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http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA
Шугнанский языкМатериал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедииПерейти к: навигация, поиск
Шугнанский язык
Самоназвание:xuγ ̌nůn ziv (хуг ̌ну ̊н зив)
Страны: Таджикистан,
Афганистан
Официальный
статус:Горно-Бадахшанская
автономная область
(наряду с таджикским)
Общее число
говорящих:90 000 (в Таджикистане)
Классификация
Категория:Языки Евразии
Индоевропейская семья
Индоиранская ветвь
Иранская группа
Восточноиранская подгруппа
Письменность:кириллица
Языковые коды
ГОСТ 7.75–97:шуг 815
ISO 639-1:—
ISO 639-2:—
ISO 639-3:sgh
См. также: Проект:Лингвистика
Шугна�нский язы�к — язык шугнанцев. Относится к восточно-иранской группе иранских языков. Распространён в Шугнанском, Рушанском и Мургабском районах Горно-Бадахшанской АО Таджикистана (90 тыс. шугнанцев по данным 1999 года) и Афганистане.
Содержание
1 Письменность 2 Лексика 3 Примечания 4 Литература
5 Ссылки
Письменность
Первый вариант шугнанского алфавита (1931)
Письменность на шугнанском языке была создана в 1931 году на основе латинского алфавита, хотя известны шугнанские тексты начала XX века, записанные арабской графикой. Через несколько лет алфавит был реформирован и принял следующий вид:
A a B в C c Ç ç Є є D d Đ đ F f
G gƢ ƣ H̡ h̡ I i J j K k L l
M m
N n O o Ө ө P p Q q R r S s Ş ş
T t Ѣ ѣ U u V vW w
X x X̵ x̵ H h
Z z Ƶ ƶ З з
До 1938 года издавались учебники, газеты и другая литература. Затем, до конца 1980-х гг. шугнанский язык не имел письменности. Сейчас ограниченно используется алфавит на основе кириллицы. Отдельные материалы на шугнанском публикуются в газетах Бадахшон, Маърифат, Фарҳанги Бадахшон.
Алфавит из учебника шугнанского языка[1]
А а
Ā ā
Б б
В в
В̌ в ̌
Г г
Ғ ғ
Г̌ г ̌
Ғ̌ ғ ̌
Д д
Д̌ д̌
Е е
Ё ё
Ж ж
З з
З̌ з̌
И и
Ӣ ӣ
Й й
К к
Қ қ
Л л
М м
Н н
О о
П п
Р р
С с
Т т
Т̌ т̌
У у
Ӯ ӯ
У̊ у̊
Ф ф
Х х
Ҳ ҳ
Х̌ х̌
Ц ц
Ч ч
Ҷ ҷ
Ш ш
ъЭ э
Алфавит по данным книги «Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств»[2]
А а
Ā ā
Б б
В в
В̌ в ̌
Г г
Ғ ғ
Г̌ г ̌
Д д
Д̌ д̌
Ē ē
Ê ê
Ж ж
З з
Ҙ ҙ
И и
Ӣ ӣ
Й й
К к
Қ қ
Л л
М м
Н н
О о
П п
Р р
С с
Т т
Т̌ т̌
У у
Ӯ ӯ
У̊ у̊
Ф ф
Х х
Ҳ ҳ
Х̌ х̌
Ц ц
Ч ч
Ҷ ҷ
Ш ш
ъ ь
Лексика
Несмотря на то, что лексика шугнанского языка имеет много общего с лексикой других восточноиранских языков, много лексических единиц встречаются только в нём и в родственном сарыкольском, но отсутствует в других восточноиранских языках (ваханском, пуштунском, авестийском).
