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,i: d oe U dqdG GQdG-IPe -Id qjQhV -IN - fqoe -IY -FGQ hH -GG IM -aU.Kqoe -He.G G qoJfK Y EGh HhdG G qoJ Y EG qUOY j 1.e U ne qc eCG *eY rnV qK ddG fdG Hc rpYCG.d dU jdG Ae -.hT Ae EG dG Ae qoj CG oj -.AG qG eCG e GdG e -.J qY EG j CG qH HhT qdG AG oj d -.qdG qj e qCG hH OGdG ITe G G jJ -.J q e H d U M G G oJ -OY j 2: j q Soj ZGdG cCGh dqdG UG fdG Hc YCG-qdG - qdG G -J -qdG - G G - jM - G - eCG.hdG- .SG......... N GPEG d U ........ J- Y Yj dG jJ b............. qc ........ Y UG.qdG e qFG OQGG .............qfG.......... H eh ........ AG e fe je .......... AG -OY j 34748qM SG dG hCG GQdH ZGdG cCGh dqdG UG fdG Hc YCG: dO GP qc J1 - jjdGqfGeCG............qHhdGAG...........qJ.a f ..........h2 - geghhdGAGqoeHqoege.........eg.GqL IU .......`H IOLe fc dh G qU Y .........3 - Vqj.........h QHBGh........h QfCG e hH.......... jJ.WH hCG ......... Y AGS qd FG hGOY j 4eY VH U QN qc OqM qK IOqG GQG GP ddG fdG Hc rpYCG: SG fG *1 - : jdGh edG dGREG.hdG AG MGe e Me -.G d qLddG G Me J -.hRCH dG Me J -.G G J qY NBG g -2 : hRhCH dG -.hdG AG Y qdG dH TdG VqJ CG qY -.G G oe qjQhV qY -.qdG G IOLG KGG Y j -.edH qTG dG AG IOLG qjG FGdG Y j -3 - : dG Ae .hdG AG aJ YoJ -.e SG VdHh dH eG qJ -.dH dG G qc qJ -OY j 549SG b QeCG e d fGqH RG fOH qdG GOdG eb qdG M IQGOEG e df d dSG qfeEG e qqd .Ye.qdH IqG FGqdG qc e gqN e q cCdG1 ? FGdG J W g e -2 MU H j CG j dG dG oG g e ,FGdG J Z IQU -? d a U hG G Ae j qM H GOY j 6.,.h a..=ioG dG e SG,SGObGEGYJYdGLGYdGIOjREGOQGG IOL Y nG j qFGY H Wn ae G G ojJhe q GejdGKpMoCGdd.jQhVGeCGdGWeFG .MG e AH G qc J G g qCG qE G ,dGe qgCG MdG dG oj ,dP ZQG J qJh .ndG dG qd GQe MqdG H EG dHT WGh QTCH YhQG MGGh dG qd nnoJ qfCG qEG MdGeMdSMcCGYGQdGgqCWG Y IOjR CdGh idG YGQdG.G H qjQ IQU cSG e qJ dG qdGdSG qCG qEG qdG Ye qQ oG dG e oJ dP Y IOjRg CG e H GOh j qjdG WG KG gGh FGG qd.oe ZQ qdG Y W e G GcjhHqEGG qcoGdGeSGjdqdHh.bO qJ oe H dG q Y Hh bRdG IFah dG bGd jJ YfJ dG e GSG IOYE G MU e50SCG1 .qTH AG SG IQhV H qj e dG HG -2 .ndoG dG e eGSG OqY -3 ? ndoG dG qjQ qj eY G q Y Yoj dG e -4 ? e Z oG dG G qQ j dG dG dG g e -_.=... .

,LiW Ae Iqoe q oj ,d dU Ae EG ( ... qW Y Ae ,qS Ae ,OGh Ae ) qeN Ae qMCG d: dqdG MGG qe Iqoe q CG CG: qdqhC G G: ddG qOGGh GqH OqhJCGf EG L qbCG ,ZQah Ic e Ae GQhQb K -KG SCc -bQ Tb ) dG e Tb b -e IMGh qd YCG qdH MCGh.IQ q b , q e S - (dG N hCG dG N e q Ta e qc , edG e qc ,(edCG jc ) aqe IqOe ,G Ae -.dG e dh fHdGIQhQb f r ne Y dG Tb b HCGb dH cCGh , q G S SGHHQ oprMoCGh.HZ Y q.HG IQqdG c SCc a HdG VCGIdGjHMGTdGqCGMCG,dGTbba qGAG qUCG... ddGh cSdGh qqdGnHHdHndGAGjdGSCdG qUCGjc e GdG H qK G Ae e GdG.FGdG SJ qM bdG H d cJCGh ,edCG

t. .t.,.:. :..:t, :,:_:t:,t:__s _..:.t._, ,t,:...51qdG dH TqdGh eqdH TqdGcAHGJQhQdGfe qcga qSCGEG f a fqdGh eQ hCG CeCG qK dG d eGg cCGh ,SCc Y e vc VCGh dG e cCGcdHqTehedHuToeYqb.HG IQqdGdHh qdG dG a TqdG qUCG dP Hh eqdG a Y qG AG qUCG .mU Ae Y MCG.qd U doG AG oj dHh ,aL Ae e Gb VCG ,INCG Me ,,..:.

