Petroleum Engineering Assignment 2012 13

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Petroleum Engineering Assignment 1 Due Date: 15th of April 2013 Lateef Akanji (Ph.D., D.I.C.) Petroleum and Gas Engineering University of Salford [email protected] October 14, 2012

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Petroleum Engineering Assignment 2012 13 for salford

Transcript of Petroleum Engineering Assignment 2012 13

Page 1: Petroleum Engineering Assignment 2012 13

Petroleum Engineering Assignment 1

Due Date: 15th of April 2013

Lateef Akanji (Ph.D., D.I.C.)

Petroleum and Gas Engineering

University of Salford

[email protected]

October 14, 2012

Page 2: Petroleum Engineering Assignment 2012 13

UoS Well Test Equations

∆Pskin = (Pwf)measured − (Pwf)calculated

s =∆Pskin

qµB2πκh

Jmeasured

Jcalculated=

P − Pwf + ∆Pskin

P − Pwf

∆P = −70.6µB

kh

[q1Ei

(−948φµctr

2

κt

)+ (q2 − q1)Ei

(−948φµctr

2

κ(t− t1)

)]∆G = VuLco∆Pρo

C = VuLco

tp =Np

q

m =∆P

Cycle

tpDA =κtp

φµctA

PDMBH = 2.3026(P ∗ −P )/m

κ = 0.183qµB

mh

κ = 162.6qµB

mh

s = 1.1513

[(P1hr − Pwf)

m− log

κ

φµctr2w

+ 3.2255

]s = −1.1513

[(Pi − Pwf(t1))

m+ logt1 + log

κ

φµctr2w

+ 0.35173

]

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UoS Well Test Equations

κ =

qµB

[∆PD

(tL∆tc

)2]

Fig

2πh∆P(

tL∆tc

)2

κ =qµB

2πh

(PD)M∆PM

φct =κ

µr2

tM(tDr2D

)M

or in field unit

κ = 141.2

qµB

[∆PD

(tL∆tc

)2]

Fig

h∆P(

tL∆tc

)2

κ = 141.2qµB

h

(PD)M∆PM

φct =2.64e−4κ

µr2

tM(tDr2D

)M

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UoS Petroleum Geology :Geologic Features

Figure 1: Geologic feature

Question 1

1. Determine the relative ages in Figure 1

2. Name the features marked A, B, C and D

3. Describe the sequence of events that resulted in the formation of

the geological features observed in Figure 1

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UoS Petroleum Geology :Geological Map Interpretation Question 1

Figure 2: Geological map

Question 2

1. Identify the rock types in the area shown Figure 2

2. Determine the relative ages of the rocks

3. Name the geological structures that you are able to identify (in

the case of folds, draw their axes)

4. Describe the geological history of the area

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UoS Exploration : Exploration techniques Question 2

Question 3

1. State and define the principle methods of exploration and reser-

voir prediction

2. What are the two methods commonly used in seismic prospect-

ing?

(a) Which is most often used?

(b) Which gives the most information?

3. Describe hydrocarbon indicators on a seismic section

4. What sources of energy are most often used in seismic explo-

ration?

5. What are the principal uses of seismic data

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UoS Petroleum Geology (Case-studies GP1 ):UK North Sea Question 3

Question 4

1. Using a simplified map, describe the major subdivisions and brief

geological history of the North Sea

2. Describe the major distributions of oil and gas fields in the South-

ern North Sea (SNS) basin and adjacent onshore UK areas

3. Using a simplified stratigraphic column describe the oil and gas

fields found in the Northern North Sea (NNS)

4. Describe the diffferent kinds of sedimentary rock and fluid types

found in the North Sea and relate them to the depositional pro-

cesses that led to their formation

5. Discuss the historical oil and gas production profile from the UK

North Sea and the future direction

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UoS Petroleum Geology (Case-studies GP2 ):Nigerian Niger Delta Question 4

Question 5

1. Using a simplified map, describe the major subdivisions and brief

geological history of the Nigerian Niger Delta basin

2. Describe the major distributions of oil and gas fields in the Niger

Delta basin

3. Using a simplified stratigraphic column describe the oil and gas

fields found in the Nigerian Niger Delta basin

4. Describe the diffferent kinds of sedimentary rock and fluid types

found in the Niger Delta and relate them to the depositional

processes that led to their formation

5. Discuss the historical oil and gas production profile from the Niger

Delta and the potentials for future exploitation

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UoS Petroleum Geology (Case-studies GP3 ):Arabian Gulf Question 5

Question 6

1. Using a simplified map, describe the major subdivisions and brief

geological history of the Arabian Gulf basin

2. Describe the major distributions of oil and gas fields the Arabian

Gulf basin

3. Using a simplified stratigraphic column describe the oil and gas

fields found in the Arabian Gulf basin

4. Describe the diffferent kinds of sedimentary rock and fluid types

found in the Arabian Gulf and relate them to the depositional

processes that led to their formation

5. Discuss the historical oil and gas production profile from the Ara-

bian Gulf and the potentials for future exploitation

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UoS Petroleum Geology (Case-studies GP4 ):Gulf of Mexico Basin Question 6

