Post on 30-Oct-2015
description
.. ,, .. ,, ..
22000088
. 2008-2009 ... ...
- 2 -
. 1. . 4
2. ... 14
3. 55
4. 64
5. 89
6. 105
7. . 111
8. . 120
9. .. 130
10. .. 134
11. . 144
. 158
- 3 -
1. 1.1. I
O . A. A .
: . (. 1.1). . H ( ) ", ". E,
, .
. 1.1. : . E . A , : 1: A M P .
- 4 -
2: K M, A 17 . 3: K 18 . 4: K 50 , 20 . 1
, , , . : (. 1.2), . .
. 1.2. , . , . O P , 'E, K (Capidastrum = ) . P , A (agrimensores). O , . H , (. 1.3). :
- 5 -
M (625-547 .X.), A
A M (. 611-545 .X.),
A, A, ,
E M (560-480 .X.),
A (. 388-315 .X.),
E (. 276-194 ..)
.
(1 ..)
E M, 6 .X. , ,
E . O , "" .
, -. O A 'E , . H A .
" " .
.
. M 'E B. "M" : " , ' ..." : " ".
, H A A. O E " ", 17 .
( - (. 1.4), , ) .
( ), ( , .1.5). .
, , , , .
- 6 -
. 1.3.
. 1.4. 5. () . 1.
- 7 -
O K (100-178.X.),
. 1.6.
2
, ,
, E . O . E "A" " ". (. 1.6) 14 .
, , . 3 .. 14 , . . (202 ..). . , , 10 . . ,
- 8 -
, , .
. 1.7. Digges
17
. , : . , . , , . . . (Theodolitus) L. Digges 1571 (. 1.7). 500 , .
. , . 17
- 9 -
, , . . . . , . T 1794, 400 gon, .
3 E
19
, , . 18 . , . , . . 18 , . . (. 1.7). . , , . Maxwell (1831-1879) . , -A Michelson (1852-1931) . 20 Heinrich Wild . . , . , . . , . , .
- 10 -
. 1.7. 19
4
.
. , . . radar, , . , 1950 Bergstrand . : , laser . 1970 , . . , , (CAD)
- 11 -
1980
.
.2. T
,
:
, .
, :
(Total Station). , , , , , .. ... . , (GPS), 24 1994. GPS, , , , . GPS . , . 1 H . . O , , . , , , , , , . . , , . M ,
H
- 12 -
. H , (, , , , ..), ( , , )
.
, , .
, , , ..
, . . H , , . H , . H , , , ,
- 13 -
2.
' , , .
2.1. 2.1.1. :
, : M H . .
: ,
. 1950 , ,
,
, , Invar
, .
,
, , Reper),
. , , (Electromagnetic Distance Measurement Instruments EDMI) . M , , . , (Global Positioning System, GPS) , . 2.1.2. , ,
. A (..
. A , . , , , 8 10 .. (. 2.1 2.2).
- 14 -
. 2.1.
, )
E , (
. 2.2. (
). (.. , ..).
- 15 -
, . (. 2.3). T , 2-3 cm 2-2.5 m . 50 cm . , . , . T (), 2-3 m 100 gon (. 2.4).
. 2.3.
. 2.4.
- 16 -
2.1.3. X, E A B. T
. A .
AB , .
A' B' A B ' E
X
, .. B.
E
-
. ) (. 2.5)
2.
, E A , .
:
M , ( 1
M , , (
. 2.5.
- 17 -
2.1.4. 'O 2.1.4.1. - . . . () (. 2.6). 20, 25, 30 50 m. 2-3 cm/100 m, 20 C. (. 2.7).
. 2.6.
. 2.7.
- 18 -
, (.. ).
. , . , . . . ' (
) (). . , , . ( 10%, ) "" (. 2.8).
. 2.8. , ( ( ), , , ) ( , , ..).
- 19 -
2.1.4.2. H (, , ..) . H H M A (Electromagnetic Distance Measurement - EDM), , Maxwell Hertz. , EDM Laser. K :
A , , , ( Laser), (. 2.9). .
. 2.9.
E, t
c ( ),
.