Сравнительная таблица лексики семи иранских языков[3]
Русский перевод
Фарси Таджикский Шугнанский Рушанский Сарыкольский Ваханский Пушту Авестийский
сын pesær (پسر) pisar (писар) puts puc p ɯ ts putr zoj putraогонь ɒ ti ʃ (اتش) ota ʃ (оташ) joːts yuc juts r ɯ χni ɡ wor âtarвода ɒb (اب) ob (об) xats xats xats jupk obə aiwyô, apкисть руки dæst (دست) dast (даѕт) ðust ðost ð ɯ st ðast l ɑ s zastaступня pɒ (پا) po (по) poːð pu:ð peð puð p ɯ ð pxa, p ʂ a
зубdændɒn ((دندان
dandon (дандон) ðinð ʉ n ðinðon ðanðun ð ɯ nð ɯ k ɣɑ x, ɣɑʂ ?
глаз t ʃ æ ʃ m (چشم) t ʃ a ʃ m (чашм) tsem cam tsem t ʂ ə ʐ m stər ɡ a chashmanлошадь æsb (اسب) asp (асп) voːrd ʒ vurd ʒ vurd ʒ ja ʃ ɑ s aspaоблако æbr (ابر) abr (абр) abri abr varm mur uriədz ?
пшеницаgændom ((گندم
gandum (гандум)
ʒ indam ʒ indam ʒ andam ɣɯ dim ɣ anəm ?
мясо ɡ u ʃ t (گوشت) ɡ u ʃ t (гушт) ɡ uːxt ɡ uːxt ɡɯ xt ɡ u ʂ t ɣ wəxa, ɣ wə ʂ a ?
много besjɒr (بسيار) bisjor (бисёр) bisjoːr ghak,fana p ɯ r təqi ɖ er, pura paoiri, paoirîsh, pouru
высокий bolænd (بلند) baland (баланд) biland biland b ɯ land b ɯ land lwə ɻ berezô, berezañtдалеко dur (دور) dur (дур) ðar ðar ðar ðir ləre dûra, dûrâtхороший χub (خوب) χub (хуб) χub bashand t ʃ ard ʒ baf xə, ʂ ə vohu
маленькийkut ʃ ik (((كوچك
χurd (хурд) dzul bucik dz ɯ l dzəqlai lə ɡ , lə ʐ ?
говорить goft (گفت) guft (гуфт) l ʉ vd luvd levd xənak wajəl aoj-, mrû-, sangh-делать kærd (كرد) kard (кард) t ʃ iːd t ʃ igo t ʃ ei ɡ tsərak kawəl kar-видеть did (ديد) did (дид) wiːnt wuːnt wand win ɡ winəm dî-
Примечания
1. ↑ Аламшо М., Карамшо Д. Хуг ̌ну ̊ни зив ̌. — Хоруғ: «Помир», 2000. — С. 134.2. ↑ Шугнанский язык // Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. — М: «Наука», 2005. — Т. 3. — 606 с. — 1200
экз. — ISBN 5-02-011237-2
3. ↑ Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) Outline of the Tajik language (塔吉克语简志/Tǎjíkèyǔ Jiǎnzhì). — Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House, 1985.
Литература
И. И. Зарубин . Шугнанские тексты и словарь. М.-Л.,1960; Şamвizodāt M.B. Xugnөni alifbә. Ƣullajen çāt. Sitalinobod — Toşkand 1931 Şamвizoda Çamşed. Alifbe. Awalөn sol çat. Stalinobod, 1937 Карамшоев. Шугнанско-русский словарь. 3 вып. М., 1988—1999.
Ссылки
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhi_language
Wakhi languageFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Wakhi language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Wakhix ̌ik zikNative to Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Tajikistan, RussiaNative speakers
45,000 (1992–2012)[1]
Language family
Indo-European Indo-Iranian o Iranian Eastern Iranian Southeastern Iranian Pamir
WakhiWriting system
Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin
Language codesISO 639-3 wbl
Linguasphere 58-ABD-c
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
Wakhi is an Indo-European language in the branch of Eastern Iranian language family and is intimately related to other Southeastern Iranian languages in the Pamir languages group.