Question 7

1. Using a simplified map, describe the major subdivisions and brief

geological history of the Gulf of Mexico basin

2. Describe the major distributions of oil and gas fields in the Gulf

of Mexico

3. Using a simplified stratigraphic column describe the oil and gas

fields found in the Gulf of Mexico

4. Describe the diffferent kinds of sedimentary rock and fluid types

found in the Gulf of Mexico and relate them to the depositional

processes that led to their formation

5. Discuss the historical oil and gas production profile from the Gulf

of Mexico and the potentials for future exploitation

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UoS Drilling (Ass ): Drilling Engineering Question 7

Question 8

1. The target and the rig coordinates of a well are given in Table 1.

Determine the relative position of the rig and target

(a) rectangular coordinates

(b) polar coordinates

Table 1: Coordinates of rig and target

Target Rig

NS(meters) 964 1334EW (meters) −144 653

2. Using Figure 3 and the information provided in Table 2, design

a build and hold trajectory

Table 2: Build and hold trajectory design

Vertical depth 3, 218.688 meters [10, 560 ft.]Horizontal displacement 1, 333.5 meters [4, 375 ft.]

Kick-off depth 457.2 meters [1, 500 ft.]Build rate 2o per 30.48 meters [2o per 100ft.]

3. From your design, determine the following:

(a) radius of curvature of the build section

(b) hold angle

(c) measured depth (MD) at start of Hold section (MDhold)

(d) measured depth (MD) at total depth (MDTD)

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UoS Drilling (Ass ): Drilling Engineering Question 8

Figure 3: A build and hold trajectory

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UoS Production & Well-Test :Well-Test Objectives Question 8

Question 9

1. Explain the following production related terms, stating all related

equations

(a) Productivity index

(b) Vertical lift performance

(c) Inflow performance relationship

(d) Gas reservoir deliverability

2. Describe the following well-test methods and state the main ob-

jectives of conducting each

(a) Injectivity test

(b) Fall-off test

(c) Interference test

(d) Drill-stem test

(e) Pulse test

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UoS Production & Well-Test : Pressure Drawdown Question 9

Question 10

Table 3 is a pressure drawdown test data from a well in an undersat-

urated reservoir with the following properties:

Pi = 20.7 MPa[3002.3 psi]

Boi = 1.32

µo = 9.2× 10−3 Pa− s[9.2 cp]

h = 21 m[68.9ft.]

φ = 0.17

Swi = 0.26

ct = 1.2× 10−9 Pa−1[8.27× 10−61/psi]

rw = 0.1m [0.328 ft.]

q = −17.2 m3/d[108.2 bbl/d]

1. Plot Pwf versus time on a semilog coordinate sheet (Sheet A)

2. From your plot and using appropriate equations, determine:

(a) the gradient, m

(b) the pressure at t = 10 hrs

(c) the permeability, κ

(d) the skin effect, s

(e) whether the system is damaged or stimulated

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UoS Production & Well-Test : Pressure Drawdown Question 10

Table 3: Pressure drawdown test data

Time(hours) Pwf (MPa)

32 18.4143 18.3853 18.3564 18.3272 18.3081 18.29110 18.25

Figure 4: Sheet A

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UoS Production & Well-Test : Build-up & reservoir pressure Question 10

Question 11

1. Figure 5 is a pressure build-up curve from a reservoir with a

limited drainage area.

(a) Determine the production time tp

(b) Estimate the slope, m

(c) From the graph, estimate the Pws(1hour) and the correspond-

ing Pwf

(d) Why is the Pws(1hour) different from the corresponding Pwf?

Figure 5: Pressure build-up curve with a limited drainage area

2. Using the Matthews-Brons-Hazenbroek (MBH) method, deter-

mine the mean pressure of the drainage area of a well in the

above reservoir which is placed at the center of a square with a

surface A = 0.42 × 106 m2 (103.8 acre). Use Figure 6 and the

following additional data.

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UoS Production & Well-Test : Build-up & reservoir pressure Question 11 (continued)

Figure 6: MBH dimensionless pressure for different well locations in a square drainage area (after Matthews-Brons-Hazenbroek)

Additional pressure build-up data

Np = 21409 m3 [134648bbl], cumulative production

q = 38.3 m3/d [241bbl/d], production rate before shut-in

Boi = 1.52 (rb/stb)

Pi = 20.7 MPa [3002.3 psi]

µo = 9.2× 10−3 Pa-s [9.2 cp]

h = 21 m [68.9 ft]

φ = 0.17 [ ]

Swi = 0.25 [ ]

ct = 1.2× 10−9Pa−1 [8.27× 10−61/psi]

rw = 0.1 m [0.328 ft]

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UoS Production & Well-Test : Interference and Diagnostics Question 11 (continued)

