IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Super-beam work package in the EuroνDS:status and plans

Marco ZitoDapnia-Saclay

On behalf of the SB wp team

IDS CERN 30/3/2007

Thanks to C. Densham and M. Dracos for providing materials!

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Outline

• Superbeam : status• About this workpackage• Focusing on the most challenging/crucial problems :

– The target

– The collector

– The target/collector integration

– Neutrino beam simulation

• Deliverable: a CDR for the Superbeam!

• Participating institutes: IN2P3, CEA, CCLRC, Cracow U. of Technology + other additional partners (inside and outside Europe)

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Super-Beams projectsSuper-Beams projects

projet BNL

projet Fermilab

Cf talks by M.Bishai and N. Saoulidou

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

neutrino decayvolume

MR tunnel

Linac from front end

Linac from down stream

Linac to RCS

Extraction from RCS

RCS to MLF

Status 4

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

•Work at RAL on T2K target, windows for 750 kW operation

-> Beam dump designed for 3-4 MW operation -> Continue studies for 3-4 MW operation e.g. beam window, target limits

Target within magnetic horn

Helium cooling of target

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Superbeam in Japan : T2K phase 2w/ LINAC upgrade

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

2008 2008.5 2009 2009.5 2010 2010.5 2011 2011.5 2012 2012.5 2013J FY

Beam

pow

er (k

W)

RCS power

MR power

MR powerx2 Np

MR powerx2 Npx1.5 rep rateMR powerx2 Npx2 rep rate

Be

am P

ow

er

(MW

)

0

1

2

3

Japanese Fiscal Year (Apr-Mar)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

400MeV LINAC from FY2011

lineconst.

commissioning

phys run

MR Power (Default)

RCS Power

MR (2 #bunch)

MR (2 #bunch, 1.5 Rep. Rate)

MR (2 #bunch, 2 Rep. Rate)

T2K needs Serious Upgrade

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

What Euroν DS Superbeam is about-1

• Consider as baseline the SPL to Frejus concept

MEMPHYS

Far detector R/D, feasibility, etc. is covered by the Laguna DS

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

What Euroν DS Superbeam is about-2

• Proton driver and target : many issues in common between Super-beam and NF

• Decide to join forces and tackle these problems in this WP

• The NF WP will focus on the muon front-end• The conclusion of this WP will then be incorporated in

the SB and NF CDR’s

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

~300 MeV Neutrinossmall contamination from e (no K at 2 GeV!)

Super-BeamSuper-Beam

Focus of this DS

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

SPL

• See presentation by Roland Garoby • CDR for SPL already available • Refinements, R/D, further studies in other frameworks

(HIPPI, IA …)• Changes to this proton-driver design only from the

optimization of the target and collection or from the physics and detector studies

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

CERN Super-Beam (SPL)

recent document

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

CERN Super-Beam (SPL)

Possible energy upgrade to 5 GeV could be the subject of a 3rd CDR (CDR3)

R. Garoby @NuFact06

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

5 GeV version of the SPL

SPL (CDR3) characteristics

Ion species H-

Kinetic energy 5 GeV

Mean current during the pulse 40 mA

Mean beam power 4 MW

Pulse repetition rate 50 Hz

Pulse duration 0.4 ms

Bunch frequency 352.2 MHz

Duty cycle during the pulse 62 (5/8) %

rms transverse emittances 0.4 mm mrad

Longitudinal rms emittance 0.3 deg MeV

Length 535 m

Increasing the energy of the SPL (CDR2) is obtained by adding 105 m of =1 superconducting accelerating structures and 14 klystrons [704 MHz – 5 MW].

