Special Purpose Antenna Outline
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Special Purpose Antenna
Folded Dipole
Yagi-Uda
Log-Periodic
Turnstile
Helical
Folded Dipole Antenna1. Design
L = 143/f
where:
L is in meters
f is in MHz
Input impedance is four times higher than a basic half-wave dipoleZi = 72Ω*4 = 288Ω
To vary input impedance:Zi = Ratio*72 Ω
Where:
d1 is the conductor diameter for the feed arm of the dipole d2 is the conductor diameter for the non-fed arm of the dipole S is the distance between the conductors Ratio is the step up ratio
2. Description- a dipole antenna whose outer ends are folded back and joined together at
the center- the impedance is about 300 ohms, as compared to 72 ohms for basic half-
wave dipole3. Advantages
- wider bandwidth compare to the basic half-wave dipole- the bandwidth can be increased further by making the dipole elements
larger in diameter- well matched to 300-Ohm balanced transmission lines
4. Application- used in the simple FM dipole antennas that can be bought to use as
temporary FM broadcast antennas - used within other larger antennas such as the Yagi. - widely used with television and frequency-modulation receivers.
Yagi-Uda Antenna1. Design
Elements- The Driven Element
where feed point is located and where the feed line is attached from the transmitter to the Yagi to perform the transfer of power from the transmitter to the antenna
- Parasitic Elements element that is not directly connected to the feed line elements used for the purpose of obtaining directional power gain Reflector and Directors Reflectors
length is 5% longer than the driven element the spacing is generally between .1 and .2 wavelength Prevents antenna from sending backward
Director length is 5% shorter than the driven element the spacing is generally between .1 and .2 wavelength used to provide the antenna with directional pattern and
gain
typical spacing between elements vary from about 0.1 to 0.2 of a wavelength, depending on the specific design
elements are usually parallel in one plane, supported on a single crossbar known as a boom.
the elements must be made of some kind of conducting material: copper, aluminum, coaxial cable are best suited.
the horizontal stick (boom) can be made of anything. - if it is made of conducting material, the elements must be isolated from
the stick. Simple Three Element Yagi
- (b) is the radiation pattern
2. Description- a linear array consisting of a dipole and two or more parasitic elements:
one reflector and one or more directors- named after two Japanese scientists who invented it
3. Advantages- bandwidth can be increased by using more than one folded dipole, each
cut to a slightly different length- the typical directivity is between 7dB and 9dB- a directional antenna designed to maximize reception over long distances
4. Application- commonly used for VHF TV reception because of its wide bandwidth- used for amateur radio
Log-Periodic Antenna1. Design
Typically, , design ratio
Bandwidth:
Number of Dipoles:
____________________________________________________
the length and spacing of the elements of a log-periodic antenna increase logarithmically from one end to the other
element at the back of the array is a half wavelength at the lowest frequency of operation
the feed phase is reversed from one element to the next to ensure that the phasing of the different elements is correct
the direction of maximum radiation is towards the feed point
2. Description- Consist of several dipoles of different length and spacing that are fed from
a single source at the small end. The transmission line is crisscrossed between the feedpoints of adjacent pairs of dipoles.
- Physical structure is repetitive, making electrical characteristics repetitive as well
- it offers less gain for its size than does the more conventional Yagi - the antenna input impedance varies repetitively when plotted as a function
of frequency and periodically when plotted against the log of the frequency
3. Advantages- independent of radiation resistance and radiation pattern to frequency- able to provide directivity and gain while being able to operate over a wide
bandwidth4. Application
- used where a wide range of frequencies is needed while still having moderate gain and directionality
- used at VHF and UHF for a variety of applications, including some uses as a television antenna
- used on the HF portion of the spectrum where operation is required on a number of frequencies to enable communication to be maintained
Turnstile Antenna1. Design
consists of two horizontal half-wave antennas mounted at right angles to each other in the same horizontal plane
Radiation Pattern - The radiation pattern shown is the sum of radiation patterns from the
two dipoles, which produces a nearly omnidirectional pattern
2. Description- a set of two dipole antennas aligned at right angles to each other and fed
90 degrees out-of-phase - when mounted horizontally the antenna is nearly omnidirectional on the
horizontal plane. - when mounted vertically the antenna is directional to a right angle to its
plane and is circularly polarized. - balanced transmission lines
3. Application- developed primarily for omnidirectional vhf communications
- often used for communication satellites because, being circularly polarized, the polarization of the signal doesn't rotate when the satellite rotates
Helical Antenna1. Design
the dimensions of the helix are determined by the wavelength λ of the radio waves used, which depends on the frequency.
the length of the coil determines how directional the antenna will be as well as its gain; longer antennas will be more sensitive in the direction in which they point.
a ground plane at the driven end makes the radiation unidirectional from the far (open) end
where: r is the radius of the helix a is the pitch angle S is the spacing between turns L is the length of one turn is the tangential unit vector describing the contour of the
helix Zo is the starting height of the helix
pitch angle α:
where:s is the spacing from turn toturn r is the radius of the helix
the ground plane diameter is typically 0.94l in diameter at the center frequency the radiating element is a helix of wire, driven at one end and radiating along the
axis of the helix
Power Gain
where:Ap(dB) = antenna power gain (dB)D = helix diameter (meters)N = number of turns (any positive integer)S = pitch(meters)λ = wavelength (meters per cycle)
3-dB Beamwidth
where:θ = beamwidth (degrees)D = helix diameter (meters)N = number of turns (any positive integer)S = pitch(meters)λ = wavelength (meters per cycle)
2. Description- An antenna that has the form of a helix- A helical antenna is a specialized antenna that emits and responds to
electromagnetic fields with rotating (circular)polarization 3. Application
- typically used for applications where reduced size is a critical operational factor
- most suitable for Mobile and Portable High-frequency (HF) communications in the 1 MHz to 30 MHz operating range
- used extensively for 27 MHz CB radio
References:
Electronics Communications System 5th Edition by Wayne Tomasi
http://www.electronics-radio.com/articles/radio/antennas/dipole/dipole-antenna.php
http://www.k7mem.150m.com/Electronic_Notebook/antennas/folded_dipole.html
http://www.hamuniverse.com/yagibasics.html
http://www.k7mem.150m.com/Electronic_Notebook/antennas/yagi_vhf.html#Introduction
http://www.changpuak.ch/electronics/yagi_uda_antenna.php
http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/antennas/log_p/log-periodic-array-feeder-arrangements.php
http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14182/css/14182_211.htm
http://strobbe.eu/on7yd/136ant/