-a-As). T
)
S
( ) 20 km. T 900 nm. O . O . A (G 1970 1980 (
(. 2.10). 1990 , (otal Station), (. 2.11). EDM .
- 20 -
, ( ) ( , , .. ). 1 cm / Km.
. 2.11. 2.1.4.3.
() () ()
. 2.10. EDM (), EDM () ()
, , ..
- 21 -
. . H , , , . , . ( - ) . 2.2. , . H
, , T)
( , .
A B , (. 1.12). H A B A B. T . A , A'B'=. H A B.
.
(
, ) .. O
. 2.12.
- 22 -
A B . H A B .
H . 2.12). 'E,
. X , . H . O Pantometria 'A Leonard Digges 1571. Theodelitus. ( ) ( ) (. 2.13).
A
A ( A A B B. , . . 'E, .. A zA B zB. T ( ), , . 2.2.1.
() ()
. 2.13. () ()
- 23 -
. ( , ) . O
, , ..
, : T ,
2.2.2. O . O : O O O
2.2.2.1. O -
, . T , , K
. T ,
. H , . , .
() ,
. ,
:
(. 2.14) , .
T , . M , . M .
- 24 -
K , . (. 2.
. 14).
() () ()
. 2.14. (), () ()
: , ,
2.2
,
,
.2.2. O
. :
2.2
(. 2.15).
.2.3. O
X , . .
. T
6 cm 25 cm. O 400 gon .
- 25 -
- 26 -
. , , . (2.16).
. 2.15.
() ()
. 2.16. () ()
. . . , LED ( ). . LED .
- 26 -
. . (. 2.17).
. 2.17.
, (LCD) ( ). . Y . 2.2.2.4. O
T , . T , , , . T, , , (. 2.18).
. 2.18.
- 27 -
, :
, . 2.2.2.5. M
.
H H
- O
(. 19).
, . . , . : H H H K , . M .
. 19.
- 28 -
H
. H
K , (. 2.20), ,
).
. 2.20.
H - O . H . . , (. 2.21).
(
. 2.21. - 1
- 29 -
100 gon (. 2.22).
. 2.22. - 2 H , .
K . O . H , . T, . H , ( ). K ( ) (. 2.23).
O M , . 'E :
. 2.23.
- 30 -
, A, 1 B 1 . 'O I ( ). M ( II, ), B. 'E 2'. A. 'E 2 . O 1, 2 1, 2 200 gon. A . 1 1. 'E . H (-) . , ' . , . K
.2.24).
. T (
. 2.24.
(z). , . M , . M , .
H ()
- 31 -
2.3. T . . A (Total stations). ( ). . O , , . . 2.4. H . T (M), (). .
. 2.25.
H
. T , , 'H , .. O ,
,
,
.
- 32 -
. T (Reperes). O :
.
( ). , . , .2.26). A , , ( ) . (. 2.27).
. 2.26. () ()
2.4.1. O
O E , . K . O . O . A ,
() ()
- 33 -
. 2.27.
2.4.2. H .
A B (. 2.28). 50-60 m. . E . A A ( ) B ,
hAB = - .
.
H B
. , . 'E - - . 'E () 5 m, 12 cm 2 3 cm. 10 cm.
: 'E
H A ()
().
- 34 -
, () (. 2.29). .
. 2.28. H
. 2.29.
, :
"' ".
' , , h (. 2.30). ' . .
- 35 -
1, . , 1 (). , . 20 30 m.
. 2.30.
200 gon 1 , . , , , 1 () . 1
hA1 - 1
,
2 2 . ', , .
=
1,
200 gon. , .
i i (i = 1, 2, ..., n)
hAiAi+1 ,
- 36 -
, HB
HB = HA + h
1, 2, ..., n . 1, 2, ..., n . . .
. , , .
h . . , . , () . , , .
2.1.
(.. ,
, ..)
( ,
). -
- 37 -
.
2.2 .
2.2,
R1 = 202.265 m R2 = 200.910 m -1.355 m. "" R2 - R1 = -1.355 m. - = -1.345 m. "". ' w = "" - "" = -0.010 m. h "" "" "". w= -0.010 m (-0.0105 = -0.002 m). , . .
