08 IA Conference SumB

72
297 11 ΔΙΕΘΝΕΣ ΚΡΗΤΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟ INTERNATIONAL CRETOLOGICAL CONGRESS o th ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΕΙΣ ΕΙΣΗΓΗΣΕΩΝ ABSTRACTS Μεσαιωνικοί Χρόνοι Β

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Conference programme

Transcript of 08 IA Conference SumB

  • 297

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    - . - , - . , , - . G. Gerola, 48 . -, Gerola , - , .

    .

    -,

    , , - , - . , . , ., , - , -, . - .

    16 1 . - .

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  • 299

    -

    - ( 10 11.), , , , , - .

    , 15 - ( .Hippolyte Delehaye - . . ). (1 ) ( - . . ). , ( , - ), .

    , - 160-40 ( 1 ), - ( ), 0r-10r. ( ). , - , , . , , , .

    , . - , - . - . , , - . - -, .

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  • 300

    O

    , -, , , .80 4.30 . ( ). , , . . - .

    , - , 13/30. , , , , , . -, , , - .

    , - , . , - , . , , , . , -, , . - .

    -. Giuseppe Gerola , . , -, , , - - , - .

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  • 301

    :

    .

    ,

    . , .

    - . . 668 .. , . - -.

    , - , - , . , 1 , 1866 . , - , , - . - 1880 130 .

    -, , , , . - - . - , - , , ,

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  • 302

    , - , . , 1 - .

    . -

    , - . - , . , , - , - .

    , , - , , . - . , , , - . , . .

    (16-17 .)

    -, -. , , , , , - . ,

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  • 303

    , .

    , - - , . , , - , . - , , - , - , . , - , - .

    , -

    , - ( ), , - 14 .

    , , . - - .

    -

    180 13 , - - . - , , - . -

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  • 304

    SantaMaria dei Miracoli, . - , , .

    , -, . , - - , , .

    , , , . - - - .

    -

    - -. , , , . , , .

    .

    , , , - (8 ). (.. 4,61 ,0 .), . - .

    . (004-008) 13 . :

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  • 305

    . () : -. : : . . : - ( ). : . : , . : -. : , . : -, (;).

    . : ) ( - , , ), ) ( , , ). (): . ( . .): - , , , . (. .): , (;), , (;), . . : - . ( . .): - CT (= 640) -, : 1431-143 ..) , - .

    : 148 die 8 dicembrio -

    , .

    . , .

    - - M 13 14 -. , , , - . , - .

    Bodleian Library 13 (;) (MS Holkham Graecus, 6).

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  • 306

    (13-14.).

    . - .

    H

    (, , ) - , . - ( , , , ) .

    :

    , , , bacini. , - , .

    , - , -. - , , ,

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  • 307

    - . , , , , , , - . - , , , -, . , - , . , , , - .

    .

    .

    .

    - (4 6 ..)

    , () (4-6 .. .). -o , ., , 4 .. .(Laterculus Veronensis), 5 (Notitia Dignitatum) 6 .. . (- ). : ) , ) ) -.

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  • 308

    : E.Honigmann, I.F. Sanders Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. - - - -. :

    ) (, , , ), - ,

    ) ) . - -

    : ) ,) , ) ) . , - . - , - - , - .

    . E

    , - , .

    - - .

    , --, , -

    .

    ;

    - .

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  • 309

    ,

    - (154-160), , - , - . , - , - . , - .

    - . , - , . , - , , . - , 10 , : , , - , , -.

    , : 16 .

    ,

    - -, - -

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  • 310

    . , . , -, , .

    -

    (15 -17 .)

    16 50 00 ( -, ) - (15 1 .) 0 50 ( 010 ), , ( , , [] 00 [ ] -) , , - .

    -

    16

    40 50,4 , , o 16 . - o - .

    , - . - .

    - - .

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  • 311

    .

    - . , -, -, . -, . - , - . , , , - . , , - (1511-1581) -, ( 1561), . - , -, (-) . , -. , (34 ) , B.P.L.180 . -, -, ( - ), , , , , , -, .., , , , - , .. . - , , , , Ratio seu compendiumVerae Theologiae.

    . -

    , - 0 , -

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  • 312

    . , . , - - . - (= ) , - , - . , - , , .

    .

    , - , -, . - , - .

    , (Tara Tratto), (De regola del tre) ( ).

    14 15 . 0 .