Contents
1 Classification and distribution o 1.1 In Afghanistan o 1.2 In Tajikistan o 1.3 In Pakistan o 1.4 In China
2 Orthography 3 Vocabulary 4 Phonology
o 4.1 Vowels o 4.2 Consonants
5 Books 6 References
o 6.1 See also 7 External links
Classification and distribution
Wakhi is one of several languages that belong to the Pamir language group. A reflection of this is the fact that the Wakhi people are occasionally called Pamiris. The origin of this language is Wakhan in Afghanistan and it is, according to sources, more than four thousand years old. It is spoken by the inhabitants of the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, parts of Gilgit–Baltistan (the former NAs) of Pakistan, Gorno-Badkhshan (mountainous-Badakhshan, in Russian) region of Tajakistan, and Xinjiang in western China. The Wakhi use the self-appellation ‘Xik’ (ethnic) and suffix it with ‘wor’/’war’ to denote their language as ‘Xik-wor’ themselves. The noun ‘Xik’ comes from ‘oxik’ (an inhabitant of ‘Ox’, for Wakhan, in Wakhi. There are other equivalents for the name Wakhi (Anglicised) or Wakhani (Arabic and Persian), Vakhantsy (Russian), Gojali/Gojo (Dingrik-wor/Shina), Guyits/Guicho (Borushaski), Wakhigi/Wakhik-war (Kivi-wor/Khow-wor) and Cert (Turki). The language belongs, as yet to be confirmed according to studies and sources, to the southern group of the Pamir languages, in the Iranian group of the Indo-European family (450) of languages, where the different Ishkashmi, Shighni/…nani and Wakhi languages are included. A very rough estimate of the population of Wakhis is 50,000 worldwide. The Wakhi live in four different countries. In the Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan, the Wakhi people mainly live in Gojal, Ishkoman, Darkut and in Chitral District's Broghol. They also live in some parts of Gorno-Badakhshan in Tajikistan and Xinjiang in China.
In Afghanistan
In the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, Wakhi is spoken from Putur, near Ishkashim, to the upper reaches of the Wakhan River.[2]
In Tajikistan
In Tajikistan the Wakhi and other communities that speak one of the Pamir languages refer to themselves as Pamiri or Badakhshani and there has been a movement to separate their identity from that of the majority Persian-speaking Tajiks. Linguists universally refer to Wakhi as an East Iranian language independent of Tajik Persian, but many Tajik nationalists insist that Wakhi and other Pamir languages are actually dialects of Tajik.[3]
In Pakistan
In Pakistan Wakhi is spoken in the sparsely populated upper portions of five of the northernmost valleys: Hunza (many ethnic Wakhi of this valley now speak Burushaski), Gojal that including the valleys of Chipursan and Shingshal, (Upper-Hunza—mostly intact), Ishkoman (many ethnic Wakhi speak, now, Shina), Yasin (many ethnic Wakhi of this valley speak, now, Khow-wor or Burushaski/Virchik-wor), Gupis (many ethnic Wakhi speak, now, Shina) and Yarkhun (many ethnic Wakhi of this valley now speak Khow-wor). Yarkhun is located in the Chitral district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, while others are in the Gilgit–Baltistan. Gojal, in the Hunza valley, has the largest Wakhi population of any of the above five areas. The Wakhis of Ishkoman live primarily in the Karambar valley, in the town of Imit and beyond. In Yasin, they live mostly in the vicinity of Darkot, and in Yarhkun, they are found in Baroghil and in a few other small villages in the high, upper portion of valley. In Pakistan, the central organization of the Wakhi is the Wakhi Cultural Association Pakistan (WCA), an organization that is registered with the Government of Pakistan and which works with the collaboration of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and Lok Virsa Pakistan. The Association is working for the preservation of the Wakhi language and culture, as well as documenting their poetry and music.