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ui ai.Lh .t.._i

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52101112131415.Lh .t.._i

ui La.i 10AJC Gh eCJCGG) G dG dS qaCG ndG G dP hCG SGG jdH (qdG GhOCG H d G ? U .dG) 1 (HfCG oj e jhOCG e gMoj e IMGdG i hJ Yh ,qjQqHYqGgdGejAGhdGqCGc H qEG HfCG n aW MCG c Y.dG) ? dP qaCG .dG dG 2 (IQ q dG TG qdG Y IQdG qaCG n dG) ? dG ga Y HqdG VH 3. (SG SCdG : hC G H: ddG GqH OqhJCG.(q T Zj b hCG) ZQa SCc.dG hCG SCdG ga d ac OHCG GP SGqc Qh b.Ae qc SCdG CeCG( .dG) QdG H e SCdG q ZCGdG qHfeQdGbY qTCGhHSCdGeCG.aH SCdG fCG qK iNCGg a QdG b e aH j SCGE GhqMdGeAGfefeqeINCG.( .dG) b SCdG eCG? dG e AGh dG e QdG e dG eMCGh qLC G53dG) 1 (dG) 2 ((dG)dG) 3 (

4.a4.b4.a(dG) 4.b54dG bQhh q G IG : fK H: ddG qOGGh GqH OqhJCG.jJ W GP e SdG e () q e Ie - U bQh -dhW a IG VCG dG ee c AL j H(jJ W)e Heh dhd eeMC OdG qSG.( dG) (e) YVCG.W INCG g a Id ( ) RQdG AG IqHh qjOY VCGWCGh HCG qK fe EG IG YCGAG H q e dhdG a dG bQhjCGYUGeIGedGh dG bQd dG(dG) He dhd c IdRQdG AG VCGqCGMCa(IqHhqjOY)HdGIqG .dhdG EG IOhe UCG qfCch hJ IG ? dP qaCG nG dG : dK H: ddG qOGGh GqH OqhJCG(e RZ he Y) edCG e ZQa Y -jM -(c e hCG H be) J RL - (IHEG hH) S GP -.jJdW SdG e S -.jJe qc W G e b - .OQH Ae -AB(A1B1C1D1)30 cm(dG) 5.a(dG) 5.b(A2B2C2D2)(A2B2)(A1B1)(CB)5 mL20 cm30 cmA2B25.a5.bCBACAC = 20cm

qGdGqojV qGHjdGLCG qcYAGdGqj.'''' `H dEG Qjh.HH jh AGdG OLH jqG dG: Me.IOqe Jh GKCJ qG dG IQY rc e qhCG nGed fqGh aG e qc '' fdG .qG d''55 c SdG S SGH G dG HQCG.qjOQR Y M b cCG GghdG.jJ dG qM EG GOQH Ae jG CeCGG SGH (jJ) AG e b qc SCG.dG qM EG qSCG qK edCG Y Sh e edCG Y qTCG qG qjOQdG SGH(dG) OQdG jG Ae ITe fCG qK .fGL qc e dG a? dP qaCG n(dG) 6.a(dG) 6.b6.apapapappression atmosphriquea6.b5mL- SYhhCGHdGAGfGhQdGbSYJdG LCG Y j qG AGdG qCG H qEG fdG HdG IGjh SG SCdG AG qd s be Z RGJ QH j QH H j.dhdG a IG RGJ NG Y- Qd G Jh dG e AGdG hN dG qY qJ ddG HdG NGOGa a ,OQdG AG dG f KEG FdG dG EG QhH OY dG AGQG e AGd V q LQNh dG NGO H RGJ NG Y qG dG.dG fa NGdG e ehe qCG Z dG fGL YM e qaCGSCG

