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  • Smart Grid

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    : . ..

    , 2012

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    Smart Grid

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    19 2012.

    ................................ ........................... ........................... . ... ... ...

    , 2012

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    Copyright , 2012. . All rights reserved.

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    . . . . , ..., . . , ..., , . .

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    , 18 2012

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    . , , . , . , , , . , , , , . , . , , . , ElecPrivacy. , , . , , , . , OMNET++. , (DoS) , (Http, VideoStream) (VideoStream).

    , , , , , , , .

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    ABSTRACT

    The smart grid is attempting to modernize the existing antiquated electricity grid

    system. The beneficial features of the smart grid, whose main representative is the

    smart meter, contribute to the optimal use of electricity in both the production side

    and consumption side. Introducing the new communications and information

    technologies at key points in the network achieved the integration of renewable

    energy and the energy consumer in the scenario of operation of the smart grid.

    However, integration of new technologies, especially those related to the Internet,

    may introduce new security threats to the smart grid. Some malicious attackers can

    exploit the vulnerabilities of network communications and seize electronic devices,

    steal confidential personal information or to prohibit the availability of essential

    services, causing a widespread power outage, resulting in adverse economic costs.

    For this reason, addressing safety issues in smart grid plays a key role. The

    confidentiality, integrity and availability of mobile information need to be protected

    so as to increase system reliability. Data encryption is an effective measurement

    solution, and the protection of personal consumer information with the innovative

    load management system "ElecPrivacy".

    In addition, cooperative wireless communications in smart grid has the potential to

    contribute to more efficient utilization of the available energy of cooperating nodes,

    increasing thereby the quality of transmission services. By leveraging the advantages

    of cooperation, the smart metering network, which consists of spatially dispersed

    smart meters, encrypts personal data measurement and effectively transmit them to

    the control center to avoid conflicts and routing problems.

    Finally, the operation of the smart grid is simulated using the simulation

    environment OMNET++. The baseline operation involves the use of a common

    communications network for exchanging information between smart meters and

    responsive control center, launching denial of service attack (DoS) from attackers to

    unsuspecting smart meters, serving mobile users by remote Internet servers (Http,

    VideoStream) and other collaborative users (VideoStream).

    Key Words

    Smart grid, smart meters, risks, attacks, security, privacy, cryptography, wireless

    cooperative communications.

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    1. (smart grid) (services).........................23

    1.1. (electric power grid) .........................................................................................23

    1.2. ..................23

    1.3. SCAD .........................................................................................24

    1.4. (smart grid).....................................25

    1.4.1. (self-healing)............................................26

    1.4.2. (distributed power generation)..................................................................................27

    1.4.3. (centralized to distributed communications)...........................................28

    1.4.4. Plug-in .......................................................28

    1.4.5. (smart meters).............................................................28

    1.5. ............................................29

    1.5.1. (wireless technology standards).........29

    1.5.2. (network architecture)........................................29

    1.5.3. (standards) ...............30

    1.6. 2.......................................................................31

    1.7. WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks)..................31

    2. .............................................................35

    2.1. ...........................................................................35

    2.2. (attacks)...........................................................36

    2.2.1. ..........................................................................36

    2.2.1.1. Replay attack: Eavesdropping DoS...................................37

    2.2.2. , ........................38

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    2.2.3. ..............................39

    2.2.4. ....................................................................................39

    2.2.5. ..............................................................................................40

    2.2.6. .........................................40

    2.3. ..............................................................................41

    2.4. (state estimation), (load redistribution attack) ..........................................42

    2.4.1. ........................................42

    2.5. (cyber-attacks) ..........................................................................44

    2.6. ............................................................................45

    2.7. ..................................................46

    2.8. MAC (medium access control) WSN....................47

    2.9. (vulnerabilities)....................................54

    3. (security).....................................................................55

    3.1. ...........................................................................................55

    3.2. .....................................................................................55

    3.3. .................................................................56

    3.4. ..........................................................................................57

    3.4.1. ............................................................58

    3.5. ....................................................................58

    3.6. (emergency demand response program)..............................................................................59

    3.7. (intrusion detection system).........................59

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    3.8. (anomaly detection mechanism)............60

    3.9. (identity), (key management) (encryption)...........................................................................61

    3.10. (privacy protection)........................................................................................62

    3.11. (traffic analysis)..................62

    4. (privacy) ..........65

    4.1. ........................................................................65

    4.2. ........................................65

    4.3. ...................66

    4.4. ElecPrivacy.........................67

    4.5. ............................................68

    5. (Cryptography)............................................................................71

    5.1. ...................................................................71

    5.1.1. (identification)....................................................................71

    5.1.2. (authentication)...........................................................71

    5.1.2.1. ...................................................................71

    5.2. ...................................................................................72

    5.2.1. ( ).............72

    5.2.2. ( )..............73

    5.2.2.1. .......................................74

    5.3. (Digital Signatures).......................................................75

    5.4. (Digital Certificates).................................................76

    5.5. ...........................................................76

    6. (Wireless Cooperative Communications)..................................................................................................79

    6.1. ...........................................................................................................79

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    6.2. .......................................................81

    6.3. - (cognitive radio networks).......................................82

    6.3.1. .........................................83

    6.3.2. .....................................................84

    6.4. - ....................................................86

    6.4.1. .........................................................87

    6.4.2. .........................................................88

    6.4.3. W.........................................................88

    6.5. ...............................................................................89

    6.6. ......................................................................92

    7. (advanced metering infrastructure of smart grid).........................................................................................................95

    7.1. ...............................................................................................95

    7.2. ......................................96

    7.3. .........................................................................97

    7.3.1. (initialization process).................................97

    7.3.1.1. (smart meter) (firewall) ..........................99

    7.3.1.2. ...........................................................................100

    7.3.1.3. ....................................................101

    7.3.2. - (meter-reading collection process).................................................................................102

    7.3.3. (management message distribution process)...............................................................103

    7.3.4. ..................104

    7.3.5. ............................................105

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    8. Smart Grid (Simulation of Smart Grid Network)..........................................................................................107

    8.1. .......................................................................107

    8.2. omnetpp.ini.....................................................................................133

    8.3. ......................................................................145

    8.4. SmartGrid.......................................147

    8.4.1. / ................147

    8.4.2. (utilization) .............158

    8.4.3. / ................................................................................164