Radio Pakistan Gilgit relays the Wakhi radio programme "Sadoyah Boomy Dunyo", the voice of the roof of the world. The Wakhi Cultural Association has arranged more than twenty programmes since 1984, which includes cultural shows, musical nights, and large-scale musical festivals with the collaboration of Lok Virsa Pakistan, the Aga Khan Cultural Service Pakistan (AKCSP), and Pakistan television. In 2000, the WCA won a "Best Programme" organizer award in the Silk Road Festival from the President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf. A computerized codification of the Wakhi script has been released, which will help to promote the language development programme and documentation of Wakhi poetry, literature, and history. [4]
In ChinaSee also: Tajiks of Xinjiang
Orthography
Traditionally Wakhi was not a written language. Writing systems have been developed for the language using Arabic script, Cyrillic and a modified Roman alphabet.[5] A modified roman alphabet was developed in 1984 by Haqiqat Ali.[6]
The new Wakhi Alphabet
.
Sample text from a Bible translation published in 2001 is shown below.[7]
Lord's Prayer (Luke 11:2-4)Wakhi in Roman alphabet Wakhi in Cyrillic alphabet English (KJV)
2 Yiso yavər x ̆atəy: «Sayišt i dəo carəv, x ̆anəv: „Ey bzыrgwor Tat ki də osmonət cəy! Ti bəzыrg nung bər olam ыmыt! Ləcər dəwroni Ti podšoyi ɣ̆at-ət, zəmin-ət zəmon də hыkmi taw ыmыt!
2 Йисо йавəр х ̌атəй: «Сайишт ҙи дəо царəв, х̌анəв: „Ей бзыргв ̌ор Тат ки дə осмонəт цəй! Ти бəзырг нунг бəр олам ымыт! Лəцəр дəв ̌рони Ти подшойи г ̌ат-əт, зəмин-əт зəмон дə ҳыкми тав ̌ ымыт!
2 And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, "Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth.
3 Spo rыsq-ət rыzi sakər nəsib car! 3 Спо рысқ-əт рызи сакəр нəсиб цар! 3 Give us day by day our daily bread.4 Cə spo gənoən šəxs! Sak bə kuy, ki sakər šakiɣ̆, cə kərk! kыx ̆ter baxṣ̌ə̌ṣ̌ ̌carən. Cə bandi nafs-ət awasən, Cə waswasayi Iblisən saki niga δыr!“»
4 Цə спо гəноəн шəхс! Сак бə куй, ки сакəр шакиг ̌ цə кəрк! Кых ̌тəр бахш®əш® царəн. Цə банди нафс-əт ав ̌асəн, Цə в ̌асв ̌асайи Иблисəн саки нига д ̌ыр!“»
4 And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil."
Vocabulary
The Wakhi lexicon exhibits significant differences with the other Pamir languages. Gawarjon's comparison of the dialects of Sarikoli and Wakhi spoken in China is reproduced below.
Lexical comparison of seven Iranian languages[8]
English gloss Persian Tajik Shughni Sarikoli Pashto Wakhi Avestanone jæk (یک) jak ( як) jiw iw jaw (يو) ji aēva-
meat ɡuʃt (گوشت) ɡuʃt (гушт) ɡuːxt ɡɯxtɣwaxa, ɣwaʂa ((غوښه
ɡuʂt ?
