0i++il1 an )1l -nani0o-+l4 t)at t)11 )a 11n a violation o2 Aticl1* o2 8otocol No. "5 ta:1n to/1t)1 ?it) Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion5 an t)at it ?a+not n1c1++a4 to 1Qa0in1 t)1 co0plaint -n1 Aticl1 "# o2 t)1 Conv1ntion.

. On *! 'an-a4 *" t)1 Gov1n01nt a+:1 2o t)1 ca+1 to 1 1211 to t)1 GanC)a01 4 vit-1 o2 Aticl1 #3 o2 t)1 Conv1ntion an R-l1 3. On " Mac) *" a

pan1l o2 t)1 Gan C)a01 /ant1 t)at 1-1+t.

%. T)1 co0po+ition o2 t)1 Gan C)a01 ?a+ 1t10in1 accoin/ to t)1 povi+ion+ o2 Aticl1 *% # an o2 t)1 Conv1ntion an R-l1 *#.

. T)1 applicant+ an t)1 Gov1n01nt 1ac) 2il1 2-t)1 ?itt1n o+1vation+ on t)101it+.

!. L1av1 to int1v1n1 in t)1 ?itt1n poc1-1 (Aticl1 3% * o2 t)1 Conv1ntion anR-l1 ## *& ?a+ /iv1n to t)it47t)11 0101+ o2 t)1 E-op1an 8alia01nt actin/coll1ctiv1l45 t)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ation G11: H1l+in:i Monito5 ?)ic) )a

p1vio-+l4 int1v1n1 12o1 t)1 C)a015 t)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ationA++ocia9ion1 na9ional1 1l li1o 81n+i1o5 t)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ationE-op1an C1nt1 2o La? an '-+tic15 t)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ation E-o,-i+5t)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ation+ Int1national Co00itt11 o2 '-i+t+5 Int1i/)t+ anH-0an Ri/)t+ atc)5 actin/ coll1ctiv1l45 t)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ation+@1ntal:o0it11 1 1-t+c)1n =at)oli:1n5 S10ain1+ +ocial1+ 1 Fanc1 anA++ocia9ioni ci+tian1 lavoatoi italiani5 actin/ coll1ctiv1l45 an t)1 Gov1n01nt+ o2A01nia5 B-l/aia5 C4p-+5 t)1 R-++ian F11ation5 G11c15 Lit)-ania5 Malta5Monaco5 Ro0ania an t)1 R1p-lic o2 San Maino.

T)1 Gov1n01nt+ o2 A01nia5 B-l/aia5 C4p-+5 t)1 R-++ian F11ation5 G11c15

Lit)-ania5 Malta5 an t)1 R1p-lic o2 San Maino ?11 al+o /iv1n l1av1 to int1v1n1coll1ctiv1l4 in t)1 oal poc1-1.



P. A )1ain/ too: plac1 in p-lic in t)1 H-0an Ri/)t+ B-ilin/5 Sta+o-/5 on 3'-n1 *" (R-l1 P 3&.

T)11 app1a1 12o1 t)1 Co-t6

(a& 2o t)1 1+pon1nt Gov1n01ntM Nicola L1tti1i5 co7A/1nt5M Gi-+1pp1 Al1n9io5 Avi+1

(& 2o t)1 applicant+M Nicol 8aol1tti5 Co-n+1l5M+ Natalia 8aol1tti5M+ Cla-ia Satoi5 Avi+1+

(c& 2o t)1 Gov1n01nt+ o2 A01nia5 B-l/aia5 C4p-+5 t)1 R-++ian F11ation5G11c15 Lit)-ania5 Malta5 an t)1 R1p-lic o2 San Maino5 t)i7pat4 int1v1n1+6

M 'o+1p) 1il15 8o21++o o2 La?5 N1? Yo: Univ1+it45Co-n+1l5M St1pan =ata+)4an5 D1p-t4 810an1nt R1p1+1ntativ1 o2 A01nia to t)1 Co-ncil o2 E-op15M An14 T1)ov5 A0a++ao5 810an1nt R1p1+1ntativ1 o2 B-l/aia to t)1 Co-ncil o2 E-op15M Yanni+ Mic)ili1+5 D1p-t4 810an1nt R1p1+1ntativ1 o2 C4p-+

to t)1 Co-ncil o2 E-op15M+ ;a+il1ia 81l1:o-5 D1p-t4 810an1nt R1p1+1ntativ1 o2 G11c1 to t)1 Co-ncil o2 E-op15M Dai-+ i0aiti+5 D1p-t4 810an1nt R1p1+1ntativ1 o2 Lit)-ania to t)1 Co-ncil o2 E-op15M 'o+1p) Licai5 A0a++ao5 810an1nt R1p1+1ntativ1 o2 Malta to t)1 Co-ncil o2 E-op15M G1o/4 Mat4-+):in5 Gov1n01nt A/1nt o2 t)1 R-++ian F11ation5M G-io B1llatti C1ccoli5 co7A/1nt o2 t)1 Gov1n01nt o2 t)1 R1p-lic o2 San Maino5 Avi+1+.

T)1 Co-t )1a a1++1+ 4 M Nicol 8aol1tti5 M+ Natalia 8aol1tti5 M L1tti1i5 MAl1n9io an M 1il1.

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

". T)1 2i+t applicant an )1 t?o +on+5 Dataico an Sa0i Al1tin5 al+o applicant+5

?11 on in "P5 "P!! an "PP 1+p1ctiv1l4. T)14 a1 1+i1nt in Ital4. In t)1+c)ool 41a *"7** Dataico an Sa0i att1n1 t)1 I+tit-to co0p1n+ivo +tatal1



;ittoino a F1lt15 a Stat1 +c)ool in Aano T101. A c-ci2iQ ?a+ 2iQ1 to t)1 ?all in1ac) o2 t)1 +c)ool+ cla++oo0+.

"". On ** Apil **5 -in/ a 011tin/ o2 t)1 +c)ool+ /ov1no+5 t)1 2i+t applicant+)-+an ai+1 t)1 -1+tion o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in t)1 cla++oo0+5

patic-lal4 01ntionin/ c-ci2iQ1+5 an a+:1 ?)1t)1 t)14 o-/)t to 1 10ov1. On* Ma4 **5 4 t1n vot1+ to t?o ?it) on1 a+t1ntion5 t)1 +c)ool+ /ov1no+ 1ci1to :11p 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in cla++oo0+.

"*. On *3 '-l4 ** t)1 2i+t applicant cont1+t1 t)at 1ci+ion in t)1 ;1n1toA0ini+tativ1 Co-t5 co0plainin/ o2 an in2in/101nt o2 t)1 pincipl1 o2 +1c-lai+051l4in/ in t)at conn1ction on Aticl1+ 3 (pincipl1 o2 1-alit4& an "P (1li/io-+211o0& o2 t)1 Italian Con+tit-tion an Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion5 an on t)1

pincipl1 o2 t)1 i0patialit4 o2 p-lic a0ini+tativ1 a-t)oiti1+ (Aticl1 P o2 t)1Con+tit-tion&.

"3. On 3 Octo1 ** t)1 Mini+t1 o2 E-cation5 Univ1+iti1+ an R1+1ac) aopt1Di1ctiv1 no. *%%%5 in+t-ctin/ t)1 co0p1t1nt +1vic1+ o2 )i+ Mini+t4 to ta:1 t)1n1c1++a4 01a+-1+ to +11 to it t)at +c)ool /ov1no+ 1n+-1 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2c-ci2iQ1+ in cla++oo0+ (+11 paa/ap) *# 1lo?&.

On 3 Octo1 *3 t)1 Mini+t1 ,oin1 t)1 poc11in/+ o-/)t 4 t)1 2i+tapplicant. H1 a/-1 t)at )1 application ?a+ ill72o-n1 +inc1 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2c-ci2iQ1+ in t)1 cla++oo0+ o2 p-licl4 -n +c)ool+ ?a+ a+1 on Aticl1 ""! o2 o4al1c11 no. P% o2 3 Apil "P*# (int1nal 1/-lation+ o2 0il1 +c)ool+& an Aticl1""P o2 o4al 1c11 no. "*P o2 *% Apil "P*! (appoval o2 t)1 /1n1al 1/-lation+/ov1nin/ pi0a4 1-cation +11 paa/ap) "P 1lo?&.

"#. B4 a 1ci+ion o2 "# 'an-a4 *# t)1 A0ini+tativ1 Co-t 1211 to t)1Con+tit-tional Co-t t)1 -1+tion o2 t)1 con+tit-tionalit45 ?it) 1/a to t)1 pincipl1o2 t)1 +1c-la c)aact1 o2 t)1 Stat1 an Aticl1+ *5 35 5 !5 "P an * o2 t)1Con+tit-tion5 o2 Aticl1+ "P an "P o2 l1/i+lativ1 1c11 no. *P o2 "% Apil "PP#(appovin/ t)1 +in/l1 t1Qt in/in/ to/1t)1 t)1 l1/i+lativ1 povi+ion+ in 2oc11/ain/ 1-cation an +c)ool+&5 in t)1i +p1ci2ication+ 1+-ltin/ 2o0 Aticl1+ ""!an ""P o2 t)1 aov1701ntion1 o4al 1c11+5 an o2 Aticl1 %% o2 t)1 +a01l1/i+lativ1 1c11.

Aticl1+ "P an "P 0a:1 0-nicipaliti1+ 1+pon+il1 2o p-c)a+in/ an +-ppl4in/t)1 2-nit-1 o2 pi0a4 an 0il1 +c)ool+. Aticl1 ""P o2 t)1 "P*! 1c11 +p1ci2i1+t)at 1ac) cla++oo0 0-+t )av1 a c-ci2iQ an Aticl1 ""! o2 t)1 "P*# 1c11 t)at 1ac)cla++oo0 0-+t )av1 a potait o2 t)1 :in/ an a c-ci2iQ. Aticl1 %% o2 l1/i+lativ11c11 no. *P +tip-lat1+ t)at povi+ion+ not incl-1 in t)1 +in/l1 t1Qt 10ain in2oc15 ?it) t)1 1Qc1ption o2 povi+ion+ conta4 to o inco0patil1 ?it) t)1 +in/l1t1Qt5 ?)ic) a1 1p1al1.

B4 a 1ci+ion o2 " D1c101 *# (no. 3!P&5 t)1 Con+tit-tional Co-t 1cla1 t)1-1+tion a+ to con+tit-tionalit4 0ani21+tl4 ina0i++il15 on t)1 /o-n t)at it ?a+ in1alit4 i1ct1 to?a+ t1Qt+ ?)ic)5 not )avin/ t)1 +tat-+ o2 la?5 -t onl4 t)at o2

1/-lation+ (t)1 aov1701ntion1 Aticl1+ ""! an ""P&5 co-l not 2o0 t)1 +-,1ct o2a 1vi1? o2 con+tit-tionalit4.



". On " Mac) * t)1 A0ini+tativ1 Co-t i+0i++1 t)1 application. A2t1-lin/ t)at Aticl1 ""! o2 t)1 o4al 1c11 o2 3 Apil "P*# an Aticl1 ""P o2 t)1o4al 1c11 o2 *% Apil "P*! ?11 +till in 2oc1 an 10p)a+i+in/ t)at t)1 pincipl1o2 t)1 +1c-la nat-1 o2 t)1 Stat1 ?a+V no? pat o2 t)1 l1/al )1ita/1 o2 E-op1 ant)1 ?1+t1n 10ocaci1+5 it )1l t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Stat17+c)ool

cla++oo0+5 1/a 1in/ )a to t)1 01anin/ it +)o-l 1 -n1+too to conv145 inot o221n a/ain+t t)at pincipl1. It too: t)1 vi1?5 in patic-la5 t)at alt)o-/) t)1c-ci2iQ ?a+ -n1nial4 a 1li/io-+ +40ol5 it ?a+ a +40ol o2 C)i+tianit4 in /1n1alat)1 t)an o2 Cat)olici+0 alon15 +o t)at it +1v1 a+ a point o2 1211nc1 2o ot)1c11+. It ?1nt on to +a4 t)at t)1 c-ci2iQ ?a+ a )i+toical an c-lt-al +40ol5

po++1++in/ on t)at acco-nt an i1ntit47lin:1 val-1 2o t)1 Italian p1opl15 in t)at it1p1+1nt1V in a ?a4 t)1 )i+toical an c-lt-al 1v1lop01nt c)aact1i+tic o2Ital4V an in /1n1al o2 t)1 ?)ol1 o2 E-op15 an ?a+V a /oo +4nt)1+i+ o2 t)at1v1lop01nt. T)1 A0ini+tativ1 Co-t 2-t)1 )1l t)at t)1 c-ci2iQ +)o-l al+o 1con+i11 a +40ol o2 a val-1 +4+t10 -n1pinnin/ t)1 Italian Con+tit-tion. It /av1t)1 2ollo?in/ 1a+on+6

... "".". At t)i+ +ta/15 t)1 Co-t 0-+t o+1v15 alt)o-/) it i+ a?a1 t)at it i+ +1ttin/o-t alon/ a o-/) an in plac1+ +lipp14 pat)5 t)at C)i+tianit45 an it+ ol1 ot)1'-ai+0 W at l1a+t +inc1 Mo+1+ an c1tainl4 in t)1 Tal0-ic int1p1tation W )av1

plac1 tol1anc1 to?a+ ot)1+ an pot1ction o2 )-0an i/nit4 at t)1 c1nt1 o2 t)1i2ait).

Sin/-lal45 C)i+tianit4 W 2o 1Qa0pl1 t)o-/) t)1 ?1ll7:no?n an o2t1n0i+-n1+too R1n1 -nto Ca1+a t)1 t)in/+ ?)ic) a1 Ca1+a+5 an -nto ... Wt)o-/) it+ +ton/ 10p)a+i+ plac1 on lov1 2o on1+ n1i/)o-5 an 1v1n 0o1t)o-/) t)1 1Qplicit p1o0inanc1 /iv1n to c)ait4 ov1 2ait) it+1l25 contain+ in+-+tanc1 t)o+1 i1a+ o2 tol1anc15 1-alit4 an li1t4 ?)ic) 2o0 t)1 a+i+ o2 t)10o1n +1c-la Stat15 an o2 t)1 Italian Stat1 in patic-la.

"".* Loo:in/ 14on app1aanc1+ 0a:1+ it po++il1 to i+c1n a t)1a lin:in/ t)1C)i+tian 1vol-tion o2 t?o t)o-+an 41a+ a/o to t)1 a22i0ation in E-op1 o2 t)1i/)t to li1t4 o2 t)1 p1+on an to t)1 :14 1l101nt+ in t)1 Enli/)t1n01nt (1v1nt)o-/) t)at 0ov101nt5 )i+toicall4 +p1a:in/5 +ton/l4 oppo+1 1li/ion&5 na01l4 t)1li1t4 an 211o0 o2 1v14 p1+on5 t)1 1claation o2 t)1 i/)t+ o2 0an5 an-lti0at1l4 t)1 0o1n +1c-la Stat1. All t)1 )i+toic p)1no01na 01ntion1 a1 a+1to a +i/ni2icant 1Qt1nt W t)o-/) c1tainl4 not 1Qcl-+iv1l4 W on t)1 C)i+tian conc1ption

o2 t)1 ?ol. It )a+ 11n o+1v1 W ,-icio-+l4 W t)at t)1 all4in/ call li1t451-alit45 2at1nit4 can 1a+il4 1 1no+1 4 a C)i+tian5 al1it ?it) a cl1a10p)a+i+ on t)1 t)i ?o.

In concl-+ion5 it o1+ not +110 to 1 /oin/ too 2a to a++1t t)at5 t)o-/) t)1 vaio-+t?i+t+ an t-n+ o2 E-op1an )i+to45 t)1 +1c-la nat-1 o2 t)1 0o1n Stat1 )a+ 11nac)i1v1 at a )i/) pic15 an ?a+ po0pt1 in pat5 t)o-/) o2 co-+1 not 1Qcl-+iv1l4+o5 4 a 0o1 o l1++ con+cio-+ 1211nc1 to t)1 2o-nin/ val-1+ o2 C)i+tianit4. T)at1Qplain+ ?)4 in E-op1 an in Ital4 0an4 ,-i+t+ 1lon/in/ to t)1 C)i+tian 2ait) )av121at-1 a0on/ t)1 +ton/1+t +-ppot1+ o2 t)1 +1c-la Stat1. ...

"". T)1 lin: 1t?11n C)i+tianit4 an li1t4 i0pli1+ a lo/ical )i+toical co)11nc1?)ic) i+ not i001iat1l4 ovio-+ W li:1 a iv1 in a :a+t lan+cap1 ?)ic) )a+ onl4



1c1ntl4 11n 1Qplo15 p1ci+1l4 1ca-+1 2o 0o+t o2 it+ co-+1 it 2lo?+ -n1/o-n W patl4 1ca-+1 in t)1 con+tantl4 c)an/in/ 1lation+ 1t?11n t)1 Stat1+ an C)-c)1+o2 E-op1 it i+ 0-c) 1a+i1 to +11 t)1 n-01o-+ att10pt+ 4 t)1 C)-c)1+ to 01l1 in0att1+ o2 Stat15 an vic1 v1+a5 ,-+t li:1 t)1 21-1nt occa+ion+ on ?)ic) C)i+tiani1al+ )av1 11n aanon15 t)o-/) o22iciall4 poclai015 in t)1 -1+t 2o po?15 o

on ?)ic) /ov1n01nt+ an 1li/io-+ a-t)oiti1+ )av1 cla+)15 +o01ti01+ viol1ntl4.

"".% Mo1ov15 ?it) t)1 1n12it o2 )in+i/)t5 it i+ 1a+4 to i1nti24 in t)1 con+tantc1ntal co1 o2 C)i+tian 2ait)5 1+pit1 t)1 in-i+ition5 1+pit1 anti7S10iti+0 an1+pit1 t)1 c-+a1+5 t)1 pincipl1+ o2 )-0an i/nit45 tol1anc1 an 211o05incl-in/ 1li/io-+ 211o05 an t)112o15 in t)1 la+t anal4+i+5 t)1 2o-nation+ o2 t)1+1c-la Stat1.

"". B4 +t-4in/ )i+to4 ca12-ll45 2o0 a +-ital1 i+tanc15 not 2o0 -p clo+15 ?1can cl1al4 p1c1iv1 an a22init4 1t?11n (-t not t)1 i1ntit4 o2& t)1 )a co1 o2C)i+tianit45 ?)ic)5 placin/ c)ait4 aov1 1v14t)in/ 1l+15 incl-in/ 2ait)5 10p)a+i+1+

t)1 acc1ptanc1 o2 i2211nc15 an t)1 )a co1 o2 t)1 1p-lican Con+tit-tion5?)ic)5 in a +piit o2 +oliait45 attac)1+ val-1 to t)1 211o0 o2 all5 an t)112o1con+tit-t1+ t)1 l1/al /-aant11 o2 1+p1ct 2o ot)1+. T)1 )a0on4 10ain+5 1v1nt)o-/) ao-n t)o+1 co1+ W ot) c1nt1 on )-0an i/nit4 W t)11 )av1 11nn-01o-+ acc1tion+ o2 1Qtan1o-+ 1l101nt+ ?it) t)1 pa++a/1 o2 ti015 +o01 o2 t)10+o t)ic: a+ to o+c-1 t)1 co15 patic-lal4 t)1 co1 o2 C)i+tianit4. ...

"".P It can t)112o1 1 cont1n1 t)at in t)1 p1+1nt7a4 +ocial 1alit4 t)1 c-ci2iQ+)o-l 1 1/a1 not onl4 a+ a +40ol o2 a )i+toical an c-lt-al 1v1lop01nt5 ant)112o1 o2 t)1 i1ntit4 o2 o- p1opl15 -t al+o a+ a +40ol o2 a val-1 +4+t106 li1t451-alit45 )-0an i/nit4 an 1li/io-+ tol1ation5 an accoin/l4 al+o o2 t)1 +1c-lanat-1 o2 t)1 Stat1 W pincipl1+ ?)ic) -n1pin o- Con+tit-tion.

In ot)1 ?o+5 t)1 con+tit-tional pincipl1+ o2 211o0 )av1 0an4 oot+5 ?)ic)-n1nial4 incl-1 C)i+tianit45 in it+ v14 1++1nc1. It ?o-l t)112o1 1 +o01t)in/o2 a paaoQ to 1Qcl-1 a C)i+tian +i/n 2o0 a p-lic in+tit-tion in t)1 na01 o2+1c-lai+05 on1 o2 ?)o+1 i+tant +o-c1+ i+ p1ci+1l4 t)1 C)i+tian 1li/ion.

"*." T)i+ co-t i+ a0itt1l4 not -na?a1 o2 t)1 2act t)at5 in t)1 pa+t5 ot)1 val-1+)av1 11n atti-t1 to t)1 +40ol o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ5 +-c) a+5 at t)1 ti01 o2 t)1 Al1tin1Stat-t15 t)1 +i/n o2 Cat)olici+0 -n1+too a+ t)1 Stat1 1li/ion5 an t)112o1 -+1 to

C)i+tiani+1 an con+oliat1 po?1 an a-t)oit4.

T)1 co-t i+ ?1ll a?a15 0o1ov15 t)at it i+ +till po++il1 toa4 to /iv1 vaio-+int1p1tation+ o2 t)1 +i/n o2 t)1 co++5 an aov1 all a +tictl4 1li/io-+ 01anin/121in/ to C)i+tianit4 in /1n1al an Cat)olici+0 in patic-la. It i+ al+o a?a1 t)at+o01 p-pil+ att1nin/ Stat1 +c)ool+ 0i/)t 211l4 an l1/iti0at1l4 atti-t1 to t)1 co++val-1+ ?)ic) a1 i2211nt a/ain5 +-c) a+ t)1 +i/n o2 an -nacc1ptal1 p1211nc1 2oon1 1li/ion in 1lation to ot)1+5 o an in2in/101nt o2 inivi-al 211o0 anaccoin/l4 o2 t)1 +1c-la nat-1 o2 t)1 Stat15 o at t)1 1Qt101 li0it a 1211nc1 tot10poal political contol ov1 a Stat1 1li/ion5 o t)1 in-i+ition5 o 1v1n a 211cat1c)i+0 vo-c)1 tacitl4 i+ti-t1 1v1n to non71li1v1+ in an inappopiat1 plac15

o +-li0inal popa/ana in 2avo- o2 C)i+tian c11+. Alt)o-/) all t)o+1 point+ o2vi1? a1 1+p1ctal15 t)14 a1 -lti0at1l4 i1l1vant in t)1 p1+1nt ca+1. ...



"*.% It 0-+t 1 10p)a+i+1 t)at t)1 +40ol o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ5 t)-+ -n1+too5 no? po++1++1+5 t)o-/) it+ 1211nc1+ to t)1 val-1+ o2 tol1anc15 a patic-la +cop1 incon+i1ation o2 t)1 2act t)at at p1+1nt Italian Stat1 +c)ool+ a1 att1n1 4 n-01o-+

p-pil+ 2o0 o-t+i1 t)1 E-op1an Union5 to ?)o0 it i+ 1lativ1l4 i0potant to tan+0itt)1 pincipl1+ o2 op1nn1++ to iv1+it4 an t)1 12-+al o2 an4 2o0 o2 2-na01ntali+0

W ?)1t)1 1li/io-+ o +1c-la W ?)ic) p101at1 o- +4+t10. O- 1a i+ 0a:1 4 t)12101nt 1+-ltin/ 2o0 t)1 011tin/ o2 i2211nt c-lt-1+ ?it) o- o?n5 an to p1v1ntt)at 011tin/ 2o0 t-nin/ into a colli+ion it i+ ini+p1n+al1 to 1a22i0 o- i1ntit451v1n +40olicall45 1+p1ciall4 a+ it i+ c)aact1i+1 p1ci+1l4 4 t)1 val-1+ o2 1+p1ct2o t)1 i/nit4 o2 1ac) )-0an 1in/ an o2 -niv1+al +oliait4. ...

"3.* In 2act5 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in /1n1al i0pl4 a lo/ical 1Qcl-+ion 01c)ani+05 a+ t)1 point o2 1pat-1 o2 an4 1li/io-+ 2ait) i+ p1ci+1l4 t)1 1li12 in a +-p1io 1ntit45?)ic) i+ ?)4 it+ a)11nt+5 t)1 2ait)2-l5 +11 t)10+1lv1+ 4 12inition an 4conviction a+ pat o2 t)1 t-t). Con+1-1ntl45 an in1vital45 t)1 attit-1 o2 t)1

1li1v15 2ac1 ?it) +o01on1 ?)o o1+ not 1li1v15 an ?)o i+ t)112o1 i0plicitl4

oppo+1 to t)1 +-p101 1in/5 i+ an attit-1 o2 1Qcl-+ion. ...