. , ( ,
) 0.50 m ( ). , , ..
- 38 -
2.4.3.
(. 2.31). , . ,
hAB = S cos z , ,
HB = HA + S cos z + Yo - Y
S , z , .
. .
. 2.31.
, . , . ,
- 39 -
2.5.
. , , ,
, .
, , ) / . 1960 . , , , .
( )
:
.
.
, ,
...: TRANSIT ( NAVSAT NNSS,
avy Navigation Satellite System) GPS (Global Positioning System AVSTAR)
GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System). ,
, , . , ,
(), ), -
GPS
, , .
(
NN
.
, GALILEO. Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS.
GPS (Global Positioning System - ) , . . 1978, (
- 40 -
, , ..
GPS ... 1995.
2.5.1. GPS GPS : ,
(. 2.30).
. 2.30.
GPS
. 6 90
6 (Block II) . 2.32) GPS
24 (. 2.31) 4 . 19
(Block I) 5 (. 28 , . , 7.5 (Block III) .
. 2.31. GPS
55 . 12. 20000 km. 24 (4
- 41 -
7 ) 1993.
()
()
. 2.32. Block I () Block I () GPS
().
PRN (Pseudo Random Noise),
..
. , (. 2.33) Colorado . , () . . D - , . . . , , PS.
P -
. L1 =
1575.42 MHz L2 = 1227.60 MHz. L1 (19 cm) C/A (Coarse/ Acquisition - Code). To L2 (24 cm) P - (Precise - Code) . . P C/A D - (Data - Code) L1 L2 , .. ,
G
GPS. 2.34
GPS, , . - , , ,
- 42 -
(, ..) .
. 2.33. GPS
. 2.34. GPS
- ,
.
P C/A.
() . . D - . - . , . ( D - ) ,
(x y z h) , .. , World Geodetic System - 84 (WGS84), dT . 4 4 (x y z dT) (. 2.35). .
- 43 -
L1 ( ) L1 L2 ( ). .
. 2.35. GPS
. ,
GPS . :
P - . 1993 P - , - . P - . Anti-spoofing (AS). , z - .
(Selective Availability) C/A . 100 m. , 2000, , GPS 10 15 m (. 2.36).
- 44 -
2.5.2.
H 10 km C/A L1 50 - 60 km C/A L1 L2. L1 L2. P - 200 - 300 km .
. 2.36. GPS
GPS:
GPS .
( ) , .
. ( ) .. . , ,
:
WGS84. ,
. 100 m (SA On) 15 m (SA Off)
. . , , .. ,
, 15 - 100 m. (5 - 10 mm + 1 ppm).
- 45 -
. , .
(rapid static),
(pseudokinematic), o stop and go :
1.
, ( ) , ( , static). . , , .
2. , (pseudokinematic re-occupation) , 5 - 10
, 5 - 10 min
-
WGS84, . ( ). datum . . , (static),
min
. .
3. , , , (rapid static) . () , 5 - 10 min ( 15 Km ).
4. (.. GIS, , , - .) stop and go . stop and go . , ( ) . 10 min ( ) 20 - 30 min ( ) . , 2 - 10 (epochs).
- 46 -
5 sec, () 10 - 50 sec. 1 - 3 cm . 2 - 10 cm. stop and go , , . , 10 min . , .
5.
.
2.5.3.
..
, . 2 200 m , . (kinematic), () (.. 1 sec). , , . . (Real Time). .
O (Differential GPS, DGPS) , . DGPS (Base Station). , (Rover Stations)
. . , , , , . , , . , . GPS, , , GPS, .
- 47 -
( format
rmat () . , DGPS ,
.
, . : , . . . ' . ( ) . . , . .
) RTCM. , . . , GPS , , . () (5) , .. , ,
fo
, . . . DGPS (Post - Processed DGPS).
DGPS . . , , , . 1 3 m (SA ff).
. (Real Time Kinematic DGPS, RTK DGPS) (. 2.37). .
- 48 -
. . . . , , . . , .
. 2.37. (Real Time Kinematic
Differential GPS)
, 0.5 cm 2 cm 1 cm 5 cm 1 ppm 2 ppm . RT DGPS , AVL IVHS. . A, . .
