Basic human requirements - MIT OpenCourseWare · Basic human requirements C 20 oo C 35o C 280 C 310...

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Basic human requirements 35 o C 20 o C 0 o C 28 0 C 31 0 C 32 0 C 34 0 C 36 0 C 37 0 C Room Temperature Core Temperature Image by MIT OCW.

Transcript of Basic human requirements - MIT OpenCourseWare · Basic human requirements C 20 oo C 35o C 280 C 310...

Page 1: Basic human requirements - MIT OpenCourseWare · Basic human requirements C 20 oo C 35o C 280 C 310 C 320 C 340 C 360 C 370 C R o mT ep ratu Core Temperature Image by MIT OCW. Black

Basic human requirements

35o C20o C0o C

280 C

310 C

320 C

340 C

360 C

370 C

Room Temperature

Core Temperature

Image by MIT OCW.

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Black body at 800 K

Solar radiationat atmosphere’s boundaries

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.50

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

-

-

-

Wavelength [μm]

visibleUV IR

Clear sky, sun at 30°above the horizon

Solar radiationat sea level

-

-

Energy [kW/(m²·μm)]

Solar radiation

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Solar radiation

GroundReflection5%

CloudReflection20%+

AtmosphericAbsorption& Scattering25%

Image by MIT OCW.

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Solar radiationEarth’s orbit

seasons

Equinox March22

Summer solsticeJune 21

Equinox Sept 21

Winter solstice Dec 21

Image by MIT OCW.

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Earth’s orbitseasonslatitude and elevation’s impact

Solar course

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Latitude du lieu

[kW

h/m

2 an

] DakarCairo

HelsinkiParisHambourg

Carpentras

Rome

Lisbon

Alger

yr] 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 m500 m3000 m

1385 [W/m2]

Height abovesea level

η [°]

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Parameters in incoming radiation

Earth’s orbitseasonslatitude and elevation’s impactearth’s inertia

a 16°F difference for

the samesolar elevation

Critical for solarprotections

Solar elevation

Average outsidetemperature

21 juin

0o

30o

60o

90o

h

23 sept 21 mars 21 juin

0o

10o

20o

oCT

57o F

41 o F

22 dec

Image by MIT OCW.

cc_mphato
Line
cc_mphato
Line
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Solar radiation

Earth’s orbitseasons

day

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Solar radiation

Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential

elevation η latitude L

azimuth φ declination δ

solar time Hsolar

ηnoon = 90° - L + δ

δ

N

Z

h

Zenith

Azimuth

S'

Equatorial Plane

N

N'

Latitude

Elevation

Image by MIT OCW.

Image by MIT OCW.

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Solar radiation

Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential

Image by MIT OCW.

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Solar radiation

Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referentialcylindrical projection

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 150 120 90 60 30 0

1020

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

NS5 h

6 h

7 h

8 h

9 h

10 h

11 h12 h

Latitude: 49o

FE GD H

C IB J

A KL

13 h14 h

h

S

W

Ea

N

15 h

16 h17 h

18 h

19 hN

Sun

Image by MIT OCW.

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Solar radiation

Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

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Solar radiation

Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Zenith

Nadir

Sun

Image by MIT OCW.

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Solar radiationApparent movement of the sun

lococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

21 Juin

23 Sept. - 21 Mar

21 Dec.

N

0o 15o

30 o

45 o

60 o75o2

85o

300o

31

5o

330o

345o

180o 165o

150o

135o

120o

105o2

55o

240 o

225 o

210 o195o

90o270o

Jan2118

16

1412 10

8

6

May26

Jul21

Aug31

April14

Sep 23Mars21

Oct 17 Feb26

Nov 27 Jan 16

Dec 21

10o

47oN

20o

30o

40o

50o

60o

70o

80o

90o+

Images by MIT OCW.

cc_mphato
Line
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Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Solar radiation

60o

120o

45o

30o

15oN

345o

330o

315o

J FM

A

MJ

9

10

1112 13

1415

16

19

18

JA

SO

N

6

D

135o 150o 165o 180o 195o 210o225o

240o255o

270o

285o

300o

17

105o

90o

75o

7

8

Image by MIT OCW.