"3.3 T)1 lo/ical 01c)ani+0 o2 1Qcl-+ion o2 t)1 -n1li1v1 i+ in)11nt in an41li/io-+ conviction5 1v1n i2 t)o+1 conc1n1 a1 not a?a1 o2 it5 t)1 +ol1 1Qc1ption

1in/ C)i+tianit4 W ?)11 it i+ pop1l4 -n1+too5 ?)ic) o2 co-+1 )a+ not al?a4+ 11n an +till i+ not al?a4+ t)1 ca+15 not 1v1n t)an:+ to t)o+1 ?)o call t)10+1lv1+C)i+tian. In C)i+tianit4 1v1n t)1 2ait) in an o0ni+ci1nt /o i+ +1cona4 in 1lationto c)ait45 01anin/ 1+p1ct 2o on1+ 21llo? )-0an 1in/+. It 2ollo?+ t)at t)1 1,1ctiono2 a non7C)i+tian 4 a C)i+tian i0pli1+ a aical n1/ation o2 C)i+tianit4 it+1l25 a+-+tantiv1 a,-ation -t t)at i+ not t-1 o2 ot)1 1li/io-+ 2ait)+5 2o ?)ic) +-c) anattit-1 a0o-nt+ at 0o+t to t)1 in2in/101nt o2 an i0potant p1c1pt.

"3.# T)1 co++5 a+ t)1 +40ol o2 C)i+tianit45 can t)112o1 not 1Qcl-1 an4on1?it)o-t 1n4in/ it+1l2 it 1v1n con+tit-t1+ in a +1n+1 t)1 -niv1+al +i/n o2 t)1acc1ptanc1 o2 an 1+p1ct 2o 1v14 )-0an 1in/ a+ +-c)5 i1+p1ctiv1 o2 an4 1li1251li/io-+ o ot)15 ?)ic) )1 o +)1 0a4 )ol. ...

"#." It i+ )al4 n1c1++a4 to a t)at t)1 +i/n o2 t)1 co++ in a cla++oo05 ?)1nco1ctl4 -n1+too5 i+ not conc1n1 ?it) t)1 211l4 )1l conviction+ o2 an4on151Qcl-1+ no on1 an o2 co-+1 o1+ not i0po+1 o p1+ci1 an4t)in/5 -t 011l4i0pli1+5 in t)1 )1at o2 t)1 ai0+ +1t 2o 1-cation an t1ac)in/ in a p-licl4 -n

+c)ool5 a 12l1ction W n1c1++ail4 /-i1 4 t)1 t1ac)in/ +ta22 W on Italian )i+to4 ant)1 co00on val-1+ o2 o- +oci1t4 l1/all4 1tan+ci1 in t)1 Con+tit-tion5 a0on/?)ic) t)1 +1c-la nat-1 o2 t)1 Stat1 )a+ pi1 o2 plac1. ...

"%. T)1 2i+t applicant app1al1 to t)1 Con+i/lio i Stato (S-p101 A0ini+tativ1Co-t&5 ?)ic) con2i01 t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+)a it+ l1/al a+i+ in Aticl1 ""! o2 t)1 o4al 1c11 o2 3 Apil "P*# an Aticl1 ""Po2 t)1 o4al 1c11 o2 *% Apil "P*! an5 1/a 1in/ )a to t)1 01anin/ t)at +)o-l

1 attac)1 to it5 ?a+ co0patil1 ?it) t)1 pincipl1 o2 +1c-lai+0. On t)at point it2o-n in patic-la t)at in Ital4 t)1 c-ci2iQ +40oli+1 t)1 1li/io-+ oi/in o2 val-1+(tol1anc15 0-t-al 1+p1ct5 valoi+ation o2 t)1 p1+on5 a22i0ation o2 on1+ i/)t+5

con+i1ation 2o on1+ 211o05 t)1 a-tono04 o2 on1+ 0oal con+ci1nc1 vi+7X7vi+a-t)oit45 )-0an +oliait4 an t)1 12-+al o2 an4 2o0 o2 i+ci0ination& ?)ic)



c)aact1i+1 Italian civili+ation. In t)at +1n+15 ?)1n i+pla41 in cla++oo0+5 t)1c-ci2iQ co-l 2-l2il W 1v1n in a +1c-la p1+p1ctiv1 i+tinct 2o0 t)1 1li/io-+

p1+p1ctiv1 to ?)ic) it +p1ci2icall4 1211 W a )i/)l4 1-cational +40olic 2-nction5i1+p1ctiv1 o2 t)1 1li/ion po21++1 4 t)1 p-pil+. T)1 Con+i/lio i Stato )1l t)att)1 c-ci2iQ )a to 1 +11n a+ a +40ol capal1 o2 12l1ctin/ t)1 10a:al1 +o-c1+ o2

t)1 aov1701ntion1 val-1+5 t)1 val-1+ ?)ic) 12in1 +1c-lai+0 in t)1 Stat1+ p1+1nt l1/al o1.

In it+ ,-/01nt (no. %& at1 "3 Apil *% t)1 Con+i/lio i Stato /av1 t)12ollo?in/ 1a+onin/6

... t)1 Con+tit-tional Co-t )a+ acc1pt1 on a n-01 o2 occa+ion+ t)at +1c-lai+0 i+a +-p101 pincipl1 o2 o- con+tit-tional o15 capal1 o2 1+olvin/ c1tain -1+tion+o2 con+tit-tional l1/iti0ac4 (a0on/ n-01o-+ ,-/01nt+5 +11 t)o+1 ?)ic) conc1nt)1 povi+ion+ 1latin/ to t)1 co0p-l+o4 nat-1 o2 1li/io-+ t1ac)in/ in +c)ool o t)1

,-i+iction o2 t)1 co-t+ ov1 ca+1+ conc1nin/ t)1 valiit4 o2 0aia/1+ contact1

accoin/ to canon la? an 1co1 in t)1 1/i+t1+ o2 0aia/1+&.

T)i+ i+ a pincipl1 ?)ic) i+ not poclai01 in 1Qp1++ t10+ in o- Con+tit-tion5 a pincipl1 ?)ic) i+ ic) ?it) i1olo/ical 1+onanc1+ an )a+ a )i+to4 2-ll o2contov1+45 -t on1 n1v1t)1l1++ ?)ic) )a+ a l1/al i0potanc1 t)at can 1 1-c12o0 t)1 2-na01ntal no0+ o2 o- +4+t10. In 1alit4 t)1 Co-t 1iv1+ t)i+ pincipl1+p1ci2icall4 2o0 Aticl1+ *5 35 5 !5 "P an * o2 t)1 Con+tit-tion.

T)1 pincipl1 -+1+ a lin/-i+tic +40ol (+1c-lai+0& ?)ic) inicat1+ in ai/12o0 c1tain +i/ni2icant a+p1ct+ o2 t)1 aov1701ntion1 povi+ion+5 t)1 cont1nt o2?)ic) 1+tali+)1 t)1 op1atin/ conition+ -n1 ?)ic) t)i+ +40ol +)o-l 1-n1+too an 2-nction. I2 t)1+1 +p1ci2ic op1atin/ conition+ )a not 11n1+tali+)15 t)1 pincipl1 o2 +1c-lai+0 ?o-l 10ain con2in1 to i1olo/icalcon2lict+ an co-l 1 -+1 onl4 ?it) i22ic-lt4 in a l1/al 2a01?o:.

In t)at 2a01?o:5 t)1 op1atin/ conition+ a1 o2 co-+1 1t10in1 4 1211nc1 tot)1 c-lt-al taition+ an t)1 c-+to0+ o2 1ac) p1opl15 in +o 2a a+ t)1+1 taition+ anc-+to0+ a1 12l1ct1 in t)1 l1/al o15 an t)i+ i221+ 2o0 on1 nation to anot)1. ...

In t)1 cont1Qt o2 t)i+ co-t an t)1 pol10 plac1 12o1 it5 na01l4 t)1 l1/iti0ac4 o2i+pla4in/ t)1 c-ci2iQ in cla++oo0+5 on t)1 pat o2 t)1 co0p1t1nt a-t)oiti1+ actin/

p-+-ant to t)1 1/-lation+5 ?)at )a+ to 1 on1 in pactic1 i+ t)1 +i0pl1 ta+: o2v1i24in/ ?)1t)1 t)at 1-i101nt o1+ o o1+ not in2in/1 t)1 cont1nt o2 t)12-na01ntal no0+ o2 o- con+tit-tional o15 t)at /iv1 2o0 an +-+tanc1 to t)1

pincipl1 o2 +1c-lai+0 ?)ic) no? c)aact1i+1+ t)1 Italian Stat1 an to ?)ic) t)1Con+tit-tional Co-t )a+ 1211 on a n-01 o2 occa+ion+.

-it1 cl1al45 t)1 c-ci2iQ i+ in it+1l2 a +40ol t)at 0a4 )av1 vaio-+ 01anin/+ an+1v1 vaio-+ p-po+1+5 aov1 all 2o t)1 plac1 in ?)ic) it )a+ 11n i+pla41.

In a plac1 o2 ?o+)ip t)1 c-ci2iQ i+ pop1l4 an 1Qcl-+iv1l4 a 1li/io-+ +40ol5+inc1 it i+ int1n1 to 2o+t1 1+p1ct2-l a)11nc1 to t)1 2o-n1 o2 t)1 C)i+tian

1li/ion.



In a non71li/io-+ cont1Qt li:1 a +c)ool5 -+1 2o t)1 1-cation o2 4o-n/ p1opl15 t)1c-ci2iQ 0a4 +till conv14 t)1 aov1701ntion1 val-1+ to 1li1v1+5 -t 2o t)10 an2o non71li1v1+ it+ i+pla4 i+ ,-+ti2i1 an po++1++1+ a non7i+ci0inato4 01anin/2o0 t)1 1li/io-+ point o2 vi1? i2 it i+ capal1 o2 1p1+1ntin/ an 1vo:in/+4nt)1ticall4 an in an i001iat1l4 p1c1ptil1 an 2o1+11al1 0ann1 (li:1 an4

+40ol& val-1+ ?)ic) a1 i0potant 2o civil +oci1t45 in patic-la t)1 val-1+ ?)ic)-n1pin an in+pi1 o- con+tit-tional o15 t)1 2o-nation o2 o- civil li21. In t)at+1n+1 t)1 c-ci2iQ can p12o0 W 1v1n in a +1c-la p1+p1ctiv1 i+tinct 2o0 t)11li/io-+ p1+p1ctiv1 +p1ci2ic to it W a )i/)l4 1-cational +40olic 2-nction5i1+p1ctiv1 o2 t)1 1li/ion po21++1 4 t)1 p-pil+.

No? it i+ ovio-+ t)at in Ital4 t)1 c-ci2iQ i+ capal1 o2 1Qp1++in/5 +40olicall4 o2co-+15 -t appopiat1l45 t)1 1li/io-+ oi/in o2 t)o+1 val-1+ W tol1anc15 0-t-al1+p1ct5 valoi+ation o2 t)1 p1+on5 a22i0ation o2 on1+ i/)t+5 con+i1ation 2o on1+211o05 t)1 a-tono04 o2 on1+ 0oal con+ci1nc1 vi+7X7vi+ a-t)oit45 )-0an+oliait4 an t)1 12-+al o2 an4 2o0 o2 i+ci0ination W ?)ic) c)aact1i+1 Italian

civili+ation.

T)o+1 val-1+5 ?)ic) )av1 p1va1 taition+5 a ?a4 o2 li215 t)1 c-lt-1 o2 t)1 Italian p1opl15 2o0 t)1 a+i+ 2o an +pin/ 2o0 t)1 2-na01ntal no0+ o2 o- 2o-nin/c)at1 W contain1 in t)1 F-na01ntal 8incipl1+ an t)1 2i+t pat W an 1+p1ciall42o0 t)o+1 ?)ic) t)1 Con+tit-tional Co-t 1211 to an ?)ic) 1li0it t)1 2o0 o2+1c-lai+0 appopiat1 to t)1 Italian Stat1.

T)1 1211nc15 via t)1 c-ci2iQ5 to t)1 1li/io-+ oi/in o2 t)1+1 val-1+ an t)1i 2-ll anco0pl1t1 co1+pon1nc1 ?it) C)i+tian t1ac)in/+ accoin/l4 0a:1+ plain t)1tan+c1n1nt +o-c1+ o2 t)1 val-1+ conc1n15 ?it)o-t callin/ into -1+tion5 at)1in11 con2i0in/ t)1 a-tono04 o2 t)1 t10poal po?1 vi+7X7vi+ t)1 +piit-al po?1(-t not t)1i oppo+ition5 i0plicit in an i1olo/ical int1p1tation o2 +1c-lai+0 ?)ic))a+ no 1-ival1nt in t)1 Con+tit-tion&5 an ?it)o-t ta:in/ an4t)in/ a?a4 2o0 t)1i

patic-la +1c-la nat-15 aapt1 to t)1 c-lt-al cont1Qt +p1ci2ic to t)1 2-na01ntalo1 o2 t)1 Italian Stat1 an 0ani21+t1 4 it. T)o+1 val-1+ a1 t)112o1 1Qp1i1nc1in civil +oci1t4 a-tono0o-+l4 (an not contaictoil4& in 1lation to 1li/io-+ +oci1t45+o t)at t)14 0a4 1 1no+1 +1c-lal4 4 all5 i1+p1ctiv1 o2 a)1+ion to t)1 c11?)ic) in+pi1 an 121n1 t)10.

A+ ?it) an4 +40ol5 on1 can i0po+1 on o atti-t1 to t)1 c-ci2iQ vaio-+ conta+tin/

01anin/+ on1 can 1v1n 1n4 it+ +40olic val-1 an 0a:1 it a +i0pl1 tin:1t )avin/ati+tic val-1 at t)1 0o+t. Ho?1v15 a c-ci2iQ i+pla41 in a cla++oo0 cannot 1con+i11 a tin:1t5 a 1coativ1 21at-15 no a+ an a,-nct to ?o+)ip. Rat)15 it+)o-l 1 +11n a+ a +40ol capal1 o2 12l1ctin/ t)1 10a:al1 +o-c1+ o2 t)1 civilval-1+ 1211 to aov15 val-1+ ?)ic) 12in1 +1c-lai+0 in t)1 Stat1+ p1+1nt l1/alo1. ...

II. DE;ELO8MENT OF THE RELE;ANT DOMESTIC LA AND 8RACTICE

". T)1 oli/ation to )an/ c-ci2iQ1+ in pi0a4 +c)ool cla++oo0+ ?a+ lai o?n inAticl1 "# o2 o4al 1c11 no. #33% o2 " S1pt101 "!% o2 t)1 =in/o0 o2

8i10ont7Sainia5 po0-l/at1 in accoanc1 ?it) La? no. 3* o2 "3 Nov101



"!P5 ?)ic) povi16 1ac) +c)ool 0-+t ?it)o-t 2ail 1 1-ipp1 ?it) ... a c-ci2iQ(Aticl1 "#&.

In "!%"5 t)1 41a ?)ic) +a? t)1 it) o2 t)1 Italian Stat15 t)1 "!#! Stat-t1 o2 t)1=in/o0 o2 8i10ont7Sainia 1ca01 t)1 Con+tit-tion o2 t)1 =in/o0 o2 Ital4 it

povi1 in patic-la6 t)1 Ro0an Cat)olic Apo+tolic 1li/ion +)all 1 t)1 onl41li/ion o2 t)1 Stat1 anV ot)1 1Qi+tin/ c11+ +)all 1 tol1at1 in con2o0it4 ?it)t)1 la?.

"!. T)1 capt-1 o2 Ro01 4 t)1 Italian a04 on * S1pt101 "!5 2ollo?in/ ?)ic)t)1 cit4 ?a+ ann1Q1 an poclai01 capital o2 t)1 n1? =in/o0 o2 Ital45 ca-+1 aci+i+ in 1lation+ 1t?11n t)1 Stat1 an t)1 Cat)olic C)-c). B4 La? no. *"# o2 "3Ma4 "!" t)1 Italian Stat1 -nilat1all4 1/-lat1 1lation+ ?it) t)1 C)-c)5 /antin/t)1 8op1 a n-01 o2 pivil1/1+ 2o t)1 o1l4 con-ct o2 1li/io-+ activit4.Accoin/ to t)1 applicant+5 t)1 i+pla4 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in +c)ool+ 21ll littl1 4 littl1 intoi+-+1.

"P. D-in/ t)1 2a+ci+t p1io t)1 Stat1 too: a +1i1+ o2 01a+-1+ ai01 at 1n+-in/co0plianc1 ?it) t)1 oli/ation to i+pla4 t)1 c-ci2iQ in cla++oo0+.

Fo in+tanc15 on ** Nov101 "P** t)1 Mini+t4 o2 E-cation +1nt o-t a cic-la (no.%!& ?it) t)1 2ollo?in/ ?oin/6 ... in t)1 la+t 21? 41a+ in 0an4 o2 t)1 =in/o0+

pi0a4 +c)ool+ t)1 i0a/1 o2 C)i+t an t)1 potait o2 t)1 =in/ )av1 11n 10ov1.T)at i+ a 0ani21+t an intol1al1 1ac) o2 t)1 1/-lation+ an 1+p1ciall4 an attac: ont)1 o0inant 1li/ion o2 t)1 Stat1 an t)1 -nit4 o2 t)1 Nation. 1 t)112o1 o1 all0-nicipal a0ini+tativ1 a-t)oiti1+ in t)1 =in/o0 to 1+to15 to t)o+1 +c)ool+ ?)ic)lac: t)105 t)1 t?o +ac1 +40ol+ o2 t)1 2ait) an t)1 con+cio-+n1++ o2 nation)oo.

On 3 Apil "P*# o4al 1c11 no. P% o2 3 Apil "P*# ?a+ aopt1. T)i+ 1c11 laio?n t)1 int1nal 1/-lation+ /ov1nin/ 0il1 +c)ool+ (oina01nto int1no 1ll1/i-nt1 1 1i 1/i i+tit-ti i i+t-9ion1 01ia&. Aticl1 ""! povi16

Eac) +c)ool 0-+t )av1 t)1 national 2la/ an 1ac) cla++oo0 0-+t )av1 a c-ci2iQ ana potait o2 t)1 =in/.

Aticl1 ""P o2 o4al 1c11 no. "*P o2 *% Apil "P*!5 appovin/ t)1 /1n1al1/-lation+ /ov1nin/ t)1 povi+ion o2 pi0a4 1-cation (appova9ion1 1l

1/ola01nto /1n1al1 +-i +1vi9i 1lli+t-9ion1 1l101nta1&5 povi1+ t)at t)1 c-ci2iQ0-+t 2o0 pat o2 t)1 n1c1++a4 1-ip01nt an +-ppli1+ in +c)ool cla++oo0+.

*. T)1 Lat1an 8act+5 +i/n1 on "" F1-a4 "P*P5 0a:1 t)1 Conciliation o2 t)1Italian Stat1 an t)1 Cat)olic C)-c). Cat)olici+0 ?a+ con2i01 a+ Ital4+ o22icial1li/ion5 Aticl1 " o2 t)1 Conciliation T1at4 1in/ ?o1 a+ 2ollo?+6

Ital4 1co/ni91+ an 1a22i0+ t)1 pincipl1 1+tali+)1 in t)1 2i+t Aticl1 o2 t)1Italian Con+tit-tion at1 Mac) # "!#!5 accoin/ to ?)ic) t)1 Ro0an Cat)olicApo+tolic 1li/ion i+ t)1 onl4 Stat1 1li/ion.

*". In "P#! Ital4 aopt1 it+ 1p-lican Con+tit-tion5 Aticl1 o2 ?)ic) povi1+6T)1 Stat1 an t)1 Cat)olic C)-c)5 1ac) in it+ o?n o15 +)all 1 in1p1n1nt an



+ov11i/n ... t)1i 1lation+ +)all 1 1/-lat1 4 t)1 Lat1an 8act+ anV a01n01nt+to t)1 8act+ acc1pt1 4 ot) pati1+ +)all not 1-i1 poc11in/+ to 1vi+1 t)1Con+tit-tion. Aticl1 ! povi1+6 All 1li/io-+ c11+ +)all 1 1-all4 211 12o1 t)1la? ... 1li/io-+ c11+ ot)1 t)an Cat)olici+0 +)all )av1 t)1 i/)t to o/ani+1 inaccoanc1 ?it) t)1i o?n +tat-t1+5 in +o 2a a+ t)1+1 a1 not inco0patil1 ?it) t)1

Italian l1/al o1 anV t)1i 1lation+ ?it) t)1 Stat1 +)all 1 1t10in1 4 t)1 la?on t)1 a+i+ o2 a/1101nt+ ?it) t)1i 1+p1ctiv1 1p1+1ntativ1+.

**. T)1 8otocol to t)1 n1? concoat5 o2 "! F1-a4 "P!#5 ati2i1 4 La? no. "*"o2 * Mac) "P!5 +tat1+ t)at t)1 pincipl1 lai o?n in t)1 Lat1an 8act+5 t)at t)1Cat)olic 1li/ion i+ t)1 onl4 Stat1 1li/ion5 i+ no lon/1 in 2oc1.

*3. In a ,-/01nt o2 "* Apil "P!P (no. *3&5 1n11 in a ca+1 ?)ic) ai+1 t)1-1+tion o2 t)1 non7co0p-l+o4 nat-1 o2 Cat)olic 1li/io-+ in+t-ction in Stat1+c)ool+5 t)1 Con+tit-tional Co-t )1l t)at t)1 pincipl1 o2 +1c-lai+0 ?a+ 1iv12o0 t)1 Con+tit-tion5 -lin/ t)at it i0pli1 not t)at t)1 Stat1 +)o-l 1 ini2211nt to

1li/ion+ -t t)at it +)o-l /-aant11 t)1 pot1ction o2 t)1 211o0 o2 1li/ion in acont1Qt o2 con21++ional an c-lt-al pl-ali+0.

D1alin/ in t)1 p1+1nt ca+1 ?it) an application conc1nin/ t)1 con2o0it4 o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ ?it) t)1 pincipl1 o2 +1c-lai+05 t)1Con+tit-tional Co-t -l1 t)at it i not )av1 ,-i+iction5 +inc1 t)1 t1Qt+ ?)ic)1-i1 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ ?11 onl4 1/-lation+ (1ci+ion o2 " D1c101*#5 no. 3!P +11 paa/ap) "# aov1&. )1n call1 -pon to 1Qa0in1 t)i+ -1+tion5t)1 Con+i/lio i Stato )1l t)at5 1/a 1in/ )a to t)1 01anin/ t)at +)o-l 1attac)1 to it5 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ ?a+ co0patil1?it) t)1 pincipl1 o2 +1c-lai+0 (,-/01nt o2 "3 F1-a4 *%5 no. % +11

paa/ap) "% aov1&.

In a i2211nt ca+15 t)1 Co-t o2 Ca++ation )a ta:1n t)1 conta4 vi1? to t)at o2 t)1Con+i/lio i Stato in t)1 cont1Qt o2 a po+1c-tion 2o 12-+in/ to +1v1 a+ a +c-tin11in a pollin/ +tation on t)1 /o-n t)at a c-ci2iQ ?a+ i+pla41 t)11. In it+ ,-/01nto2 " Mac) * (no. #3P&5 it )1l t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in2in/1 t)1

pincipl1+ o2 +1c-lai+0 an t)1 i0patialit4 o2 t)1 Stat15 an t)1 pincipl1 o2 t)1211o0 o2 con+ci1nc1 o2 t)o+1 ?)o i not acc1pt an4 all1/ianc1 to t)at +40ol. It1Qp1++l4 1,1ct1 t)1 a/-01nt t)at i+pla4in/ t)1 c-ci2iQ ?a+ ,-+ti2i1 in t)at it ?a+t)1 +40ol o2 an 1nti1 civili+ation o t)1 coll1ctiv1 1t)ical con+ci1nc1 an W )11

t)1 Co-t o2 Ca++ation cit1 t)1 t10+ -+1 4 t)1 Con+i/lio i Stato in an opinion o2* Apil "P!! (no. %3& W al+o +40oli+1 a -niv1+al val-1 in1p1n1nt o2 an4+p1ci2ic 1li/io-+ c11.

*#. On 3 Octo1 ** t)1 Mini+t1 o2 E-cation5 Univ1+iti1+ an R1+1ac) i++-1t)1 2ollo?in/ in+t-ction (no. *%%%&6

... T)1 Mini+t1

... Con+i1in/ t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in cla++oo0+ i+ 2o-n1 on t)1 povi+ion+ in 2oc15 t)at it o221n+ n1it)1 a/ain+t 1li/io-+ pl-ali+0 no a/ain+t t)1

o,1ctiv1+ o2 0-ltic-lt-al 1-cation o2 Italian +c)ool+ an t)at it cannot 1con+i11 a li0itation o2 t)1 211o0 o2 con+ci1nc1 /-aant11 4 t)1 Con+tit-tion5



+inc1 it o1+ not 121 to a +p1ci2ic c11 -t con+tit-t1+ onl4 an 1Qp1++ion o2C)i+tian civili+ation an c-lt-15 an t)at it t)112o1 2o0+ pat o2 t)1 -niv1+al)1ita/1 o2 0an:in

Havin/ a++1++15 ?it) 1+p1ct 2o i2211nt all1/ianc1+5 conviction+ an 1li12+5 t)1

1+iailit4 o2 1-iin/ all +c)ool+5 ?it)in t)1 li0it+ o2 t)1i o?n a-tono04 an 41ci+ion o2 t)1i co0p1t1nt coll1/iat1 o/an+5 to +1t a+i1 pat o2 t)1i p10i+1+ to 1-+15 ?it)o-t an4 oli/ation an ?it)o-t an4 2iQ1 )o-+ 1in/ appoint15 2ocont10plation an 01itation 4 t)o+1 0101+ o2 t)1 +c)ool co00-nit4 ?)o +o?i+)

I++-1+ t)1 2ollo?in/ in+t-ction6

T)1 Mini+t4+ co0p1t1nt +1vic1 ... +)all ta:1 t)1 n1c1++a4 01a+-1+ to +11 to it t)at6

"& +c)ool /ov1no+ 1n+-1 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in cla++oo0+

*& all +c)ool+5 ?it)in t)1 li0it+ o2 t)1i o?n a-tono045 an 4 1ci+ion o2 t)10101+ o2 t)1i coll1/iat1 o/an+5 +1t a+i1 pat o2 t)1i p10i+1+ to 1 -+15 ?it)o-tan4 oli/ation an ?it)o-t an4 2iQ1 )o-+ 1in/ appoint15 2o cont10plation an01itation 4 t)o+1 0101+ o2 t)1 +c)ool co00-nit4 ?)o +o ?i+) ....