    8.4.4. / HTTP ............................................................................176

    8.4.5. / VideoStream ............................................................................187

    8.4.6. VideoStream ...........................................................................198

    9. ......................................................................................................205

    ......................................................................................................207

    ..........................................................................................................211

    SCADA-Sim .....................................................................211

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    1-1 ..........................................................................24

    1-2 SCADA.......................................................................................25

    1-3 ..............................................................................................26

    1-4 ................................................................29

    1-5 WSN........................................................................................32

    1-6 .......................................................32

    2-1 ................................................................................36

    2-2 ....................................................36

    2-3 replay ............37

    2-4 replay - ............38

    2-5 ....................................................................................39

    2-6 ............................................................40

    2-7 ...................................................41

    2-8 2 ..............................................................................43

    2-9 2 .............................43

    2-10 ...................................................................45

    2-11 OSI...........................................................47

    2-12 .............................48

    2-13 ...................49

    2-14 -...........................................................................50

    2-15 ...................51

    2-16 ................................52

    2-17 .....................53

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    3-1 , WAN.............................................60

    3-2 ...............................................................61

    3-3 .................63

    4-1 ..............................................66

    4-2 ElecPrivacy.................67

    4-3 ........................................................68

    4-4 .....................................69

    5-1 .............................................................72

    5-2 ......................................................73

    5-3 ....................................................73

    5-4 ............................................74

    5-5 ............................................75

    5-6 ....................................................................77

    6-1 , B C, D................................80

    6-2 : a) , b)ad-hoc , c) -........................................................................82

    6-3 .....................84

    6-4 ................................................................................85

    6-5 : a) , b)- , c)- , d) ........................................................85

    6-6 - ...................87

    6-7 WAN (Wide Area Network)...............................................88

    6-8 : a) , b) ......................................90

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    6-9 WLAN.........................................................................................91

    6-10 .........................................91

    7-1 ..................................................................95

    7-2 - ...........................................................98

    7-3 - ................................99

    7-4 -..........................................103

    7-5 .........................................104

    8-1 ChannelControl......................................................................................107

    8-2 FlatNetworkConfigurator.......................................................................108

    8-3 NotificationBoard...................................................................................108

    8-4 InterfaceTable.........................................................................................108

    8-5 Routingtable........................................................................................109

    8-6 NullMobility............................................................................................109

    8-7 BasicMobility..........................................................................................109

    8-8 802.11.............................110

    8-9 Ethernet.........................111

    8-10 NetworkLayer.......................................................................................111

    8-11 PingApp................................................................................................112

    8-12 TCP.......................................................................................................112

    8-13 TCP_hack.............................................................................................113

    8-14 TCPBasicClientApp..............................................................................113

    8-15 TCPGenericSrvApp..............................................................................116

    8-16 TCPSinkApp..........................................................................................116

    8-17 UDP..................................................................................................116

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    8-18 UDPVideoStreamCli............................................................................116

    8-19 UDPVideoStreamSvr............................................................................119

    8-20 ..................................................................................119

    8-21 1 () .........................................121

    8-22 2 .........................................................121

    8-23 3 ......................................................122

    8-24 ...................................................................123

    8-25 .........................................................124

    8-26 ..........................................................126

    8-27 ..........................................................................................127

    8-28 .................................128

    8-29 - ...............................................129

    8-30 .......................................................................................130

    8-31 - .....................................................131

    8-32 .............................132

    8-33 4 -..............................................132

    -1 Ubuntu..............................................................211

    -2 ....................................................212

    -3 OMNeT++........................................................................214

    -4 OMNeT++................................................................................214

    -5 OMNeT++.........................................................................215

    -6 INET Framework...............................................................................216

    -7 scadasim inet.......................................................217

    -8 Run Configurations............................................................................218

    -9 Simulation: TwoNodesSim.................................................................218

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    -

    8-1 / ( 1)..............147

    8-2 / ( 1)....148

    8-3 / ( 2)..............149

    8-4 / ( 2).......150

    8-5 / ( 3)..............151

    8-6 / ( 3).......152

    8-7 / ( 4)..............153

    8-8 / ( 4 .......154

    8-9 / ().......................156

    8-10 / ()..............157

    8-11 / ( 1)............158

    8-12 / ( 2)............159

    8-13 / ( 3)............160

    8-14 / ( 4)............161

    8-15 / ().....................163

    8-16 / ( 1)......................165

    8-17 / ( 1).......................165

    8-18 / ( 2)......................168

    8-19 / ( 2).......................168

    8-20 / ( 3)......................171

    8-21 / ( 3).......................171

    8-22 / ( 4)......................174

    8-23 / ( 4).......................174

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    8-24 / ( 1)........................177

    8-25 / ( 1)..........................178

    8-26 / ( 2)........................179

    8-27 / ( 2)..........................180

    8-28 / ( 3)........................182

    8-29 / ( 3)..........................183

    8-30 / ( 4)........................184

    8-31 / ( 4)..........................185

    8-32 VideoStream / ( 1)..............187

    8-33 VideoStream / ( 1)...............188

    8-34 VideoStream / ( 2)..............190

    8-35 VideoStream / ( 2)...............191

    8-36 VideoStream / ( 3)..............192

    8-37 VideoStream / ( 3)...............193

    8-38 VideoStream / ( 4)..............195

    8-39 VideoStream / ( 4)...............196

    8-40 VideoStream / ..................197

    8-41 VideoStream / ( 1)..............198

    8-42 VideoStream / ( 2)..............200

    8-43 VideoStream / ( 3)..............201

    8-44 VideoStream / ( 4)..............203

    8-45 VideoStream ()...........................204

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    8-1 / ( 1).............148

    8-2 / ( 1)..149

    8-3 / ( 2).............150

    8-4 / ( 2)......151

    8-5 / ( 3).............152

    8-6 / ( 3)......153

    8-7 / ( 4).............154

    8-8 / ( 4)......155

    8-9 / ()......................156

    8-10 / ().............157

    8-11 / ( 1)...........159

    8-12 / ( 2)...........160

    8-13 / ( 3)...........161

    8-14 / ( 4)...........162

    8-15 / ()....................163

    8-16 / ( 1).....................166

    8-17 / ( 1)......................167

    8-18 / ( 2).....................169

    8-19 / ( 2)......................170

    8-20 / ( 3).....................172

    8-21 / ( 3)......................173

    8-22 / ( 4).....................175

    8-23 / ( 4)......................176

    8-24 / ( 1).......................177

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    8-25 / ( 1).........................178

