Quantitative Chemical Analysis

Seventh Edition

Quantitative Chemical Analysis

Seventh Edition

Chapter 19-21Atomic spectroscopy

Applications

Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company

Daniel C. HarrisDaniel C. Harris

Light has:• Intensity• Color (wavelength)• Polarization

E = h ν

o

The fraction of atoms in the excited state is still less than 0.02%,but that fraction has increased by 100(1.74 – 1.67)/1.67 = 4%

The fraction of atoms in the ground state is still more than 99.98%,and that fraction has increased by 100x7x10-6/.9998 = 7x10-4%

Linewidth

ATR

ATR

ATR

ATR

Fourier transform IR

Fourier transform IR

Electromagnetic RadiationPolarization

Unpolarized light

Polarization

Polarized lightPolarization

Polarizing sun glasses reduce glare of polarized reflections from surfaces

Polarization

Polarization

(b)

Polarization

Mirror image of handPolarization

Optical Isomer and Interaction with LightEnatiomers rotate the plane of polarized light.Enatiomers rotate the plane of polarized light.

Dextrorotatory- “d” isomer Dextrorotatory- “d” isomer Complex which rotates plane of polarized light to the Complex which rotates plane of polarized light to the right.right.

Levorotatory- “l” isomerLevorotatory- “l” isomerComplex which rotates plane of polarized light to the left.Complex which rotates plane of polarized light to the left.

Chiral molecules are optically active because effect on Chiral molecules are optically active because effect on lightlight

Polarization

Polarization