*. Aticl1+ "P5 33 an 3# o2 t)1 Con+tit-tion a1 ?o1 a+ 2ollo?+6

Aticl1 "P

Ev14on1 i+ 1ntitl1 to 211l4 po21++ t)1i 1li/io-+ 1li12+ in an4 2o05 inivi-all4o ?it) ot)1+5 an to po0ot1 t)10 an c1l1at1 it1+ in p-lic o in pivat15 povi1 t)at t)14 a1 not o221n+iv1 to p-lic 0oalit4.

Aticl1 33

T)1 R1p-lic /-aant11+ t)1 211o0 o2 t)1 at+ an +ci1nc1+5 ?)ic) 0a4 1 211l4ta-/)t.

T)1 R1p-lic la4+ o?n /1n1al -l1+ 2o 1-cation an 1+tali+)1+ Stat1 +c)ool+ o2all anc)1+ an /a1+. ...

Aticl1 3#

Sc)ool+ a1 op1n to 1v14on1.

El101nta4 1-cation5 /iv1n 2o at l1a+t 1i/)t 41a+5 i+ co0p-l+o4 an 211. ...

III. O;ER;IE OF LA AND 8RACTICE IN THE MEMBER STATES OF THECOUNCIL OF EURO8E ITH REGARD TO THE 8RESENCE OF RELIGIOUSSYMBOLS IN STATE SCHOOLS



*%. In t)1 /1at 0a,oit4 o2 0101 Stat1+ o2 t)1 Co-ncil o2 E-op1 t)1 -1+tion o2t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in Stat1 +c)ool+ i+ not /ov1n1 4 an4 +p1ci2ic1/-lation+.

*. T)1 p1+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in Stat1 +c)ool+ i+ 1Qp1++l4 2oi1n onl4 in

a +0all n-01 o2 0101 Stat1+6 t)1 2o01 Y-/o+lav R1p-lic o2 Mac1onia5Fanc1 (1Qc1pt in Al+ac1 an t)1 Zpat101nt o2 Mo+1ll1& an G1o/ia.

It i+ onl4 1Qp1++l4 p1+ci1 W in aition to Ital4 W in a 21? 0101 Stat1+5 na01l46A-+tia5 c1tain a0ini+tativ1 1/ion+ o2 G10an4 (L>n1& an S?it91lan(co00-n1+&5 an 8olan. N1v1t)1l1++5 +-c) +40ol+ a1 2o-n in t)1 Stat1 +c)ool+o2 +o01 0101 Stat1+ ?)11 t)1 -1+tion i+ not +p1ci2icall4 1/-lat15 +-c) a+Spain5 G11c15 I1lan5 Malta5 San Maino an Ro0ania.

*!. T)1 -1+tion )a+ 11n o-/)t 12o1 t)1 +-p101 co-t+ o2 a n-01 o2 0101Stat1+.

In S?it91lan t)1 F11al Co-t )a+ )1l a co00-nal oinanc1 p1+ciin/ t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in pi0a4 +c)ool cla++oo0+ to 1 inco0patil1 ?it) t)11-i101nt+ o2 con21++ional n1-talit4 1n+)in1 in t)1 F11al Con+tit-tion5 -t?it)o-t citici+in/ +-c) a p1+1nc1 in ot)1 pat+ o2 t)1 +c)ool p10i+1+ (*%S1pt101 "PP ATF ""% "a **&.

In G10an4 t)1 F11al Con+tit-tional Co-t )a+ -l1 t)at a +i0ila Bavaianoinanc1 ?a+ conta4 to t)1 pincipl1 o2 t)1 Stat1+ n1-talit4 an i22ic-lt to1concil1 ?it) t)1 211o0 o2 1li/ion o2 c)il1n ?)o ?11 not Cat)olic+ ("% Ma4"PP B;12GE P35"&. T)1 Bavaian palia01nt t)1n i++-1 a n1? oinanc10aintainin/ t)1 p1vio-+ 01a+-15 -t 1nalin/ pa1nt+ to cit1 t)1i 1li/io-+ o+1c-la conviction+ in c)all1n/in/ t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in t)1 cla++oo0+att1n1 4 t)1i c)il1n an into-cin/ a 01c)ani+0 ?)1145 i2 n1c1++a45 aco0po0i+1 o a p1+onali+1 +ol-tion co-l 1 1ac)1.

In 8olan t)1 O0-+0an 1211 to t)1 Con+tit-tional Co-t an oinanc1 o2 "#Apil "PP* i++-1 4 t)1 Mini+t1 o2 E-cation p1+ciin/ in patic-la t)1 po++iilit4o2 i+pla4in/ c-ci2iQ1+ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+. T)1 Con+tit-tional Co-t -l1t)at t)1 01a+-1 ?a+ co0patil1 ?it) t)1 211o0 o2 con+ci1nc1 an 1li/ion an t)1

pincipl1 o2 t)1 +1paation o2 C)-c) an Stat1 /-aant11 4 Aticl1 !* o2 t)1

Con+tit-tion5 /iv1n t)at it i not 0a:1 +-c) i+pla4 co0p-l+o4 (* Apil "PP3no. U "*$3*&.

In Ro0ania t)1 S-p101 Co-t +1t a+i1 a 1ci+ion o2 t)1 National Co-ncil 2o t)181v1ntion o2 Di+ci0ination o2 *" Nov101 *% 1co001nin/ to t)1 Mini+t4 o2E-cation t)at it +)o-l 1/-lat1 t)1 -1+tion o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in

p-licl4 -n 1-cational 1+tali+)01nt+ an5 in patic-la5 a-t)oi+1 t)1 i+pla4 o2+-c) +40ol+ onl4 -in/ 1li/io-+ +t-i1+ l1++on+ o in oo0+ -+1 2o 1li/io-+in+t-ction. T)1 S-p101 Co-t )1l in patic-la t)at t)1 1ci+ion to i+pla4 +-c)+40ol+ in 1-cational 1+tali+)01nt+ +)o-l 1 a 0att1 2o t)1 co00-nit4 2o01

4 t1ac)1+5 p-pil+ an p-pil+ pa1nt+ ("" '-n1 *! no. *3P3&.



In Spain t)1 Hi/) Co-t o2 '-+tic1 o2 Ca+til1 an L1on5 -lin/ in a ca+1 o-/)t 4 ana++ociation 0ilitatin/ in 2avo- o2 +1c-la +c)oolin/ ?)ic) )a -n+-cc1++2-ll41-1+t1 t)1 10oval o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ 2o0 +c)ool+5 )1l t)at t)1 +c)ool+conc1n1 +)o-l 10ov1 t)10 i2 t)14 1c1iv1 an 1Qplicit 1-1+t 2o0 t)1 pa1nt+ o2a p-pil ("# D1c101 *P no. 3*&.

THE LA

I. ALLEGED ;IOLATION OF ARTICLE * OF 8ROTOCOL No. " ANDARTICLE P OF THE CON;ENTION

*P. T)1 applicant+ co0plain1 o2 t)1 2act t)at c-ci2iQ1+ ?11 a22iQ1 to t)1 ?all int)1 cla++oo0+ o2 t)1 Stat1 +c)ool att1n1 4 t)1 +1con an t)i applicant+. T)14a/-1 t)at t)i+ in2in/1 t)1 i/)t to 1-cation5 /-aant11 4 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol

No. " in t)1 2ollo?in/ t10+6

No p1+on +)all 1 1ni1 t)1 i/)t to 1-cation. In t)1 1Q1ci+1 o2 an4 2-nction+?)ic) it a++-01+ in 1lation to 1-cation an to t1ac)in/5 t)1 Stat1 +)all 1+p1ct t)1i/)t o2 pa1nt+ to 1n+-1 +-c) 1-cation an t1ac)in/ in con2o0it4 ?it) t)1i o?n1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+.

T)14 al+o cont1n1 t)at t)1+1 2act+ in2in/1 t)1i i/)t to t)1 211o0 o2 t)o-/)t5con+ci1nc1 an 1li/ion 1n+)in1 in Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion5 ?)ic) povi1+ a+2ollo?+6

". Ev14on1 )a+ t)1 i/)t to 211o0 o2 t)o-/)t5 con+ci1nc1 an 1li/ion t)i+ i/)t

incl-1+ 211o0 to c)an/1 )i+ 1li/ion o 1li12 an 211o05 1it)1 alon1 o inco00-nit4 ?it) ot)1+ an in p-lic o pivat15 to 0ani21+t )i+ 1li/ion o 1li125 in?o+)ip5 t1ac)in/5 pactic1 an o+1vanc1.

*. F11o0 to 0ani21+t on1+ 1li/ion o 1li12+ +)all 1 +-,1ct onl4 to +-c)li0itation+ a+ a1 p1+ci1 4 la? an a1 n1c1++a4 in a 10ocatic +oci1t4 in t)1int11+t+ o2 p-lic +a21t45 2o t)1 pot1ction o2 p-lic o15 )1alt) o 0oal+5 o 2ot)1 pot1ction o2 t)1 i/)t+ an 211o0+ o2 ot)1+.

A. T)1 C)a01+ ,-/01nt

3. In it+ ,-/01nt o2 3 Nov101 *P t)1 C)a01 )1l t)at t)11 )a 11n aviolation o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " ta:1n to/1t)1 ?it) Aticl1 P o2 t)1Conv1ntion.

3". Fi+t o2 all5 t)1 C)a01 1iv1 2o0 t)1 pincipl1+ 1latin/ to t)1 int1p1tationo2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " 1+tali+)1 in t)1 Co-t+ ca+17la? an oli/ation on t)1Stat1 to 12ain 2o0 i0po+in/ 1li12+5 1v1n ini1ctl45 in plac1+ ?)11 p1+on+ ?111p1n1nt on it o in plac1+ ?)11 t)14 ?11 patic-lal4 v-ln1al15 10p)a+i+in/ t)att)1 +c)oolin/ o2 c)il1n ?a+ a patic-lal4 +1n+itiv1 a1a in t)at 1+p1ct.

T)1 Co-t ?1nt on to +a4 t)at a0on/ t)1 pl-alit4 o2 01anin/+ t)1 c-ci2iQ 0i/)t

)av1 t)1 1li/io-+ 01anin/ ?a+ p1o0inant. It accoin/l4 con+i11 t)at t)1co0p-l+o4 an )i/)l4 vi+il1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in cla++oo0+ ?a+ capal1 not



onl4 o2 cla+)in/ ?it) t)1 +1c-la conviction+ o2 t)1 2i+t applicant5 ?)o+1 c)il1natt1n1 at t)at ti01 a Stat1 +c)ool5 -t al+o o2 1in/ 10otionall4 i+t-in/ 2o p-pil+o2 non7C)i+tian 1li/ion+ o t)o+1 ?)o po21++1 no 1li/ion. On t)at la+t point5 t)1C)a01 10p)a+i+1 t)at t)1 n1/ativ1 211o0 o2 1li/ion ?a+ not li0it1 to t)1a+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +1vic1+ o 1li/io-+ 1-cation6 it 1Qt1n1 to pactic1+ an

+40ol+ 1Qp1++in/5 in patic-la o in /1n1al5 a 1li125 a 1li/ion o at)1i+0. It a1t)at t)i+ n1/ativ1 i/)t 1+1v1 +p1cial pot1ction i2 it ?a+ t)1 Stat1 ?)ic)1Qp1++1 a 1li12 an i++1nt1+ ?11 plac1 in a +it-ation 2o0 ?)ic) t)14 co-l not1Qtact t)10+1lv1+ i2 not 4 0a:in/ i+popotionat1 122ot+ an +aci2ic1+.

Accoin/ to t)1 C)a015 t)1 Stat1 )a a -t4 to -p)ol con21++ional n1-talit4 in p-lic 1-cation5 ?)11 +c)ool att1nanc1 ?a+ co0p-l+o4 1/al1++ o2 1li/ion5 an?)ic) )a to +11: to inc-lcat1 in p-pil+ t)1 )ait o2 citical t)o-/)t. It o+1v1 inaition t)at it co-l not +11 )o? t)1 i+pla4 in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ o2 a +40olt)at it ?a+ 1a+onal1 to a++ociat1 ?it) t)1 0a,oit4 1li/ion in Ital4 co-l +1v1 t)11-cational pl-ali+0 ?)ic) ?a+ 1++1ntial 2o t)1 p1+1vation o2 10ocatic

+oci1t4 ?it)in t)1 Conv1ntion 01anin/ o2 t)at t10.

3*. T)1 C)a01 concl-1 t)at t)1 co0p-l+o4 i+pla4 o2 a +40ol o2 a patic-la2ait) in t)1 1Q1ci+1 o2 p-lic a-t)oit4 in 1lation to +p1ci2ic +it-ation+ +-,1ct to/ov1n01ntal +-p1vi+ion5 patic-lal4 in cla++oo0+5 1+tict1V t)1 i/)t o2 pa1nt+to 1-cat1 t)1i c)il1n in con2o0it4 ?it) t)1i conviction+ an t)1 i/)t o2+c)oolc)il1n to 1li1v1 o not 1li1v1. T)1 pactic1 in2in/1 t)o+1 i/)t+ 1ca-+1t)1 1+tiction+ ?11V inco0patil1 ?it) t)1 Stat1+ -t4 to 1+p1ct n1-talit4 in t)11Q1ci+1 o2 p-lic a-t)oit45 patic-lal4 in t)1 2i1l o2 1-cation ( o2 t)1

,-/01nt&.

B. A/-01nt+ o2 t)1 pati1+

". T)1 Gov1n01nt

33. T)1 Gov1n01nt i not ai+1 an o,1ction o2 ina0i++iilit4.

3#. T)14 1/1tt1 t)at t)1 C)a01 )a not )a availal1 to it a co0paativ1 la?+t-4 o2 1lation+ 1t?11n t)1 Stat1 an 1li/ion+ an on t)1 -1+tion o2 t)1 i+pla4 o21li/io-+ +40ol+ in Stat1 +c)ool+. T)14 a++1t1 t)at t)1 C)a01 )a t)-+ 1piv1it+1l2 o2 an 1++1ntial 1l101nt5 +inc1 +-c) a +t-4 ?o-l )av1 +)o?n t)at t)11 ?a+ no

co00on appoac) in E-op1 in t)1+1 2i1l+5 an ?o-l accoin/l4 )av1 l1 it to t)12inin/ t)at t)1 0101 Stat1+ )a a patic-lal4 ?i1 0a/in o2 app1ciationcon+1-1ntl45 t)1 C)a015 in it+ ,-/01nt5 )a 2ail1 to ta:1 t)at 0a/in o2app1ciation into con+i1ation5 t)-+ i/noin/ on1 2-na01ntal a+p1ct o2 t)1 pol10.

3. T)1 Gov1n01nt al+o citici+1 t)1 C)a01+ ,-/01nt 2o 1ivin/ 2o0 t)1conc1pt o2 con21++ional n1-talit4 a pincipl1 1Qcl-in/ an4 1lation+ 1t?11n t)1Stat1 an a patic-la 1li/ion5 ?)11a+ n1-talit4 1-i1 t)1 p-lic a0ini+tativ1a-t)oiti1+ to ta:1 all 1li/ion+ into acco-nt. T)1 ,-/01nt ?a+ accoin/l4 a+1 oncon2-+ion 1t?11n n1-talit4 (an incl-+iv1 conc1pt& an +1c-lai+0 (an1Qcl-+iv1 conc1pt&. Mo1ov15 in t)1 Gov1n01nt+ vi1?5 n1-talit4 01ant t)at

Stat1+ +)o-l 12ain 2o0 po0otin/ not onl4 a patic-la 1li/ion -t al+o at)1i+05+1c-lai+0 on t)1 Stat1+ pat 1in/ no l1++ pol10atic t)an po+1l4ti+in/ 4 t)1



p1v1nt 0101 Stat1+ 2o0 )avin/ a Stat1 1li/ion5 o 2o0 +)o?in/ a p1211nc1 2oa patic-la 1li/ion5 o 2o0 poviin/ p-pil+ ?it) 0o1 1Qt1n+iv1 1li/io-+ t1ac)in/in 1lation to t)1 o0inant 1li/ion5 an +1conl4 t)at acco-nt )a to 1 ta:1n o2 t)12act t)at t)1 1-cational in2l-1nc1 o2 pa1nt+ ?a+ 0-c) /1at1 t)an t)1 +c)ool+.

3P. In t)1 Gov1n01nt+ vi1?5 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in cla++oo0+ 0a1 al1/iti0at1 conti-tion to 1nalin/ c)il1n to -n1+tan t)1 national co00-nit4 in?)ic) t)14 ?11 1Qp1ct1 to int1/at1. An 1nvion01ntal in2l-1nc1 ?a+ all t)10o1 i0poal1 1ca-+1 c)il1n in Ital4 1c1iv1 an 1-cation ?)ic) )1lp1 t)10to 1v1lop a citical o-tloo: on t)1 -1+tion o2 1li/ion5 in a i+pa++ionat1 at0o+p)112o0 ?)ic) an4 2o0 o2 po+1l4ti+in/ ?a+ 1Qcl-1. Mo1ov15 Ital4 )a opt1 2o a

1n1vol1nt appoac) to 0inoit4 1li/ion+ in t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt6 Italian la?c-1ntl4 con211 t)1 i/)t to ?1a I+la0ic )1a+cav1+ an ot)1 appa1l o+40ol+ ?it) a 1li/io-+ connotation t)1 1/innin/ an 1n o2 Ra0aan ?11 o2t1nc1l1at1 in +c)ool+ 1li/io-+ in+t-ction ?a+ p10itt1 2o all 1co/ni+1 c11+an t)1 n11+ o2 p-pil+ 1lon/in/ to 0inoit4 2ait)+ ?11 ta:1n into acco-nt5 ?it)

'1?i+) p-pil+5 2o 1Qa0pl15 1in/ 1ntitl1 not to +it 1Qa0ination+ on Sat-a4+.

#. La+tl45 t)1 Gov1n01nt 10p)a+i+1 t)1 n11 to ta:1 into acco-nt t)1 i/)t o2 pa1nt+ ?)o ?ant1 c-ci2iQ1+ to 1 :1pt in cla++oo0+. T)at ?a+ t)1 ?i+) o2 t)10a,oit4 in Ital4 an ?a+ al+o t)1 ?i+) 10ocaticall4 1Qp1++1 in t)1 p1+1nt ca+1

4 al0o+t all t)1 0101+ o2 t)1 +c)ool+ /ov1nin/ o4. R10ovin/ c-ci2iQ1+ 2o0cla++oo0+ in +-c) cic-0+tanc1+ ?o-l a0o-nt to a-+1 o2 a 0inoit4 po+ition an?o-l 1 in contaiction ?it) t)1 Stat1+ -t4 to )1lp inivi-al+ +ati+24 t)1i1li/io-+ n11+.

*. T)1 applicant+

#". T)1 applicant+ +-0itt1 t)at t)1 i+pla4 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in t)1 cla++oo0+ o2 t)1Stat1 +c)ool att1n1 4 t)1 +1con an t)i applicant+ con+tit-t1 an ill1/iti0at1int1211nc1 ?it) t)1i i/)t to t)1 211o0 o2 t)o-/)t an con+ci1nc1 an in2in/1t)1 pincipl1 o2 1-cational pl-ali+0 in t)at it ?a+ t)1 1Qp1++ion o2 t)1 Stat1+

p1211nc1 2o a patic-la 1li/ion in a plac1 ?)11 con+ci1nc1 ?a+ 2o01. B41Qp1++in/ t)at p1211nc1 t)1 Stat1 ?a+ al+o i+1/ain/ it+ oli/ation to /iv1+p1cial pot1ction to 0ino+ a/ain+t an4 2o0 o2 popa/ana o inoctination.Mo1ov15 accoin/ to t)1 applicant+5 +inc1 t)1 1-cational 1nvion01nt ?a+ t)-+0a:1 4 a +40ol o2 t)1 o0inant 1li/ion5 t)1 i+pla4 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ ?)ic) t)14

co0plain1 o2 in2in/1 t)1 +1con an t)i applicant+ i/)t to 1c1iv1 an op1n an pl-ali+tic 1-cation ai01 at t)1 1v1lop01nt o2 a capacit4 2o citical ,-/101nt.La+tl45 a+ t)1 2i+t applicant ?a+ in 2avo- o2 +1c-lai+05 it in2in/1 )1 i/)t to )av1)1 c)il1n 1-cat1 in con2o0it4 ?it) )1 o?n p)ilo+op)ical conviction+.

#*. T)1 applicant+ a/-1 t)at t)1 c-ci2iQ ?a+ ?it)o-t a +)ao? o2 a o-t a1li/io-+ +40ol an t4in/ to atti-t1 a c-lt-al val-1 to it +avo-1 o2 an att10pt to0aintain a )op1l1++ la+t7itc) 121nc1. No i an4t)in/ in t)1 Italian l1/al +4+t10

,-+ti24 t)1 a++1tion t)at it ?a+ a +40ol o2 national i1ntit46 accoin/ to t)1Con+tit-tion5 it ?a+ t)1 2la/ ?)ic) +40oli+1 t)at i1ntit4.

Mo1ov15 a+ t)1 G10an F11al Con+tit-tional Co-t )a point1 o-t in it+ ,-/01nt o2 "% Ma4 "PP (+11 paa/ap) *! aov1&5 /ivin/ t)1 c-ci2iQ a po2an1



01anin/ ?o-l 0ov1 it a?a4 2o0 it+ oi/inal 01anin/ an )1lp iv1+t it o2 it+ +ac1nat-1. A+ to t)1 a++1tion t)at it ?a+ 011l4 a pa++iv1 +40ol5 t)i+ i/no1 t)1 2actt)at li:1 all +40ol+ W an 0o1 t)an all ot)1+ W it /av1 0at1ial 2o0 to a co/nitiv15int-itiv1 an 10otional 1alit4 ?)ic) ?1nt 14on t)1 i001iat1l4 p1c1ptil1. T)1G10an F11al Con+tit-tional Co-t )a5 0o1ov15 0a1 t)at 2inin/5 )olin/ in t)1

,-/01nt cit1 aov1 t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in cla++oo0+ )a an 1vocativ1c)aact1 in t)at it 1p1+1nt1 t)1 cont1nt o2 t)1 2ait) it +40oli+1 an +1v1 a+p-licit4 0at1ial 2o it. La+tl45 t)1 applicant+ point1 o-t t)at in t)1 Da)la v.S?it91lan 1ci+ion o2 " F1-a4 *" (no. #*3P3$P!5 ECHR *"7;&5 t)1 Co-t)a not1 t)1 patic-la po?1 t)at 1li/io-+ +40ol+ 1Q1t1 in t)1 +c)ool1nvion01nt.

#3. T)1 applicant+ cont1n1 t)at 1v14 10ocatic Stat1 )a a -t4 to /-aant11 t)1211o0 o2 con+ci1nc15 pl-ali+05 1-al t1at01nt o2 1li12+ an t)1 +1c-la nat-1 o2in+tit-tion+. T)1 pincipl1 o2 +1c-lai+0 1-i1 aov1 all n1-talit4 on t)1 pat o2 t)1Stat15 ?)ic) +)o-l :11p o-t o2 t)1 1li/io-+ +p)11 an aopt t)1 +a01 attit-1 ?it)

1/a to all 1li/io-+ c-1nt+. In ot)1 ?o+5 n1-talit4 oli/1 t)1 Stat1 to 1+tali+)a n1-tal +pac1 ?it)in ?)ic) 1v14on1 co-l 211l4 liv1 accoin/ to )i+ o?n 1li12+.B4 i0po+in/ 1li/io-+ +40ol+5 na01l4 c-ci2iQ1+5 in cla++oo0+5 t)1 Italian Stat1?a+ oin/ t)1 oppo+it1.

##. T)1 appoac) avocat1 4 t)1 applicant+ ?a+ t)-+ cl1al4 i+tinct 2o0 Stat1at)1i+05 ?)ic) a0o-nt1 to 1n4in/ t)1 211o0 o2 1li/ion 4 i0po+in/ a +1c-lavi1?point in an a-t)oitaian 0ann1. S11n in t10+ o2 t)1 Stat1+ i0patialit4 ann1-talit45 +1c-lai+0 ?a+ on t)1 conta4 a 01an+ o2 +1c-in/ t)1 1li/io-+ an

p)ilo+op)ical 211o0 o2 con+ci1nc1 o2 all.