- 49 -
2.5.4. GPS
, GPS . :
. . - . , , .. , (multipath errors). . . D - . , , , . . . GPS . - . . , , , - .
GPS
, . , , (. 2.38). . .
GPS.
,
()
() ()
. 2.38. : () , ()
, ()
- 50 -
, . ,
)
2.5
2.5
, .
M DOP (Dilution of Precision), . DOP . :
GDOP PDOP TDOP HDOP VDOP
DOP , , . DOP ( 5, .
.5.
.5.1.
GPS
GPS , .
GPS (x, y, z) . . , .. , mm 1 km cm km GPS . PS
0.1 ppm. .. 3 cm 300 km. GPS , , . GPS , .
G
on - line .
- 51 -
, , , , , . GPS
2
, WGS-84. , datum , .
.5.5.2.
GPS
.
2.5.5.3.
, , . . DGPS. DGPS .
. DGPS
. . . . GPS . , , . DGPS , .
2.5.5.4.
GPS , . . DGPS , .
- 52 -
DGPS . GPS, . . .
GPS, , , ..
2.5.5.5.
GPS
, .
GPS , .
. DGPS . . , . ( ), , .
, , DGPS , , ..
2.5.5.6. GPS . , , , . , .
GPS ( , , , ..) .
2.5.5.7.
GPS . .. . GPS. , GPS
. ,
- 53 -
.
. . DGPS , ' .
2.5.5.8.
, . DGPS
, . , . DGPS , .
, GPS GIS.
GPS
- 54 -
3.
3.1.
Datum Datum .
.
, , .
. , ' (, ..) ', (, ) (.. ) (. 3.1).
3.1.
' ( x, y, , s), YX . 3.2. ( )
. , , (. 3.2). (. 3.3). () , , (Geoid). , , , . , .
- 55 -
, GPS, . ,
,
. ' .
, ( ), .
. 3.2 /
. 3.3.
, (
)
- 56 -
, . , . , () (), x, y, z (.3.4). .
. 3.4. , ,
a,
, b f=(a-b)/a a f, .
. OZ Z X, Y (. 3.7). OZ . . O .
, ( ) .
- 57 -
. -90o +90o , .
. 0o ( ) 360o .
. , (.. ). DATUM - . DATUM , . 1967 ' (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, IUGG) (GRS 1967) . GRS 80 . GRS 80 1984 (World Geodetic System 1984, WGS 84) GPS.
( ) , DATUM . 3.3. ()
() ( , /
) ,
(. 3.5).
, . , . ' ,
. , , . , .
, . , , , .
- 58 -
. 3.5.
. , (. 3.6), . ( )
), , , .. .
.
(
' ( ) . ' (, ). . 3.1
. 3.6. ( : , , )
- 59 -
3.3.1.
(87).
3.3.1.1.
. () () DATUM ED50. DATUM DATUM, . .
:
1. , 2. (3 UTM) 3.
,
(...). 130 30' x 30' (. 3.7). , ... , () .. ..., .. ( ). ( 34) 1,000005,
- 60 -
1 . . .. .. ( ). . ... 1:100.000, 1:50.000 1:5.000 ,
. 3.7. 1:100.000 HATT
3 3.3.1.2. 3 ( 3)
..... 3, 1 30' ( ). .. =0, =-3 =+3. .. 200000. .. =34. 3 (. 3.8). Bessel. ( ) 1:5.000 1:1.000.
- 61 -
3.3.1.3. D50 & U.T.M.
DATUM ED 50 Hayford . (UTM) 6 . =21 =27 . Datum ED50 6
o o
o (.. 1:50000) ...
3.8.
3
3.3.1.4. 87
GRS 80 BTS 87 , . =24 0.9996 (. 3.9). 87, .
o
- 62 -
, . 87
GPS, WGS84 GPS. , . .
. 3.9. 87
. (, , .) . , DATUM .
- 63 -
4. 4.1.
, , . ' ( 10 km) , . . . , , , x y (. 4.1).
. 4.1.
x y, S. S .
. 1 4 , . , , V.