R. Garoby @NuFact06

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

The target

• 300-1000 J cm-3/pulse • Severe problems from : sudden heating, stress,

activation• Safety issues !• Baseline for NF is mercury jet, for superbeam is solid

target• Extremely difficult problem : need to pursue two

approaches : – Liquid metal target (Merit experiment)

– Solid target (extensive R/D program at CCLRC)

• Envisage alternative solutions

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

MERIT

• MERIT experiment will test Hg jet in 15-T solenoid– 24 GeV proton beam from CERN PS

• scheduled Spring 2007

15-T solenoid during tests at MIT

Hg delivery and containment system under construction at ORNL. Integration tests scheduled this Fall at MIT.

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Solid target study programme at RAL

• Future Programme• Continue wire tests with Tungsten and Graphite.• Continue modelling computations.• VISAR measurements to asses the properties of tungsten, and

any changes, during the wire tests. (Effect of thermal shock.)• Tests with a proton beam to confirm wire tests and VISAR

measurements – but limited number of pulses.• Radiation damage studies.• Test alloys of tungsten.• Design & build a model of the target bar system.• Design the solenoid.• Design and cost the complete target station including the beam

dump.

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Target ParametersProton Beam pulsed 50 Hz pulse length ~40 s energy ~10 GeV average power ~4 MW

Target (not a stopping target)

mean power dissipation 1 MW energy dissipated/pulse 20 kJ (50 Hz) energy density 300 J cm-3 (50 Hz)

2 cm

20 cm

beam

R. Bennett @NUFact06

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Pulsed Power Supply.

0-60 kV; 0-10000 A

100 ns rise and fall time

800 ns flat top

Repetition rate 50 Hz or sub-multiples of 2

Coaxial wires

Test wire, 0.5 mm Φ

Vacuum chamber, Vacuum chamber, 2x102x10-7-7 -1x10 -1x10-6-6 mbar mbar

Schematic circuit diagram of the wire test equipment

R. Bennett @NUFact06

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

R. Bennett @NUFact06

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Some Results of 0.5 mm diameter wires

36-

48

24

Beam Power

MW

4.2x106

+PLUS+

>6.5x106

>1.6x106

>3.4x106

0.2x106

No. of pulses to

failure

1900

2050

1900

2000

1800

Max. Temp

K

23-

12.5

12.5

130

140

5560

5840

2.5Not broken;

still pulsing

23

6.2517064003Stuck to top Cu connector

23

12.510049003Broke when increased to 7200A (2200K)

Tungsten

Tantalum is not a very good material – too weak at high temperatures.

12.56030004Tantalum

Target dia

cm

Rep RateHz

Pulse Temp

.K

Pulse Current

A

Lngth

cm

Material

“Equivalent Target”: This shows the equivalent beam power (MW) and target radius (cm) in a real target for the same stress in the test wire. Assumes a parabolic beam distribution and 4 micro-pulses per macro-pulse of 30 s.

Equivalent Target

R. Bennett @NUFact06

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Chain Sprocket for the rear of the bars

Target Bar Chain Links

Schematic arrangement of the chain mechanism for the target bars

Chain Sprocket for the front of the bars

R. Bennett @NUFact06

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

A new Nufact/SuperBeam target concept being studied at RAL: fluidised jet of particles

• A Fluidised jet of tungsten or tantalum particles in He could be used as a neutrino factory target

– It could have high Z + high volume density– Can be effectively removed from the solenoid field hence reducing the pion

reabsorption– Can be replenished as particles wear out– Particles can be easily cooled (in an external fluidised bed)

C. Densham

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Attractions of fluidised target concept

• Combines the advantages of the solid target with those of the liquid target

• Solid displacement without moving parts

• Shock waves constrained within the material(no cavitation, no splashing)

• Highly effective cooling of the target material

• Favourable material geometry for the stress waves

• Target easily replenishedand reasonably safely contained

• Nothing else on the beam line apart from the target material

• BUT: Is it technically feasible? - Study needed

www.tudelft.nl

C. Densham

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Outline Targets Programme

• Results of MERIT experiment at CERN eagerly anticipated. This will answer many technical questions regarding liquid metal jet targets and will inform future Nufact targets programme