son pesær (پسر) pisar (писар) puts pɯts zoi (زوی) putr putrafire ɒteʃ (اتش) otaʃ (оташ) joːts juts or (اور) rɯχniɡ âtarwater ɒb (اب) ob (об) xats xats obə (اوبه) jupk aiwyô, ap
hand dæst (دست) dast (даѕт) ðust ðɯst lɑs (الس) ðast zastafoot pɒ (پا) po (по) poːð peð pxa, pʂa (پښه) pɯð padtooth dændɒn (دندان) dandon (дандон) ðinðʉn ðanðun ɣɑx, ɣɑʂ (غاښ) ðɯnðɯk ?eye tʃæʃm (چشم) tʃaʃm (чашм) tsem tsem stərɡa (سترګه) tʂəʐm cashmanhorse æsb (اسب) asp (асп) voːrdʒ vurdʒ ɑs (آس) jaʃ aspacloud æbr (ابر) abr (абр) abri varm urjadz (اوريځ) mur maēγa-wheat gændom (گندم) gandum (гандум) ʒindam ʒandam ɣanam (غنم) ɣɯdim ?many besjɒr (بسيار) bisjor (бисёр) bisjoːr pɯr ɖer, pura ( پوره (ډېر، təqi paoiri, paoirîsh, pouruhigh bolænd (بلند) baland (баланд) biland bɯland lwaɻ (لوړ) bɯland berezô, berezañtfar dur (دور) dur (дур) ðar ðar ləre (لرې) ðir dûra, dûrâtgood χub (خوب) χub (хуб) χub tʃardʒ xə, ʂə (ښه) baf vohusmall kutʃik (کوچک) χurd (хурд) dzul dzɯl ləɡ, ləʐ (لږ) dzəqlai ?to say goft (گفت) guft (гуфт) lʉvd levd wajəl (ويل) xənak aoj-, mrû-, sangh-to do kærd (کرد) kard (кард) tʃiːd tʃeiɡ kawəl (کول) tsərak kar-to see did (ديد) did (дид) wiːnt wand winəm (وينم) wiŋɡ dî-
Phonology
Vowels
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
Consonants
Labial Dental AlveolarAlveolo-palatal
Retroflex Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m nPlosive p b t ̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ k ɡ q
Affricate t ͡s d͡z t ͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐFricative f v θ ð s z ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ x ɣ χ ʁ h
Approximant l j wRhotic r
Books
1. Wakhi Khushkhati (Wakhi Calligraphy)2. Wakhi Qaida (Wakhi Primer)3. Wakhi Huroof (Wakhi letters)
References
1. ̂ Wakhi at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)2. ̂ Payne, John (1989). "Pamir Languages". In Schmitt, Rüdiger. Compendium Linguarum Iranicum. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert
Verlag. p. 419. ISBN 3-88226-413-6.3. ̂ Viires, Ants; Lauri Vahtre (2001). The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Tallinn: NGO Red Book. ISBN 9985-9369-2-2.4. ̂ Wakhi Tajik Cultural Association report 1991–2001. Pakistan: Wakhi Cultural Association. 2001.5. ̂ Wakhi Roman alphabets on Gojal.net6. ̂ Ali, Haqiqat (1984). Wakhi Language 1.7. ̂ Luqo Inǰil (Gospel of Luke) (in Wakhi). Bəzыrg Kitob tarǰimacrakыzg institute. 2001.: Title page, passages in Roman
alphabet [1] ,passages in Cyrillic alphabet [2] 8. ̂ Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) (1985). Outline of the Tajik language (塔吉克语简志/Tǎjíkèyǔ Jiǎnzhì). Beijing: Nationalities
Publishing House.
Backstrom, Peter C. Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2), 1992. 417 pp. ISBN 969-8023-12-7.
See also Wakhi people
External links
Wakhies in Gojal, Pakistan Ethnologue data: Languages of the World, 15th Edition The Wakhis: Article from the Ismaili dot net English-Ishkashimi-Zebaki-Wakhi-Yazghulami Vocabulary Wakhi poetry Georg Morgenstierne multimedia database
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarikoli_language
Sarikoli languageFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
Sarikolitujik zivNative to People's Republic of ChinaNative speakers
16,000 (2000)
Language family
Indo-European Indo-Iranian o Iranian Eastern Southeastern Pamir
SarikoliWriting Arabic
systemLanguage codes
ISO 639-3 srh
Linguasphere 58-ABD-eb
Xinjiang province. Light blue are areas where Sarikoli is spoken.This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
The Sarikoli language (also Sariqoli, Selekur, Sarikul, Sariqul, Sariköli) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Southeastern Iranian languages spoken by Tajiks in China. It is officially referred to in China as the "Tajik language", although it is different from the language spoken in Tajikistan.