    8-26 / ( 2).......................180

    8-27 / ( 2).........................181

    8-28 / ( 3).......................182

    8-29 / ( 3).........................183

    8-30 / ( 4).......................185

    8-31 / ( 4).........................186

    8-32 VideoStream / ( 1).............188

    8-33 VideoStream / ( 1)..............189

    8-34 VideoStream / ( 2).............190

    8-35 VideoStream / ( 2)..............191

    8-36 VideoStream / ( 3).............193

    8-37 VideoStream / ( 3)..............194

    8-38 VideoStream / ( 4).............195

    8-39 VideoStream / ( 4)..............196

    8-40 VideoStream / .................197

    8-41 VideoStream / ( 1)............199

    8-42 VideoStream / ( 2)............200

    8-43 VideoStream / ( 3)............202

    8-44 VideoStream / ( 4)............203

    8-45 VideoStream ()..........................204

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    1. (smart grid) (services) 1.1. (electric power grid)

    , , . . - . , (100 kV ) . , , , ( 100 kV).

    1.2.

    . . . , . . SCADA , , . , . , . . , . , Microsoft Windows, TCP/IP/Ethernet, , , , , ZigBee, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, . , ,

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    , , (PLCPower Line Communications).

    , . , .

    1-1

    1.3. SCADA

    (SCADA) , , , , , . . , bits , . SCADA. , SCADA . , , , . . , SCADA. . ,

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    , . Ethernet TCP/IP. , . . (PMU), 1990, . GPS . 30 120 . , 30 , SCADA. WAMS.

    1-2 SCADA

    1.4. (smart grid)

    . , , .

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    . . , , , , . , . . , . :

    plug-in

    , .

    , .

    1-3

    1.4.1. (self-healing)

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    . . .

    1.4.2. (distributed power generation)

    . . , , . , . , , , , . , . , . , , , , . , .

    1.4.3. (centralized to distributed communications)

    (RTUs: Remote Terminal Units). RTU RTUs, . RTUs RTU RTU . . RTUs . RTUs ,

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    , (unicasting), (broadcasting), (multicasting) .

    1.4.4. Plug-in

    . , plug-in CO2 . , . , plug-in , .

    1.4.5. (smart meters)

    , , . , , . - . , :

    s,

    .

    , , , . , . , .

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    1-4

    : ( ) , , , . WAN, . , , , . , .

    1.5.

    1.5.1. (wireless technology standards)

    :

    802.15.4 ZigBee, , . : 868-868.6 MHz 1 , 902-928 MHz 10 ., 2.4 GHz 16 . 150 m.

    802.11n Wi-Fi . 802.15.4 ZigBee . 23. 250 m.

    802.16 WiMAX . 3 km.

    1.5.2. (network architecture)

    3 :

    Home Area Network (HAN),

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    .

    Neighborhood Area Network (NAN), HANs . . HANs . , HANs.

    Wide Area Network (WAN), AN, . SCADA. . SCADA .

    1.5.3. (standards)

    , , (interoperability) . , , . , . WAN, .

    , 802.15.4 ZigBee, . 2.4 GHz 250 kbps . 16 . 802.15.4 ZigBee 4 Mbps.

    , 802.11n Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi, 300 Mbps 2.4 GHz. 23 , 802.11n Wi-Fi 6900 Mbps.

    WAN, 802.16 WiMAX. O 3 km. 70 bps.

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    1.6. 2

    . 2(machine-to-machine), . , . . , . , , , . . , . SIM . , , , . . (retransmissions). broadcast . , . , , .

    1.7. WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks)

    , ( , (.. , ), ), , , ( ), ( - (tele-health monitoring), / ), , ( ), ( , ), (intelligent transportation), , . / , .

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    1-5 WSN

    , , . , .

    1-6

    (battery-powered) :

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    , WSN . WSN .

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    2. 2.1.

    . , . . . , . . , (fiber optics), (BPL: Broadband over Power Line) . , . - . , , . , . , malware, spyware, computer viruses, , , , , (vulnerabilities) . , , . , . , , . , hacking, , . . , . .

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    2-1

    2.2. (attacks)

    2.2.1.

    4 : 1) Denial-of-Service (DoS) (Bob)

    (Alice) (Mary)( ).

    2) Man-in-the-middle Bob Mary, , Alice Mary. Bob Mary.

    3) Spoofing Bob Alice, Mary.

    4) Eavesdropping Bob Alice Mary, Alice Mary ( ).

    2-2

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    2.2.1.1. Replay attack: Eavesdropping DoS

    (real-time clocks) (.. ZigBee wireless sensors) (drift) ( 1.7 s ), (authentication protocol). , (bandwidth) , . replay . 2-3, replay (adversary) (stale) (collector) . , S , , C . , (end-to-end delay) S C 50 s. , S 0 s 0 s. C 50 s. 0 s 50 s (current time) C, C S (fresh). 25 s, replay (eavesdropped message) S, 0 s. C 50 s S . , replay C 75 s. 0 s 50 s C, C S (stale). , replay .

    2-3 replay

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    2-4, replay , S C 50 s. , S 50 s ( S) 50 s. C 50 s ( C). 50 s 50 s C, C S (fresh). 75 s ( S), replay S, 50 s. , replay C 75 s ( C). 50 s 50 s C, C S . , replay .

    2-4 replay -

    2.2.2. ,

    1) (physical) . . . , .

    2) (cyber) . . ,

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    , , DoS, .

    3) (cyber-physical) . , , .

    2.2.3.

    : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

    2-5

    2.2.4.

    : 1) (single or individual attacks)

    . blackout.

    2) (coordinated attacks) , . . . , ,

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    .

    2.2.5.

    :

    1) (generation) .

    2) (distribution and control) . , hackers routers .

    3) (consumption) .

    2-6

    2.2.6.

    : 1)

    computer servers, . 50 MW, computer servers . , computer servers , , .

  • . 41

    2) , , , , , . -, , . - . , , . , , .

    3) , - . , . , -, .

    2-7

    2.3.