• Continue solid target studies• Continue fluidised particle jet target studies • Begin studies of target integration with collection system

both for Nufact (solenoid) and for SuperBeam (magnetic horn)

• Important synergies with R/D in US labs

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

The collector

• Focus on the magnetic horn collection method• Initial design at CERN followed by optimization and

redesign• Currents: 300 kA (horn) and 600kA (reflector)• Horn : 3mm to minimize energy deposition• 50 Hz (vs a few Hz up to now) • Longevity in a high power beam• Large em wave, thermo-mechanical stress, vibrations,

fatigue, radiation damage

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Collector

• Main challenges:• design of a high current pulsed power supply (300

kA/100 μs/50 Hz), • cooling system in order to maintain the integrity of

the horn despite of the heat amount generated by the energy deposition of the secondary particles provided by the impact of the primary proton beam onto the target,

• definition of the radiation tolerance,• integration of the target.

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

CollectorsCollectors

horns

Or solenoid

In operation

completed

built

MiniBooNE

CNGS K2K

(SB)

NUMI

In operation

M. Dracos

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Previous Studies

•S. Gilardoni: Horn for Neutrino Factory and comparison with a solenoid

•http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/thesis/thesis-2004-046.pdf

•http://newbeams.in2p3.fr/talks/gilardoni.ppt

•A. Cazes: Horn for SPL

•http://tel.ccsd.cnrs.fr/tel-00008775/en/

•http://slap.web.cern.ch/slap/NuFact/NuFact/nf142.pdf

•http://slap.web.cern.ch/slap/NuFact/NuFact/nf-138.pdf

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Focusing system: magnetic horn

Protons

Current of 300 kA

To decay channel

Hg Target B1/R

B = 0

M. Dracos

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Horn prototype ready for tests M. Dracos

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Proposed design

Particle at target

In collaboration with LAL

2.2 GeV protons

M. Dracos

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

New Geometry

• 2.2 GeV proton beam :– <p> = 405MeV/c

– <> = 60°

• 3.5 GeV proton beam :– <p> = 492MeV/c

– <> = 55°

z(m)

r(m

) I = 300 kAmp

30 cm

4 cm

z(m)

r(m

) I = 300 kAmp

30 cm

4 cm

M. Dracos

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Power Supply for horn pulsing (major issue)

values considered by CERN

M. Dracos

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

the power supply

Due to the high price go to a modular system and increase small by small the current

M. Dracos

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Neutrino Beam simulation

• Needed to optimize the target, collector, decay tunnel• Use modern tools (GEANT 4) and recent data (HARP)• Input to the physics work package for the performance

evaluation• Need to develop in synergy with similar studies in

existing SB and in the IDS community

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

"Physics" studies to be restarted"Physics" studies to be restarted

energy depositionz (cm)

P (

kW

)

z (cm)corne

corne 2

M. Dracos

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Sensitivity 3.5GeV

sin221310-110-210-3

m2

23

10-3

10-2

10-4

90%CL95%CL99%CL

Minimum:13= 1.2°(90%CL)

PreliminaryA.Cazes thesis

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Conclusions

• SuperBeam work package of the Euroν DS is focusing on the key issues for this project

• The SPL to Fréjus project is the baseline• The SPL CDR2 study is an excellent starting point for

the proton driver• Feasibility and conceptual solutions for the target and

collector (horn) will be studied• A strong European collaboration is ready to contribute to

this field

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Scenario for accumulation and compression (2/13)

Accumulation

Duration = 400 s

Compression

t = 0 s

t = 12 s

t = 24 s

t = 36 s

etc. until t = 96 s

Accumulator[120 ns pulses

-60 ns gaps]

SPL beam[42 bunches -

21 gaps]Compressor

[120 ns bunch -V(h=3) = 4 MV]

Target[2 ns bunches

– 6 times]

R. Garoby @NuFact06

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Scenario for accumulation and compression (4/13)