Contents
1 Nomenclature 2 Distribution of speakers 3 Orthography
4 Phonology o 4.1 Vowels o 4.2 Consonants o 4.3 Stress
5 Vocabulary 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links
Nomenclature
Sarikoli is officially referred to as "Tajik" ( 塔吉克语 Tǎjíkèyǔ) in China.[1] However, it is not closely related to Tajik as spoken in Tajikistan.[2] It is also referred to as Tashkorghani,[3] after the ancient capital of the Sarikoli kingdom (now a county of Xinjiang); however, this usage is not widespread among scholars.
The earliest written accounts in English, from the 1870s, generally use the name "Sarikoli".[4]
Distribution of speakers
The number of speakers is around 20,000; most reside in the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in southern Xinjiang Province, China. The Chinese name for the Sarikoli language, as well as the usage of Sarikol as a toponym, is Sèlèkùěr yǔ (色勒庫爾語). Speakers in China typically use Uyghur and Chinese to communicate with people of other ethnic groups in the area. The rest are found in the Pakistani-controlled sector of Kashmir, closely hugging the Pakistan-Chinese international borders.
It is mutually unintelligible with the related Wakhi language.[5]
Orthography
The language has no official written form. Gawarjon, publishing in China, used IPA to transcribe the sounds of Sarikoli in his book and dictionary,[2][6] while Pakhalina, publishing in Russia, used an alphabet similar to that of the Wakhi language in hers.[7][8] Because the majority of
Sarikoli-speakers attend schools using Uyghur as the medium of instruction, some may be able to write their language using the Uyghur alphabet.[citation needed]
Phonology
Vowels
Sarikoli vowels as used in Russian works (IPA values in brackets):
a [a], e [e], ɛy [ɛi ̯] (dialectal æy or ay [æi ̯ / ai ̯]), ɛw [ɛu̯] (dialectal æw or aw [æu ̯ /au ̯]), ə [ə], i [i], o [o / ɔ], u [u], ы [ɯ] (dialectal ů [ʊ]). In some dialects also long variants of those vowels can appear: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ы ̄, ǝ̄̄.
Consonants
Sarikoli has 29 consonants:
Sariqoli consonants according to Russian Iranologist transcription (IPA values in bracelets): p /p/, b /b/, t /t/, d /d/, k /k / c/, g /ɡ ~ ɟ/, q /q/, c /ts/, ʒ /dz/, č /tɕ/, ǰ /dʑ/, s /s/, z /z/, x̌ /x/, γ ̌ /ɣ/, f /f/, v /v/, θ /θ/, δ /ð/, x /χ/, γ /ʁ/, š /ɕ/, ž /ʑ/, w /w/, y /j/, m /m/, n /n / ŋ/, l /l/, r /r/
Stress
Most words receive stress on the last syllable; however, a minority receive stress on their first syllable. Also, several noun declensions and verb inflections regularly place stress on their first syllable, including the imperative and interrogative.[2]
Vocabulary
Although to a large extent the Sarikoli lexicon is quite close to those of other Eastern Iranian languages, but a large number are words are special to Sarikoli and the closely related Shughni, that are not found in other Eastern Iranian languages like Wakhi, Pashto or Avestan.