- 64 -
. , .
: , .
+ S sin
Y = + y = + S cos ,
= + 200 gon
, ,
.
.1.1. 4
: - (,) - H - S .
: - (, ) .
4.2,
:
X = + x =
. 4.2.
- 65 -
:
: X
Z: B, B.
= +11424.36 m, Y = -8183.45 m S= 136.43 m, = 125.3645 gon
:
:
X = X 167333) = 11550.10 m YB = Y 8236.38 m
(, , ..)
.
- (X ,Y ) (XB,YB).
Z: - SAB
+ SAB sin = 11424.36 + 136.43 (+0.92 + SAB cos = -8183.45 + 136.43 (-0.38796685) = -
:
.
.1.2. T 4
:
- .
. 4.3.
4.3,
B A = x = SAB sin = y = S cos
A AB
- 66 -
,
AYBYy AXXBxtan ==
, .
4.3 4.1).
S
,
( 0 < < 100 ( ).
AB
xABS = 2y2 +
4.1
( )
gon
0 - 100 + + = 100 - 200 + - = 200- 200 - 300 - - = 200+ IV 300 - 400 - + = 400-
( ):
x, y . : ) x = 0
y > 0 = 0 y < 0 = 200
B) y = 0 x > 0 = 100 x < 0 = 300
: :
xA = -10365.36m xB = -11286.23m yA = +6525.32m y = +9125.28m
:
B
: SAB, .
- 67 -
820.354186212599.96
920.8710365.36)(11286.23xxx AB =====
6525.32)(9125.28yyytan
AB +
-21.6705 gon. 0 y>0, ( 4.1)
x<
= 400 + = 400 + (-21.6705) = 378.3295 gon SAB
2 m 2758.22(2599.96)920.87)(yxS 222AB =+=+= . 4.1.2. T
-
:
- 0, 1, 2, ..., n, n+1 - 01
1, 2, ..., n. :
- .
. 4.4.
4.4 :
= 200 gon -
= 400 gon - 1
12 = 01 + (200 gon - ) = 01 + [200 gon - (400 gon - 1)].
= + 12 01
- 68 -
12 = 01 + 1 + 200 gon 400 gon.
2 ,
23 12 223 + 3 + 200 gon - 400 gon.
.............................................................
............................................................. nn+1 = n-1n + n + 200 gon - 400 gon.
n 200 gon - 400 gon. .
,
1 0 gon 400 gon.
= + + 200 gon - 400 gon. 34 =
nn+1 = 01 + [1 + 2 + ... + n] +
01 = 135.184 gon 1 = 96.325 gon 2 = 305.446 gon 3 = 86.384 gon 4 = 326.251 gon
: 45.
:
45 = 01 + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) + 4 200 gon- 400 gon =
= 135.184 + 814.406 + 800.000 - 400 = 1749.59 - 400.
45 0gon 400 gon = 4,
: 1. 400 gon, 400 gon. 2. . , 400 3. . , .
45 = 1749.59 - (4 400) = 1749.59 1600 = 149.590 gon.
gn.
- 69 -
4. 2.
,
. :
, .
( ) .
.
,
. 4.5 .
. 4.5.
(. 4.6).
( )
(Reperes),
(. 4.7).
.
.
- 70 -
. 4.6.
().
4.2.1.
.
. 4.7.
(, - ) .
,
- 71 -
, .
(. 4.8):
. 4.8. .
. , , , . . , . . . , .
. ' :
30 km.
.
(GPS), . , - .
15-30 km.
5-15 km. IV 5 km.
- 72 -
, 2-
km,
, , IV , , .
, . 4.9 IV , , , .
3 .
. 4.9
4.2.2.
,
, .
- 73 -
, :
(. 4.10) (. 4. 10) (. 4. 10) (. 4. 10) ,
(. 4. 10)
, (. 4. 10)
.
. 4.10.
.
- 74 -
4.2.2.1.
(. 4.11).
. 4.11.
, , (, A) (B, B) , ( , ). , (M, M), .
. :
++ + w = 200 gon w .
=+w/3 =+w/3 =+w/3
, , S .