    , . - , 15. , 130, .

    - , -. -. , - . - .

    - . -

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  • 313

    . - .

    . , , - . (pretium). (estimatori) - , - . , , , - estimatori - 15 .

    estimatori - . , , , .

    -

    00 Leader+ , - - , . , , -, . - , , , .

    : libretto sive inventario Querina Barbarigo (1647)

    libretto sive inventario Querina Barbarigo, - 160, - - , . - Querina , 164, -

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  • 314

    . palazzo Barbarigo , Querina, , 164.

    inventario NicolBarbarigo, - -. - Querina, , -, - , - , , -, , , .

    ,

    .

    ,

    , 80 , , - -, .

    , - . , , .

    - , , , , - , , - .

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  • 315

    16 , (154-1543) (15-153), 1, - (1616-161). - (. ), - 16 .

    , - , - .

    , ( -/ ) -, , - vs. .

    -

    17

    - . , , , , , - . - , .

    , - . , . , , .

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  • 316

    16 17 .

    -, - ( .. Serlio), - ( ) ( ) . ,, / 16 1 - .

    - 16 1 , , . , .

    -

    , 1650 1653 -.

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  • 317

    .

    - ( 16 )

    , - , (150-1), , . - - .

    , , - , Simancas . - , , , . , - , , .

    , - , , - , -, .

    , . - , - GiacomoFoscarini , .

    - , -, 16 , - . , , .

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  • 318

    , . - .

    - , - - .

    , , , . . , , . , , . - , , - , , , .

    11 , 16 1 . - .

    , - , - , - .

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  • 319

    - Bernardo Justinian , 16 - .

    ,

    , - .

    ( , , ) - , . , , [] (13-14 .) ., , , - . , - , , (15 .) , , - . , .

    , , - , . : , ... .

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  • 320

    , , - , , , - - .

    : .

    , 1480 . - , . 1618 - . , - ( , -, ) . - .

    - , , - 150-168 168. - 186 . -, . - 100-103 . - 1430, (- 186), - . - , - . .

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  • 321

    -

    (14-15 .).

    , , , , , . , - - (Notai del Regno di Candia) (Archivio del Ducadi Candia), -. , - .

    - , , - ( ). - , , - . - , - . - - , , - . , , . ( ), , .

    .: , - - .

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  • 322

    ( 1637)

    .

    K

    : (16-17 .)

    - . , -, , ,cittadini, (, graziati), -. , , , , - . , .

    , , - , - .

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  • 323

    , :

    .

    ( 14 .)

    , , . - - .

    . , - , , , . . . , - , -, , - , .

    . : ( -) () () ()

    ; ; .

    -

    - . ,, , .

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  • 324

    - (14 .)

    - , - . -, , . , -, . - , - . 14 .

    - . - - , (- ) .

    , , ,

    (1580-1664) , . 8 16 .. - , , , . , , 160. Doctor philosophiae ac Medicinae.

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  • 325

    , 8 , - , . - , , () , , () (- ), , , () , , () , -, (, -, , , - ), () , , (, ).

    , - , - ( ). -. - , - - .

    , - . 1664 - .

    , - . Drucker, , , - . - - , - . , - .

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  • 326

    Weber , , .

    - .

    ... , 36.... - (1647-1650).

    Cesarin Querini Notai di Candia - .

    -, 164-1650, .

    - - . , - .

    - .

    ,

    , -: , ( D) ( ), ( D) ( ) ( ). . 14, , , 140. -

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  • 327

    , , , - (. 00), . , , , -, . , : , , - , . .

    .

    (1645-1669)

    (Notaidi Candia) - K X (1648-166). - - . - ( -), .

    , , - , , . -. , 50 , , - , , , , - .

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  • 328

    - (16 17 .)

    , , , .

    , ; , , - ; - - ;

    - , , . - - -, .

    , `, (relazioni) , , (Archivio Segreto Vaticano). , (decreti) , , .

    , -, , .

    , -, , , - , , - , - , .

    1 , - , - , -

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  • 329

    . - - .

    , , - .

    : True orFalse? The authenticity of an icon by Tzanes in the British Museum, - 008 .

    - , .

    , - . . . . - / -, .

    - . : . - - Lynn Harrison. : - ;

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  • 330

    -

    (. . 31), - 1 . - . , - 15 , . - , - . 16 1 - , , , , .