Lexical comparison of seven Iranian languages together with an English translation[2]
English gloss Persian Tajik Wakhi Pashto Shughni Sarikoli Avestan
one jæk (یک) jak ( як) ji jaw (يو) jiw iw aēva-
meat ɡuʃt (گوشت) ɡuʃt (гушт) ɡuʂtɣwaxa, ɣwaʂa ((غوښه
ɡuːxt ɡɯxt ?
son pesær (پسر) pisar (писар) putr zoi (زوی) puts pɯts putrafire ɒteʃ (اتش) otaʃ (оташ) rɯχniɡ or (اور) joːts juts âtarwater ɒb (اب) ob (об) jupk obə (اوبه) xats xats aiwyô, aphand dæst (دست) dast (даѕт) ðast lɑs (الس) ðust ðɯst zastafoot pɒ (پا) po (по) pɯð pxa, pʂa (پښه) poːð peð padtooth dændɒn (دندان) dandon (дандон) ðɯnðɯk ɣɑx, ɣɑʂ (غاښ) ðinðʉn ðanðun ?eye tʃæʃm (چشم) tʃaʃm (чашм) tʂəʐm stərɡa (سترګه) tsem tsem cashmanhorse æsb (اسب) asp (асп) jaʃ ɑs (آس) voːrdʒ vurdʒ aspacloud æbr (ابر) abr (абр) mur urjadz (اوريځ) abri varm maēγa-wheat gændom (گندم) gandum (гандум) ɣɯdim ɣanam (غنم) ʒindam ʒandam ?many besjɒr (بسيار) bisjor (бисёр) təqi ɖer, pura ( پوره (ډېر، bisjoːr pɯr paoiri, paoirîsh, pouruhigh bolænd (بلند) baland (баланд) bɯland lwaɻ (لوړ) biland bɯland berezô, berezañtfar dur (دور) dur (дур) ðir ləre (لرې) ðar ðar dûra, dûrâtgood χub (خوب) χub (хуб) baf xə, ʂə (ښه) χub tʃardʒ vohusmall kutʃik (کوچک)) χurd (хурд) dzəqlai ləɡ, ləʐ (لږ) dzul dzɯl ?to say goft (گفت) guft (гуфт) xənak wajəl (ويل) lʉvd levd aoj-, mrû-, sangh-to do kærd (کرد) kard (кард) tsərak kawəl (کول) tʃiːd tʃeiɡ kar-to see did (ديد) did (дид) wiŋɡ winəm (وينم) wiːnt wand dî-
References
1. ̂ A wide variety of transcriptions of the name "Sarikoli" are used in linguistic discussions, such as 萨里库尔语 Sàlǐkùěryǔ, 萨雷 阔勒语 Sàléikuòlèyǔ, 色勒库尔语 Sèlèkùěryǔ, or 撒里科里语 Sǎlǐkēlǐyǔ.
2. ^ a b c d Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) (1985). Outline of the Tajik language (塔吉克语简志/Tǎjíkèyǔ Jiǎnzhì). Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House.
3. ̂ Rudelson, Justin Jon (January 2005). Lonely Planet Central Asia Phrasebook: Languages Of The Silk Road. Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-74104-604-1.
4. ̂ Shaw, Robert (1876). "On the Ghalchah Languages (Wakhi and Sarikoli)". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Asiatic Society of Bengal) XIV.
5. ̂ Arlund, Pamela (2006). An Acoustic, Historical, and Developmental Analysis of Sarikol Tajik Diphthongs. Arlington, Texas: The University of Texas. p. 8.
6. ̂ Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) (1996). 塔吉克汉词典 (Tǎjíkè-Hàn Cìdiǎn) Tujik ziv – Hanzu ziv lughot. Sichuan: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House. ISBN 7-5409-1744-X.