#. T)1 applicant+ 2-t)1 cont1n1 t)at it ?a+ 1++1ntial to /iv1 +p1cial pot1ction to0inoit4 1li12+ an conviction+5 in o1 to p1+1v1 t)o+1 ?)o )1l t)10 2o0 a1+poti+0 o2 t)1 0a,oit45 an t)at too ?a+ a 1a+on 2o 10ovin/ c-ci2iQ1+ 2o0cla++oo0+.

#%. In concl-+ion5 t)1 applicant+ a/-1 t)at alt)o-/)5 a+ t)1 Gov1n01nt0aintain15 10ovin/ c-ci2iQ1+ 2o0 Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ ?o-l ta:1 a?a4 pato2 Italian c-lt-al i1ntit45 :11pin/ t)10 t)11 ?a+ inco0patil1 ?it) t)1 2o-nation+o2 ?1+t1n political t)o-/)t5 t)1 pincipl1+ o2 t)1 li1al Stat1 an a pl-ali+t5 op1n10ocac45 an 1+p1ct 2o t)1 inivi-al i/)t+ an 211o0+ 1n+)in1 in t)1 Italian

Con+tit-tion an t)1 Conv1ntion.

C. S-0i++ion+ o2 t)1 t)i7pat4 int1v1n1+

". T)1 Gov1n01nt+ o2 A01nia5 B-l/aia5 C4p-+5 t)1 R-++ian F11ation5 G11c15Lit)-ania5 Malta an t)1 R1p-lic o2 San Maino

#. In t)1i ,oint o+1vation+ +-0itt1 at t)1 )1ain/5 t)1 Gov1n01nt+ o2 A01nia5B-l/aia5 C4p-+5 t)1 R-++ian F11ation5 G11c15 Lit)-ania5 Malta an t)1 R1p-lico2 San Maino inicat1 t)at in t)1i vi1? t)1 C)a01+ 1a+onin/ )a 11n a+1 ona 0i+-n1+tanin/ o2 t)1 conc1pt o2 n1-talit45 ?)ic) t)1 C)a01 )a con2-+1

?it) +1c-lai+0. T)14 point1 o-t t)at t)11 ?a+ a )-/1 iv1+it4 o2 C)-c)7Stat1aan/101nt+ in E-op1 an t)at 0o1 t)an )al2 t)1 pop-lation o2 E-op1 liv1 in



non7+1c-la Stat1+. T)14 a1 t)at Stat1 +40ol+ in1vital4 )a a plac1 in +tat11-cation an t)at 0an4 o2 t)1+1 )a a 1li/io-+ oi/in5 t)1 Co++ W ?)ic) ?a+ ot) anational an a 1li/io-+ +40ol W 1in/ t)1 0o+t vi+il1 1Qa0pl1. In t)1i vi1?5 innon7+1c-la E-op1an Stat1+ t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in t)1 p-lic +pac1 ?a+?i1l4 tol1at1 4 t)1 +1c-la pop-lation a+ pat o2 national i1ntit4. Stat1+ +)o-l

not )av1 to iv1+t t)10+1lv1+ o2 pat o2 t)1i c-lt-al i1ntit4 +i0pl4 1ca-+1 t)ati1ntit4 ?a+ o2 1li/io-+ oi/in. T)1 po+ition aopt1 4 t)1 C)a01 ?a+ not an1Qp1++ion o2 t)1 pl-ali+0 0ani21+t in t)1 Conv1ntion +4+t105 -t an 1Qp1++ion o2t)1 val-1+ o2 a +1c-la Stat1. To 1Qt1n it to t)1 ?)ol1 o2 E-op1 ?o-l 1p1+1nt t)1A01icani+ation o2 E-op1 in t)at a +in/l1 an -ni-1 -l1 an a i/i +1paation o2C)-c) an Stat1 ?o-l 1 inin/ on 1v14on1.

In t)1i +-0i++ion5 2avo-in/ +1c-lai+0 ?a+ a political po+ition t)at5 ?)il+t1+p1ctal15 ?a+ not n1-tal. Accoin/l45 in t)1 1-cational +p)11 a Stat1 t)at+-ppot1 t)1 +1c-la a+ oppo+1 to t)1 1li/io-+ ?a+ not 1in/ n1-tal. Si0ilal4510ovin/ c-ci2iQ1+ 2o0 cla++oo0+ ?)11 t)14 )a al?a4+ 11n ?o-l not 1

1voi o2 1-cational con+1-1nc1+. In 1alit45 ?)1t)1 t)1 Stat1 opt1 to allo? o po)iit t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in cla++oo0+5 t)1 i0potant 2acto ?a+ t)1 1/11to ?)ic) t)1 c-ic-l-0 cont1Qt-ali+1 an ta-/)t c)il1n tol1anc1 an pl-ali+0.

T)1 int1v1nin/ Gov1n01nt+ ac:no?l1/1 t)at t)11 0i/)t 1 cic-0+tanc1+ ?)11t)1 aan/101nt+ 4 t)1 Stat1 ?11 -nacc1ptal1. T)1 -1n o2 poo2 +)o-l 10ainon t)1 inivi-al5 )o?1v15 an t)1 Co-t +)o-l int1v1n1 onl4 in 1Qt101 ca+1+.

*. T)1 Gov1n01nt o2 t)1 8incipalit4 o2 Monaco

#!. T)1 int1v1nin/ Gov1n01nt 1cla1 t)at t)14 +)a1 t)1 vi1?point o2 t)11+pon1nt Gov1n01nt accoin/ to ?)ic) t)1 c-ci2iQ ?a+ a pa++iv1 +40ol t)at?a+ 2o-n on t)1 coat+ o2 a0+ an 2la/+ o2 0an4 Stat1+ an in t)1 in+tant ca+112l1ct1 a national i1ntit4 oot1 in )i+to4. F-t)10o15 1in/ inivi+il15 t)1

pincipl1 o2 Stat1 n1-talit4 1-i1 t)1 a-t)oiti1+ to 12ain 2o0 i0po+in/ a1li/io-+ +40ol ?)11 t)11 )a n1v1 11n on1 an 2o0 ?it)a?in/ on1 t)at )aal?a4+ 11n t)11.

3. T)1 Gov1n01nt o2 Ro0ania

#P. T)1 int1v1nin/ Gov1n01nt +-0itt1 t)at t)1 C)a01 )a ta:1n in+-22ici1nt

acco-nt o2 t)1 ?i1 0a/in o2 app1ciation availal1 to t)1 Contactin/ Stat1+ ?)11+1n+itiv1 i++-1+ ?11 involv1 an t)at t)11 ?a+ no E-op1an7?i1 con+1n+-+. T)14 point1 o-t t)at t)1 Co-t+ ca+17la? 1co/ni+1 in patic-la t)at t)1 Stat1+ 1n,o41 a?i1 0a/in o2 app1ciation 1/ain/ t)1 ?1ain/ o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in Stat1+c)ool+ in t)1i +-0i++ion5 t)1 +a01 +)o-l appl4 to t)1 i+pla4 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+in +-c) +c)ool+. T)14 al+o point1 o-t t)at t)1 C)a01 ,-/01nt )a 11n a+1 ont)1 p10i+1 t)at t)1 i+pla4 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in Stat1 +c)ool+ 1ac)1 Aticl1 Po2 t)1 Conv1ntion an Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. "5 ?)ic) con2lict1 ?it) t)1 pincipl1o2 n1-talit4 1ca-+15 ?)11 applical15 Contactin/ Stat1+ ?11 co0p1ll1 toint1v1n1 ?it) a vi1? to 10ovin/ t)o+1 +40ol+. In t)1i vi1?5 t)at pincipl1 ?a+

1tt1 +1v1 ?)11 1ci+ion+ o2 t)i+ t4p1 ?11 ta:1n ,ointl4 4 t1ac)1+5 p-pil+ an

pa1nt+. In an4 1v1nt5 a+ it ?a+ not a++ociat1 ?it) patic-la 1li/io-+ oli/ation+5 t)1



p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in cla++oo0+ i not +-22ici1ntl4 a221ct t)1 1li/io-+ 211lin/+o2 t)o+1 conc1n1 2o t)11 to 1 a violation o2 t)1 a2o101ntion1 povi+ion+.

#. T)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ation G11: H1l+in:i Monito

. Accoin/ to t)1 int1v1nin/ o/ani+ation5 t)1 c-ci2iQ co-l not 1 p1c1iv1 a+an4t)in/ ot)1 t)an a 1li/io-+ +40ol5 +o t)at i+pla4in/ it in Stat17+c)oolcla++oo0+ co-l 1 +11n a+ an in+tit-tional 01++a/1 avocatin/ a patic-la 1li/ion.It point1 o-t t)at in t)1 ca+1 o2 Fol/1[ t)1 Co-t )a )1l t)at t)1 paticipation o2

p-pil+ in 1li/io-+ activiti1+ co-l in 2act in2l-1nc1 t)105 an con+i11 t)at t)1 +a01?a+ t-1 ?)11 t)14 ?11 ta-/)t in cla++oo0+ ?)11 a 1li/io-+ +40ol ?a+i+pla41. It al+o 1? t)1 Co-t+ att1ntion to t)1 2act t)at c)il1n o pa1nt+ ?)o?11 ot)11 4 t)i+ 0i/)t 12ain 2o0 pot1+tin/ 2o 21a o2 1pi+al+.

. T)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ation A++ocia9ion1 na9ional1 1l li1o 81n+i1o

". T)1 int1v1nin/ o/ani+ation5 ?)ic) con+i11 t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 1li/io-++40ol+ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ ?a+ inco0patil1 ?it) Aticl1 P o2 t)1Conv1ntion an Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. "5 +-0itt1 t)at t)1 1+tiction+ i0po+1 ont)1 applicant+ i/)t+ ?11 not p1+ci1 4 la? ?it)in t)1 01anin/ o2 t)1 Co-t+ca+17la?. It point1 o-t in t)at conn1ction t)at i+pla4in/ t)1 c-ci2iQ in Stat17+c)oolcla++oo0+ ?a+ p1+ci1 not 4 la? -t 4 1/-lation+ aopt1 -in/ t)1 2a+ci+t1a. It a1 t)at t)o+1 1/-lation+ )a in an4 1v1nt 11n i0plicitl4 1p1al1 4 t)1Con+tit-tion o2 "P# an t)1 La? o2 "P! ati24in/ t)1 a/1101nt+ a01nin/ t)1Lat1an 8act+ o2 "P*P. It point1 o-t t)at t)1 Ci0inal Divi+ion o2 t)1 Co-t o2Ca++ation )a -l1 accoin/l4 in a ,-/01nt o2 " Mac) * (no. #*3& in a+i0ila ca+1 1latin/ to c-ci2iQ1+ i+pla41 in pollin/ +tation+ an t)at it )acon2i01 t)at appoac) in a ,-/01nt o2 " F1-a4 *P conc1nin/ c-ci2iQ1+i+pla41 in co-too0+ (?it)o-t5 )o?1v15 -lin/ on t)1 01it+&. T)11 ?a+ t)112o1a con2lict o2 ca+17la? 1t?11n t)1 Con+i/lio i Stato W ?)ic)5 on t)1 conta45 )1lt)at t)1 1l1vant 1/-lation+ ?11 applical1 W an t)1 Co-t o2 Ca++ation t)at a221ct1t)1 pincipl1 o2 l1/al +1c-it45 ?)ic) ?a+ t)1 pilla o2 a Stat1 /ov1n1 4 t)1 -l1 o2la?. A+ t)1 Con+tit-tional Co-t )a 1clin1 ,-i+iction5 t)11 ?a+ no 01c)ani+0 inItal4 ?)114 t)i+ con2lict co-l 1 1+olv1.

%. T)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ation E-op1an C1nt1 2o La? an '-+tic1

*. T)1 int1v1nin/ o/ani+ation +-0itt1 t)at t)1 C)a01 )a ?on/l4 a1++1t)1 -1+tion ai+1 4 t)1 ca+15 ?)ic) ?a+ ?)1t)1 t)1 Conv1ntion i/)t+ invo:1 4t)1 2i+t applicant )a 11n violat1 011l4 on acco-nt o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQin cla++oo0+. It+ vi1? ?a+ t)at t)14 )a not. Fi+tl45 t)1 p1+onal conviction+ o2t)1 2i+t applicant+ c)il1n )a not 11n violat1 1ca-+1 t)14 )a n1it)1 11nco0p1ll1 to act a/ain+t t)1i con+ci1nc1 no p1v1nt1 2o0 actin/ accoin/ to t)1icon+ci1nc1. S1conl45 t)1i inn10o+t conviction+ an t)1 2i+t applicant+ i/)t to1n+-1 t)1i 1-cation in con2o0it4 ?it) )1 o?n p)ilo+op)ical conviction+ )a not

11n violat1 1ca-+1 )1 c)il1n )a n1it)1 11n 2oc1 to 1li1v1 no p1v1nt12o0 not 1li1vin/. T)14 )a not 11n inoctinat1 no )a t)14 11n t)1 +-,1ct o20i+plac1 po+1l4ti+0. T)1 int1v1nin/ o/ani+ation +-0itt1 t)at t)1 C)a01 )a

11n 0i+ta:1n in )olin/ t)at a Stat1+ 1ci+ion to i+pla4 c-ci2iQ1+ in cla++oo0+?a+ conta4 to t)1 Conv1ntion (?)ic) ?a+ not t)1 -1+tion t)at )a 11n +-0itt1



to it&. In oin/ +o5 t)1 C)a01 )a c1at1 a n1? oli/ation 1latin/ not to t)1 2i+tapplicant+ i/)t+5 -t to t)1 nat-1 o2 t)1 1-cational 1nvion01nt. In t)1int1v1nin/ o/ani+ation+ +-0i++ion5 it ?a+ 1ca-+1 it )a 11n -nal1 to 1+tali+)t)at t)1 2i+t applicant+ c)il1n+ inn10o+t o p1+onal conviction+ )a 11nviolat1 on acco-nt o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in t)1 cla++oo0+ t)at t)1 C)a01

)a c1at1 a n1? oli/ation to 1n+-1 t)at t)1 1-cational 1nvion01nt ?a+ 1nti1l4+1c-la5 t)-+ 1Qc11in/ t)1 +cop1 o2 t)1 application an t)1 li0it+ o2 it+ ,-i+iction.

. T)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ation E-o,-i+

3. T)1 int1v1nin/ o/ani+ation a/11 ?it) t)1 C)a01+ concl-+ion+. A2t11it1atin/ t)1 1l1vant povi+ion+ o2 Italian po+itiv1 la? W an -n1+coin/ t)1con+tit-tional val-1 o2 t)1 pincipl1 o2 +1c-lai+0 W it 1211 to t)1 pincipl11+tali+)1 in t)1 Co-t+ ca+17la? to t)1 1221ct t)at +c)ool +)o-l not 1 a plac1 2o

po+1l4ti+0 o p1ac)in/. It al+o 1211 to ca+1+ in ?)ic) t)1 Co-t )a 1Qa0in1t)1 -1+tion o2 t)1 ?1ain/ o2 I+la0ic v1il+ in 1-cational 1+tali+)01nt+. It ?1nt on

to point o-t t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Italian Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ )a 11n p1+ci1 not 4 la? -t 4 1/-lation+ in)1it1 2o0 t)1 2a+ci+t 1a ?)ic) 12l1ct1a con21++ional conc1ption o2 t)1 Stat1 toa4 t)at ?a+ inco0patil1 ?it) t)1 pincipl1o2 +1c-lai+0 lai o?n in po+itiv1 con+tit-tional la?. It 2i0l4 1,1ct1 t)1 1a+onin/o2 t)1 Italian A0ini+tativ1 Co-t5 accoin/ to ?)ic) p1+ciin/ t)1 p1+1nc1 o2c-ci2iQ1+ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ ?a+ +till co0patil1 ?it) t)at pincipl1 1ca-+1t)14 +40oli+1 +1c-la val-1+. In it+ +-0i++ion5 it ?a+ a 1li/io-+ +40ol ?it)?)ic) non7C)i+tian+ i not i1nti24. Mo1ov15 4 oli/in/ +c)ool+ to i+pla4 it inStat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ t)1 Stat1 con211 a patic-la i01n+ion on a /iv1n1li/ion5 to t)1 1ti01nt o2 pl-ali+0.

!. T)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ation+ Int1national Co00i++ion o2 '-i+t+5Int1i/)t+ an H-0an Ri/)t+ atc)

#. T)1 int1v1nin/ o/ani+ation+ +-0itt1 t)at t)1 co0p-l+o4 i+pla4 o2 1li/io-++40ol+ +-c) a+ t)1 c-ci2iQ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ ?a+ inco0patil1 ?it) t)1

pincipl1 o2 n1-talit4 an t)1 i/)t+ /-aant11 to p-pil+ an t)1i pa1nt+ -n1Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion an Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. ". In t)1i +-0i++ion51-cational pl-ali+0 ?a+ an 1+tali+)1 pincipl15 -p)1l not onl4 in t)1 Co-t+ca+17la? -t al+o in t)1 ca+17la? o2 a n-01 o2 +-p101 co-t+ an in vaio-+int1national in+t-01nt+. F-t)10o15 t)1 Co-t+ ca+17la? +-ppot1 a -t4 o2 Stat1

n1-talit4 an i0patialit4 a+ a0on/ 1li/io-+ 1li12+ in t)1 povi+ion o2 p-lic+1vic1+5 incl-in/ 1-cation. T)14 point1 o-t t)at t)i+ pincipl1 o2 i0patialit4 ?a+1co/ni+1 not onl4 4 t)1 Italian5 Spani+) an G10an Con+tit-tional Co-t+ -tal+o5 in patic-la5 4 t)1 F1nc) Con+1il Etat an t)1 S?i++ F11al Co-t. T)14a1 t)at5 a+ +1v1al +-p101 co-t+ )a )1l5 Stat1 n1-talit4 a+ a0on/ 1li/io-+

1li12+ ?a+ patic-lal4 i0potant in t)1 cla++oo0 1ca-+15 +c)ool 1in/ co0p-l+o45c)il1n ?11 v-ln1al1 to inoctination at +c)ool. T)14 ?1nt on to 1it1at1 t)1Co-t+ 2inin/ t)at5 alt)o-/) t)1 Conv1ntion i not p1v1nt Stat1+ 2o0 i0patin/t)o-/) t1ac)in/ o 1-cation in2o0ation o :no?l1/1 o2 a 1li/io-+ o

p)ilo+op)ical :in5 t)14 )a to 1n+-1 t)at t)i+ ?a+ on1 in an o,1ctiv15 citical an pl-ali+tic 0ann15 an 211 o2 an4 inoctination. T)14 +t1++1 t)at t)1 +a01 appli1

to all 2-nction+ cai1 o-t in t)1 a1a o2 1-cation an t1ac)in/5 incl-in/ t)1o/ani+ation o2 t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt.



P. T)1 non7/ov1n01ntal o/ani+ation+ @1ntal:o0it11 1 1-t+c)1n :at)oli:1n5S10ain1+ +ocial1+ 1 Fanc1 an A++ocia9ioni ci+tian1 lavoatoi italiani

. T)1 int1v1nin/ o/ani+ation+ +tat1 t)at t)14 a/11 ?it) t)1 C)a01 t)at5?)il+t t)1 c-ci2iQ )a a pl-al 01anin/5 it ?a+ pi0ail4 t)1 c1ntal +40ol o2

C)i+tianit4. T)14 a15 )o?1v15 t)at t)14 i+a/11 ?it) it+ concl-+ion5 an 2o-nit i22ic-lt to -n1+tan )o? t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in cla++oo0+ co-l 110otionall4 i+t-in/ 2o +o01 p-pil+ o )in1 t)1 1v1lop01nt o2 t)1i citicalt)in:in/. In t)1i +-0i++ion5 t)at p1+1nc1 alon1 co-l not 1 1-at1 ?it) a1li/io-+ o p)ilo+op)ical 01++a/1 it +)o-l at)1 1 int1p1t1 a+ a pa++iv1 ?a4 o2conv14in/ a+ic 0oal val-1+. T)1 -1+tion accoin/l4 )a to 1 1/a1 a+ on1t)at 21ll ?it)in t)1 co0p1t1nc1 o2 t)1 Stat1 ?)1n 1ciin/ on t)1 c-ic-l-0 in+c)ool+ pa1nt+ )a to acc1pt t)at c1tain a+p1ct+ o2 Stat17+c)ool 1-cation co-l not

1 1nti1l4 in :11pin/ ?it) t)1i conviction+. T)14 a1 t)at a Stat1+ 1ci+ion toi+pla4 c-ci2iQ1+ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ i not 01an t)at it p-+-1 an ai0 o2inoctination po)iit1 4 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. ". T)14 0aintain1 t)at a

alanc1 )a to 1 2o-n in t)1 p1+1nt ca+1 1t?11n t)1 i/)t+ an int11+t+ o2 1li1v1+ an non71li1v1+5 1t?11n t)1 2-na01ntal i/)t+ o2 inivi-al+ an t)1l1/iti0at1 int11+t+ o2 +oci1t45 an 1t?11n t)1 2o0-lation o2 +tana+ 1latin/ to2-na01ntal i/)t+ an 0aintainin/ t)1 iv1+it4 1Qi+tin/ in E-op1. In t)1i+-0i++ion5 t)1 Co-t +)o-l l1av1 a ?i1 0a/in o2 app1ciation to t)1 Stat1+ in t)i+a1a 1ca-+1 t)1 o/ani+ation o2 t)1 1lation+)ip 1t?11n t)1 Stat1 an 1li/ion vai12o0 on1 co-nt4 to anot)1 an W in patic-la 1/ain/ t)1 plac1 o2 1li/ion in Stat1+c)ool+ W ?a+ 11pl4 oot1 in t)1 )i+to45 taition an c-lt-1 o2 a co-nt4.

". T)it47t)11 0101+ o2 t)1 E-op1an 8alia01nt actin/ coll1ctiv1l4

%. T)1 int1v1n1+ point1 o-t t)at t)1 Co-t ?a+ not a con+tit-tional co-t an )ato 1+p1ct t)1 pincipl1 o2 +-+iiait4 an 1co/ni+1 a patic-lal4 oa 0a/in o2app1ciation in 2avo- o2 Contactin/ Stat1+ not onl4 1/ain/ t)1 1lation+)ip

1t?11n t)1 Stat1 an 1li/ion -t al+o ?)11 t)14 cai1 o-t t)1i 2-nction+ in t)1a1a o2 1-cation an t1ac)in/. In t)1i vi1?5 4 ta:in/ a 1ci+ion ?)o+1 1221ct ?o-l

1 to 0a:1 it co0p-l+o4 to 10ov1 1li/io-+ +40ol+ 2o0 Stat1 +c)ool+5 t)1 GanC)a01 ?o-l 1 +1nin/ a aical i1olo/ical 01++a/1. T)14 a1 t)at it ?a+cl1a 2o0 t)1 Co-t+ ca+17la? t)at a Stat1 ?)ic)5 2o 1a+on+ 1ivin/ 2o0 it+)i+to4 o it+ taition5 +)o?1 a p1211nc1 2o a patic-la 1li/ion i not 1Qc11t)at 0a/in. Accoin/l45 in t)1i opinion5 t)1 i+pla4 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in p-lic

-ilin/+ i not con2lict ?it) t)1 Conv1ntion5 an t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+in t)1 p-lic +pac1 +)o-l not 1 +11n a+ a 2o0 o2 inoctination -t t)1 1Qp1++iono2 a c-lt-al -nit4 an i1ntit4. T)14 a1 t)at in t)i+ +p1ci2ic cont1Qt 1li/io-++40ol+ )a a +1c-la i01n+ion an +)o-l t)112o1 not 1 10ov1.

D. T)1 Co-t+ a++1++01nt

. In t)1 2i+t plac15 t)1 Co-t o+1v1+ t)at t)1 onl4 -1+tion 12o1 it conc1n+ t)1co0patiilit45 in t)1 li/)t o2 t)1 cic-0+tanc1+ o2 t)1 ca+15 o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2c-ci2iQ1+ in Italian Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ ?it) t)1 1-i101nt+ o2 Aticl1 * o28otocol No. " an Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion.



T)-+ it i+ not 1-i1 in t)i+ ca+1 to 1Qa0in1 t)1 -1+tion o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2c-ci2iQ1+ in plac1+ ot)1 t)an Stat1 +c)ool+. No i+ it 2o t)1 Co-t to -l1 on t)1co0patiilit4 o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ ?it) t)1

pincipl1 o2 +1c-lai+0 a+ 1n+)in1 in Italian la?.