    - . - , - . - [G. Gerola . , ( .. ), 161, 63, . 356]. 185 , 14 . - 1, , . - , - , , , -

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  • 331

    , , - . - 1380, - , , .

    (7 13 .): -

    , - , - . ( 13.) . - , - (.. , ), - ( , - ), - ( ). - , , - .

    , , , -, . ( ) , - , .

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  • 332

    - . - : , - , , - (, ), , - , - (- , , ..), , , , .

    - , , - , , , 13 ( ) - .

    . . (.. . ,8).

    , , . - . . - -. -, , , , , , - -, , - - .

    .

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  • 333

    : - (16-17 .)

    O (inventari) , , . - (post mortem) . . -, , , ( , - ), inventari -o , -, , .. , .

    , -, , . ,, ,, , . , - , , . , - inventari, , - .

    : -

    Lafontaine-Dosogne Iconographie de lenfance de la Viergedans lEmpire byzantin et en Occident . , , - -

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  • 334

    , .

    , - -. ( ) - . - , - , - . - - .

    , , , , -, , , - . , - , , .

    - , - .

    : -

    13 - . , - , reggimento ( ) - . Serenis-sima .

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  • 335

    - . , - 136, 1568, , . - , - - .

    .

    ... , , . (. )

    -, . - . , , - . , . - , , ,

    ,

    , , - , - ( , , ) .

    ,

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  • 336

    , , - .

    ( 103 - 13): - , - , - - , , - . , , - (1 ) (), ( 138, 143).

    , - - ...

    .

    15 17

    15 1 , - . - , - .

    . 15 . - , . - .

    1548 , . - .

    , - . 16 . 16 , . ( ) ( ), .

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  • 337

    , - 16 .

    , -, -. , - , , .

    , , 1608. -. 1 .

    - (, , , -). 15 1 , 18 - . , , . , , , -, , .

    -

    (16-17 .)

    .

    16 1 . - - : - - - , , - , .

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  • 338

    , , - - , , - , - , . , - , - (1648-166).

    , - .

    -

    (1315/16) - . : ; GuiseppeGerola (13) , - . 008 - , - , -, . , , , .

    (1561-1640), -

    - -

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  • 339

    ( ) . , - , . , - . - - , .

    , Stravaganti. , , , ,

    -

    .

    . (16 17 .)

    ( ) -

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  • 340

    16 1 .

    (ius patronato) , - () (cessione) , , . - , . , (), (, , ).

    - , i () : ( , ) ( ) , , , , , (). , , .. ( ), - ( Mo) ..

    .

    () - . , , - 16 , . . -, , , . , , , - . -. , , - .

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  • 341

    ) - , , . ) (-), . - -, ], , - -.

    ( ) - 16 17 .

    , ( ) - 16 1 . - , . .

    : . ( ) , (, , -). , - .

    .

    - . -

    . . , work in progress, -, -

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  • 342

    (- ), , - - - . , ( - ), - .

    -

    . . . ( ) -, , . - , - (. , . . - , 00, - , . 8), , , , -, , (1 .), ( ), , , - , /- . - , -. .

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  • 343

    , - - . , , , , . -, , , . . , -, , .

    -

    - , - . , . (- , --), -. - - .

    - , , 16 - . - .

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  • 344

    . - . - 53 83 . , 3, . 4 8,5 ., - , . , , -, .

    , , - -, .

    -. - - , , ,, .

    ,( ) - , - . .

    .

    15 16 -

    - 15 16 : 1) , (84),) . , adre della consolazione (E4), 3) , (), 4) , (8), 5) - , , . (15).

    - :

    1) (. ; 3), ) (. ; 6), 3) (. ; 6), 4)

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  • 345

    (; 4) 5) (. ; 151)

    , - , , . - - , -, . 16 0 .

    - .

    (1620-1686) 17

    (Zorzi Corner) - 160 1686 , - Archivio della Chiesa di S. Severo . - Padova 1644-1648 (1645-166) , - . - , Castello, . . - . , - , , , -, , , , - , .. , , , -, . , -

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  • 346

    , , (Sfacchioto) . , . , 1 1686 66 .

    , , 1669

    - 166, - [ 1 ], - - , - . , - - .

    - , . Francesco Morosini, 1684 , , - , 16. - , , - .

    -

    , - . , . - , -, . , , -

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  • 347

    - .

    .

    16 -.