7. ̂ Pakhalina, Tatiana N. (1966). The Sarikoli Language (Сарыкольский язык/Sarykol'skij Jazyk). Moscow: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
8. ̂ Pakhalina, Tatiana N. (1971). Sarikoli-Russian Dictionary (Сарыкольско-русский словарь/Sarykol'sko-russkij slovar'). Moscow: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
Further reading
Arlund, Pamela S. (December 2006). An Acoustic, Historical, and Developmental Analysis of Sarikol Tajik Diphthongs. Ph.D. dissertation. Arlington: University of Texas. Retrieved 2009-03-27
Xiren Kurban; Zhuang, Shuping (January 2008). " 中国塔吉克语色勒库尔方言概述 /A Probe into China-Tajik Selekur Dialect" (PDF). Language and Translation: 13–19. ISSN 1001-0823. Retrieved 2009-03-27
External links
Ethnologue report for Sarikoli The Tajik Ethnic Group in China
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabr
Gabr
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It has been suggested that Giaour be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2013.
Gabr (Persian: گبر) (also geuber, geubre, gabrak, gawr, gaur, gyaur, gabre) is a New Persian term originally used to denote a Zoroastrian.
Historically, gabr was a technical term synonymous with mōg, "magus", denoting a follower of Zoroastrianism, and it is with this meaning that the term is attested in very early New Persian texts such as the Shahnameh. In time, gabr came to have a pejorative implication and was superseded in literature by the respectable Zardoshti, "Zoroastrian".
By the 13th century the word had come to be applied to a follower of any religion other than Islam, and it has "also been used by the Muslim Kurds, Turks, and some other ethnic groups in modified forms to denote various religious communities other than Zoroastians, sometimes even in the sense of unbeliever."[1] As a consequence of the curtailment of social rights, non-Muslims were compelled to live in restricted areas, which the Muslim populace referred to as Gabristans.[2] In the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish version, giaur, was used to refer to Christians. This is sometimes still used today in former Ottoman territories and carries a strong pejorative meaning.
The etymology of the term is uncertain. "In all likelihood,"[1] gabr derives from the Aramaic gabrā, spelt GBRʼ, which – in written Middle Iranian languages – serves as an ideogram that would be read as an Iranian language word meaning "man." (for the use of ideograms in Middle Iranian languages, see Pahlavi scripts). During the Sassanid era (226-651), the ideogram signified a free (i.e. non-slave) peasant of Mesopotamia. Following the collapse of the empire and the subsequent rise of Islam, it "seems likely that gabr used already in Sasanian times in reference to a section of Zoroastrian community in Mesopotamia, had been employed by the converted Persians in the Islamic period to indicate their Zoroastrian compatriots, a practice that later spread throughout the country."[1] It has also been suggested that gabr might be a mispronunciation of Arabic kafir "unbeliever," but this theory has been rejected on linguistic grounds: "there is no unusual sound in kafir that would require phonetic modification."[1] Also, kafir as a generic word probably wouldn't refer to a specific revealed religion such as Zoroastrianism.[1][3]
See also
Gabr, meaning in Arabic = force Algebra Andalusian variation of Arabic surname El-Gabr, Gabr Surname , very popular in Arabia, especially Egypt in Gharbiya and Dakahlia governorates majusi , the Arabic word for a Zoroastrian. Gabrōni , a northwestern Iranian dialect which is used by Zoroastrians in Yazd and Kerman.
Zoroastrians in Iran ajam , "illiterate", non-Arab, Iranian ahl al-Kitab, "People of the Book" dhimmi , "protected" kafir , "unbeliever" Irani Gabr, Gavre or Gabre (Zoroastrian) Gabrōni Magus
Bibliography
1. ^ a b c d e Shaki, Mansour (2001), "Gabr", Encyclopedia Iranica 10, Costa Mesa: Mazda2. ̂ Savory, R. M. (<!–– Citation bot : comment placeholder c0 ––>2003), "Relations between the Safavid State and its Non-Muslim
Minorities", Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 14 (4): 435–458, doi:10.1080/09596410320001275973. ̂ Bausani, A. (1965), "Gabr", Encyclopedia of Islam II (2 ed.), Leiden: Brill
Further reading
"Gabars" , Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago: Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, 2007
Categories: Pejorative terms for people
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