Kinetic energy [GeV] 5

ETotal [MeV] 10

lbunch total [ns] at injection 120

Time interval between centres of consecutive bunches [ns]

~ 354

Time interval between transfers [s] ~ 12

Duration of bunch rotation for 1 bunch [s] ~ 3 x 12

Number of protons per bunches 1.7 1013

Bunch characteristics at injection in

the compressor

Kinetic energy [GeV] 5

ETotal [MeV] ~ 170 MeV

bunch [ns] at ejection ~ 2 ns

Time interval between ejection [s] ~ 12

Number of bunches 6

Duration of full burst to the target [s] ~ 60

Number of protons per bunches 1.7 1013

Bunch characteristics at ejection to

the target

R. Garoby @NuFact06

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Focussing powerFocussing power

corne

corne 2 (réflecteur)

focalisation CNGS

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Result of a geological survey:•Very good rock quality•3-4 shafts Φ=70m (250k m3 each, fiducial 150KT)•5 years excavation•80 ME x N(shaft)

PMT R/D ongoing

A possible timeline2010 decisions for cavity excavation, SPL and Eurisol

Memphys

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

K. McDonald @ISS, Irvine

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

K. McDonald @ISS, Irvine

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

K. McDonald @ISS, Irvine

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Flux summary, 2.2 GeV

positive focusing negative focusing

Flux

(/100m2/y)Majoritary composition

Flux

(/100m2/y)Majoritary composition

3.89 1013 + (99%) 5.08 1012 +(99%)

3.19 1012 - (99%) 2.93 1013 - (99%)

e 1.77 1011 ++(80%) 2.85 1010++( 38%);

K+ (37%) ;K0 (25%)

e 1.24 1010 K0 (55%); --(45%) 8.14 1010 --( 90%)

4.21 1013 (+8%) + (99%)5.06 1012

(-0.4%)- (99%)

3.38 1012 (+6%) - (99%)3.18 1013

(+8.5%)+ (100%)

e 2.66 1011 (+50%) ++(90%)3.09 1010

(+8.5%)

++(40.%)

K+ (35%) ;K0 (25%)

e 1.42 1010 (+14.5%)K0 (50%)

--(50%)

1.14 1011

(+40%)--( 95%)

Decay

tun

nel :2

0m

Decay t

un

nel :8

0m

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Flux summary, 3.5 GeV

positive focusing negative focusing

Flux

(/100m2/y)Majoritary composition

Flux

(/100m2/y)Majoritary composition

7.82 1013 + (100%) 1.42 1013 - (98%)

1.10 1013 - (99%) 6.65 1013 + (99.5%)

e 4.07 1011 ++(84%) 1.19 1011K+ (50%);K0 (30%)

++( 20%)

e 5.34 1010 K0 (70%) --(30%) 1.87 1011 --(80%)

8.32 1013 (+6%) + (99%) 1.56 1013 (+10%) - (98%)

1.19 1013 (+8%) - (98%)7.03 1013

(+6%)+ (100%)

e 5.60 1011 (+38%) ++(89%)1.30 1011

(+9%)

K+ (45%);K0 (30%)

++( 25%)

e 5.93 1010 (+11%)K0 (60%)

--(40%)2.59 1011 (+38.5%) --(85%)

Decay

tun

nel :2

0m

Decay t

un

nel :8

0m

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

13 Sensitivity

• Use Mauro Mezzetto code.• detector:

– Water Cerenkov– 440 kt– at Fréjus (130 km from CERN)

• Run:– 2 years with positive focussing.– 8 years with negative focussing.

• Computed with CP=0 (standard benchmark) and = 0• parameter…

m23 = 2.5 10-3eV2

m12 = 7.1 10-5eV2

sin2(223) =1 sin2(212) =0.8

IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007

Marco Zito

Sensitivity 2.2GeV

sin2213

m2

23

10-110-210-3

10-3

10-2

10-4

90%CL95%CL99%CL

Minimum:13= 1.6°(90%CL)

Preliminary