    - (150), 16 - (1534, 1543, 1553, 1565, 154). - 16 : - .

    (156-160), - Tbingen, (1544-160), 16 - - 155 - 1585. - -. - 1534 Tbingen, .

    , , - .

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  • 348

    . -

    - , - . , . 14 , . 13, , , . - , -, . , .

    , Geoffrey Horrocks

    What Erotokritos would do: + infinitive in Kornaros masterpiece

    - + (1) () - (pluperfect), - (counterfactually) (1), - ().

    1) (.181) (.) (.155)

    ) (.13) (.8)

    II. (modal) ( would (have) ), -- (reanalysis) (1), - / () -. . , :

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  • 349

    () , . + - (3), ( ):

    3) (. 433)

    () , (), (indefinite frequency) (whenever, wherever, whoever...), o (imperfect):

    4) , (.644) , / (.15-6)

    () , + + , :

    5) , ...... ... ( 01-5)

    III. , (would = used to). (. - + ).

    + , + , - ( ) - , -. , + - . , , : + , + - .

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  • 350

    . (16 17 .)

    ( ), , -. 154 , 1543 - , - , , . , - . , 154, - , , - , ,, , . -, , , - , , , . - , , 1586, - -, 158 -. 16.

    , - , . - - , - , , . - -, , , - . , , - , , - , .

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  • 351

    (13 -15 .)

    - , - . , , , - .

    , , -. - , , , - , ( ) . .

    - , - , , - .

    .

    T . A K 15

    K . , , , , , , . - .H , -, . E , B E.

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  • 352

    , : Venier (15-17 .)

    - , . - - . - 15 1 . - Venier , , , . - - - , , , - .

    Venier . - - , , , - - , ,, - , . -, . , - - - .

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  • 353

    ,

    , . - . - , . , . . 1866. - , 14, , , , , - .

    , - 16 1 . , - ( . - ), - . - , - , .

    , .

    , , , -. , -. , , , - .

    ( )

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  • 354

    . . - - . , -, . - .

    - 1 . , , - , .

    - . - 13 14 - . - , , - -. - , - . - - , - .

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  • 355

    Cristoforo Buondelmonti. - 1445

    15 - Pierre Bellon (1553), OnorioBelli (1596) Joseph Pitton de urnefort (1717) -Cristoforo Buondelmonti (1385-1430). Buondelmonti - Descriptio Insulae Cretae ( 141). - - , , (131-145). - 1445. - Cristoforo Buondelmonti , , - - . , - , - -, - , - - .

    .

    , , - , , 61, . - .

    -, - , , ,

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  • 356

    , - .

    Pieta, Ashmolean

    Ashmolean - Ingram Bywater 115. 1 1 . () , .CyrilMango .

    Piet, - . - . , - , . 15 - .

    Piet . 1300, - . 14 - , , .

    15 Piet - . -, , . , - , .

    Ashmolean, Pieta .

    , , , -, . -

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  • 357

    , Giuseppe Gerola, , , .

    , -, , -. , , . , , , - , , . - , - . - , - , . - , , - , , - . , , . , , , - . , .

    , . : - , , . , 14, 1443, 1486, - . - , .

    - , -, - , .

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  • 358

    Javier Alonso Aldama, Snchez Idoia Mamolar

    :

    . - , . . , , - , .

    , - - - , - , -. , - , - .

    . - .

    Anagnostis Pan. Agelarakis

    On the Significance of Crete in Emperors John III Vatatzis and Michael VIIIPalaiologos Political Foreign Affairs and Military Strategies, and the Contri-butions and Fate of the Cretan Military Contingent in the Byzantine Army ofEmperor Andronikos II Komnenos

    This paper addresses aspects of the significant geopolitical function and involvementof Crete in the implementation of Nicaean Empire foreign policies toward the Latinsand the rival Romanian rulers, initially during the reign of Emperor John III Vatatzisin the context of the all but veiled pursuit to reclaim the Byzantine capital, andsubsequently in the multifarious strategies of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologosagainst the enemies of Byzantium following the epanorthosis of Constantinople.