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Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Solar radiation

Site plan

D

A

36'

A

E

C

B

tan E = y/x

y 20'

60

30

0

120

150

180

60

120

June 21 Jul 21/ May 21Jul 21/ M

ay 21

wESe

p 21/

Mar

21 Nov 21

/Jan 2

1

5' 10' 15' 20' 25'

+

+

30 150

60

120

11

12

10 3

9

4

8

5

7

6

6

78

11

12

103

9

4

8

5

7

6

6

7 5

Oct 21

/Feb 2

1

Dec 21

40

150

0180

30

150

120 60

Jul 21/May 21Jun 21

Dec 21Nov 21/Jan 21

Oct 21/Feb 21

Sept 21/Mar2

1

Aug 21/Apr 21

WE

80o

70o

60o

50o

40o

30o

20o

10o

Image by MIT OCW.

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Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Solar radiation

Horizontal sun protections

0 1010 2030

4050

60

70

80

90

2030

4050

60

70

80

90

4050

807060

Image by MIT OCW.

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Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Solar radiation

Vertical sun protections

0 101020

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2030

40

50

60

70

80

90

4050

807060

3020

10

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Apparent movement of the sunlococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Solar radiation

Combined protection

20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

10

30

4050607080

FG

6 H

E

100

110

120

130

140

150160

I

J

L

260

280

A

W

290

300

310

330

320

340

350F

N

8

1012

14

16

18

E

D

C

B

3

250

240

230

220

210

200

190 S

170

+

-

Image by MIT OCW.

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Solar radiation

Daylight

Image by MIT OCW.

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Sky type Clear Milky-white Partly cloudy Whitish Light grey Dark grey Dark

Sun Shiny Clear Partly veiled Veiled Still visible Barely visible Invisible

Global radiation

[W/m2]800 to 900 600 to 800 300 to 700 250 to 400 200 to 300 100 to 200 20 to 100

Diffuse component 10 to 20% 20 to 40% 20 to 50% 40 to 80% 50 to 100% 75 to 100% 100%

Solar radiation

Daylight

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ClimateAtmospheric phenomena (global climate)

Wind flows and Coriolis force

Prevailing westerlies

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H

L L L

LL

L

W

W

W

E

E

E

E

Subpolar low-pressure belt

Subpolar low-pressure belt

Subtropicalhigh-pressure belt

Subtropical high-pressure belt

Intratropicalconvergences

Polar high

South Pole

Tropopause

North Pole

Cold frontE = Easterly windsWarm front

Convergence Warm wind

Cold windH = High pressureL = Low pressure

W = Westerly winds

LLLow pressure

High pressure High pressure

Wind flow from high to low pressure zones

Images by MIT OCW.

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ClimateAtmospheric phenomena (global climate)

Wind flows and Coriolis force

Water

Image by MIT OCW.

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Climate

Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)Wind flows and Coriolis force

Water

Mountains

Rain Shadow

San Francisco

190 miles 210 miles

Reno

Precipitation: 19 Inches 7 Inches

Temperature: 46o F January64o F July

20o F January91o F July

Image by MIT OCW.

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Climate

Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)Wind flows and Coriolis force

Water

Mountains

Friction600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1600

1200

800

400

00

Alti

tude

(m)

Alti

tude

(ft)

100%

100%

100%

75%

75%

75%

50%

50%50%

Percentage of Gradient Wind Velocity

Effect of terrain on wind velocity profiles

Image by MIT OCW.

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Climate

Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)Wind flows and Coriolis force

Water

Mountains

Friction

Greenhouse effect

360

320

280

240

200

160

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

160 120 80 40

19921750

CO2 concentration in ppm

Temperature in oC

Millennia ago

1992

1750

Image by MIT OCW..

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Human needs and outside environment

Reading assignment from Textbook:“Introduction to Architectural Science” by Szokolay: § 1.3

Additional readings relevant to lecture topics:"How Buildings Work" by Allen: Chap 1

"Heating Cooling Lighting" by Lechner: § 5.1 - 5.6 + § 6.1 - 6.13

“Sun Wind Light“ by Brown & DeKay: § 1 - 6 in Chap 1A