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B5 Micronutrients and B5 Micronutrients and MacronutrientsMacronutrients

Preston Sluder and Logan Stern

There is no difference in importance

Micronutrients◦Required in small amounts (mg or μg)◦Mainly co-factors (non-protein parts) in

enzymes◦<0.005% body weight

B.5.1 – Outline the differences between B.5.1 – Outline the differences between micronutrients and macronutrientsmicronutrients and macronutrients

Micronutrient examples:

◦ Vitamins

◦ Trace minerals including: Zinc (Zn) Selenium (Se) Copper (Cu) Manganese (Mn) Iodine (I) Molybdenum (Mo) Iron (Fe) Chromium (Cr) Fluorine (F) Cobalt (Co) Boron (B)

B.5.1 – Outline the differences between B.5.1 – Outline the differences between micronutrients and macronutrientsmicronutrients and macronutrients

Macronutrients

◦Required in large amounts

◦>0.005% body weight

B.5.1 – Outline the differences between B.5.1 – Outline the differences between micronutrients and macronutrientsmicronutrients and macronutrients

Macronutrients examples:

◦ Fats

◦ Carbohydrates

◦ Proteins

◦ Minerals including: Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Phosphorous (P) Sulfur (S) Chlorine (Cl)

B.5.1 – Outline the differences between B.5.1 – Outline the differences between micronutrients and macronutrientsmicronutrients and macronutrients

Retinol (vitamin A)

B.5.2 – Compare the structures of retinol B.5.2 – Compare the structures of retinol (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C)ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Calciferol (vitamin D)

Cholecalciferol (D3) Ergocalciferol (D2)

B.5.2 – Compare the structures of retinol B.5.2 – Compare the structures of retinol (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C)ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

B.5.2 – Compare the structures of retinol B.5.2 – Compare the structures of retinol (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C)ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Functional groups

◦Vitamin A 1 hydroxyl group

◦Vitamin D 3 hydroxyl groups (cholecalciferol) 1 hydroxyl group (ergocalciferol)

◦Vitamin C 4 hydroxyl groups cyclic ester (lactone)

B.5.2 – Compare the structures of retinol B.5.2 – Compare the structures of retinol (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C)ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Shape

◦ Vitamin A 1 6-carbon ring 5 double bonds Generally straight chain

◦ Vitamin D 2 6-carbon rings, 1 5-carbon ring 3 double bonds (cholecalciferol) 4 double bonds (ergocalciferol)

◦ Vitamin C 1 5-carbon ring 2 double bonds

B.5.2 – Compare the structures of retinol B.5.2 – Compare the structures of retinol (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C)ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Look at any non-carbon/hydrogen

Order of polarity◦ Amide (most polar)◦ Acid◦ Alcohol◦ Amine◦ Ether◦ Alkane (non-polar)

Many polar groups Water-soluble

Few to no polar groups Fat-soluble

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin A◦Fat-soluble

Vitamin C◦Water-soluble

Vitamin D◦Fat-soluble

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin B7 (biotin)

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

What do all of the B-vitamins have in common?

They are all polar!

Water-soluble

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin E

Fat-soluble

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Vitamin K

Fat-soluble

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

To recap…◦Water-soluble Vitamin B Vitamin C

◦Fat-soluble Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K

B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin B.5.3 – Deduce whether a vitamin is water or fat soluble from its is water or fat soluble from its structurestructure

Micronutrient Deficiencies◦ Iron – anemia

◦ Iodine – goiter

◦ Vitamin A (retinol) – xerophthalmia, night blindness

◦ Niacin (vitamin B3) – pellagra

◦ Thiamin (Vitamin B1) – beriberi

◦ Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) – scurvy

◦ Calciferol (Vitamin D) – rickets

◦ Selenium – (rare) uncertain, but linked to chronic disease risk, slower immune response

B.5.4 – Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient B.5.4 – Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies in different countries and suggest deficiencies in different countries and suggest solutionssolutions

Macronutrient deficiencies◦Protein – marasmus and kwashiorkor

◦Calcium – weak bones, rickets

◦Sodium/Chlorine (salt) – hyponatremia

◦Potassium – hypokalemia

◦Magnesium – hypomagnesemia, rickets

◦Phosphorous - rickets

B.5.4 – Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient B.5.4 – Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies in different countries and suggest deficiencies in different countries and suggest solutionssolutions

Mainly in developing countries, often in Africa, developing parts of Asia, or rural South America

Examples of developing countries:◦ Kenya◦ Haiti◦ Rwanda◦ Nigeria◦ Ethiopia

B.5.4 – Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient B.5.4 – Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies in different countries and suggest deficiencies in different countries and suggest solutionssolutions

Possible solutions:

◦ Provide food rations with fresh vitamin and mineral rich foods

◦ Add missing nutrients to commonly eaten foods

◦ Genetically modify foods

◦ Provide nutritional supplements

◦ Provide Se supplements for people eating food grown in Se-deficient soil (NZ)

◦ Provide iodized salt

B.5.4 – Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient B.5.4 – Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies in different countries and suggest deficiencies in different countries and suggest solutionssolutions