    Particular attention is paid to the human condition and circumstances in Cretethat prevailed between the temporal juncture of the third revolt of the Two Syvri-toi (during 130-136) against the grip of Venetian occupation on the island, tothe 161/ rebellion instigated by the New Constantine through to the culmi-

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    nation of the Hortatzai brothers revolt and the relative treaties issued, starting in165 to final ratification in 1, between Emperor Michael VIII and the Vene-tians. Commentaries are offered on both the strategy dynamics, military and navaltactics, and underlying causative agents that resulted to such state of affairs withconsequent political ramifications on the sovereignty of, and corollary trajecto-ry of influence in Crete, as well as of Michaels VIII leverage approaches on thelife prospects of a substantial component of the Cretan population which havingbeen actively involved in the resistance wars, assisted by imperial forces, to freeCrete from colonialist malfeasance in hopes of a reunification with Byzantium hadfound themselves overpowered and in a predicament of entrapment and harm-ful persecution by the foreign rulers on Crete; owed partially to lack of imperialreinforcements due to Michael VIII Palaiologoss diplomacy with the Papacy toavert ominous military crusade initiatives by the Latins against Roman Con-stantinople.

    Consequently, an essential domain of this study converges on the legacy ofthe noteworthy Cretan population cluster which expatriated from Crete, in ex-change of Venetian captives, was honourably received and fittingly incorporat-ed into Byzantine territories under the aegis of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiolo-gos. While the Byzantine policies against the increasingly marauding advance-ment of the Turks during Andronikos II Komnenos reign involved, around 13,as part of a defensive strategy relocations of Cretans as akritai in Asia Minor, aconsiderable Cretan military contingent thereof in the Byzantine army under theleadership of Alexios Philanthropinos contributed to momentous accomplish-ments against the Turks beyond the Meander river overturning previous setbacksby enemy actions. Such victorious achievements nonetheless could not counter-balance deeply rooted provincial interests and divergent spheres of influence ex-erted by Byzantine magnates in Asia Minor, causing a void of resolute front whichcouldnt buffer for long the consequent opportunistic empowerment and progressiveadvancement of the Osmanlis into most north-western areas of Asia Minor.

    Reflections on the fate of the Cretan population and warriors offer a preludeof ethnohistoric inquiry regarding their migration by 130- from Asia Minor de-fence lines to their settlement and heritage in Byzantine Eastern Thrace until the1 exodus to Greece.

    Benjamin Arbel

    Being a Jewish Woman in Candias Zudecca during the Sixteenth Century

    The aim of this short paper is to examine the possibilities open before Jewish womenliving in the Jewish quarter of Candia during the sixteenth century. The main is-sues to be handled are the involvement of women as autonomous persons in thejudicial sphere, their ability to operate independently in the economic sphere, the

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    support that they could hope to receive from the Venetian authorities in their con-flicts with other persons, either male or female.The source material at the basisof this research is mainly gleaned from the Commemoriali series of the Duca diCandia archive in Venice, with some additional notarial documents, publishedand unpublished. These will be confronted with Jewish sources, particularly thestatutes of the Jewish community of Candia and several rabbinical response.

    W. F. Bakker, Dia Philippides

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    Isabella Baldini

    Ebrei, Pagani e Cristiani a Gortina nel V secolo

    Il contributo analizza le testimonianze letterarie, epigrafiche, ed archeologiche del-la presenza delle comunit cristiana ed ebraica a Gortina nel V secolo. In parti-colare si fa riferimento allepisodio cruento narrato da Sokrates (Historia Eccle-siastica VII, 38) e riferibile agli anni 431-3 o 440-40: questo avrebbe segnatola conversione al cristianesimo degli Ebrei di Creta e la definitiva scomparsa del-la stessa comunit religiosa. Si evidenzia infine limportanza del V secolo comemomento di reale cesura nello sviluppo religioso della citt, con un incrementodelle manifestazioni pubbliche del Cristianesimo a discapito degli altri culti cit-tadini. La documentazione archeologica, in particolare, evidenzia una precisa vo-lont di defunzionalizzazione dei santuari pagani, abbandonati e privati degli ar-redi, fatti oggetto di effrazioni e saccheggi.

    Dopo il cambiamento di fronte dellautorit politica determinatosi in et co-stantiniana, la progressione del ruolo sociale del Cristianesimo e della sua affer-

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    mazione rapida e decisiva. Alla tolleranza e al conflitto segue una fase ulterio-re, che nellarco di un secolo porta cos alla cancellazione definitiva della presenzapagana ed ebraica, come dimostrano le fonti archeologiche e letterarie, con la co-stituzione di un modello di societ urbana completamente rinnovato.