AYBYAX2y2x + BXxtan ==ABABABS = y
S S ( )
- 75 -
)sin(sin
ABS)sin(ABSAS += Ssin
+=
= + = -
, , :
XM = XA+SAM sin() XM = XB + SBM sin(BM)
M = A+SAM cos() YM= YB + SBM cos(BM)
. , M (A), M (A) M (B), M (B), , .
.
, , (. 4.12)
= 60.0020 gon = 63.1308 gon = 76.8732 gon
. 4.12.
A :
.
1 2
1 = 12022.613 m 1 = 9202.724 m XT2 = 11275.156 m YT2 = 8917.579 m
- 76 -
:
++=200.006 gon.
= 60.0020-0.006/3 = 60.0000 gon = 63.1308-0.006/3 = 76.8732-0.006/3 = 76.8712 gon
S1 = 800.0m 1
12 12
:
(1) = 1 + ST1M sin(1) = 11835.790 m
(1) = 1 + ST1M cos(1) = 8511.229 m
2. 4.2.2.1.
w=0.006 gon. , :
= 63.1288 gon
1 12
2 2
T1T2=200+76.7987 gon,
x y T1T2 .
12 1
1 = 12 = 276.7987 - 60.0000 = 216.7987 gon
(. 4.13). (, A) (B, B), , .
S S . (, A)
1 2
(B, B) S
2ABy
2ABxABS +=
- 77 -
. 4.13.
4.13
.
,
.
S1 S2 . . . 4.14).
(
. 4.14.
- 78 -
:
= 12280.931 m = 13008.084 m = 4532.068 m = 3822.624 m S1=1128.777 m S2=728.729 m
S .
SAB = 1015.905 m
x y ,
=200+'=149.2153 gon
= + = 192.8652 gon
S2. 4.2.3.
, .
,
, . (.4.15).
- 79 -
. 4.15.
1, 2, ..., n-1, Kn
, , (. 4.16).
.
.4.16. ( )
, , ,
. .
. ,
. ,
, , .
1, 2, ..., n-1, Kn n , (n-1) , S1, S2, ..., Sn-1, (n-2) , 1, 2, ..., n-2.
- 80 -
4.2.3.1.
(. 4.17).
.4.17. () ()
, : . . . .
, , :
. , , . , , . .
.
.
. ,
,
1 2. , , .
, , . ,
- 81 -
.
,
.
, . . , / . ,
, . -
. , .
.
.
.
.
,
,
4.2.3.2.
,
. , , . , . , , ' , . , .
, .
, 8 . , .
.
- 82 -
.
. ,
,
. . . (). (.. , , ..).
, , . 4.2.3.2.
, , :
. . . .
1, 2, ..., n,
1 (1,1) n (n,n) (,) n+1 (n+1,n+1), 1 n+1 n (. 4.18).
. 4.18.
n+1,
, 1 n. , , S , S 1 2 n-1, ..., S
- 83 -
, 1, 2, ..., n-2, 1 2.
, 2
, nKn+1 'nKn+1 , w ( )
w = nKn+1 'KnKn+1.
, w 1, 1, 2, ..., n-2
:
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- 84 -
. ,
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- 85 -
, , . : k
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1 = 1685,750 m 1= 3503,660 m 2 = 1673,505m 2 = 3359,929 m 3 = 1798,220 m 3 = 3461,139 m 4 = 2000,000 m Y4 = 4000,000 m
: 1 = 356,826 gon s1 = 45,600 m 1 = 185,208 gon s2 = 46,345 m 2 = 219,215 gon s3 = 33,860 m 3 = 174,951 gon s4 = 36,510 m 2 = 246,514 gon
: 1, 2, 3.
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- 86 -
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., , , , 2007.
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, 1 , , 2006.
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-- , . 381-412, , 1
13. ., GPS , , , 2003.
14. . ., / - AutoCad, , . 80, , 2002.
- 158 -
2.5.1. GPS2.5.2. 2.5.3. 2.5.4. GPS2.5.5. 2.5.5.1. 2.5.5.2. 2.5.5.3. 2.5.5.4. 2.5.5.5. 2.5.5.6. 2.5.5.7. 2.5.5.8. O
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