Basic human requirements - MIT OpenCourseWare · Basic human requirements C 20 oo C 35o C 280 C 310...
Transcript of Basic human requirements - MIT OpenCourseWare · Basic human requirements C 20 oo C 35o C 280 C 310...
Basic human requirements
35o C20o C0o C
280 C
310 C
320 C
340 C
360 C
370 C
Room Temperature
Core Temperature
Image by MIT OCW.
Black body at 800 K
Solar radiationat atmosphere’s boundaries
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.50
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
-
-
-
Wavelength [μm]
visibleUV IR
Clear sky, sun at 30°above the horizon
Solar radiationat sea level
-
-
Energy [kW/(m²·μm)]
Solar radiation
Solar radiation
GroundReflection5%
CloudReflection20%+
AtmosphericAbsorption& Scattering25%
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiationEarth’s orbit
seasons
Equinox March22
Summer solsticeJune 21
Equinox Sept 21
Winter solstice Dec 21
Image by MIT OCW.
Earth’s orbitseasonslatitude and elevation’s impact
Solar course
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Latitude du lieu
[kW
h/m
2 an
] DakarCairo
HelsinkiParisHambourg
Carpentras
Rome
Lisbon
Alger
yr] 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 m500 m3000 m
1385 [W/m2]
Height abovesea level
η [°]
Parameters in incoming radiation
Earth’s orbitseasonslatitude and elevation’s impactearth’s inertia
a 16°F difference for
the samesolar elevation
Critical for solarprotections
Solar elevation
Average outsidetemperature
21 juin
0o
30o
60o
90o
h
23 sept 21 mars 21 juin
0o
10o
20o
oCT
57o F
41 o F
22 dec
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Earth’s orbitseasons
day
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential
elevation η latitude L
azimuth φ declination δ
solar time Hsolar
ηnoon = 90° - L + δ
δ
N
Z
h
↔
Zenith
Azimuth
S'
Equatorial Plane
N
N'
Latitude
Elevation
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referentialcylindrical projection
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 150 120 90 60 30 0
1020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
NS5 h
6 h
7 h
8 h
9 h
10 h
11 h12 h
Latitude: 49o
FE GD H
C IB J
A KL
13 h14 h
h
S
W
Ea
N
15 h
16 h17 h
18 h
19 hN
Sun
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
Zenith
Nadir
Sun
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiationApparent movement of the sun
lococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
21 Juin
23 Sept. - 21 Mar
21 Dec.
N
0o 15o
30 o
45 o
60 o75o2
85o
300o
31
5o
330o
345o
180o 165o
150o
135o
120o
105o2
55o
240 o
225 o
210 o195o
90o270o
Jan2118
16
1412 10
8
6
May26
Jul21
Aug31
April14
Sep 23Mars21
Oct 17 Feb26
Nov 27 Jan 16
Dec 21
10o
47oN
20o
30o
40o
50o
60o
70o
80o
90o+
Images by MIT OCW.
Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
Solar radiation
60o
120o
45o
30o
15oN
345o
330o
315o
J FM
A
MJ
9
10
1112 13
1415
16
19
18
JA
SO
N
6
D
135o 150o 165o 180o 195o 210o225o
240o255o
270o
285o
300o
17
105o
90o
75o
7
8
Image by MIT OCW.
Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
Solar radiation
Site plan
D
A
36'
A
E
C
B
tan E = y/x
y 20'
60
30
0
120
150
180
60
120
June 21 Jul 21/ May 21Jul 21/ M
ay 21
wESe
p 21/
Mar
21 Nov 21
/Jan 2
1
5' 10' 15' 20' 25'
+
+
30 150
60
120
11
12
10 3
9
4
8
5
7
6
6
78
11
12
103
9
4
8
5
7
6
6
7 5
Oct 21
/Feb 2
1
Dec 21
40
150
0180
30
150
120 60
Jul 21/May 21Jun 21
Dec 21Nov 21/Jan 21
Oct 21/Feb 21
Sept 21/Mar2
1
Aug 21/Apr 21
WE
80o
70o
60o
50o
40o
30o
20o
10o
Image by MIT OCW.
Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
Solar radiation
Horizontal sun protections
0 1010 2030
4050
60
70
80
90
2030
4050
60
70
80
90
4050
807060
Image by MIT OCW.
Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
Solar radiation
Vertical sun protections
0 101020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2030
40
50
60
70
80
90
4050
807060
3020
10
Image by MIT OCW.
Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
Solar radiation
Combined protection
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
30
4050607080
FG
6 H
E
100
110
120
130
140
150160
I
J
L
260
280
A
W
290
300
310
330
320
340
350F
N
8
1012
14
16
18
E
D
C
B
3
250
240
230
220
210
200
190 S
170
+
-
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Daylight
Image by MIT OCW.
Sky type Clear Milky-white Partly cloudy Whitish Light grey Dark grey Dark
Sun Shiny Clear Partly veiled Veiled Still visible Barely visible Invisible
Global radiation
[W/m2]800 to 900 600 to 800 300 to 700 250 to 400 200 to 300 100 to 200 20 to 100
Diffuse component 10 to 20% 20 to 40% 20 to 50% 40 to 80% 50 to 100% 75 to 100% 100%
Solar radiation
Daylight
ClimateAtmospheric phenomena (global climate)
Wind flows and Coriolis force
Prevailing westerlies
HH
H
H
H
H
H
H
L L L
LL
L
W
W
W
E
E
E
E
Subpolar low-pressure belt
Subpolar low-pressure belt
Subtropicalhigh-pressure belt
Subtropical high-pressure belt
Intratropicalconvergences
Polar high
South Pole
Tropopause
North Pole
Cold frontE = Easterly windsWarm front
Convergence Warm wind
Cold windH = High pressureL = Low pressure
W = Westerly winds
LLLow pressure
High pressure High pressure
Wind flow from high to low pressure zones
Images by MIT OCW.
ClimateAtmospheric phenomena (global climate)
Wind flows and Coriolis force
Water
Image by MIT OCW.
Climate
Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)Wind flows and Coriolis force
Water
Mountains
Rain Shadow
San Francisco
190 miles 210 miles
Reno
Precipitation: 19 Inches 7 Inches
Temperature: 46o F January64o F July
20o F January91o F July
Image by MIT OCW.
Climate
Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)Wind flows and Coriolis force
Water
Mountains
Friction600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1600
1200
800
400
00
Alti
tude
(m)
Alti
tude
(ft)
100%
100%
100%
75%
75%
75%
50%
50%50%
Percentage of Gradient Wind Velocity
Effect of terrain on wind velocity profiles
Image by MIT OCW.
Climate
Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)Wind flows and Coriolis force
Water
Mountains
Friction
Greenhouse effect
360
320
280
240
200
160
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
160 120 80 40
19921750
CO2 concentration in ppm
Temperature in oC
Millennia ago
1992
1750
Image by MIT OCW..
Human needs and outside environment
Reading assignment from Textbook:“Introduction to Architectural Science” by Szokolay: § 1.3
Additional readings relevant to lecture topics:"How Buildings Work" by Allen: Chap 1
"Heating Cooling Lighting" by Lechner: § 5.1 - 5.6 + § 6.1 - 6.13
“Sun Wind Light“ by Brown & DeKay: § 1 - 6 in Chap 1A