    Rosemary Bancroft-Marcus

    Georgios Chortatsis: A New Bilingual Edition of his Plays and Associated In-terludes

    I hope shortly to be bringing out my long-awaited edition of the plays and interludesof Georgios Chortatsis, supreme dramatist of the Cretan Theatre in the last quar-ter of the 16th century, and (according to Bounialis) one of Rethymnos most dis-tinguished sons. The edition, entitled Georgios Chortatsis: Plays and Interludesof the Veneto-Cretan Renaissance, is to be published by Oxford University Press,in two volumes. The first volume will contain the texts and translations of his pas-toral eclogue Panoria, his tragedy Erophile, his comedy Katzarapos (the title Kat-zourbos is incorrect), and the vestiges of the comedy Stathis which I believe tohave been his work in its full-length form. Also included are the fourteen inter-ludes associated with those four plays, two sets of which (those based on T. Tas-so and G. A. DellAnguillara) are certainly his work.

    The Greek texts have been thoroughly revised with reference to the availabletextual witnesses, with a view to improving sense, linguistic authenticity, and met-rical euphony. A Loeb-style parallel English metrical translation is provided as anaid not only to foreign students, but to modern Greeks unfamiliar with the Cre-tan dialect of that era. In the second volume, there will be an extensive Introduction(on cultural life in Venetian Crete, especially the role of the Neoplatonic Acade-mies; givens and notions on the playwrights biography; a new biographical sug-gestion linking Chortatsis with the Academies; Italian sources; stagecraft; liter-ary style; metre; editorial principles); an interpretative Commentary; a detailedApparatus Criticus and Glossary; and a selective Bibliography.

    My hope is that this two-volume edition will draw the attention of the widerreading public to the existence and excellence of the Greek literary works in Creteproduced towards the end of the Venetian era and that Greeks themselves willcease to perpetrate the myth that Greece had no Renaissance. On the contrary,the same currents that were inspiring vernacular literary and theatrical compo-sitions all over Europe were stimulating Greeks in Crete and elsewhere to createwritings which were in no way inferior or less interesting for being less well knowntoday. The playwrights and poets of Venetian Crete were fully part of the Euro-pean Renaissance, and their works deserve to be recognised as important con-tributions to world literature.

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    Isabella Benda-Weber

    The development of post-byzantine female costume in Crete and in the Aegean.

    From the early 13th century on the strong influence of the fashion of the Vene-tian conquerors began. It was adopted first by the upper class but soon it was adopt-ed by the Cretan population. Some paintings in Cretan churches survived and giveus an impression how Venetian fashion in Crete looked like.

    The combination of the older Byzantine dress with elements of the renaissancechanged fashion. But there was a third element, which was not forgotten duringRoman and Byzantine time: the Hellenistic peronatris. This type of garment withmany pleats and a decorated border sewn on the upper edge thus building the shoul-der-straps strikingly resembles the fustani, the basic element of female traditionalcostume on the islands. Some very rare examples of this oldest type of Cretan gownsurvived in museums and show how the drawing of a Cretan lady by Pitton deTournefort in 10 must be understood. Of course the Cretan costume cannotbe examined isolated for there were contacts with other Aegean islands like theCyclades and the Dodecanese which have a very rich tradition of costume untiltoday. The different variations of costumes all being influenced by Venetian fash-ion must be compared. A database gathering all the illustrations, descriptions andsome rare real examples of costumes that survived allow detailed analyzes. Re-constructions with methods of the experimental archeology show how the cos-tumes looked like and how they did work in reality.

    During the centuries and under the influence of further fashion-developmentsin Europe the traditional costume of the Cretan women changed in a very indi-vidual way with local variations. The elements were adopted selectively and there-fore there exist different types of female costume in the different areas of Creteuntil our days.

    Constantin Canavas

    Revisiting Arabic sources on mining and metallurgy in medieval Crete

    Modern scholarship on the history of Byzantine mining (e.g. the pioneer studyof Sp. Vryonis Jr. in 16) has underlined the paucity or even absence of Byzan-tine historical evidence and has stressed the importance of Arabic sources on thissubject. However, the reliability and the interpretation of Arabic sources concerningnatural resources in the medieval Mediterranean are subjected to a number of fac-tors related to the Arab history in the Mediterranean, as well as to the type, sub-jects and context of the textual sources themselves. Recent considerations or crit-icism on studies concerning Byzantine mining try to check the providedprospective (i.e. early Byzantine) and retrospective (late Arabic or Ottoman) his-

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    torical evidence in the particular and best documented case of Anatolia (includ-ing Pontos) by tracing continuities in mining practice through the Seljuk and Ot-toman periods and introducing comparisons with European history of mining.The Arabic sources still remain beyond criticism.