Question 12

1. During an interference test, water was injected in the active well

for 22 days. The distance to the observation well is 112.4 m

[368.8ft]. The measured pressure changes are drawn on a trans-

parent sheet versus t (hour), and matched by parallel shifting in

Figure 7 with the type curve. In the match point:

(a) tM = 100hours

(b) (tD/r2D)M = 50

(c) ∆PM = 105 Pa [= 14.5psi]

(d) PDM = 0.8

Additional data

q = 300 m3/d [= 1887bbl/d]

µ = 0.82× 10−3 Pa-s [0.82cp]

Bw = 1.0

h = 12 m [39.4ft]

r = 112.4 m [368.8ft]

(a) Determine the permeability, κ and

(b) φct

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UoS Production & Well-Test : Interference and Diagnostics Question 12

Figure 7: Illustration of type curve matching for an interference test

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UoS Production & Well-Test : Interference and Diagnostics Question 12

Question 13

Figure 8 is a well test interpretation models for wells near a single

fault, channel system and wedge systems. The corresponding pres-

sure change and derivative plots are also shown on a log-log plot.

Analyze each of the plots.

Figure 8: Well test interpretation models

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UoS Reservoir Performance : Reservoir Engineering Question 13

Question 14

Consider a reservoir that is shaped like a circular disk, 10 m thick,

and with a 5 km radius in the horizontal plane. The mean porosity of

the reservoir is 15%, the water saturation is 0.3, and the oil saturation

is 0.7.

1. Ignoring the expansion of the oil that would occur when it is

produced from the reservoir, how many barrels of oil are in this

reservoir? (One barrel = 0.1589 m3).

2. If the density of the oil is 900 kg/m3, how much oil (in kg) is

contained in the reservoir?

Question 15

With the aid of annotated phase envelope diagrams, describe the

following

1. cricondenbar and cricondentherm

2. retrograde condensation, dry-gas and wet gas

3. light, intermediate and heavy crude systems

Question 16

Given the gas production data shown in Table 4. Determine:

1. the total volume (at standard conditions) of gas initially in place

(GIIP)

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UoS Reservoir Performance : Reservoir Engineering Question 16 (continued)

Table 4: Data from a gas reservoir

Pressure(MPa) Z Gp(108 m3)

25 0.85 024 0.86 6.0923 0.87 11.822 0.88 17.121 0.89 23.1

2. the volume of gas (Gp) that will be produced at the abandonment

pressure of 3 MPa when Z = 0.95

3. Explain why the abandonment pressure is not 0.1 MPa (1 atm)

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UoS Reservoir Rock : Rock properties Question 16

Question 17

In a laboratory experiment, a pressure drop of 100 kPa is imposed

along a core that has length of 10 cm, and a radius of 2 cm. The

permeability of the core is 200 mD, its porosity is 15%, and the

viscosity of water is 0.001 Pa− s.

1. What will be the volumetric flowrate Q of the water, in m3/s?

2. What is the numerical value of q = Q/A, in m/s?

Question 18

Consider a layered reservoir consisting of alternating layers, 1 m

thick, of rock 1, rock 2 and rock 3, where k1 = 1000 mD, k2 =

100 mD, and k3 = 10 mD.

1. What is the effective permeability of this rock, if fluid is flowing

parallel to the layering?

2. What is the effective permeability of this rock, if fluid is flowing

perpendicular to the layering?

3. Imagine that the reservoir consists of these three rock types, in

equal volumetric proportions, but occurring in a ’random’ spatial

distribution. Estimate the effective permeability in this case.

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UoS Reservoir Rock : Rock properties Question 18

Question 19

Consider a small blob of oil surrounded by water. The surface tension

between the oil and water is 0.02 Nm. If the radius of the blob is

0.05 mm

1. What is the value of the capillary pressure?

2. Is the pressure higher in the oil or the water?

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UoS Reservoir Fluid : Fluid properties Question 19

Question 20

Table 5 is the fluid compositional data of a gas reservoir. Compute

1. the apparent molecular weight (AMW)

2. the specific gravity γ

3. the composition in weight fraction

4. the composition in volume fraction

Table 5: Data from a gas reservoir

Component Composition, mole fraction

Methane 0.820Ethane 0.059Propane 0.046Isobutane 0.035n-butane 0.030

1.000

Question 21

An oil reservoir has the compositional data given in Table 6

1. What is the API gravity of the oil? Use ideal-solution principles

Table 6: Data from a gas reservoir

Component Mole fraction

n-butane 0.29n-pentane 0.40n-hexane 0.31

1.00

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UoS Reservoir Fluid : Fluid properties Question 21

Question 22

1. The analysis of a formation water is given in Table 7. Convert

the concentrations of solids for the brine to

(a) milligrams per liter

(b) percent solids

(c) milliequivalents per liter

2. Draw a pattern of the brine

Table 7: Data from a gas reservoir

Component Mole fraction

Na 7, 365Ca 1, 582Mg 305S04 521Cl 14, 162C03 705

HC03 0

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