    . . , . ,

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    denial-of-service(DoS),

    hackers ( ) .

    2.4. (state estimation), (load redistribution attack)

    . . . , . , . , , . . , , . . , , , ( ) .

    2.4.1.

    2 (2-bus system), 2-8. 1 . P1(0 W, 18 MW) 2(0 W, 30 MW). PL 5 MW. cs= 40$/MWh. 1= 18 MW, 2= 22 MW PL= -2 MW. , , 1= 15 MW, 2= 25 MW PL= -5 MW. C= 550$/h.

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    2-8 2

    1 D1, 2 D2 PL. , , . 2-9.

    2-9 2

    1, 570$/h, 20$/h . , , (PL= -4 MW) . 2, 20% . (PL= -6 MW) . , , ,

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    610$/h 1W 1. 50% 3 5, . , , :

    1) . 2)

    . 6, . . , , PL= -10 MW . , . , .

    2.5. (cyber-attacks)

    -:

    : , RTU HMI, interface ( ). , : 1) , 2) , 3) . , o Stuxnet (.. Windows XP) .

    : messaging protocol . DNP .. man-in-the-middle spoofing. , : 1) , 2) , 3)

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    .

    : denial-of-service (DoS), RTU . CPU, , . , , .

    2.6.

    2-10

    , DNP 3.0 over TCP/IP Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol (ICCP). , .

    , , , :

    (1, 2, 3)-1-2

    (1, 2, 3)-3-1-2 dial-up VPN (user interface) (IED). , :

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    (user interface), C1 . , . , .

    (IED), C2 password , , , . , .

    , C3.

    2.7.

    . hacker SCADA hacker . , : , . , . 1) : SCADA. (.. ), , . , . VPN SCADA. VPN . . 2) : SCADA, . . , , , . ( ). , , FTP,

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    Telnet HTTP. . 3) : SCADA, . . . o EWS, SCADA . , application server, SCADA .

    2.8. MAC (medium access control) WSN

    WSN . WSN , .

    2-11 OSI

    MAC WSN. , , - . .

    1) (collision attack) -. , MAC (noise packet). , . , - (broadband) . .

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    2-12

    3. , . , . 1 RTS(request to send) 2. , 3 2. 2 . , 1 RTS CTS (clear to send) 2. 1 CTS 2, 1 2. , , 3 2, . 3 . , , . , .

    2) (unintelligent replay attack) MAC . (sleep mode) . , , . WSN. .

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    2-13

    4. 4 1 -(hop-by-hop). , 4 . . , . (listen mode), . , , .

    3) - (unauthenticated broadcast attack) MAC, . MAC. . , . servers MAC . .

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    2-14 -

    - 3. 3 . , , , . , 3 . , . 4 3. , 3 , 3 4.

    4) (full domination attack) MAC . WSN, (denial of sleep) . . MAC . .

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    2-15

    2 4. 4 . , , MAC . 2 . 2 . , . 3 2, 2.

    5) (exhaustion attack) MAC . MAC RTS(request to send) CTS(clear to send). , RTS CTS, RTS , . . .

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    2-16

    4. 1 RTS CTS 2 2. 4 RTS 2. 2 CTS. , RTS 2 2.

    6) (intelligent jamming attack)( - ). , . -(unicast) -(broadcast). , ( ). .

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    2-17

    4. 4 - 3. 4 - . 3 1. 4. 4 MAC . , 4 - 2. 4 .

    7) Sybil attack . , . , . , , .

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    2.9. (vulnerabilities)

    1997, , .

    1999, , .

    11 2001 .

    2007, .

    hackers , , .

    .

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    3. (security) 3.1.

    , , . , . , , , . (QoS: Quality of Service). , . -, .

    , . , . , .

    . , , . , .

    3.2.

    , . .

    1) , RTU, - , .

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    2) , .

    3) , RTU, . 30 .

    4) , , PMU SM, , , .

    3.3.

    :

    (.. ) . , . .

    (hooks) . , , .

    - . , , , .

    - . , , , .

    .

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    / . , .

    3.4.

    :

    1) (confidentiality) (unauthorized) . . , . , , . , . , .

    2) (integrity) . . . , .

    3) (availability) . , () . , , . , (.. ) denial-of-service (DoS).

    , . , 4 msec. . , , .

  • Smart Grid

    58

    , . , . . . , , .

    :

    (privacy), . , .

    (secrecy), .

    3.4.1.

    , :

    (authorized use) .

    (message authentication) ( ) .

    (reliability) (safety) (security) , .. .

    3.5.

    , , .

    , , , CIA . , ( ),

  • . 59

    (message digest) .

    . , .

    .

    , , .

    3.6. (emergency demand response program)

    . . , , . , . . , . , , , . SCADA, . , .

    3.7. (intrusion detection system)

    . , WAN, . . , W N.

  • Smart Grid

    60

    , , . , . . , W, . , -, .

    3-1 , WAN

    3.8. (anomaly detection mechanism)

    (.. ) (user interface) (IED), . , , . , . , . :

    1) 2) 3) 4)

    , .

  • . 61

    3-2

    3.9. (identity), (key management) (encryption)

    . . . WAN , . , .

    (multicast) - (unicast), . , , . , .

    Internet. . , , , . :

    1) , . ,

  • Smart Grid

    62

    , .

    2) .

    3) . 4)

    , . , .

    5) .

    3.10. (privacy protection)

    , 15 , , . , , , . , . , . , . . , (.. , , ) . , . .

    3.11. (traffic analysis)

    . , , . ,

  • . 63

    . , PMU, PMUs , . , . , , . , , . , . , . , . , , , . , , , .

    3-3

  • Smart Grid

    64

  • . 65

    4. (privacy) 4.1.

    . ( 2050). . . , , (.. ) (.. ).

    . , , . . , , .

    4.2.

    ( ) . . .

    , . ( ) , , .

  • Smart Grid

    66

    . . , . , , .

    , (NIST) . , . , . , (.. ) (.. ). , , .

    4.3.

    , . , . , .

    4-1

  • . 67

    . , 4-1. . , . , , , . , ( ) :

    , , . / .

    4.4. ElecPrivacy

    , , , . , , .

    4-2 ElecPrivacy

  • Smart Grid

    68

    4-2, , :

    .

    .

    , ,

    (

    / ).