    The present study focuses on information provided from Arabic sources (main-ly of the 1th-14th centuries CE) concerning mining activities, metallurgy and met-al trade in medieval Crete. Of particular interest are the references to gold-minesand antimony extraction. In the case of gold, and because of lacking Byzantine ref-erences to this particular provenance, scholars have suggested that gold mining shouldbe due to Muslim initiative during the Arab occupation of the island (8-61 CE).One of the goals of the present study is to trace back Arabic (or other) sources (e.g.Arabic texts of the 10th-11th centuries CE) in respect with the above referencesin order to assess their reliability. Further pillars of the analysis are the philologi-cal type of the Arabic source texts, as well as their historical, regional (i.e. Mediter-ranean) and narrative context. Of particular importance is the relationship betweenchanges of the political frame (e.g. diversification of the influence spheres in themedieval Muslim world in the Mediterranean: Umayyads in al-Andalus, Fatimidsin North Africa, Abbasids in Middle East) and continuity or discontinuity of theexploitation of minerals. Approaches of reconstructing this relationship in otherMediterranean regions (e.g. al-Andalus) can be used as a comparison for testingmodels of metal production and exploitation in the case of early medieval Cretein the background of scarce archaeological evidence and data interpreted throughrecent methods of environmental history based on sedimentation analysis for trac-ing air-pollution generated by metal production. A further checking should includethe compliance with the numismatic finds from the Arab period of Crete.

    Gnther Steffen Henrich

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    - (15 .). -, , . , . - (O Picatoros[sas] oGiagnis ). , (106 .) (1 ).

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    Maria Ricciardi

    Gortyna bizantina: nuovi dati sullo sviluppo topografico

    Gli scavi archeologici e le ricerche topografiche degli ultimi anni hanno permessodi individuare nuovi importanti complessi architettonici che integrano ed amplianola maglia dei ruderi della citt di Gortyna, definendone meglio le linee di sviluppodellespansione urbana.

    Risultano evidenti per la maggiore estensione spaziale due principali orien-tamenti che corrispondono a due importanti fasi di urbanizzazione. La prima la fase relative allespansione di et romana che dalle strade a Nord del Preto-rio si estende verso Sud, fino quasi alle rovine del Circo e verso Est, fino a com-prendere il teatro romano. La seconda riguarda linsediamento di epoca proto-bizantina sulla sponda sinistra del Mitropolians che si sviluppa con una magliaurbana ad Ovest del Pretorio.

    Linsediamento mostra chiaramente di essersi strutturato su una orientazio-ne di riferimento precedente, che data almeno ad et ellenistica e che persiste finoa tutta let bizantina. Le costruzioni anche quelle del cosiddetto monumentale quar-tiere episcopale che comprende la basilica a cinque navate, la Rotonda e il tri-conco le case e le strade rinvenute negli scavi dei candaches 18-, acquedottie mausolei hanno la medesima orientazione. Da notare larea dellAgor greca doveedifici di fasi diverse si susseguono e sovrappongono, conservando le stesse orien-tazioni, dal pi antico edificio quadrato (IV-III secolo a.C.), attraverso le aggiunteromane, fino allinserimento in et protobizantina della chiesa di S. Tito. Per lostesso fenomeno, viene rispettata lorientazione delle costruzioni secondo lesistentemaglia romana dove, in uno spazio pubblico a Sud, si inserisce una basilica bi-zantina a tre navate.

    Lassetto della citt evidenzia un modello di sviluppo dellabitato nel suo com-plesso. Gli orientamenti principali delle costruzioni, lindividuazione delle stra-de, il mantenimento di alcune direzioni o, al contrario, il totale o parziale cam-biamento, indicano precisi indirizzi urbanistici che fanno riferimento a propo-ste e piani di sviluppo condotti da un sistema regolatore dello spazio urbano ditipo centralizzato.

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    Dean Sakel

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    Arnold Fr. Van Gemert

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    Zuane/Giovanni Longo, Notai di Candia 1486-1511, 1486 140 . .

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