!. S1conl45 t)1 Co-t 10p)a+i+1+ t)at t)1 +-ppot1+ o2 +1c-lai+0 a1 al1 to la4clai0 to vi1?+ attainin/ t)1 l1v1l o2 co/1nc45 +1io-+n1++5 co)1+ion an i0potanc11-i1 2o t)10 to 1 con+i11 conviction+ ?it)in t)1 01anin/ o2 Aticl1+ P o2t)1 Conv1ntion an * o2 8otocol No. " (+11 Ca0p1ll an Co+an+ v. t)1 Unit1=in/o05 * F1-a4 "P!*5 3%5 S1i1+ A no. #!&. Mo1 p1ci+1l45 t)1i vi1?+ 0-+t

1 1/a1 a+ p)ilo+op)ical conviction+5 ?it)in t)1 01anin/ o2 t)1 +1con+1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. "5 /iv1n t)at t)14 a1 ?ot)4 o2 1+p1ct in a10ocatic +oci1t45 a1 not inco0patil1 ?it) )-0an i/nit4 an o not con2lict?it) t)1 2-na01ntal i/)t o2 t)1 c)il to 1-cation (ii.&.

". T)1 ca+1 o2 t)1 2i+t applicant

a. G1n1al pincipl1+

P. T)1 Co-t 1it1at1+ t)at in t)1 a1a o2 1-cation an t1ac)in/ Aticl1 * o28otocol No. " i+ in pincipl1 t)1 l1Q +p1ciali+ in 1lation to Aticl1 P o2 t)1Conv1ntion. T)at i+ +o at l1a+t ?)115 a+ in t)1 p1+1nt ca+15 t)1 i+p-t1 conc1n+ t)1oli/ation lai on Contactin/ Stat1+ 4 t)1 +1con +1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * to 1+p1ct5?)1n 1Q1ci+in/ t)1 2-nction+ t)14 a++-01 in t)at a1a5 t)1 i/)t o2 pa1nt+ to 1n+-1+-c) 1-cation an t1ac)in/ in con2o0it4 ?it) t)1i o?n 1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)icalconviction+ (+11 Fol/1[ an Ot)1+ v. No?a4 GCV5 no. "#*$*5 !#5 ECHR*7;III5 !#&.

T)1 co0plaint in -1+tion +)o-l t)112o1 1 1Qa0in1 0ainl4 2o0 t)1 +tanpointo2 t)1 +1con +1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " (+11 al+o App1l7I/an/ anOt)1+ v. G10an4 (1c.&5 no. #*"%$5 ECHR *P7...&.

%. N1v1t)1l1++5 t)at povi+ion +)o-l 1 1a in t)1 li/)t not onl4 o2 t)1 2i+t+1nt1nc1 o2 t)1 +a01 Aticl15 -t al+o5 in patic-la5 o2 Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion(+115 2o 1Qa0pl15 Fol/1[5 cit1 aov15 !#&5 ?)ic) /-aant11+ 211o0 o2 t)o-/)t5con+ci1nc1 an 1li/ion5 incl-in/ t)1 211o0 not to 1lon/ to a 1li/ion5 an ?)ic)i0po+1+ on Contactin/ Stat1+ a -t4 o2 n1-talit4 an i0patialit4.

In t)at conn1ction5 it +)o-l 1 point1 o-t t)at Stat1+ )av1 1+pon+iilit4 2o1n+-in/5 n1-tall4 an i0patiall45 t)1 1Q1ci+1 o2 vaio-+ 1li/ion+5 2ait)+ an

1li12+. T)1i ol1 i+ to )1lp 0aintain p-lic o15 1li/io-+ )a0on4 an tol1anc1 ina 10ocatic +oci1t45 patic-lal4 1t?11n oppo+in/ /o-p+ (+115 2o 1Qa0pl15 L14la\a)in v. T-:14 GCV5 no. ###$P!5 "5 ECHR *7]I&. T)at conc1n+ ot)1lation+ 1t?11n 1li1v1+ an non71li1v1+ an 1lation+ 1t?11n t)1 a)11nt+ o2vaio-+ 1li/ion+5 2ait)+ an 1li12+.

%". T)1 ?o 1+p1ct in Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " 01an+ 0o1 t)anac:no?l1/1 o ta:1 into acco-nt in aition to a pi0ail4 n1/ativ1

-n1ta:in/5 it i0pli1+ +o01 po+itiv1 oli/ation on t)1 pat o2 t)1 Stat1 (+11 Ca0p1llan Co+an+5 cit1 aov15 3&.



N1v1t)1l1++5 t)1 1-i101nt+ o2 t)1 notion o2 1+p1ct5 ?)ic) app1a+ al+o inAticl1 ! o2 t)1 Conv1ntion5 va4 con+i1al4 2o0 ca+1 to ca+15 /iv1n t)1 iv1+it4o2 t)1 pactic1+ 2ollo?1 an t)1 +it-ation+ otainin/ in t)1 Contactin/ Stat1+. A+ a1+-lt5 t)1 Contactin/ Stat1+ 1n,o4 a ?i1 0a/in o2 app1ciation in 1t10inin/ t)1+t1p+ to 1 ta:1n to 1n+-1 co0plianc1 ?it) t)1 Conv1ntion ?it) -1 1/a to t)1

n11+ an 1+o-c1+ o2 t)1 co00-nit4 an o2 inivi-al+. In t)1 cont1Qt o2 Aticl1 *o2 8otocol No. " t)at conc1pt i0pli1+ in patic-la t)at t)i+ povi+ion cannot 1int1p1t1 to 01an t)at pa1nt+ can 1-i1 t)1 Stat1 to povi1 a patic-la 2o0 o2t1ac)in/ (+11 B-l+:i v. 8olan (1c.&5 no+. #%*#$PP an 3"!!!$*&.

%*. T)1 Co-t ?o-l al+o 121 to it+ ca+17la? on t)1 plac1 o2 1li/ion in t)1 +c)oolc-ic-l-0 (+11 1++1ntiall4 =,1l+1n5 B-+: Ma+1n an 811+1n v. D1n0a:5 D1c101 "P%5 735 S1i1+ A no. *3 Fol/1[5 cit1 aov15 !# an Ha+an anE4l10 @1n/in v. T-:145 no. "##!$#5 " an *5 ECHR *7]I&.

Accoin/ to t)o+1 a-t)oiti1+5 t)1 +1ttin/ an plannin/ o2 t)1 c-ic-l-0 2all ?it)in

t)1 co0p1t1nc1 o2 t)1 Contactin/ Stat1+. In pincipl1 it i+ not 2o t)1 Co-t to -l1 on+-c) -1+tion+5 a+ t)1 +ol-tion+ 0a4 l1/iti0at1l4 va4 accoin/ to t)1 co-nt4 ant)1 1a.

In patic-la5 t)1 +1con +1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " o1+ not p1v1ntStat1+ 2o0 i0patin/ t)o-/) t1ac)in/ o 1-cation in2o0ation o :no?l1/1 o2 ai1ctl4 o ini1ctl4 1li/io-+ o p)ilo+op)ical :in. It o1+ not 1v1n p10it pa1nt+ too,1ct to t)1 int1/ation o2 +-c) t1ac)in/ o 1-cation in t)1 +c)ool c-ic-l-0.

On t)1 ot)1 )an5 a+ it+ ai0 i+ to +a21/-a t)1 po++iilit4 o2 pl-ali+0 in 1-cation5it 1-i1+ t)1 Stat15 in 1Q1ci+in/ it+ 2-nction+ ?it) 1/a to 1-cation an t1ac)in/5to ta:1 ca1 t)at in2o0ation o :no?l1/1 incl-1 in t)1 c-ic-l-0 i+ conv141 inan o,1ctiv15 citical an pl-ali+tic 0ann15 1nalin/ p-pil+ to 1v1lop a citical 0in

patic-lal4 ?it) 1/a to 1li/ion in a cal0 at0o+p)11 211 o2 an4 po+1l4ti+0. T)1Stat1 i+ 2oi1n to p-+-1 an ai0 o2 inoctination t)at 0i/)t 1 con+i11 a+ not1+p1ctin/ pa1nt+ 1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+. T)at i+ t)1 li0it t)at t)1Stat1+ 0-+t not 1Qc11 (+11 ,-/01nt+ cit1 aov1 in t)i+ paa/ap)5 35 !# ()& an* 1+p1ctiv1l4&.

. A++1++01nt o2 t)1 2act+ o2 t)1 ca+1 in t)1 li/)t o2 t)1 aov1 pincipl1+

%3. T)1 Co-t o1+ not acc1pt t)1 Gov1n01nt+ a/-01nt t)at t)1 oli/ation lai onContactin/ Stat1+ 4 t)1 +1con +1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " conc1n+onl4 t)1 cont1nt o2 +c)ool c-ic-la5 +o t)at t)1 -1+tion o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ ?o-l 2all o-t+i1 it+ +cop1.

It i+ t-1 t)at a n-01 o2 ca+1+ in ?)ic) t)1 Co-t )a+ 1Qa0in1 t)i+ povi+ionconc1n1 t)1 cont1nt an i0pl101ntation o2 t)1 +c)ool c-ic-l-0. N1v1t)1l1++5 a+t)1 Co-t )a+ al1a4 10p)a+i+15 t)1 oli/ation on Contactin/ Stat1+ to 1+p1ct t)11li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+ o2 pa1nt+ o1+ not appl4 onl4 to t)1 cont1nto2 t1ac)in/ an t)1 ?a4 it i+ povi1 it in+ t)10 in t)1 1Q1ci+1 o2 all t)12-nction+ W in t)1 t10+ o2 t)1 +1con +1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " W

?)ic) t)14 a++-01 in 1lation to 1-cation an t1ac)in/ (+11 1++1ntiall4 =,1l+1n5B-+: Ma+1n an 811+1n5 cit1 aov15 ;al+a0i+ v. G11c15



"! D1c101 "PP%5 *5 R1pot+ o2 '-/01nt+ an D1ci+ion+ "PP%7;I Ha+an anE4l10 @1n/in5 cit1 aov15 #P an Fol/1[5 cit1 aov15 !#&. T)at incl-1+?it)o-t an4 o-t t)1 o/ani+ation o2 t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt ?)11 o01+tic la?atti-t1+ t)at 2-nction to t)1 p-lic a-t)oiti1+.

It i+ in t)at cont1Qt t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Italian Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ i+to 1 plac1 (+11 Aticl1 ""! o2 o4al 1c11 no. P% o2 3 Apil "P*#5 Aticl1 ""P o2o4al 1c11 no. "*P o2 *% Apil "P*! an Aticl1+ "P an "P o2 l1/i+lativ1 1c11no. *P o2 "% Apil "PP# W paa/ap)+ "# an "P aov1&.

%#. In /1n1al5 t)1 Co-t con+i1+ t)at ?)11 t)1 o/ani+ation o2 t)1 +c)ool1nvion01nt i+ a 0att1 2o t)1 p-lic a-t)oiti1+5 t)at ta+: 0-+t 1 +11n a+ a 2-nctiona++-01 4 t)1 Stat1 in 1lation to 1-cation an t1ac)in/5 ?it)in t)1 01anin/ o2 t)1+1con +1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. ".

%. It 2ollo?+ t)at t)1 1ci+ion ?)1t)1 c-ci2iQ1+ +)o-l 1 p1+1nt in Stat17+c)ool

cla++oo0+ 2o0+ pat o2 t)1 2-nction+ a++-01 4 t)1 1+pon1nt Stat1 in 1lation to1-cation an t1ac)in/ an5 accoin/l45 2all+ ?it)in t)1 +cop1 o2 t)1 +1con +1nt1nc1o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. ". T)at 0a:1+ it an a1a in ?)ic) t)1 Stat1+ oli/ation to1+p1ct t)1 i/)t o2 pa1nt+ to 1n+-1 t)1 1-cation an t1ac)in/ o2 t)1i c)il1n incon2o0it4 ?it) t)1i o?n 1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+ co01+ into pla4.

%%. T)1 Co-t 2-t)1 con+i1+ t)at t)1 c-ci2iQ i+ aov1 all a 1li/io-+ +40ol. T)1o01+tic co-t+ ca01 to t)1 +a01 concl-+ion an in an4 1v1nt t)1 Gov1n01nt )av1not cont1+t1 t)i+. T)1 -1+tion ?)1t)1 t)1 c-ci2iQ i+ c)a/1 ?it) an4 ot)101anin/ 14on it+ 1li/io-+ +40oli+0 i+ not 1ci+iv1 at t)i+ +ta/1 o2 t)1 Co-t+1a+onin/.

T)11 i+ no 1vi1nc1 12o1 t)1 Co-t t)at t)1 i+pla4 o2 a 1li/io-+ +40ol oncla++oo0 ?all+ 0a4 )av1 an in2l-1nc1 on p-pil+ an +o it cannot 1a+onal4 1a++1t1 t)at it o1+ o o1+ not )av1 an 1221ct on 4o-n/ p1+on+ ?)o+1 conviction+a1 +till in t)1 poc1++ o2 1in/ 2o01.

Ho?1v15 it i+ -n1+tanal1 t)at t)1 2i+t applicant 0i/)t +11 in t)1 i+pla4 o2c-ci2iQ1+ in t)1 cla++oo0+ o2 t)1 Stat1 +c)ool 2o01l4 att1n1 4 )1 c)il1n alac: o2 1+p1ct on t)1 Stat1+ pat 2o )1 i/)t to 1n+-1 t)1i 1-cation an t1ac)in/in con2o0it4 ?it) )1 o?n p)ilo+op)ical conviction+. B1 t)at a+ it 0a45 t)1

applicant+ +-,1ctiv1 p1c1ption i+ not in it+1l2 +-22ici1nt to 1+tali+) a 1ac) o2Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. ".

%. T)1 Gov1n01nt5 2o t)1i pat5 1Qplain1 t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+5 1in/ t)1 1+-lt o2 Ital4+ )i+toical 1v1lop01nt5 a 2act ?)ic)/av1 it not onl4 a 1li/io-+ connotation -t al+o an i1ntit47lin:1 on15 no?co1+pon1 to a taition ?)ic) t)14 con+i11 it i0potant to p1p1t-at1. T)14a1 t)at5 14on it+ 1li/io-+ 01anin/5 t)1 c-ci2iQ +40oli+1 t)1 pincipl1+ anval-1+ ?)ic) 2o01 t)1 2o-nation o2 10ocac4 an ?1+t1n civili+ation5 an t)atit+ p1+1nc1 in cla++oo0+ ?a+ ,-+ti2ial1 on t)at acco-nt.

%!. T)1 Co-t ta:1+ t)1 vi1? t)at t)1 1ci+ion ?)1t)1 o not to p1p1t-at1 a taition2all+ in pincipl1 ?it)in t)1 0a/in o2 app1ciation o2 t)1 1+pon1nt Stat1. T)1 Co-t



0-+t 0o1ov1 ta:1 into acco-nt t)1 2act t)at E-op1 i+ 0a:1 4 a /1at iv1+it4 1t?11n t)1 Stat1+ o2 ?)ic) it i+ co0po+15 patic-lal4 in t)1 +p)11 o2 c-lt-al an)i+toical 1v1lop01nt. It 10p)a+i+1+5 )o?1v15 t)at t)1 1211nc1 to a taitioncannot 1li1v1 a Contactin/ Stat1 o2 it+ oli/ation to 1+p1ct t)1 i/)t+ an 211o0+1n+)in1 in t)1 Conv1ntion an it+ 8otocol+.

A+ 1/a+ t)1 Gov1n01nt+ opinion on t)1 01anin/ o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ5 t)1 Co-t not1+t)at t)1 Con+i/lio i Stato an t)1 Co-t o2 Ca++ation )av1 iv1/in/ vi1?+ in t)at1/a an t)at t)1 Con+tit-tional Co-t )a+ not /iv1n a -lin/ (+11 paa/ap)+ "% an*3 aov1&. It i+ not 2o t)1 Co-t to ta:1 a po+ition 1/ain/ a o01+tic 1at1 a0on/o01+tic co-t+.

%P. T)1 2act 10ain+ t)at t)1 Contactin/ Stat1+ 1n,o4 a 0a/in o2 app1ciation int)1i 122ot+ to 1concil1 1Q1ci+1 o2 t)1 2-nction+ t)14 a++-01 in 1lation to 1-cationan t1ac)in/ ?it) 1+p1ct 2o t)1 i/)t o2 pa1nt+ to 1n+-1 +-c) 1-cation ant1ac)in/ in con2o0it4 ?it) t)1i o?n 1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+ (+11

paa/ap)+ %"7%* aov1&.

T)at appli1+ to o/ani+ation o2 t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt an to t)1 +1ttin/ an plannin/o2 t)1 c-ic-l-0 (a+ t)1 Co-t )a+ al1a4 point1 o-t6 +11 1++1ntiall4 t)1 ,-/01nt+cit1 aov1 in t)1 ca+1+ o2 =,1l+1n5 B-+: Ma+1n an 811+1n5 73 Fol/1[5 !# an @1n/in5 "7* paa/ap) %* aov1&. T)1 Co-t t)112o1 )a+ a -t4 in

pincipl1 to 1+p1ct t)1 Contactin/ Stat1+ 1ci+ion+ in t)1+1 0att1+5 incl-in/ t)1 plac1 t)14 acco to 1li/ion5 povi1 t)at t)o+1 1ci+ion+ o not l1a to a 2o0 o2inoctination (ii.&.

. T)1 Co-t concl-1+ in t)1 p1+1nt ca+1 t)at t)1 1ci+ion ?)1t)1 c-ci2iQ1++)o-l 1 p1+1nt in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ i+5 in pincipl15 a 0att1 2allin/ ?it)int)1 0a/in o2 app1ciation o2 t)1 1+pon1nt Stat1. Mo1ov15 t)1 2act t)at t)11 i+ noE-op1an con+1n+-+ on t)1 -1+tion o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in Stat1+c)ool+ (+11 paa/ap)+ *%7*! aov1& +p1a:+ in 2avo- o2 t)at appoac).

T)i+ 0a/in o2 app1ciation5 )o?1v15 /o1+ )an in )an ?it) E-op1an +-p1vi+ion(+115 2o 1Qa0pl15 0-tati+ 0-tani+5 L14la \a)in5 cit1 aov15 ""&5 t)1 Co-t+ ta+:in t)1 p1+1nt ca+1 1in/ to 1t10in1 ?)1t)1 t)1 li0it 01ntion1 in paa/ap) %Paov1 )a+ 11n 1Qc111.

". In t)at conn1ction5 it i+ t-1 t)at 4 p1+ciin/ t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ W a +i/n ?)ic)5 ?)1t)1 o not it i+ acco1 in aition a +1c-la+40olic val-15 -no-t1l4 121+ to C)i+tianit4 W t)1 1/-lation+ con21 on t)1co-nt4+ 0a,oit4 1li/ion p1pon1ant vi+iilit4 in t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt.

T)at i+ not in it+1l2 +-22ici1nt5 )o?1v15 to 1not1 a poc1++ o2 inoctination on t)11+pon1nt Stat1+ pat an 1+tali+) a 1ac) o2 t)1 1-i101nt+ o2 Aticl1 * o28otocol No. ".

T)1 Co-t 121+ on t)i+ point5 0-tati+ 0-tani+5 to t)1 p1vio-+l4 cit1 Fol/1[ an@1n/in ,-/01nt+. In t)1 Fol/1[ ca+15 in ?)ic) it ?a+ call1 -pon to 1Qa0in1 t)1

cont1nt o2 C)i+tianit45 1li/ion an p)ilo+op)4 (=RL& l1++on+5 it 2o-n t)at t)1 2actt)at t)1 +4lla-+ /av1 a la/1 +)a1 to :no?l1/1 o2 t)1 C)i+tian 1li/ion t)an to t)at



o2 ot)1 1li/ion+ an p)ilo+op)i1+ co-l not in it+1l2 1 vi1?1 a+ a 1pat-1 2o0t)1 pincipl1+ o2 pl-ali+0 an o,1ctivit4 a0o-ntin/ to inoctination. It 1Qplain1t)at in vi1? o2 t)1 plac1 occ-pi1 4 C)i+tianit4 in t)1 )i+to4 an taition o2 t)11+pon1nt Stat1 W No?a4 W t)i+ -1+tion )a to 1 1/a1 a+ 2allin/ ?it)in t)10a/in o2 app1ciation l12t to it in plannin/ an +1ttin/ t)1 c-ic-l-0 (+11 Fol/1[5

cit1 aov15 !P&. It 1ac)1 a +i0ila concl-+ion in t)1 cont1Qt o2 1li/io-+ c-lt-1an 1t)ic+ cla++1+ in T-:i+) +c)ool+5 ?)11 t)1 +4lla-+ /av1 /1at1 po0in1nc1 to:no?l1/1 o2 I+la0 on t)1 /o-n t)at5 not?it)+tanin/ t)1 Stat1+ +1c-la nat-15I+la0 ?a+ t)1 0a,oit4 1li/ion pacti+1 in T-:14 (+11 @1n/in5 cit1 aov15 %3&.

*. F-t)10o15 a c-ci2iQ on a ?all i+ an 1++1ntiall4 pa++iv1 +40ol an t)i+ point i+o2 i0potanc1 in t)1 Co-t+ vi1?5 patic-lal4 )avin/ 1/a to t)1 pincipl1 o2n1-talit4 (+11 paa/ap) % aov1&. It cannot 1 1101 to )av1 an in2l-1nc1 on

p-pil+ co0paal1 to t)at o2 iactic +p11c) o paticipation in 1li/io-+ activiti1+ (+11on t)1+1 point+ Fol/1[ an @1n/in5 cit1 aov15 P# an %# 1+p1ctiv1l4&.

3. T)1 Co-t o+1v1+ t)at5 in it+ ,-/01nt o2 3 Nov101 *P5 t)1 C)a01a/11 ?it) t)1 +-0i++ion t)at t)1 i+pla4 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in cla++oo0+ ?o-l )av1 a+i/ni2icant i0pact on t)1 +1con an t)i applicant+5 a/1 1l1v1n an t)it11n at t)1ti01. T)1 C)a01 2o-n t)at5 in t)1 cont1Qt o2 p-lic 1-cation5 c-ci2iQ1+5 ?)ic) it?a+ i0po++il1 not to notic1 in cla++oo0+5 ?11 n1c1++ail4 p1c1iv1 a+ an int1/al

pat o2 t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt an co-l t)112o1 1 con+i11 po?12-l 1Qt1nal+40ol+ ?it)in t)1 01anin/ o2 t)1 1ci+ion in Da)la5 cit1 aov1 (+11 # an o2 t)1 ,-/01nt&.

T)1 Gan C)a01 o1+ not a/11 ?it) t)at appoac). It con+i1+ t)at t)at 1ci+ioncannot +1v1 a+ a a+i+ in t)i+ ca+1 1ca-+1 t)1 2act+ o2 t)1 t?o ca+1+ a1 1nti1l4i2211nt.

It point+ o-t t)at t)1 ca+1 o2 Da)la conc1n1 t)1 01a+-1 po)iitin/ t)1 applicant2o0 ?1ain/ t)1 I+la0ic )1a+ca2 ?)il1 t1ac)in/5 ?)ic) ?a+ int1n1 to pot1ct t)11li/io-+ 1li12+ o2 t)1 p-pil+ an t)1i pa1nt+ an to appl4 t)1 pincipl1 o21no0inational n1-talit4 in +c)ool+ 1n+)in1 in o01+tic la?. A2t1 o+1vin/ t)att)1 a-t)oiti1+ )a -l4 ?1i/)1 t)1 co0p1tin/ int11+t+ involv15 t)1 Co-t )1l5)avin/ 1/a aov1 all to t)1 t1n1 a/1 o2 t)1 c)il1n 2o ?)o0 t)1 applicant ?a+1+pon+il15 t)at t)1 a-t)oiti1+ )a not 1Qc111 t)1i 0a/in o2 app1ciation.

#. Mo1ov15 t)1 1221ct+ o2 t)1 /1at1 vi+iilit4 ?)ic) t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ/iv1+ to C)i+tianit4 in +c)ool+ n11+ to 1 2-t)1 plac1 in p1+p1ctiv1 4con+i1ation o2 t)1 2ollo?in/ point+. Fi+tl45 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ i+ nota++ociat1 ?it) co0p-l+o4 t1ac)in/ ao-t C)i+tianit4 (+11 t)1 co0paativ17la?in2o0ation +1t o-t in @1n/in5 cit1 aov15 33&. S1conl45 accoin/ to t)1inication+ povi1 4 t)1 Gov1n01nt5 Ital4 op1n+ -p t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt in

paall1l to ot)1 1li/ion+. T)1 Gov1n01nt inicat1 in t)i+ conn1ction t)at it ?a+ not2oi1n 2o p-pil+ to ?1a I+la0ic )1a+cav1+ o ot)1 +40ol+ o appa1l )avin/ a1li/io-+ connotation alt1nativ1 aan/101nt+ ?11 po++il1 to )1lp +c)oolin/ 2it in?it) non70a,oit4 1li/io-+ pactic1+ t)1 1/innin/ an 1n o2 Ra0aan ?11 o2t1nc1l1at1 in +c)ool+ an optional 1li/io-+ 1-cation co-l 1 o/ani+1 in +c)ool+

2o all 1co/ni+1 1li/io-+ c11+ (+11 paa/ap) 3P aov1&. Mo1ov15 t)11 ?a+



not)in/ to +-//1+t t)at t)1 a-t)oiti1+ ?11 intol1ant o2 p-pil+ ?)o 1li1v1 in ot)11li/ion+5 ?11 non71li1v1+ o ?)o )1l non71li/io-+ p)ilo+op)ical conviction+.