    .

    ( , .. )

    .

    , . , .

    4.5.

    pB(t) t p(t). , pi = p pB , 4-3. , .

    4-3

    pi C p, pi =

  • . 69

    Cp. C . . , p(t) pi (t t). / , .

    4-4

    . , . , .

  • Smart Grid

    70

  • . 71

    5. (Cryptography) 5.1.

    . .

    5.1.1. (identification)

    . , :

    .

    .

    , s (Automatic Teller Machines).

    5.1.2. (authentication)

    . , .

    5.1.2.1.

    :

    (passwords), (PINs) , .

    , , , .

  • Smart Grid

    72

    5.2.

    . . :

    1) (encryption) (decryption) 2) (tamper detection) 3) (authentication)

    , , .

    5-1

    5.2.1. ( )

    . . (confidentiality) . , . / . (shared) . , . , , . (identification) . . ,

  • . 73

    . , .

    5-2

    5.2.2. ( )

    , . :

    (public key)

    (private key)

    5-3

    . . . . , . / . , / .

  • Smart Grid

    74

    5.2.2.1.

    (key pair), . , () . , , , . :

    1) . . , (authentication), . , (confidentiality) , .

    5-4

    2) , . , .

  • . 75

    5-5

    3) . . , () ().

    5.3. (Digital Signatures)

    / (eavesdropping), . (one-way hash) (message digest). , (). / . . , . , , . , , . , . , .

  • Smart Grid

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    5.4. (Digital Certificates)

    , . , / . (certification) , . , . / / . (Certificate Authority). , :

    ,

    ,

    ,

    , ..

    5.5.

    , :

    1) (hash function) (message digest).

    2) .

    3) , , .

    4) , , . , . , 3.

    5) :

    ( ).

  • . 77

    ( ) ( ).

    6) , .

    7) , .

    8) , . , .

    9) .

    10) , .

    5-6

  • Smart Grid

    78

  • . 79

    6. (Wireless Cooperative Communications)

    6.1.

    , . -, . (wireless cooperative communications) (radio resources) . , , . , . , / . . . , , . , , , .

    , , point-to-point. . , . , , . . , ( - ), , , .

  • Smart Grid

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    , (physical-layer cooperative communications), , (link-layer cooperative and cognitive medium access), (network-layer cooperative routing and load balancing), (transport-layer collaborative end-to-end congestion control), peer-to-peer (peer-to-peer file sharinge.g., Bittorrent). , , , , .

    , . . , 6-1, D. D , D point-to-point . , C , D, D . , .

    6-1 , B C, D

  • . 81

    6.2.

    . , , , . , , , :

    AF (amplify-and-forward) . , - , . .

    DF (decode-and-forward) . , . , - . .

    , , - (broadcast nature) , . (TDMA), (FDMA) (CDMA).

    , :

    (selection cooperation) .

    (selection relaying) .

  • Smart Grid

    82

    6-2 : a) , b)ad-hoc , c) -

    6.3. - (cognitive radio networks)

    . FCC (Federal Communication Commission) , , - . - (cognitive radio technology) , , . -, SUs (secondary users) PUs (primary users). . . (spectrum sensing) - . , , . :

    (sensing accuracy) . .

    (sensing efficiency) .

  • . 83

    . . . , (trade-off) .

    -, :

    (PU-SU cooperation) . . , , .

    (inter-SU cooperation) .

    6.3.1.

    , . , :

    (Source SU) .

    (Destination SU) .

    (Cooperative SUs) .

    (Fusion Center) .

    6-3 . , , (request) , . . . , .

  • Smart Grid

    84

    6-3

    6.3.2.

    :

    , :

    (sequential cooperative sensing) . .

    (parallel cooperative sensing) . .

    , . , . , , . , - .

    , :

    (Synchronous cooperative sensing)

  • . 85

    . .

    (Asynchronous cooperative sensing) . , . , .

    6-4

    6-5 : a) , b)- , c)-

    , d)

  • Smart Grid

    86

    6.4. -

    . , . - . - (reconfiguration) .

    - :

    -. - 2.4 GHz , (ISMindustrial, scientific, medical), ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi. . , (.. ) . , . , 2.4 GHz ISM . . - . -, - .

    . , , . - .

    , . , . , - .

    -,

  • . 87

    . , .

    6-6 -

    6.4.1.

    (cognitive gateway), , , . . , . , . , . , , . , .

  • Smart Grid

    88

    6.4.2.

    WAN. , . . .

    6.4.3. W

    WAN WAN, . (.. ). , ( ) . WAN , . , 6-7, 3 10 . , 4 1 6 2. 1 3 , 4 1 3.

    6-7 WAN (Wide Area Network)

  • . 89

    6.5.

    . (path loss), (shadowing) (fading). . (cooperative spatial diversity). , (virtual antenna array) . , . , . , . 6-8 , . , .

    ( ) . (SNIR) . , , 6-8. . , (hidden terminal).

  • Smart Grid

    90

    6-8 : a) , b)

    . , . , . , . , . . , , (.. ), , . . 6-9 , WLAN .

  • . 91

    6-9 WLAN

    (call dropping) (call blocking). . , . 6-10, (Ch1), (Ch2, Ch3). , , , .

    6-10

  • Smart Grid

    92

    6.6.

    (multi-user systems), (selfish) . , , . , (incentive mechanisms) . . , (social optimal), . , .

    , . , , , . , .

    . , . .

    :

    (reputation-based mechanism) (.. ) . , , . , , .

    (resource-exchange-based mechanism) . , .

  • . 93

    . .

    (pricing-based mechanism) . (.. , , ) . .

  • Smart Grid

    94

  • . 95

    7. (advanced metering infrastructure of smart grid) 7.1.

    (SCADA) . SCADA . feeder . feeder , . , (utility company). (billing information), SCADA . , , , . , . , , .

    7-1

  • Smart Grid

    96

    , 802.11 Wi-Fi (HAN), . . feeder , 802.16 WiMax (WAN). feeder (multi-hop wireless network), . , .

    7.2.

    . (scalability) . , Home Area Network gateway (HAN GW), , Building Area Network gateway (BAN GW), HAN GW . HAN GW BAN GW. , BAN GW Neighboring Area Network gateway (NAN GW) . , . , , . , 500 msec. 500 msec , , (public key infrastructure). , , , - NAN GW . , , online . . , , (public key infrastructure) . , ,

  • . 97

    , -.

