How do we classify How do we classify consonants?consonants?

How do we make How do we make vowels?vowels?

Prof A. ElhalouiProf A. Elhaloui

PharynxPharynx

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Pharyngeal

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oral stoporal stop

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ppnasal stopnasal stop mmalveolaralveolar

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ηηoral stoporal stop ggvoicelessvoiceless

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vvbilabialbilabial

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φφvoicedvoiced

Bi-Bi-lablabialial

LabiLabiodenodentaltal

InterInter--dentadentall

alvealveolarolar

AlveAlveopalopalatalatal

papalalatatall

velavelarr

glottglottalal

pharypharyngealngeal

Oral Oral stopstop PP

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NasalNasal

FricaFricativetive

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AffriAffricatecate č č

ĴĴLiquiLiquidd

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voicedvoicedvoicelessvoiceless

voicelessvoicelessvoicedvoiced voicelessvoicelessvoicedvoicedlaterallateral Non-lateralNon-lateral

coronalscoronalslabiallabialanterioranterior

How do we produce vowels?How do we produce vowels?

1.1. By raising or lowering the tongueBy raising or lowering the tongue

2.2. By retracting or advancing the tongueBy retracting or advancing the tongue

3.3. By spreading or rounding the lipsBy spreading or rounding the lips

4.4. By tensing or untensing the mouthBy tensing or untensing the mouth

What about diphthongs?What about diphthongs?

How are they produced?How are they produced?