In aition5 t)1 applicant+ i not a++1t t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in cla++oo0+)a 1nco-a/1 t)1 1v1lop01nt o2 t1ac)in/ pactic1+ ?it) a po+1l4ti+in/ t1n1nc45

o clai0 t)at t)1 +1con an t)i applicant+ )a 1v1 1Qp1i1nc1 a t1n1ntio-+1211nc1 to t)at p1+1nc1 4 a t1ac)1 in t)1 1Q1ci+1 o2 )i+ o )1 2-nction+.

. La+tl45 t)1 Co-t not1+ t)at t)1 2i+t applicant 1tain1 in 2-ll )1 i/)t a+ a pa1ntto 1nli/)t1n an avi+1 )1 c)il1n5 to 1Q1ci+1 in t)1i 1/a )1 nat-al 2-nction+a+ 1-cato an to /-i1 t)10 on a pat) in lin1 ?it) )1 o?n p)ilo+op)icalconviction+ (+115 in patic-la5 =,1l+1n5 B-+: Ma+1n an 811+1n an ;al+a0i+5cit1 aov15 # an 3" 1+p1ctiv1l4&.

%. It 2ollo?+ 2o0 t)1 2o1/oin/ t)at5 in 1ciin/ to :11p c-ci2iQ1+ in t)1cla++oo0+ o2 t)1 Stat1 +c)ool att1n1 4 t)1 2i+t applicant+ c)il1n5 t)1 a-t)oiti1+

act1 ?it)in t)1 li0it+ o2 t)1 0a/in o2 app1ciation l12t to t)1 1+pon1nt Stat1 in t)1cont1Qt o2 it+ oli/ation to 1+p1ct5 in t)1 1Q1ci+1 o2 t)1 2-nction+ it a++-01+ in1lation to 1-cation an t1ac)in/5 t)1 i/)t o2 pa1nt+ to 1n+-1 +-c) 1-cation ant1ac)in/ in con2o0it4 ?it) t)1i o?n 1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+.

. T)1 Co-t accoin/l4 concl-1+ t)at t)11 )a+ 11n no violation o2 Aticl1 * o28otocol No. " in 1+p1ct o2 t)1 2i+t applicant. It 2-t)1 con+i1+ t)at no +1paat1i++-1 ai+1+ -n1 Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion.

*. T)1 ca+1 o2 t)1 +1con an t)i applicant+

!. T)1 Co-t con+i1+ t)at5 ?)1n 1a a+ it +)o-l 1 in t)1 li/)t o2 Aticl1 P o2 t)1Conv1ntion an t)1 +1con +1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. "5 t)1 2i+t +1nt1nc1o2 t)at povi+ion /-aant11+ +c)oolc)il1n t)1 i/)t to 1-cation in a 2o0 ?)ic)1+p1ct+ t)1i i/)t to 1li1v1 o not to 1li1v1. It t)112o1 -n1+tan+ ?)4 p-pil+?)o a1 in 2avo- o2 +1c-lai+0 0a4 +11 in t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in t)1cla++oo0+ o2 t)1 Stat1 +c)ool t)14 att1n an in2in/101nt o2 t)1 i/)t+ t)14 1iv12o0 t)o+1 povi+ion+.

Ho?1v15 it con+i1+5 2o t)1 1a+on+ /iv1n in conn1ction ?it) it+ 1Qa0ination o2 t)12i+t applicant+ ca+15 t)at t)11 )a+ 11n no violation o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " in

1+p1ct o2 t)1 +1con an t)i applicant+. It 2-t)1 con+i1+ t)at no +1paat1 i++-1ai+1+ in t)1 ca+1 -n1 Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion.

II. ALLEGED ;IOLATION OF ARTICLE "# OF THE CON;ENTION

P. T)1 applicant+ +-0itt1 t)at 1ca-+1 t)1 +1con an t)i applicant+ )a 11n1Qpo+1 to t)1 c-ci2iQ1+ i+pla41 in t)1 cla++oo0+ o2 t)1 Stat1 +c)ool t)14att1n15 all t)11 o2 t)105 not 1in/ Cat)olic+5 )a +-2211 a i+ci0inato4i2211nc1 in t1at01nt in 1lation to Cat)olic pa1nt+ an t)1i c)il1n. A/-in/ t)att)1 pincipl1+ 1n+)in1 in Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion an Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No." a1 1in2oc1 4 t)1 povi+ion+ o2 Aticl1 "# 1 la Conv1ntion5 t)14 co0plain1 o2

a violation o2 t)1 latt1 Aticl15 ?)ic) povi1+6



T)1 1n,o401nt o2 t)1 i/)t+ an 211o0+ +1t 2ot) in t)1V Conv1ntion +)all 1+1c-1 ?it)o-t i+ci0ination on an4 /o-n +-c) a+ +1Q5 ac15 colo-5 lan/-a/151li/ion5 political o ot)1 opinion5 national o +ocial oi/in5 a++ociation ?it) anational 0inoit45 pop1t45 it) o ot)1 +tat-+.

!. T)1 C)a01 )1l t)at5 1/a 1in/ )a to t)1 cic-0+tanc1+ o2 t)1 ca+1 an t)11a+onin/ ?)ic) )a l1 it to 2in a violation o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " ta:1nto/1t)1 ?it) Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion5 t)11 ?a+ no ca-+1 to 1Qa0in1 t)1 ca+1-n1 Aticl1 "# al+o5 ?)1t)1 ta:1n +1paat1l4 o in con,-nction ?it) t)o+1

povi+ion+.

!". T)1 Co-t5 ?)ic) not1+ t)at littl1 a/-01nt )a+ 11n p1+1nt1 in +-ppot o2 t)i+co0plaint5 1it1at1+ t)at Aticl1 "# o2 t)1 Conv1ntion )a+ no in1p1n1nt 1Qi+t1nc15+inc1 it )a+ 1221ct +ol1l4 in 1lation to t)1 1n,o401nt o2 t)1 i/)t+ an 211o0++a21/-a1 4 t)1 ot)1 +-+tantiv1 povi+ion+ o2 t)1 Conv1ntion an it+ 8otocol+.

8oc11in/ on t)1 a++-0ption t)at t)1 applicant+ ?i+)1 to co0plain o2i+ci0ination 1/ain/ t)1i 1n,o401nt o2 t)1 i/)t+ /-aant11 4 Aticl1 P o2 t)1Conv1ntion an Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " on acco-nt o2 t)1 2act t)at t)14 ?11 nota)11nt+ o2 t)1 Cat)olic 1li/ion an t)at t)1 +1con an t)i o2 t)10 )a 11n1Qpo+1 to t)1 +i/)t o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in t)1 cla++oo0+ o2 t)1 Stat1 +c)ool t)14 att1n15t)1 Co-t o1+ not +11 in t)o+1 co0plaint+ an4 i++-1 i+tinct 2o0 t)o+1 it )a+ al1a41t10in1 -n1 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. ". T)11 i+ accoin/l4 no ca-+1 to1Qa0in1 t)i+ pat o2 t)1 application.

FOR THESE REASONS5 THE COURT

". Hol+5 4 2i2t11n vot1+ to t?o5 t)at t)11 )a+ 11n no violation o2 Aticl1 * o28otocol No. " an t)at no +1paat1 i++-1 ai+1+ -n1 Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion

*. Hol+ -nani0o-+l4 t)at t)11 i+ no ca-+1 to 1Qa0in1 t)1 co0plaint -n1Aticl1 "# o2 t)1 Conv1ntion.

Don1 in En/li+) an in F1nc)5 an 1liv11 at a p-lic )1ain/ in t)1 H-0an Ri/)t+B-ilin/5 Sta+o-/5 on "! Mac) *"".

Ei: Fi1/) '1an78a-l Co+taR1/i+ta 81+i1nt

In accoanc1 ?it) Aticl1 # * o2 t)1 Conv1ntion an R-l1 # * o2 t)1 R-l1+ o2Co-t5 t)1 2ollo?in/ +1paat1 opinion+ a1 ann1Q1 to t)i+ ,-/01nt6

(a& Conc-in/ opinion o2 '-/1 Ro9a:i+ ,oin1 4 '-/1 ;a,i<

(& Conc-in/ opinion o2 '-/1 Bon1llo

(c& Conc-in/ opinion o2 '-/1 8o?1



(& Di++1ntin/ opinion o2 '-/1 Malinv1ni ,oin1 4 '-/1 =ala4,i1va.

'.78.C.E.F.

CONCURRING O8INION OF 'UDGE RO@A=IS 'OINEDBY 'UDGE ;A'I^

T)1 0ain i++-1 to 1 1+olv1 in t)i+ ca+1 i+ t)1 1221ct o2 t)1 application o2 t)1 popotionalit4 t1+t to t)1 2act+. 8opotionalit4 1t?11n5 on t)1 on1 )an5 t)1 i/)t o2 pa1nt+ to 1n+-1 t)1i c)il1n+ 1-cation an t1ac)in/ in con2o0it4 ?it) t)1i o?n1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+5 an5 on t)1 ot)1 )an5 t)1 i/)t o int11+t o2at l1a+t a v14 la/1 +1/01nt o2 +oci1t4 to i+pla4 1li/io-+ +40ol+ a+ a 0ani21+tationo2 1li/ion o 1li12. Con+1-1ntl45 ot) t)1 co0p1tin/ val-1+ involv1 in t)i+ ca+1

a1 +i0-ltan1o-+l4 pot1ct1 4 t)1 Conv1ntion5 t)o-/) Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. "(t)1 l1Q +p1ciali+&5 1a in t)1 li/)t o2 Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion5 in +o 2a a+ t)1

pa1nt+ a1 conc1n15 an Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion5 in +o 2a a+ +oci1t4+ i/)t+ a1conc1n1.

Conc1nin/5 2i+t5 t)1 pa1nt+ i/)t5 t)1 Co-t+ ,-/01nt -n1lin1+ t)at t)1 ?o1+p1ct in t)1 +1con +1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " 01an+ 0o1 t)anac:no?l1/1 o ta:1 into acco-nt in aition to a pi0ail4 n1/ativ1 oli/ation5 iti0pli1+ +o01 po+itiv1 oli/ation on t)1 pat o2 t)1 Stat1 (+11 paa/ap) %" o2 t)1

,-/01nt&. Y1t t)1 1+p1ct -1 to t)1 pa1nt+5 1v1n in t)1 2o0 o2 +o01 po+itiv1oli/ation5 o1+ not p1v1nt Stat1+ 2o0 i0patin/ t)o-/) t1ac)in/ o 1-cationin2o0ation o :no?l1/1 o2 a i1ctl4 o ini1ctl4 1li/io-+ o p)ilo+op)ical :in. Ito1+ not 1v1n p10it pa1nt+ to o,1ct to t)1 int1/ation o2 +-c) t1ac)in/ o 1-cationin t)1 +c)ool c-ic-l-0 (+11 paa/ap) %*&.

T)i+ la+t 1211nc1 to t)1 Conv1ntion+ ca+17la? n11+5 I t)in:5 +o01 2-t)1 anal4+i+.It i+ ini+p-tal1 t)at Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " 1n+)in1+ t)1 2-na01ntal i/)t to1-cation6 a +aco+anct inivi-al i/)t W ?)ic) -no-t1l4 can al+o 1 +11n 2o0t)1 an/l1 o2 a +ocial i/)t W t)at +110+ to 1 con+tantl4 /ainin/ /o-n in o-E-op1an +oci1ti1+. Ho?1v15 ?)il1 t)1 i/)t to 1-cation con+tit-t1+ on1 o2 t)1con1+ton1+ o2 t)1 pot1ction o2 inivi-al+ -n1 t)1 Conv1ntion5 t)1 +a01 cannot

1 +ai ?it) 1-al 2oc15 to 04 0in5 o2 t)1 +-oinat1 i/)t o2 pa1nt+ to 1n+-1t)1i c)il1n+ 1-cation in accoanc1 ?it) t)1i 1li/io-+ o p)ilo+op)ical 1li12+.H11 0att1+ i221 con+i1al45 2o a n-01 o2 1a+on+6

(i& t)at i/)t5 alt)o-/) lin:1 to t)1 i/)t to 1-cation5 o1+ not i1ctl4 v1+t in t)1 a+ic 1cipi1nt o2 t)1 i/)t5 na01l45 in t)1 1cipi1nt o2 t)1 1-cation5 t)at i+5 t)1 on1?)o )a+ t)1 i/)t to 1 1-cat1. It v1+t+ in t)1 pa1nt+ W ?)o+1 i1ct i/)t to1-cation i+ not at +ta:1 in t)1 cic-0+tanc1+ W an i+ li0it1 to on1 a+p1ct o21-cation alon16 t)1i 1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+.

(ii& alt)o-/) t)11 i+ a0itt1l4 an ovio-+ 1lation+)ip 1t?11n t)1 1-cation t)at

c)il1n 1c1iv1 in t)1i +c)ool+ an t)1 1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical i1a+ anopinion+5 1ivin/ 2o0 conviction+5 ?)ic) 1Qi+t in t)1 2a0il4 1nvion01nt W a



1lation+)ip t)at 1-i1+ a 1/11 o2 )a0oni+ation in t)1+1 0att1+ 1t?11n t)1+c)ool an )o01 1nvion01nt+ W E-op1 )a+ n1v1t)1l1++ c)an/1 a0aticall41/ain/ t)i+ a+p1ct a+ ?1ll a+ ot)1+ +inc1 8otocol No. " ?a+ aopt1. Mo+t o2 -+no? liv1 in 0-ltic-lt-al5 0-lti71t)nic +oci1ti1+ ?it)in o- national Stat1+5 a 21at-1?)ic) )a+ 1co01 a co00on c)aact1i+tic o2 t)o+1 +oci1ti1+5 an c)il1n livin/ in

t)at 1nvion01nt a1 1Qpo+15 in t)1i 1v14a4 li215 to i1a+ an opinion+ ?)ic) /o 14on t)o+1 10anatin/ 2o0 +c)ool an t)1i pa1nt+. H-0an 1lation+ o-t+i1 t)1 pa1ntal oo2 an 0o1n 01an+ o2 co00-nication -no-t1l4 conti-t1 to t)at1221ct. A+ a con+1-1nc15 c)il1n 1co01 acc-+to01 to 1c1ivin/ a vai1t4 o221-1ntl4 con2lictin/ i1a+ an opinion+ an t)1 ol1 o2 ot) +c)ool an pa1nt+ int)1+1 0att1+ )a+ 1co01 1lativ1l4 l1++ in2l-1ntial.

(iii& a+ a 1+-lt o2 t)1 c)an/1 co0po+ition o2 o- +oci1ti1+5 it i+ inc1a+in/l4 i22ic-lt2o a Stat1 to cat1 2o t)1 inivi-al n11+ o2 pa1nt+ on 1-cational i++-1+. I ?o-l/o a+ 2a a+ +a4in/ t)at it+ 0ain conc1n5 an t)i+ i+ a vali conc1n5 +)o-l 1 to o221c)il1n an 1-cation ?)ic) ?ill 1n+-1 t)1i 2-ll1+t int1/ation into t)1 +oci1t4 in

?)ic) t)14 liv1 an p1pa1 t)105 in t)1 1+t po++il1 ?a45 to cop1 1221ctiv1l4 ?it)t)1 1Qp1ctation+ t)at t)at +oci1t4 )a+ o2 it+ 0101+. Alt)o-/) t)i+ c)aact1i+tic o21-cation i+ not a n1? on1 W it )a+ 1Qi+t1 +inc1 ti01 i0010oial W it )a+ 1c1ntl4ac-i1 0o1 ovio-+ i0potanc1 1ca-+1 o2 t)1 patic-laiti1+ o2 o- 1a an t)1co0po+ition o2 +oci1ti1+ toa4. A/ain5 t)1 -ti1+ o2 t)1 Stat1 )av1 la/1l4 +)i2t12o0 conc1n+ o2 pa1nt+ to conc1n+ o2 +oci1t4 at la/15 t)-+ 1-cin/ t)1 1Qt1nt o2t)1 pa1nt+ ailit4 to 1t10in15 o-t+i1 t)1 )o015 t)1 :in o2 1-cation t)at t)1ic)il1n 1c1iv1.

In concl-+ion5 it +110+ to 01 t)at5 -nli:1 ot)1 /-aant11+ o2 t)1 Conv1ntion5 in1+p1ct o2 ?)ic) t)1 ca+17la? o2 t)1 Conv1ntion )a+ inc1a+1 t)1 p-vi1? o2

pot1ction5 incl-in/ t)1 i/)t to 1-cation5 t)1 i/)t o2 pa1nt+5 -n1 t)1 +1con+1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. "5 o1+ not +110 1ali+ticall4 to 1 /ainin/?1i/)t in t)1 alancin/ 1Q1ci+1 o2 t)1 popotionalit4 t1+t.

At t)1 ot)1 1n o2 t)1 +p1ct-05 1p1+1ntin/ t)1 ot)1 li0 o2 t)1 popotionalit41-ation5 li1+ t)1 i/)t o2 +oci1t45 a+ 12l1ct1 in t)1 a-t)oiti1+ 01a+-1 in0aintainin/ c-ci2iQ1+ on t)1 ?all+ o2 Stat1 +c)ool+5 to 0ani21+t t)1i (0a,oit4&1li/io-+ 1li12+. Do1+ t)i+ i/)t5 in t)1 cic-0+tanc1+ o2 t)1 ca+15 ov1i1 t)1 i/)t o2

pa1nt+ to 1-cat1 t)1i c)il1n in accoanc1 ?it) t)1i 1li/ion an W 0o1+p1ci2icall4 in t)1 cic-0+tanc1+ o2 t)1 p1+1nt ca+1 W t)1i p)ilo+op)ical conviction+_

T)1 an+?1 +)o-l 1 /iv1n 4 int1p1tin/ t)1 Conv1ntion ca+17la? an appl4in/ itto t)1 patic-la cic-0+tanc1+ o2 t)i+ ca+1. An t)1 2i+t -1+tion ?)ic) 0-+t 1+1ttl1 i+ t)1 i++-1 o2 a E-op1an con+1n+-+. I+ t)11 an4 E-op1an con+1n+-+ on t)10att1 W allo?in/5 i0po+in/ o po)iitin/ t)1 i+pla4 o2 C)i+tian 1li/io-+ +40ol+in Stat1 +c)ool+ W ?)ic) +)o-l 1t10in1 t)1 po+ition o2 t)1 Co-t on t)1 0att1_

T)1 an+?1 101/1+ cl1al4 2o0 t)i+ v14 ,-/01nt o2 t)1 Co-t5 an 2o0 t)1 pat1alin/ ?it) t)1 ov1vi1? o2 la? an pactic1 in t)1 0101 Stat1+ o2 t)1 Co-ncil o2E-op1 ?it) 1/a to t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in Stat1 +c)ool+ (+11

paa/ap)+ *% 1t +1.&6 t)11 i+ no con+1n+-+ a0on/ E-op1an Stat1+ po)iitin/ t)1

p1+1nc1 o2 +-c) 1li/io-+ +40ol+5 an 21? Stat1+ 1Qp1++l4 2oi t)10. T)11 i+5 o2co-+15 a /o?in/ t1n to?a+ po+ciin/ t)1 po++iilit4 o2 i+pla4in/ c-ci2iQ1+ in



Stat1 +c)ool+ W 0ainl4 t)o-/) -lin/+ o2 t)1 )i/)1 national co-t+ W -t t)1 n-01o2 Stat1+ t)at )av1 aopt1 01a+-1+ po)iitin/ t)1 i+pla4 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in p-lic

plac1+ an t)1 1Qt1nt o2 o01+tic ,-icial activit4 o not allo? t)1 Co-t to p1+-01t)at a con+1n+-+ )a+ 11n 1ac)1 a/ain+t i+pla4in/ t)10. T)i+ i+ patic-lal4 t-1 i2on1 ta:1+ into acco-nt t)at t)11 a1 a n-01 o2 Stat1+ in E-op1 ?)11 t)1 C)i+tian

1li/ion i+ +till t)1 o22icial o p1o0inant 1li/ion an5 0o1ov15 a+ I )av1 ,-+t-n1+co15 t)at a n-01 o2 Stat1+ cl1al4 allo?5 t)o-/) t)1i la? o pactic15c-ci2iQ1+ to 1 i+pla41 in p-lic plac1+.

It +)o-l 1 o+1v1 )115 ?)il1 ?1 a1 on t)1 +-,1ct o2 a con+1n+-+5 t)at t)1 Co-ti+ a co-t o2 la?5 not a l1/i+lativ1 o4. )1n1v1 it 10a:+ on a +1ac) 2o t)1li0it+ o2 t)1 Conv1ntion+ pot1ction5 it ca12-ll4 ta:1+ into con+i1ation t)1 1Qi+tin/1/11 o2 pot1ction at t)1 l1v1l o2 t)1 E-op1an Stat1+ it can5 o2 co-+15 a22o to1v1lop t)at pot1ction at a l1v1l )i/)1 t)an t)1 on1 o2211 4 a +p1ci2ic 1+pon1ntStat15 -t on conition t)at t)11 a1 +ton/ inication+ t)at a /1at n-01 o2 ot)1E-op1an Stat1+ )av1 al1a4 aopt1 t)at 1/11 o2 pot1ction5 o t)at t)11 i+ a cl1a

t1n to?a+ an inc1a+1 l1v1l o2 pot1ction. T)at pincipl1 cannot po+itiv1l4 appl4in t)1 p1+1nt ca+15 alt)o-/) t)11 i+ a0itt1l4 an 101/in/ t1n to?a+

po)iitin/ t)1 i+pla4 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in p-lic in+tit-tion+.

In vi1? o2 t)1 2act t)at t)11 i+ +till a 0iQ1 pactic1 a0on/ E-op1an Stat1+ on t)1i++-15 t)1 onl4 10ainin/ /-ianc1 2o t)1 Co-t in ac)i1vin/ t)1 co1ct alanc1

1t?11n t)1 i/)t+ involv1 co01+ 2o0 it+ pio ca+17la?. T)1 :14?o+ 1ivin/2o0 t)1 pio ca+17la? a1 n1-talit4 an i0patialit4. A+ t)1 Co-t )a+ not1 in t)1

p1+1nt ,-/01nt5 Stat1+ )av1 1+pon+iilit4 2o 1n+-in/5 n1-tall4 an i0patiall45t)1 1Q1ci+1 o2 vaio-+ 1li/ion+5 2ait)+ an 1li12+. T)1i ol1 i+ to )1lp 0aintain

p-lic o15 1li/io-+ )a0on4 an tol1anc1 in a 10ocatic +oci1t45 patic-lal4 1t?11n oppo+in/ /o-p+ (+11 paa/ap) %5 in 2in1&.

It i+5 I t)in:5 ini+p-tal1 t)at t)1 i+pla4 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Italian Stat1 +c)ool+ )a+ a1li/io-+ +40oli+0 t)at )a+ an i0pact on t)1 oli/ation o2 n1-talit4 an i0patialit4o2 t)1 Stat15 1+pit1 t)1 2act t)at in a 0o1n E-op1an +oci1t4 +40ol+ +110 to 1/a-all4 lo+in/ t)1 v14 i0potant ?1i/)t t)at t)14 -+1 to )av1 in t)1 pa+t an 0o1

pa/0atic an ationali+tic appoac)1+ no? 1t10in15 2o la/1 +1/01nt+ o2 t)1 pop-lation5 t)1 1al +ocial an i1olo/ical val-1+.

T)1 -1+tion ?)ic) t)112o1 ai+1+ at t)i+ ,-nct-1 i+ ?)1t)1 t)1 i+pla4 o2 t)1

c-ci2iQ not onl4 a221ct+ n1-talit4 an i0patialit45 ?)ic) it cl1al4 o1+5 -t ?)1t)1t)1 1Qt1nt o2 t)1 tan+/1++ion ,-+ti2i1+ a 2inin/ o2 a violation o2 t)1 Conv1ntion int)1 cic-0+tanc1+ o2 t)1 p1+1nt ca+1. H11 I concl-15 not ?it)o-t +o01 )1+itation5t)at it o1+ not5 in accoanc1 ?it) t)1 0ain 1a+onin/ o2 t)1 Co-t+ appoac) an50o1 patic-lal45 t)1 ol1 o2 t)1 0a,oit4 1li/ion o2 Italian +oci1t4 (+11 paa/ap)"&5 t)1 1++1ntiall4 pa++iv1 nat-1 o2 t)1 +40ol5 ?)ic) cannot a0o-nt toinoctination (+11 paa/ap) *&5 an al+o t)1 1-cational cont1Qt ?it)in ?)ic) t)1c-ci2iQ app1a+ on t)1 ?all+ o2 Stat1 +c)ool+. A+ t)1 ,-/01nt )a+ point1 o-t52Vi+tl45 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ i+ not a++ociat1 ?it) co0p-l+o4 t1ac)in/ ao-tC)i+tianit4 ... S1conl4 ... Ital4 op1n+ -p t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt in paall1l to ot)11li/ion+. T)1 Gov1n01nt inicat1 in t)i+ conn1ction t)at it ?a+ not 2oi1n 2o

p-pil+ to ?1a I+la0ic )1a+cav1+ o ot)1 +40ol+ o appa1l )avin/ a 1li/io-+connotation alt1nativ1 aan/101nt+ ?11 po++il1 to )1lp +c)oolin/ 2it in ?it) non7



0a,oit4 1li/io-+ pactic1+ ... an optional 1li/io-+ 1-cation co-l 1 o/ani+1 in+c)ool+ 2o all 1co/ni+1 1li/io-+ c11+... (+11 paa/ap) # o2 t)1 ,-/01nt&.T)1+1 1l101nt+5 10on+tatin/ a 1li/io-+ tol1anc1 ?)ic) i+ 1Qp1++1 t)o-/) ali1al appoac) allo?in/ all 1li/ion+ 1no0ination+ to 211l4 0ani21+t t)1i 1li/io-+conviction+ in Stat1 +c)ool+5 a15 to 04 0in5 a 0a,o 2acto in n1-tali+in/ t)1

+40olic i0potanc1 o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in Stat1 +c)ool+.