    7.3.

    (multihop wireless network) (advanced metering infrastructure), (cyber threats):

    (mutual authentications) . , (integrity) (privacy) .

    (data encryption) . .

    (data transmission scheme) (local collector) . (end-to-end delay) (packet loss) .

    7.3.1. (initialization process)

    - , , (authentication server), , . (authenticator) (supplicant) . , , , , . / .

  • Smart Grid

    98

    , . , V (initial vector) k. V k , V k. , k , . , k.

    k, kn-1,n (four-way handshake) . , kn-1,n .

    7-2 -

    , . , .

  • . 99

    7.3.1.1. (smart meter) (firewall)

    , - . (electric utility) . , (service providers) . . Home Area Network (HAN) , Wide Area Network (WAN) , . . , . . , , . , . . , (error messages) .

    7-3 -

  • Smart Grid

    100

    . , , , . , . . . , . .

    7.3.1.2.

    1) (identity and key management) WAN . . , , , . WAN. . , . , . , .

    2) (privacy assurance) , / . WAN, . , .

  • . 101

    3) (integrity assurance) WAN , . . .

    7.3.1.3.

    - . , , , . , . - (unicast), . , (urgent messages) . , . , -, - (multicast) -(broadcast) .

    - , WAN. . , . . . , . , (request message) . , .

  • Smart Grid

    102

    , .

    - . , . . , . , . , .

    7.3.2. - (meter-reading collection process)

    (route chain topology) 1, 2, , n (collecting node). / . - 1, , XOR IV. 1 1. 1 k1,2 , 1. , - 2, . - 2 k1,2 1. , 1. , 1 XOR - 2. - 2. ( ), n . - n,

  • . 103

    - - 1 - n .

    7-4 -

    - . feeder , . , SCADA .

    7.3.3. (management message distribution process)

    SCADA ,

  • Smart Grid

    104

    . . .

    7-5

    7.3.4.

    , -, - (hop-by-hop) . , :

    (device authentication) (interconnected) (utility service).

  • . 105

    (data confidentiality) .

    (message integrity) .

    (maintaining secrecy) (), ().

    (cyber attacks) , , . , .

    7.3.5.

    , , 10 - . , . - . . , , , . , . , , . . ( 0%), . 20% 9, online , .

  • Smart Grid

    106

  • . 107

    8. Smart Grid (Simulation of Smart Grid Network)

    8.1.

    , .

    :

    (smart meters)

    (mobile users)

    (data collectors)

    (access points)

    (LANs and gateways)

    (internet)

    (remote servers)

    (control centers officers)

    (attackers)

    mtu (master transmission unit)

    (buildings and owners)

    (smart grid)

    :

    8-1 ChannelControl

    SmartGrid. ChannelControl . . , .

    ChannelControl : bool coreDebug = default(false); // debug switch for core framework

    double playgroundSizeX = default(600); // x size of the playground (in meters)

    double playgroundSizeY = default(400); // y size of the playground (in meters)

    double pMax @unit(mW) = default(20mW); // maximum sending power used for this network double sat @unit(dBm) = default(-110dBm); // signal attenuation threshold (in dBm)

  • Smart Grid

    108

    double alpha = default(2); // path loss coefficient

    double carrierFrequency @unit(Hz) = default(2.4GHz); // carrier frequency of the channel (in Hz) int numChannels = default(1); // number of radio channels (frequencies)

    8-2 FlatNetworkConfigurator

    SmartGrid. FlatNetworkConfigurator (flat network). host. , , . , Dijstra .

    FlatNetworkConfigurator : string networkAddress = default(192.168.0.0); // network part of the address string netmask = default(255.255.0.0); // host part of addresses are autoconfigured

    8-3 NotificationBoard

    . NotificationBoard, , , (.. , , ), , .. , , .

    8-4 InterfaceTable

    . InterfaceTable (network interfaces). , (loopback) . RoutingTable.

  • . 109

    8-5 Routingtable

    . Routingtable ( InterfaceTable.

    8-6 NullMobility

    User. NullMobility , .

    8-7 BasicMobility

    User. To BasicMobility , , , , .

    , , : bool debug = default(false); // debug switch

    double cx = default(100); // x coord of the center of the circle

    double cy = default(100); // y coord of the center of the circle

    double r = default(100); // radius of the circle

    double speed @unit(mps) = default(2mps); // speed of the host (in m/s) double startAngle @unit(deg) = default(0); // starting angle (degrees) double updateInterval @unit(s) = default(100ms); // time interval to update the hosts position

  • Smart Grid

    110

    8-8 802.11

    To . 802.11. 3 : string accessPointAddress; // MAC address of associate AP

    int frameCapacity = default(100);

    string address = default(auto); // MAC address as hex string (12 hex digits), or auto. auto values will be replaced by a generated MAC address in init stage 0.

    String queueModule = default(); // name of optional external queue module int maxQueueSize; // max queue length in frames; only used if queueModule== double bitrate @unit(bps); int rtsThresholdBytes @unit(B) = default(2346B); // longer messages will be sent using RTS/CTS int retryLimit = default(-1); // maximum number of retries per message, -1 means default

    int cwMinData = default(-1); // contention window for normal data frames, -1 means default

    int cwMinBroadcast = default(-1); // contention window for broadcast messages, -1 means default

    int mtu = default(1500);

    int channelNumber = default(0); // channel identifier

    double transmitterPower @unit(mW) = default(20mW); // power used for transmission of messages (in mW)

    double bitrate @unit(bps); // (in bits/s) double thermalNoise @unit(dBm) = default(-110dBm); // base noise level (dBm) double pathLossAlpha = default(2); // used by the path loss calculation

    double shadowingDeviation @unit(dB) = default(0dB); // used by the shadowing model calculation double snirThreshold @unit(dB) = default(4dB); // if signal-noise ratio is below this threshold, frame is considered noise (in dB)

    double sensitivity @unit(mW); // received signals with power below sensitivity are ignored

  • . 111

    8-9 Ethernet

    To . Ethernet. , .