I ?o-l al+o +a4 t)at t)i+ +a01 li1al appoac) +1v1+ t)1 v14 conc1pt o2n1-talit4 it i+ t)1 ot)1 +i1 o2 t)1 coin 2o05 2o 1Qa0pl15 a polic4 o2 po)iitin/an4 1li/io-+ +40ol+ 2o0 1in/ i+pla41 in p-lic plac1+.

CONCURRING O8INION OF 'UDGE BONELLO

"." A co-t o2 )-0an i/)t+ cannot allo? it+1l2 to +-221 2o0 )i+toical Al9)1i01+.It )a+ no i/)t to i+1/a t)1 c-lt-al contin--0 o2 a nation+ 2lo? t)o-/) ti015 noto i/no1 ?)at5 ov1 t)1 c1nt-i1+5 )a+ +1v1 to 0o-l an 12in1 t)1 po2il1 o2 a

p1opl1. No +-panational co-t )a+ an4 -+in1++ +-+tit-tin/ it+ o?n 1t)ical 0oc:7-p+2o t)o+1 -aliti1+ t)at )i+to4 )a+ i0pint1 on t)1 national i1ntit4. On a )-0ani/)t+ co-t 2all+ t)1 2-nction o2 pot1ctin/ 2-na01ntal i/)t+5 -t n1v1 i/noin/ t)atc-+to0+ a1 not pa++in/ ?)i0+. T)14 1volv1 ov1 ti015 )a1n ov1 )i+to4 into

c-lt-al c101nt. T)14 1co01 12inin/5 all7i0potant a/1+ o2 i1ntit4 2o nation+5ti1+5 1li/ion+5 inivi-al+."V

".* A E-op1an co-t +)o-l not 1 call1 -pon to an:-pt c1nt-i1+ o2 E-op1antaition. No co-t5 c1tainl4 not t)i+ Co-t5 +)o-l o t)1 Italian+ o2 pat o2 t)1ic-lt-al p1+onalit4.

".3 I 1li1v1 t)at 12o1 ,oinin/ an4 c-+a1 to 10oni+1 t)1 c-ci2iQ5 ?1 +)o-l +tat 4 placin/ t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)at 10l10 in Italian +c)ool+ in it+ i/)t2-l )i+toical p1+p1ctiv1. Fo 0an4 c1nt-i1+5 vit-all4 t)1 onl4 1-cation in Ital4 ?a+ povi1 4t)1 C)-c)5 it+ 1li/io-+ o1+ an o/ani+ation+ W an v14 21? 1+i1+. Man45 i2 not0o+t +c)ool+5 coll1/1+5 -niv1+iti1+ an ot)1 in+tit-t1+ o2 l1anin/ in Ital4 )a 11n2o-n15 2-n15 o -n 4 t)1 C)-c)5 it+ 0101+ o it+ o22+)oot+. T)1 0il1+ton1+o2 )i+to4 t-n1 1-cation an C)i+tianit4 into al0o+t int1c)an/1al1 notion+5 an

1ca-+1 o2 t)i+5 t)1 a/17ol p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in Italian +c)ool+ +)o-l co01 a+no +)oc: o +-pi+1. In 2act5 it+ a+1nc1 ?o-l )av1 co01 a+ a +-pi+1 an a +)oc:.

http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/Pages/search.aspx#_ftn1




".# Until 1lativ1l4 1c1ntl45 t)1 +1c-la Stat1 )a )al4 ot)11 ?it) 1-cation5an5 4 12a-lt5 )a 1l1/at1 t)at pi0a4 2-nction to C)i+tian in+tit-tion+. Onl4+lo?l4 i t)1 Stat1 +tat a++-0in/ it+ 1+pon+iiliti1+ to 1-cat1 an to o221 t)1

pop-lation +o01 alt1nativ1+ to a vit-al 1li/io-+ 0onopol4 on 1-cation. T)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in Italian +c)ool+ onl4 t1+ti2i1+ to t)i+ co0p1llin/ an

0ill1nnial )i+toical 1alit4 W it co-l loo+1l4 1 +ai t)at it )a+ 11n t)11 +inc1+c)ool+ )av1 11n t)11. No?5 a co-t in a /la++ oQ a t)o-+an :ilo01t1+ a?a4 )a+

11n 1n/a/1 to v1to ov1ni/)t ?)at )a+ +-viv1 co-ntl1++ /1n1ation+. T)1 Co-t)a+ 11n a+:1 to 1 an acco0plic1 in a 0a,o act o2 c-lt-al vanali+0. I 1li1v1illia0 Fa-l:n1 ?1nt to t)1 co1 o2 t)1 i++-16 t)1 pa+t i+ n1v1 1a. In 2act it i+ not1v1n pa+t.*V Li:1 it o not5 t)1 p12-01+ an t)1 +t1nc) o2 )i+to4 ?ill al?a4+ 1 ?it)4o-.

". It i+ -nin2o01 non+1n+1 to a++1t t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in Italian

+c)ool+ 1a+ ?itn1++ to a 1actiona4 2a+ci+t 01a+-1 i0po+15 in 1t?11n /-lp+ o2ca+to oil5 4 Si/no M-++olini. Hi+ cic-la+ 011l4 too: 2o0al notic1 o2 a )i+toical1alit4 t)at )a p1at1 )i0 4 +1v1al c1nt-i1+ an5 pac1 M+ La-t+i+ anti7c-ci2iQvitiol5 0a4 +till +-viv1 )i0 2o a lon/ ti01. T)i+ Co-t o-/)t to 1 1v1 ca-tio-+ inta:in/ li1ti1+ ?it) ot)1 p1opl1+ li1ti1+5 incl-in/ t)1 li1t4 o2 c)1i+)in/ t)1io?n c-lt-al i0pintin/. )at1v1 t)at i+5 it i+ -n1p1atal1. Nation+ o not 2a+)iont)1i )i+toi1+ on t)1 +p- o2 t)1 0o01nt.

".% T)1 +can+ion o2 t)1 Italian +c)ool cal1na 2-t)1 t1+ti2i1+ to t)1 in1Qtical1)i+toical lin:+ 1t?11n 1-cation an 1li/ion in Ital45 o+tinat1 ti1+ ?)ic) )av1la+t1 t)o-/)o-t t)1 c1nt-i1+. Sc)ool c)il1n to t)1 v14 p1+1nt a4 toil on t)1a4+ con+1cat1 to t)1 pa/an /o+ (Diana$L-na5 Ma+5 H1c-l1+5 'ov15 ;1n-+5Sat-n& an 1+t on S-na4 (o01nica5 t)1 a4 o2 t)1 Lo&. T)1 +c)ool cal1na ap1+t)1 1li/io-+ cal1na clo+1l4 W )olia4+ o-l1 t)1 C)i+tian on1+6 Ea+t15 C)i+t0a+5L1nt5 Canival (can1val15 t)1 ti01 ?)1n c)-c) i+ciplin1 allo?1 t)1 con+-0ptiono2 01at&5 t)1 Epip)an45 81nt1co+t5 t)1 A++-0ption5 Cop-+ Do0ini5 Av1nt5 AllSaint+5 All So-l+6 an ann-al c4cl1 2a 0o1 /lain/l4 non7+1c-lai+t t)an an4 c-ci2iQon an4 ?all. Ma4 it pl1a+1 M+ La-t+i5 in )1 o?n na01 an on 1)al2 o2 +1c-lai+05not to 1nli+t t)1 +1vic1+ o2 t)i+ Co-t to 1n+-1 t)1 +-pp1++ion o2 t)1 Italian +c)ool

cal1na5 anot)1 C)i+tian7c-lt-al )1ita/1 t)at )a+ +-viv1 t)1 c1nt-i1+ ?it)o-tan4 1vi1nc1 o2 i1paal1 )a0 to t)1 po/1++ o2 211o05 10ancipation510ocac4 an civili+ation.

)at i/)t+_ F11o0 o2 1li/ion an con+ci1nc1_

*." T)1 i++-1+ in t)i+ contov1+4 )av1 11n 2-/1 4 a 1ploal1 lac: o2 clait4

an 12inition. T)1 Conv1ntion 1n+)in1+ t)1 pot1ction o2 211o0 o2 1li/ion an o2con+ci1nc1 (Aticl1 P&. Not)in/ l1++5 ovio-+l45 -t littl1 0o1.





*.* In paall1l ?it) 211o0 o2 1li/ion5 t)11 )a+ 1volv1 in civili+1 +oci1ti1+ acatalo/-1 o2 not1?ot)4 (o2t1n la-al1& val-1+ co/nat1 to5 -t i2211nt 2o05211o0 o2 1li/ion5 li:1 +1c-lai+05 pl-ali+05 t)1 +1paation o2 C)-c) an Stat15

1li/io-+ n1-talit45 1li/io-+ tol1anc1. All o2 t)1+1 1p1+1nt +-p1io 10ocaticco00oiti1+ ?)ic) Contactin/ Stat1+ a1 211 to inv1+t in o not to inv1+t in5 an0an4 )av1 on1 ,-+t t)at. B-t t)1+1 a1 not val-1+ pot1ct1 4 t)1 Conv1ntion5 an iti+ 2-na01ntall4 2la?1 to ,-//l1 t)1+1 i++i0ila conc1pt+ a+ i2 t)14 ?11int1c)an/1al1 ?it) 211o0 o2 1li/ion. Sal45 tac1+ o2 +-c) all -t i/oo-+ov1+pill app1a in t)1 Co-t+ ca+17la? too.

*.3 T)1 Conv1ntion )a+ /iv1n t)i+ Co-t t)1 10it to 1n2oc1 211o0 o2 1li/ion ano2 con+ci1nc15 -t )a+ not 10po?11 it to -ll4 Stat1+ into +1c-lai+0 o to co1c1

co-nti1+ into +c)101+ o2 1li/io-+ n1-talit4. It i+ 2o 1ac) inivi-al Stat1 to c)oo+1?)1t)1 to 1 +1c-la o not5 an ?)1t)15 an to ?)at 1Qt1nt5 to +1paat1 C)-c) an/ov1nanc1. )at i+ not 2o t)1 Stat1 to o i+ to 1n4 211o0 o2 1li/ion an o2con+ci1nc1 to an4on1. An i001n+15 aQio0atic c)a+0 +1paat1+ on1 p1+ciptiv1conc1pt 2o0 t)1 ot)1 non7p1+ciptiv1 on1+.

*.# Mo+t o2 t)1 a/-01nt+ ai+1 4 t)1 applicant call1 -pon t)1 Co-t to 1n+-1 t)1+1paation o2 C)-c) an Stat1 an to 1n2oc1 a 1/i01 o2 a+1ptic +1c-lai+0 in Italian+c)ool+. Bl-ntl45 t)at o-/)t to 1 non1 o2 t)i+ Co-t+ -+in1++. T)i+ Co-t )a+ to +11t)at M+ La-t+i an )1 c)il1n 1n,o4 to t)1 2-ll t)1i 2-na01ntal i/)t to 211o0 o21li/ion an con+ci1nc1. 81io.

*. T)1 Conv1ntion pov1+ to 1 -it1 )1lp2-l ?it) it+ 1tail1 an 1Q)a-+tiv1inv1nto4 o2 ?)at 211o0 o2 1li/ion an con+ci1nc1 1all4 01an+5 an ?1 ?o-l o?1ll to :11p t)1+1 in+tit-tional con+taint+ in 0in. F11o0 o2 1li/ion i+ not+1c-lai+0. F11o0 o2 1li/ion i+ not t)1 +1paation o2 C)-c) an Stat1. F11o0 o21li/ion i+ not 1li/io-+ 1-ii+tanc1 W all +1-ctiv1 notion+5 -t o2 ?)ic) no on1 )a+

+o 2a appoint1 t)i+ Co-t to 1 t)1 c-+toian. In E-op15 +1c-lai+0 i+ optional5211o0 o2 1li/ion i+ not.

*.% F11o0 o2 1li/ion5 an 211o0 2o0 1li/ion5 in +-+tanc15 con+i+t in t)1 i/)t+to po21++ 211l4 an4 1li/ion o2 t)1 inivi-al+ c)oic15 t)1 i/)t to 211l4 c)an/1on1+ 1li/ion5 t)1 i/)t not to 10ac1 an4 1li/ion at all5 an t)1 i/)t to 0ani21+ton1+ 1li/ion 4 01an+ o2 1li125 ?o+)ip5 t1ac)in/ an o+1vanc1. H11 t)1Conv1ntion catalo/-1 /in+ to a )alt5 ?1ll +)ot o2 t)1 po0otion o2 an4 Stat1+1c-lai+0.



*. T)i+ Co-t+ at)1 0o1+t 2-nction 10ain+ t)at o2 1t10inin/ ?)1t)1 t)11Qpo+-1 in Stat1 +c)ooloo0+ o2 ?)at to +o01 i+ a C)i+tian +40ol an to ot)1+ ac-lt-al /a/1t in an4 ?a4 int1211 ?it) M+ La-t+i+ an )1 c)il1n+ a+ic i/)t to211o0 o2 1li/ion W a+ 12in1 4 t)1 Conv1ntion it+1l2.

*.! I 1li1v1 an4on1 co-l p1+-a+iv1l4 t4 to a/-1 t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQin Italian Stat1 +c)ool+ 0i/)t po++il4 o221n t)1 octin1 o2 +1c-lai+0 an t)at o2t)1 +1paation 1t?11n C)-c) an Stat1. At t)1 +a01 ti01 I o not 1li1v1 t)atan4on1 can p1+-a+iv1l4 pl1a t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 a c-ci2iQ int1211 in an4 ?a4?it) t)1 La-t+i+ i/)t to po21++ an4 1li/ion o2 t)1i c)oic15 to c)an/1 t)1i 1li/ion5not to )av1 an4 1li/ion at all o to 0ani21+t t)1i 1li12+5 i2 an45 4 ?o+)ip5 t1ac)in/an o+1vanc15 o ?it) t)1i i/)t to 1,1ct o-ti/)t an4t)in/ t)14 0a4 con+i1in+ipi +-p1+titio-+ ,-n:.

*.P it) o ?it)o-t a c-ci2iQ on a +c)ooloo0 ?all5 t)1 La-t+i+ 1n,o41 t)1 0o+ta+ol-t1 an -nta001ll1 211o0 o2 con+ci1nc1 an 1li/ion a+ 10acat1 4 t)1Conv1ntion. T)1 p1+1nc1 o2 a c-ci2iQ in a Stat1 cla++oo0 0i/)t conc1ival4 1vi1?1 a+ a 1ta4al o2 +1c-lai+0 an an -n,-+ti2ial1 2ail-1 o2 t)1 1/i01 o2+1paation 1t?11n C)-c) an Stat1 W -t t)1+1 octin1+5 )o?1v1 all-in/ an

1/-ilin/5 a1 no?)11 0anat1 4 t)1 Conv1ntion5 no a1 t)14 n1c1++a4con+tit-tiv1 1l101nt+ o2 t)1 211o0+ o2 con+ci1nc1 an o2 1li/ion. It i+ 2o t)1 Italiana-t)oiti1+5 not 2o t)i+ Co-t5 to 1n2oc1 +1c-lai+0 i2 t)14 1li1v1 it 2o0+ pat5 o+)o-l 2o0 pat5 o2 t)1 Italian con+tit-tional ac)it1ct-1.

*." S11n in t)1 li/)t o2 t)1 )i+toical oot+ o2 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in Italian+c)ool+5 10ovin/ it 2o0 ?)11 it )a+ -i1tl4 an pa++iv1l4 11n 2o c1nt-i1+5 ?o-l)al4 )av1 11n a 0ani21+tation o2 n1-talit4 4 t)1 Stat1. It+ 10oval ?o-l )av1

11n a po+itiv1 an a//1++iv1 1+po-+al o2 a/no+tici+0 o o2 +1c-lai+0 W ancon+1-1ntl4 an4t)in/ -t n1-tal. =11pin/ a +40ol ?)11 it )a+ al?a4+ 11n i+ noact o2 intol1anc1 4 1li1v1+ o c-lt-al taitionali+t+. Di+lo/in/ it ?o-l 1 an acto2 intol1anc1 4 a/no+tic+ an +1c-lai+t+.

*."" Million+ o2 Italian c)il1n )av15 ov1 t)1 c1nt-i1+5 11n 1Qpo+1 to t)1 c-ci2iQin +c)ool+. T)i+ )a+ n1it)1 t-n1 Ital4 into a con21++ional Stat15 no t)1 Italian+ intociti91n+ o2 a t)1ocac4. T)1 applicant+ )av1 2ail1 to -n2-l 12o1 t)1 Co-t an41vi1nc1 at all t)at t)o+1 1Qpo+1 to t)1 c-ci2iQ 2o21it1 in an4 ?a4 t)1i co0pl1t1211o0 to 0ani21+t t)1i inivi-al an p1+onal 1li/io-+ 1li125 o t)1i i/)t to1p-iat1 an4 1li/ion. T)1 p1+1nc1 o2 a c-ci2iQ in a +c)ooloo0 o1+ not +110 to)av1 )in11 an4 Italian in )i+ o )1 li1t4 to 1li1v1 o to i+1li1v15 to 10ac1at)1i+05 a/no+tici+05 anti7cl1icali+05 +1c-lai+05 0at1iali+05 1lativi+05 o

octinai1 i1li/ion5 to 1cant5 apo+tati+15 o to 10ac1 ?)at1v1 c11 o )11+4o2 t)1i c)oic1 t)14 2in +-22ici1ntl4 app1alin/5 ?it) t)1 +a01 vi/o- an /-+to ot)1+



t?1nt47nin1 )av1 t)1 2-na01ntal i/)t5 1-ival1nt in 2oc1 an co001n+-at1 inint1n+it45 to )av1 t)1i c)il1n 1c1iv1 t1ac)in/ in con2o0it4 ?it) t)1i o?n1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+5 1 t)14 c-ci2iQ72i1nl4 o 011l4 c-ci2iQ7ini2211nt. M+ La-t+i cannot a?a )1+1l2 a lic1nc1 to ov1-l1 t)1 i/)t o2 all t)1ot)1 pa1nt+ o2 all t)1 ot)1 p-pil+ in t)at cla++oo05 ?)o ?ant to 1Q1ci+1 t)1 +a01

i/)t +)1 )a+ a+:1 t)i+ Co-t to in)iit ot)1+ 2o0 1Q1ci+in/.

3.% T)1 c-ci2iQ p-/1 po0ot1 4 M+ La-t+i ?o-l not in an4 ?a4 1 a 01a+-1 to1n+-1 n1-talit4 in t)1 cla++oo0. It ?o-l 1 an i0po+ition o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ7)o+til1

p)ilo+op)4 o2 t)1 pa1nt+ o2 on1 p-pil5 ov1 t)1 c-ci2iQ71c1ptiv1 p)ilo+op)4 o2 t)1 pa1nt+ o2 all t)1 ot)1 t?1nt47nin1. I2 t)1 pa1nt+ o2 on1 p-pil clai0 t)1 i/)t to )av1t)1i c)il ai+1 in t)1 a+1nc1 o2 a c-ci2iQ5 t)1 pa1nt+ o2 t)1 ot)1 t?1nt47nin1+)o-l ?1ll 1 al1 to clai0 an 1-al i/)t to it+ p1+1nc15 ?)1t)1 a+ a taitionalC)i+tian 10l10 o 1v1n +ol1l4 a+ a c-lt-al +o-v1ni.

An a+i1

#." ;14 1c1ntl45 t)i+ Co-t ?a+ call1 -pon to 1t10in1 ?)1t)1 a an o11 4t)1 T-:i+) a-t)oiti1+ on t)1 i+ti-tion o2 G-illa-01 Apollinai1+ nov1l L1+ on910ill1 v1/1+ co-l 1 ,-+ti2i1 in a 10ocatic +oci1t4. T)at nov1l ?o-l onl4 2ail to

-ali24 a+ 2i1c1 pono/ap)4 t)o-/) t)1 0o+t lavi+) i+1/a o2 cont10poa4+tana+ o2 0oalit4.3V Y1t t)1 Co-t 0an2-ll4 +av1 t)at +01a o2 tan+c1n1ntal+0-t on t)1 /o-n t)at it 2o01 pat o2 E-op1an c-lt-al )1ita/1.#V

#.* It ?o-l )av1 11n -it1 i9a15 in 04 vi1?5 2o t)i+ Co-t to pot1ct an 1110an -n17t)17co-nt15 ov17t)17o1lin1 i+c)a/1 o2 na-+1o-+ o+c1nit4 on t)1/o-n o2 it+ i+tinctl4 2aint E-op1an )1ita/1 01it5 an5 in t)1 +a01 1at)5 1n4E-op1an )1ita/1 val-1 to an 10l10 1co/ni+1 ov1 t)1 c1nt-i1+ 4 0illion+ o2E-op1an+ a+ a ti01l1++ +40ol o2 110ption t)o-/) -niv1+al lov1.

CONCURRING O8INION OF 'UDGE 8OER

T)i+ ca+1 ai+1+ i++-1+ a+ to t)1 +cop1 o2 c1tain povi+ion+ o2 t)1 Conv1ntion an t)1Gan C)a01+ 1cti2ication o2 a n-01 o2 1o+ in t)1 C)a01+ '-/01nt ?a+







ot) n1c1++a4 an appopiat1. T)1 co1 co1ction con+i+t+ in t)1 2inin/ t)at t)11ci+ion a+ to ?)1t)1 c-ci2iQ1+ +)o-l 1 p1+1nt in +tat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ i+5 in

pincipl15 a 0att1 2allin/ ?it)in t)1 0a/in o2 app1ciation o2 a 1+pon1nt +tat1 (&. In 1Q1ci+in/ it+ +-p1vi+o4 ol15 t)1 Co-t )a+ con2i01 it+ 1ali1 ca+1 la?V to t)1 1221ct t)at t)1 p1pon1ant vi+iilit4 ?it)in a +c)ool 1nvion01nt ?)ic) a

+tat1 0a4 con21 on a co-nt4+ 0a,oit4 1li/ion i+ not5 in it+1l25 +-22ici1nt to inicat1a poc1++ o2 inoctination +-c) a+ ?o-l 1+tali+) a 1ac) o2 t)1 1-i101nt+ o2Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " ( "&.

T)1 Gan C)a01 )a+ al+o co1ct1 t)1 at)1 +p1c-lativ1 concl-+ion in t)1C)a01 ,-/01nt (+11 & a+ to t)1 patic-lal4 +ton/ i+: o2 10otionali+t-anc1 ?)ic) t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 a c-ci2iQ 0a4 po+1 to c)il1n o2 0inoit41li/ion+ o non1. Giv1n t)1 citical ol1 o2 1vi1nc1 in an4 Co-t poc11in/+5 t)1Gan C)a01 )a+ co1ctl4 not1 t)at t)11 ?a+ no 1vi1nc1 op1n1 to t)1 Co-t toinicat1 an4 in2l-1nc1 ?)ic) t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 a 1li/io-+ +40ol 0a4 )av1 on +c)ool

p-pil+ ( %%&. )il1 ac:no?l1/in/ a+ -n1+tanal1 t)1 2i+t applicant+

p1c1ption o2 a lac: o2 1+p1ct 2o )1 i/)t+5 t)1 Gan C)a01 )a+ con2i01 t)at)1 +-,1ctiv1 p1c1ption i+ not +-22ici1nt to 1+tali+) a 1ac) o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol

No ". T)1 2i+t applicant 0a4 )av1 ta:1n o221nc1 at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 a c-ci2iQ incla++oo0+ -t t)1 1Qi+t1nc1 o2 a i/)t not to 1 o221n1 )a+ n1v1 11n 1co/ni+1?it)in t)1 Conv1ntion. In 1v1+in/ t)1 C)a01+ ,-/01nt5 t)1 Gan C)a01o1+ no 0o1 t)an con2i0 a o4 o2 +1ttl1 ,-i+p-1nc1 (notal4 -n1 Aticl1 "&?)ic) 1co/ni+1+ t)at 011 o221nc1 i+ not +o01t)in/ a/ain+t ?)ic) an inivi-al0a4 1 i00-ni91 4 la?.

Ho?1v15 t)11 ?a+ anot)1 2-na01ntal an5 in 04 vi1?5 1on1o-+ concl-+ion int)1 C)a01+ '-/01nt -pon ?)ic) t)1 Gan C)a01 i not co001nt an ?)ic)5to 04 0in5 01it1 clai2ication. T)1 C)a01 12115 co1ctl45 to t)1 Stat1+ -t4to -p)ol con21++ional n1-talit4 in p-lic 1-cation ( %&. Ho?1v15 it poc1115 toconcl-15 inco1ctl45 t)at t)i+ -t4 1-i1 t)1 1221ctiv1 p1211nc1 o 1l1vation o2on1 i1olo/4 (o o4 o2 i1a+& ov1 all ot)1 1li/io-+ an$o p)ilo+op)ical

p1+p1ctiv1+ o ?ol vi1?+. N1-talit4 1-i1+ a pl-ali+t appoac) on t)1 pat o2 t)1Stat15 not a +1c-lai+t on1. It 1nco-a/1+ 1+p1ct 2o all ?ol vi1?+ at)1 t)an a

p1211nc1 2o on1. To 04 0in5 t)1 C)a01 '-/01nt ?a+ +ti:in/ in it+ 2ail-1 to1co/ni+1 t)at +1c-lai+0 (?)ic) ?a+ t)1 applicant+ p1211 1li12 o ?ol vi1?&?a+5 in it+1l25 on1 i1olo/4 a0on/ ot)1+. A p1211nc1 2o +1c-lai+0 ov1 alt1nativ1?ol vi1?+`?)1t)1 1li/io-+5 p)ilo+op)ical o ot)1?i+1`i+ not a n1-tal option.

T)1 Conv1ntion 1-i1+ t)at 1+p1ct 1 /iv1n to t)1 2i+t applicant+ conviction+in+o2a a+ t)1 1-cation an t1ac)in/ o2 )1 c)il1n ?a+ conc1n1. It o1+ not1-i1 a p1211ntial option 2o an 1no+101nt o2 t)o+1 conviction+ ov1 an aov1all ot)1+.

In )i+ +1paat1 opinion5 '-/1 Bon1llo )a+ point1 to t)1 2act t)at ?it)in t)1 E-op1antaition5 1-cation (an5 to 04 0in5 t)1 val-1+ o2 )-0an i/nit45 tol1anc1 an1+p1ct 2o t)1 inivi-al5 ?it)o-t ?)ic) t)11 can 1 no la+tin/ a+i+ 2o )-0ani/)t+ pot1ction& i+ oot15 )i+toicall45 int1 alia5 ?it)in t)1 C)i+tian taition. To

po)iit in p-lic +c)ool+5 1/al1++ o2 t)1 ?i+)1+ o2 t)1 o4 politic5 t)1 i+pla4 o2 a+40ol 1p1+1ntativ1 o2 t)at (o in11 an4 ot)1 1li/io-+& taition an to 1-i1 o2

t)1 Stat1 t)at it p-+-1+ not a pl-ali+t -t a +1c-lai+t a/1na5 i+:+ v1nt-in/ to?a+t)1 t1ito4 o2 intol1anc1 W a conc1pt t)at i+ conta4 to t)1 val-1+ o2 t)1 Conv1ntion.





T)1 applicant+ co0plain o2 an all1/1 violation o2 t)1i i/)t+ to 211o0 o2 t)o-/)t5con+ci1nc1 an 1li/ion. I can 2in no int1211nc1 ?it) t)1i 211o0 to 0ani21+t t)1i

p1+onal 1li12+. T)1 t1+t o2 a violation -n1 Aticl1 P i+ not o221nc1 -tco1cion.%V T)at aticl1 o1+ not c1at1 a i/)t not to 1 o221n1 4 t)10ani21+tation o2 t)1 1li/io-+ 1li12+ o2 ot)1+ 1v1n ?)11 t)o+1 1li12+ a1 /iv1n

p1pon1ant vi+iilit4 4 t)1 Stat1. T)1 i+pla4 o2 a 1li/io-+ +40ol o1+ notco0p1l o co1c1 an inivi-al to o o to 12ain 2o0 oin/ an4t)in/. It o1+ not1-i1 1n/a/101nt in an4 activit4 t)o-/) it 0a45 conc1ival45 invit1 o +ti0-lat1i+c-++ion an an op1n 1Qc)an/1 o2 vi1?+. It o1+ not p1v1nt an inivi-al 2o02ollo?in/ )i+ o )1 o?n con+ci1nc1 no o1+ it 0a:1 it -n21a+il1 2o +-c) a p1+onto 0ani21+t )i+ o )1 o?n 1li/io-+ 1li12+ an i1a+.

T)1 Gan C)a01 )a+ 2o-n t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ i+5 1++1ntiall45 a pa++iv1 +40ol an it 1/a+ t)i+ point a+ 1in/ o2 /1at i0potanc1 )avin/ 1/a tot)1 pincipl1 o2 n1-talit4. I a/11 ?it) t)1 Co-t in t)i+ 1/a in+o2a a+ t)1 +40ol+

pa++ivit4 i+ not in an4 ?a4 co1civ1. Ho?1v15 I ?o-l )av1 to conc11 t)at5 in

pincipl15 +40ol+ (?)1t)1 1li/io-+5 c-lt-al o ot)1?i+1& a1 cai1+ o2 01anin/.T)14 0a4 1 +il1nt -t t)14 0a45 n1v1t)1l1++5 +p1a: vol-01+ ?it)o-t5 )o?1v15oin/ +o in a co1civ1 o in an inoctinatin/ 0ann1. T)1 -ncont1+t1 1vi1nc1

12o1 t)1 Co-t i+ t)at Ital4 op1n+ -p t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt to a vai1t4 o2 1li/ion+an t)11 i+ no 1vi1nc1 o2 an4 intol1anc1 +)o?n to?a+ non71li1v1+ o t)o+1 ?)o)ol non71li/io-+ p)ilo+op)ical conviction+. I+la0ic )1a+cav1+ 0a4 1 ?on. T)1

1/innin/ an 1n o2 Ra0aan a1 o2t1n c1l1at1. it)in +-c) a pl-ali+t an1li/io-+l4 tol1ant cont1Qt5 a C)i+tian +40ol on a cla++oo0 ?all p1+1nt+ 41tanot)1 an a i2211nt ?ol vi1?. T)1 p1+1ntation o2 an 1n/a/101nt ?it)i2211nt point+ o2 vi1? i+ an intin+ic pat o2 t)1 1-cativ1 poc1++. It act+ a+ a+ti0-l-+ to ialo/-1. A t-l4 pl-ali+t 1-cation involv1+ 1Qpo+-1 to a vai1t4 o2i2211nt i1a+ incl-in/ t)o+1 ?)ic) a1 i2211nt 2o0 on1+ o?n. Dialo/-1 1co01+

po++il1 an5 p1)ap+5 i+ at it+ 0o+t 01anin/2-l ?)11 t)11 i+ a /1n-in1 i2211nc1 o2opinion an an )on1+t 1Qc)an/1 o2 vi1?+. )1n p-+-1 in a +piit o2 op1nn1++5c-io+it45 tol1anc1 an 1+p1ct5 t)i+ 1nco-nt1 0a4 l1a to?a+ /1at1 clait4 anvi+ion a+ it 2o+t1+ t)1 1v1lop01nt o2 citical t)in:in/. E-cation ?o-l 1i0ini+)1 i2 c)il1n ?11 not 1Qpo+1 to i2211nt p1+p1ctiv1+ on li21 an5 in 1in/+o 1Qpo+15 povi1 ?it) t)1 oppot-nit4 to l1an t)1 i0potanc1 o2 1+p1ct 2oiv1+it4.

DISSENTING O8INION OF 'UDGE MALIN;ERNI 'OINED BY 'UDGE=ALAYD'IE;A

(Tan+lation&

". T)1 Gan C)a01 )a+ 1ac)1 t)1 concl-+ion t)at t)11 )a+ not 11n a violation

o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " on t)1 /o-n t)at t)1 1ci+ion ?)1t)1 c-ci2iQ1++)o-l 1 p1+1nt in Stat17+c)ool cla++oo0+ i+5 in pincipl15 a 0att1 2allin/ ?it)in





t)1 0a/in o2 app1ciation o2 t)1 1+pon1nt Stat1 (+11 paa/ap) 5 an al+o paa/ap) %P&.

I )av1 i22ic-lt4 2ollo?in/ t)at lin1 o2 a/-01nt. )il+t t)1 octin1 o2 t)1 0a/in o2app1ciation 0a4 1 -+12-l5 o in11 conv1ni1nt5 it i+ a tool t)at n11+ to 1 )anl1

?it) ca1 1ca-+1 t)1 +cop1 o2 t)at 0a/in ?ill 1p1n on a /1at 0an4 2acto+6 t)1i/)t in i++-15 t)1 +1io-+n1++ o2 t)1 in2in/101nt5 t)1 1Qi+t1nc1 o2 a E-op1ancon+1n+-+5 1tc. T)1 Co-t )a+ t)-+ a22i01 t)at t)1 +cop1 o2 t)i+ 0a/in o2app1ciation i+ not i1ntical in 1ac) ca+1 -t ?ill va4 accoin/ to t)1 cont1Qt ... .R1l1vant 2acto+ incl-1 t)1 nat-1 o2 t)1 Conv1ntion i/)t in i++-15 it+ i0potanc1 2ot)1 inivi-al an t)1 nat-1 o2 t)1 activiti1+ conc1n1.V T)1 pop1 application o2t)i+ t)1o4 ?ill t)-+ 1p1n on t)1 i0potanc1 to 1 attac)1 to 1ac) o2 t)1+1 vaio-+2acto+. )11 t)1 Co-t 1c11+ t)at t)1 0a/in o2 app1ciation i+ a nao? on15 it?ill /1n1all4 2in a violation o2 t)1 Conv1ntion ?)11 it con+i1+ t)at t)1 0a/in o2app1ciation i+ ?i15 t)1 1+pon1nt Stat1 ?ill -+-all4 1 ac-itt1.

In t)1 p1+1nt ca+1 it i+ 4 1l4in/ 0ainl4 on t)1 lac: o2 an4 E-op1an con+1n+-+ t)att)1 Gan C)a01 )a+ allo?1 it+1l2 to invo:1 t)1 octin1 o2 t)1 0a/in o2app1ciation (+11 paa/ap) &. In t)at conn1ction I ?o-l o+1v1 t)at5 1+i1+ Ital45it i+ in onl4 a v14 li0it1 n-01 o2 0101 Stat1+ o2 t)1 Co-ncil o2 E-op1(A-+tia5 8olan5 c1tain 1/ion+ o2 G10an4 (L>n1& W +11 paa/ap) *& t)at t)11i+ 1Qp1++ povi+ion 2o t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +40ol+ in Stat1 +c)ool+. In t)1 va+t0a,oit4 o2 t)1 0101 Stat1+ t)1 -1+tion i+ not +p1ci2icall4 1/-lat1. On t)at a+i+I 2in it i22ic-lt5 in +-c) cic-0+tanc1+5 to a? 12init1 concl-+ion+ 1/ain/ aE-op1an con+1n+-+.

it) 1/a to t)1 1/-lation+ /ov1nin/ t)i+ -1+tion5 I ?o-l point o-t in pa++in/t)at t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Italian Stat1 +c)ool+ )a+ an 1Qt101l4 ?1a: a+i+ inla?6 a v14 ol o4al 1c11 atin/ ac: to "!%5 t)1n a 2a+ci+t cic-la o2 "P**5 ant)1n o4al 1c11+ o2 "P*# an "P*!. T)1+1 a1 t)112o1 v14 ol in+t-01nt+5 ?)ic)5a+ t)14 ?11 not 1nact1 4 8alia01nt5 a1 lac:in/ in an4 10ocatic l1/iti0ac4.

)at I 2in 0o1 i0potant5 )o?1v15 i+ t)at ?)11 t)14 )av1 11n 1-i1 to /iv1 a-lin/ on t)1 i++-15 t)1 E-op1an +-p101 o con+tit-tional co-t+ )av1 al?a4+5?it)o-t 1Qc1ption5 /iv1n p1c11nc1 to t)1 pincipl1 o2 Stat1 1no0inationaln1-talit46 t)1 G10an Con+tit-tional Co-t5 t)1 S?i++ F11al Co-t5 t)1 8oli+)Con+tit-tional Co-t an5 in a +li/)tl4 i2211nt cont1Qt5 t)1 Italian Co-t o2 Ca++ation

(+11 paa/ap)+ *! an *3&.

B1 t)at a+ it 0a45 on1 t)in/ i+ c1tain6 t)1 octin1 o2 t)1 0a/in o2 app1ciation+)o-l not in an4 cic-0+tanc1+ 1Q10pt t)1 Co-t 2o0 t)1 -t4 to 1Q1ci+1 t)12-nction con211 on it -n1 Aticl1 "P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion5 ?)ic) i+ to 1n+-1 t)1o+1vanc1 o2 t)1 1n/a/101nt+ -n1ta:1n 4 t)1 Hi/) Contactin/ 8ati1+ in t)1Conv1ntion an t)1 8otocol+ t)11to. No?5 t)1 ?oin/ o2 t)1 +1con +1nt1nc1 o2Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " con21+ a po+itiv1 oli/ation on Stat1+ to 1+p1ct t)1 i/)to2 pa1nt+ to 1n+-1 1-cation an t1ac)in/ in con2o0it4 ?it) t)1i o?n 1li/io-+ an

p)ilo+op)ical conviction+.

T)at po+itiv1 oli/ation 1iv1+ 2o0 t)1 v1 1+p1ct5 ?)ic) app1a+ in Aticl1 * o28otocol No. ". A+ t)1 Gan C)a01 )a+ i/)tl4 point1 o-t5 in aition to a





pi0ail4 n1/ativ1 -n1ta:in/5 t)i+ v1 i0pli1+ +o01 po+itiv1 oli/ation on t)1 pato2 t)1 Stat1 (+11 paa/ap) %"&. S-c) a po+itiv1 oli/ation can5 0o1ov15 al+o 1in211 2o0 Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion. T)at povi+ion can 1 int1p1t1 a+con21in/ on Stat1+ a po+itiv1 oli/ation to c1at1 a cli0at1 o2 tol1anc1 an 0-t-al1+p1ct a0on/ t)1i pop-lation.

Can it 1 0aintain1 t)at t)1 Stat1+ pop1l4 co0pl4 ?it) t)at po+itiv1 oli/ation?)11 t)14 0ainl4 )av1 1/a to t)1 1li12+ )1l 4 t)1 0a,oit4_ Mo1ov15 i+ t)1+cop1 o2 t)1 0a/in o2 app1ciation t)1 +a01 ?)11 t)1 national a-t)oiti1+ a11-i1 to co0pl4 ?it) a po+itiv1 oli/ation an ?)11 t)14 011l4 )av1 to co0pl4?it) an oli/ation o2 a+t1ntion_ I o not t)in: +o. I inclin15 at)15 to t)1 vi1? t)at?)11 t)1 Stat1+ a1 o-n 4 po+itiv1 oli/ation+ t)1i 0a/in o2 app1ciation i+1-c1.

In an4 1v1nt5 accoin/ to t)1 ca+17la?5 t)1 0a/in o2 app1ciation i+ +-,1ct toE-op1an +-p1vi+ion. T)1 Co-t+ ta+: t)1n con+i+t+ in 1n+-in/ t)at t)1 li0it on t)1

0a/in o2 app1ciation )a+ not 11n ov1+t1pp1. In t)1 p1+1nt ca+15 ?)il+tac:no?l1/in/ t)at 4 p1+ciin/ t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in Stat17+c)oolcla++oo0+ t)1 1/-lation+ con21 on t)1 co-nt4+ 0a,oit4 1li/ion p1pon1antvi+iilit4 in t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt5 t)1 Gan C)a01 )a+ ta:1n t)1 vi1? t)at t)ati+ not in it+1l2 +-22ici1nt5 )o?1v15 to ... 1+tali+) a 1ac) o2 t)1 1-i101nt+ o2Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. ". I cannot +)a1 t)at vi1?.

*. 1 no? liv1 in a 0-ltic-lt-al +oci1t45 in ?)ic) t)1 1221ctiv1 pot1ction o21li/io-+ 211o0 an o2 t)1 i/)t to 1-cation 1-i1+ +tict Stat1 n1-talit4 in Stat17+c)ool 1-cation5 ?)ic) 0-+t 0a:1 1v14 122ot to po0ot1 pl-ali+0 in 1-cation a+a 2-na01ntal 21at-1 o2 a 10ocatic +oci1t4 ?it)in t)1 01anin/ o2 t)1 Conv1ntion.!V T)1 pincipl1 o2 Stat1 n1-talit4 )a+5 0o1ov15 11n 1Qp1++l4 1co/ni+1 4 t)1Italian Con+tit-tional Co-t it+1l25 in ?)o+1 vi1? it 2lo?+ 2o0 t)1 2-na01ntal

pincipl1 o2 1-alit4 o2 all citi91n+ an t)1 po)iition o2 an4 i+ci0ination t)at t)1Stat1 0-+t aopt an attit-1 o2 i0patialit4 to?a+ 1li/io-+ 1li12+.PV

T)1 +1con +1nt1nc1 o2 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " i0pli1+ t)at t)1 Stat15 in 2-l2illin/t)1 2-nction+ a++-01 4 it in 1/a to 1-cation an t1ac)in/5 0-+t ta:1 ca1 t)at:no?l1/1 i+ conv141 in an o,1ctiv15 citical an pl-ali+tic 0ann1. Sc)ool+ +)o-l

1 a 011tin/ plac1 2o i2211nt 1li/ion+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+5 in ?)ic) p-pil+ can ac-i1 :no?l1/1 ao-t t)1i 1+p1ctiv1 t)o-/)t+ an taition+.

3. T)1+1 pincipl1+ a1 vali not onl4 2o t)1 1vi+in/ an plannin/ o2 t)1 +c)oolc-ic-l-05 ?)ic) a1 not in i++-1 in t)1 p1+1nt ca+15 -t al+o 2o t)1 +c)ool1nvion01nt. Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " +p1ci2i1+ t)at in t)1 1Q1ci+1 o2 an4 2-nction+?)ic) it a++-01+ in 1lation to 1-cation an to t1ac)in/ t)1 Stat1 +)all 1+p1ct t)1i/)t o2 pa1nt+ to 1n+-1 +-c) 1-cation an t1ac)in/ in con2o0it4 ?it) t)1i o?n1li/io-+ an p)ilo+op)ical conviction+. In ot)1 ?o+5 t)1 pincipl1 o2 Stat1

1no0inational n1-talit4 appli1+ not onl4 to t)1 cont1nt o2 t)1 c-ic-l-05 -t t)1?)ol1 1-cational +4+t10. In t)1 ca+1 o2 Fol/1[ t)1 Co-t i/)tl4 point1 o-t t)at t)1







In 04 vi1?5 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 t)1 c-ci2iQ in cla++oo0+ /o1+ ?1ll 14on t)1 -+1 o2+40ol+ in patic-la )i+toical cont1Qt+. T)1 Co-t )a+ 0o1ov1 )1l t)at t)1taitional nat-15 in t)1 +ocial an )i+toical +1n+15 o2 a t1Qt -+1 4 0101+ o2

palia01nt ?)1n +?1ain/ lo4alt4 i not 1piv1 t)1 oat) to 1 +?on o2 it+ 1li/io-+nat-1."%V A+ o+1v1 4 t)1 C)a015 n1/ativ1 211o0 o2 1li/ion i+ not 1+tict1

to t)1 a+1nc1 o2 1li/io-+ +1vic1+ o 1li/io-+ 1-cation. It al+o 1Qt1n+ to +40ol+1Qp1++in/ a 1li12 o a 1li/ion. T)at n1/ativ1 i/)t 1+1v1+ +p1cial pot1ction i2 it i+t)1 Stat1 ?)ic) i+pla4+ a 1li/io-+ +40ol an i++1nt1+ a1 plac1 in a +it-ation2o0 ?)ic) t)14 cannot 1Qtact t)10+1lv1+."V Ev1n i2 it i+ acc1pt1 t)at t)1 c-ci2iQcan )av1 0-ltipl1 01anin/+5 t)1 1li/io-+ 01anin/ +till 10ain+ t)1 p1o0inant on1.In t)1 cont1Qt o2 +tat1 1-cation it i+ n1c1++ail4 p1c1iv1 a+ an int1/al pat o2 t)1+c)ool 1nvion01nt an 0a4 1v1n 1 con+i11 a+ a po?12-l 1Qt1nal +40ol. Inot15 0o1ov15 t)at 1v1n t)1 Italian Co-t o2 Ca++ation 1,1ct1 t)1 a/-01nt t)at t)1c-ci2iQ +40oli+1 val-1+ in1p1n1nt o2 a patic-la 1li/io-+ 1li12 (+11 paa/ap)%&.

%. T)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ in +c)ool+ i+ capal1 o2 in2in/in/ 1li/io-+ 211o0an +c)oolc)il1n+ i/)t to 1-cation to a /1at1 1/11 t)an 1li/io-+ appa1l t)at52o 1Qa0pl15 a t1ac)1 0i/)t ?1a5 +-c) a+ t)1 I+la0ic )1a+ca2. In t)1 latt1 1Qa0pl1t)1 t1ac)1 in -1+tion 0a4 invo:1 )1 o?n 211o0 o2 1li/ion5 ?)ic) 0-+t al+o 1ta:1n into acco-nt5 an ?)ic) t)1 Stat1 0-+t al+o 1+p1ct. T)1 p-lic a-t)oiti1+cannot5 )o?1v15 invo:1 +-c) a i/)t. Fo0 t)1 point o2 vi1? o2 t)1 +1io-+n1++ o2 t)1in2in/101nt o2 t)1 pincipl1 o2 Stat1 1no0inational n1-talit45 t)i+ ?ill accoin/l4

1 o2 a l1++1 1/11 ?)11 t)1 p-lic a-t)oiti1+ tol1at1 t)1 )1a+ca2 in +c)ool+ t)an?)11 t)14 i0po+1 t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+.

. T)1 i0pact ?)ic) t)1 p1+1nc1 o2 c-ci2iQ1+ 0a4 )av1 in +c)ool+ i+ al+oinco001n+-al1 ?it) t)1 i0pact t)at t)14 0a4 )av1 in ot)1 p-lic 1+tali+)01nt+5+-c) a+ a votin/ oot) o a co-t. A+ t)1 C)a01 i/)tl4 point1 o-t5 in +c)ool+ t)1co0p1llin/ po?1 o2 t)1 Stat1 i+ i0po+1 on 0in+ ?)ic) +till lac: t)1 citicalcapacit4 ?)ic) ?o-l 1nal1 t)10 to :11p t)1i i+tanc1 2o0 t)1 01++a/1 1iv12o0 a p1211nc1 0ani21+t1 4 t)1 Stat1 (+11 #! o2 t)1 C)a01 ,-/01nt&.

!. To concl-15 1221ctiv1 pot1ction o2 t)1 i/)t+ /-aant11 4 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol No. " an Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion 1-i1+ Stat1+ to o+1v1 t)1 +tict1+t1no0inational n1-talit4. T)i+ i+ not li0it1 to t)1 +c)ool c-ic-l-05 -t al+o1Qt1n+ to t)1 +c)ool 1nvion01nt. A+ pi0a4 an +1cona4 +c)oolin/ a1co0p-l+o45 t)1 Stat1 +)o-l not i0po+1 on p-pil+5 a/ain+t t)1i ?ill an ?it)o-t t)1i

1in/ al1 to 1Qtact t)10+1lv1+5 t)1 +40ol o2 a 1li/ion ?it) ?)ic) t)14 o noti1nti24. In oin/ +o5 t)1 1+pon1nt Gov1n01nt )av1 violat1 Aticl1 * o2 8otocol

No. " an Aticl1 P o2 t)1 Conv1ntion.

"V. '-+tin Mao99i5 T)1 Man ?)o Inv1nt1 Hi+to45 'o)n M-a45 *P5 p. P.




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%V. S11 B-+caini an Ot)1+ v. San Maino GCV5 no. *#%#$P#5 ECHR "PPP7I +11al+o t)1 S-p101 Hol4 Co-ncil o2 t)1 M-+li0 Co00-nit4 v. B-l/aia5 no. 3P*3$P5"% D1c101 *#.

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!V. Mano-++a:i+ an Ot)1+ v. G11c15 *% S1pt101 "PP%5 # =o::ina:i+v. G11c15 * Ma4 "PP35 3".

PV. Italian Con+tit-tional Co-t5 ,-/01nt no. !$*.

"V. Fol/1[ an Ot)1+ v. No?a45 *P '-n1 *5 !#. O- italic+.

""V Co00itt11 on t)1 Ri/)t+ o2 t)1 C)il5 G1n1al Co001nt No. "5 o2 # Apil*"5 T)1 Ai0+ o2 E-cation5 paa. !. O- italic+.

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"V S?i++ F11al Co-t5 ATF ""% Ia **5 Co0-n1 i Cao5 ,-/01nt o2*% S1pt101 "PP5 .

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"V. La-t+i v. Ital45 no. 3!"#$%5 5 3 Nov101 *P.

































ΕΔΔΑ 18-3-2011 Lautsi - Θρυσκευτικά Σύμβολα

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