    8-10 NetworkLayer

  • Smart Grid

    112

    To . . ( ). TCP, UDP, Ping. : int timeToLive = default(32);

    double retryTimeout @unit(s) = default(1s); // number seconds ARP waits between retries to resolve an \IP address

    int retryCount = default(3); // number of times ARP will attempt to resolve an \IP address

    double cacheTimeout @unit(s) = default(120s); // number seconds unused entries in the cache will time out

    bool proxyARP = default(true); // sets proxy \ARP mode (replying to \ARP requests for the addresses

    for which a routing table entry exists)

    8-11 PingApp

    . To PingApp (ping requests). ping request . , : string destAddr = default(); // destination IP or Ipv6 address string srcAddr = default(); // source IP or Ipv6 address (useful with multi-homing) double packetSize @unit(B) = default(56B); // of ping payload, in bytes volatile double interval @unit(s) = default(1s); // time to wait between pings (can be random) double hopLimit = default(32); // TTL or hopLimit for IP packets

    double count = default(0); // stop after count ping requests, 0 means continuously

    double startTime @unit(s) = default(uniform(0s,this.interval)); // send first ping at startTime double stopTime @unit(s) = default(0s); // send no pings after stopTime, 0 means forever

    8-12 TCP

    . , TCP . : int advertisedWindow = default(14*this.mss); // in bytes, corresponds with the maximal receiver

    buffer capacity (Note: normally, NIC queues should be at least this size)

    bool nagleEnabled = default(true); // Nagles algorithm (RFC 896) enabled/disabled int mss = default(536); // Maximum Segment Size (RFC 793) (header option)

    string tcpAlgorithmClass = default(TCPReno); // TCPReno/TCPTahoe/TCPNewReno/TCPNoCongestionControl/DumbTCP

  • . 113

    string sendQueueClass = default(TCPVirtualDataSendQueue); // TCPVirtualDataSendQueue/TCPMsgBasedSendQueue

    string receiveQueueClass = default(TCPVirtualDataRcvQueue); // TCPVirtualDataRcvQueue/TCPMsgBasedRcvQueue

    bool recordStats = default(true); // recording of seqNum etc. into output vectors enabled/disabled

    8-13 TCP_hack

    SmartMeter SCADASim ( INET Framework). , TCP . , . (listening socket). :

    nagleEnabled = default(true); // Nagle's algorithm (RFC 896) enabled/disabled

    mss = default(1024); // maximum segment size

    advertisedWindow = default(14*this.mss); // in bytes (Note: normally, NIC queues should be at least

    this size)

    tcpAlgorithmClass = default("TCPReno"); //

    TCPTahoe/TCPReno/TCPNoCongestionControl/DumbTCP

    sendQueueClass = default("TCPMsgBasedSendQueue"); //

    TCPVirtualDataSendQueue/TCPMsgBasedSendQueue

    receiveQueueClass = default("TCPMsgBasedRcvQueue"); //

    TCPVirtualDataRcvQueue/TCPMsgBasedRcvQueue

    recordStats = default(true); // recording seqNum etc. into output vectors on/off

    int maxThreadCount; // how many concurrent Threads are accepted

    8-14 TCPBasicClientApp

    To TCP . , , . , sessions. session, TCP , request ( request), . :

  • Smart Grid

    114

    string address = default(""); // may be left empty ("")

    int port = default(-1); // port number to listen on

    string connectAddress = default(""); // server address (may be symbolic)

    int connectPort = default(1000); // port number to connect to

    double startTime @unit("s") = default(1s); // time first session begins

    volatile int numRequestsPerSession = default(1); // number of requests sent per session

    volatile int requestLength @unit(B) = default(200B); // length of a request

    volatile int replyLength @unit("B") = default(1MiB); // length of a reply

    volatile double thinkTime @unit("s"); // time gap between requests

    volatile double idleInterval @unit(s); // time gap between sessions

    volatile double reconnectInterval @unit("s") = default(30s); // if connection breaks, waits this much

    before trying to reconnect

    , ( , ). , .

    TCPBasicClientApp.h

    #ifndef __INET_TCPBASICCLIENTAPP_H

    #define __INET_TCPBASICCLIENTAPP_H

    #include

    #include "TCPGenericCliAppBase.h"

    /**

    * An example request-reply based client application.

    */

    class INET_API TCPBasicClientApp : public TCPGenericCliAppBase

    {

    protected:

    // statistics

    cOutVector httpdelay;

    cMessage *timeoutMsg;

    bool earlySend; // if true, don't wait with sendRequest() until established()

    int numRequestsToSend; // requests to send in this session

    /** Utility: sends a request to the server */

    virtual void sendRequest();

    public:

    TCPBasicClientApp();

    virtual ~TCPBasicClientApp();

    protected:

    /** Redefined to schedule a connect(). */

    virtual void initialize();

    /** Redefined. */

    virtual void handleTimer(cMessage *msg);

    /** Redefined. */

  • . 115

    virtual void socketEstablished(int connId, void *yourPtr);

    /** Redefined. */

    virtual void socketDataArrived(int connId, void *yourPtr, cPacket *msg, bool urgent);

    /** Redefined to start another session after a delay. */

    virtual void socketClosed(int connId, void *yourPtr);

    /** Redefined to reconnect after a delay. */

    virtual void socketFailure(int connId, void *yourPtr, int code);

    };

    #endif

    #include "TCPBasicClientApp.h"

    TCPBasicClientApp.cc

    #define MSGKIND_CONNECT 0

    #define MSGKIND_SEND 1

    Define_Module(TCPBasicClientApp);

    void TCPBasicClientApp::initialize()

    {

    TCPGenericCliAppBase::initialize();

    httpdelay.setName("http delay");

    timeoutMsg = new cMessage("timer");

    numRequestsToSend = 0;

    earlySend = false; // TBD make it parameter

    WATCH(numRequestsToSend);

    WATCH(earlySend);

    timeoutMsg->setKind(MSGKIND_CONNECT);

    scheduleAt((simtime_t)par("startTime"), timeoutMsg);

    }

    void TCPBasicClientApp::socketDataArrived(int connId, void *ptr, cPacket *msg, bool urgent)

    {

    TCPGenericCliAppBase::socketDataArrived(connId, ptr, msg, urgent);

    httpdelay.record(simTime() - msg->getCreationTime());

    if (numRequestsToSend>0)

    {

    EV setKind(MSGKIND_SEND);

    scheduleAt(simTime()+(simtime_t)par("thinkTime"), timeoutMsg);

    }

    else {

    EV

  • Smart Grid

    116

    8-15 TCPGenericSrvApp

    To TCP . , , , . , , . : string address = default(""); // local address; may be left empty ("")

    int port = default(1000); // port number to listen on

    double replyDelay @unit("s") = default(0s);

    8-16 TCPSinkApp

    , MasterTransmissionUnit. TCP . : string address = default(""); // may be left empty ("")

    int port = default(1000); // port number to listen on

    8-17 UDP

    VideoStream. , UDP .

    8-18 UDPVideoStreamCli

    T VideoStream, . :

  • . 117

    int localPort;

    string serverAddress;

    int serverPort;

    double startTime @unit("s") = default(1s);

    volatile double nextTime @unit("s") = default(1s);

    , ( , ). , , , . , , .

    UDPVideoStreamCli.h

    #ifndef __INET_UDPVIDEOSTREAM_H

    #define __INET_UDPVIDEOSTREAM_H

    #include

    #include

    #include "UDPAppBase.h"

    #include "IPvXAddress.h"

    /**

    * A "Realtime" VideoStream client application.

    *

    * Basic video stream application. Clients connect to server and get a stream of

    * video back.

    */

    class INET_API UDPVideoStreamCli : public UDPAppBase

    {

    protected:

    // statistics

    cOutVector eed;

    protected:

    ///@name Overridden cSimpleModule functions

    //@{

    virtual void initialize();

    virtual void finish();

    virtual void handleMessage(cMessage *msg);

    //@}

    protected:

    virtual void requestStream();

    virtual void receiveStream(cPacket *msg);

    protected:

    std::vector serverAddress;

    // chooses random destination address

    virtual IPvXAddress chooseDestAddress(); };

    #endif

  • Smart Grid

    118

    UDPVideoStreamCli.cc

    #include "UDPVideoStreamCli.h"

    #include "IPAddressResolver.h"

    Define_Module(UDPVideoStreamCli);

    void UDPVideoStreamCli::initialize()

    {

    eed.setName("video stream eed");

    simtime_t startTime = par("startTime");

    simtime_t nextTime = par("nextTime");

    simtime_t sum = par("sum");

    int i;

    if (startTime>=0)

    scheduleAt(startTime, new cMessage("UDPVideoStreamStart"));

    sum = startTime;

    if (nextTime>=0)

    for(i=0; i

  • . 119

    IPvXAddress UDPVideoStreamCli::chooseDestAddress()

    {

    int k = intrand(serverAddress.size());

    return serverAddress[k];

    }

    8-19 UDPVideoStreamSvr

    T VideoStream, . : int serverPort; // port to listen on

    volatile double waitInterval @unit("s"); // interval between sending video stream packets

    volatile int packetLen @unit("B");

    volatile int videoSize @unit("B");

    8-20

  • Smart Grid

    120

    : . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . , omnetpp.ini, :

    1000000000 .

    MAC .

    . , 1 4 1 1, 5 8 2 2, ...

    pingApp PingApp (.. , , ..). , tcp_hack TCP_hack SCADASim, INET Framework. TCP, tcpServer , 4. , (DoSDenial of Service) tcpServer . , tcpServer TCPGenericSrvApp tcpError TCPBasicClientApp. tcpServer , 1000. (30 sec) 1 KiloBytes. tcpError , 3000. , . , , 3000 Bytes.

    omnetpp.ini .

  • . 121

    8-21 1 ()

    8-22 2

  • Smart Grid

    122

    8-23 3

    : . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . , omnetpp.ini, :

    1000000000 .

    MAC .

    . , 1 4 1 1, 5 8 2 2, ...

    pingApp PingApp (.. , , ..) , tcp TCP, . , httpClient TCPBasicClientApp. httpClient http, 2000.

  • . 123

    . 5 sec, 5 KiloBytes. , udp UDP, UDP. , VideoStreamClient UDPVideoStreamCli VideoStreamServer UDPVideoStreamSvr. VideoStreamServer , 2. , 200 KiloBytes 50 KiloBytes . VideoStreamClient , 2. 6 sec ( ) . peer-to-peer. , . , 1 4 1, 5 8 2, ...

    omnetpp.ini .

    , , ,

    8-24

  • Smart Grid

    124

    : . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. :

    , .

    , .

    . MAC . duplex Ethernet 10 100 Mbps.

    omnetpp.ini .

    8-25

  • . 125

    : . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . , omnetpp.ini, :

    1000000000 .

    MAC .

    lan .

    pingApp PingApp (.. , ..) , tcp TCP udp UDP, . , httpServer TCPGenericSrvApp VideoStreamServer UDPVideoStreamSvr. , http ( 2000) , 8 KiloBytes. , VideoStream ( 2), . 200 KiloBytes 50 KiloBytes.

    omnetpp.ini .

  • Smart Grid

    126

    8-26

    : . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . , omnetpp.ini, :

    1000000000 .

    MAC .

    gateway .

    pingApp PingApp (.. , , ..) , tcp TCP, . , tcpServiceProvider TCPGenericSrvApp tcpClient{1..16} TCPBasicClientApp. tcpServiceProvider

  • . 127

    , 3000. 1 KiloBytes. tcpClient , 1000. tcpClient . tcpClient 15 KiloBytes, (, , 30 ). 30 sec.

    omnetpp.ini .

    8-27

    : . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth

  • Smart Grid

    128

    EthernetInterface. . , omnetpp.ini, :

    1000000000 .

    MAC .

    . , 1 2 accessPont1 17, 3 4 accessPont2 18, ...

    pingApp PingApp (.. , ..) , tcp TCP, . , attackClient{1..4} TCPBasicClientApp. attackClient tcpClient. , 1000. , . attackClient{1..4} 4 . 2 100 Bytes.

    omnetpp.ini .

    Mtu

  • . 129

    8-28

    : . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . pingApp PingApp . , tcp TCP, . , tcpSink TCPSinkApp. .

    omnetpp.ini .

    8-29 -

  • Smart Grid

    130

    : . wlan Ieee80211NicSTASimplified eth EthernetInterface. . pingApp PingApp .

    omnetpp.ini .

    8-30

  • . 131

    , . , , . , , - 4 - .

    8-31 -

    4 , . .