56MGdGHbCGhHeWOqhJCG c eG qM NBG e dG) 7 Qb Y VCG qK (HqCGd.GSGHeEG.HH qEG H Y qa e dP? dP qaCG n: Me ''QH Ic n f H'' KdG SH noj q WG jJe qbCG(Les hmisphres de Magdebourg)dG) 7 (

ui La.i =,.11=,

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,.t.AJC Gh eCJCGGj{qjGGdGfMCGnGIQdHOGe?ehQdGge? zqG d (n Je hCG) n e fOH Y cjHhjqGGdGGzSHdGhQqG{GQdHOGe b e OGYCG 1013 , 1025 , 990 ? ...: ddG GqH OqhJCG. Y qj gb ga hP bH -(e b hCG) fdH - q e N -HhG hd J dc Wq T - .Sb qjqe Qh b -. e jT -AGZ L -) qN d 1 . OHCG () qN d 2OHCG (YOhNCGGMEGQqdGeWCG) d cCG LdG VY W 1 (.aM e IMGh e H Yh)dGqKCG 2 nGOhNCG() dG Y 1 dG c ( 1 HbqKCG qKjeeMdGjqNGdG LGdG Y qjqG QdG)d 2 YaW qHdPhbdG qYieYShjH(( dG) H dG d qG LGdGMCGh qLC G57

(scotch)10cm3cm1a25cm X10cm30 cm X 20cm X 2cm30 cm X 20cm X 0,5cm(dG) 1.a .t.,:3cmqG dG be QGSG Y qoj AdG c bdG qdH d,Y qe d dG dG qCGd qG dG q sCG j Ggh(dG) AdG qJ Y f YCG EGqYfaSCGEGcqqeCGd qdG Ggh ,(dG) AdG: qe qG dG qCG Y dO AdG58qK bdG ga Y fddG AZ qeCGN SGH dPh MEH dEG qTCG.( dG) q GYHeAGLCGHQCGEGWq dGbCGbQSCGYMCadGie.e MGH MCG ehAdGaHMGdGdGVCGga ce ie Y d W j HAdG Y dG dP qKCGh bdG H dG) (VCG )dGWYbdG 1 VCGh(dbddGdGJCjHbee GqL jbh qjqG QdG b Sh dG) ej CG hO .(VeYCGjCGeHJCGhdgcYMdGcdGJCGqbCG Y dG Jqe H qjCG H Iq bG dPh ,d qG dGb Y Iqe qc qTDhCG: (e dG EG gdG b dG h QdG e Y)MGh Ve qj dG W qCG MCa qG dG Ve qjqG QdG.qhCG bG e H fOCG NBGh H YCG be H j H(dG) 1.c(dG) 1.d1.d(dG) 1.b1.b1.c2.a2.bM e qaCG(dG) (dG) 2.a 2.b

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ui La.i =, ..a..=i .,aLih .i..iq cCJCGh HCG: dG dG dG CGbCGe hDj dgCG c qL e LJ djG qMdG fQa je qCG `HRh qc e fc qdG qCG qEG qdG jW Y HdG e AH Oqhd dGGJQG 33 . 10 GgTdh,qdGqFGIFGieEGdHGea d ''db'' dG EG Y HdG dG Lj L q qG GLjIgdGddGdGqCGqE GFjdGh VjdG dG EG a dGJQG VaG M db J ''qjQW'' a qG dG OLH G dP S 1643 NqQCG HdG ie Y HH: j cfCHhFdGeqcHjHOqhJCa ,qHe S eh e dW qLLRMajGnf qKFRfCGqj CG E G fCG j FdG CGdGe JQGYqGS dG) jG OLG Fd qG 3 .(

dG) 4 ( dG) 3 (76 cm.qG dSG cCG dG JMh gQqGh SHdG.''''`H QqG EGh ''''`H SHdG EG eoj.''''`H dEG eoj qG dG d iNCG IMh g FdG e qGehQdGh ( dG) FdG ehQdG a ,ehQdG g qG dG b RL... ( dG) qG ehQdGh ( dG) FSqdGqhCG g dHh ehQdH qG qG dG b RL jQW NG GgS ie Y FdG e jJ hj dG qG dG SH b e.dGdG) FdG ehQdG U Y TQW cG YS dh 4 gh ,( dGh fdG dG NG a MdG ehQdG dFSdGehQdGYSdGdG''a'' dG) 5 Y e qj RL gh ( dGhe Y Lh GP AGdG e ZQa qfeKCJ dH qjh qj bdG dG .qG dG qJFSdG ehQdH hCG FdG ehQdH AGS qG dG b j UH qeCGqG qC dPh ,b IMc ( ) SHdGhCG ()Q qG SG soj.SSCH dG b IMh g (): dG E G LdH1 .gcPCGh qG dG d IMh e cCG g qCG qJCG -2 .qG dG b d G ILCG GfCG OqMCG -.qG dG d iNCG ILCGh GMh g EG q cCJCGh iNCG LGe OYH HCG760 mm6.a6.b6.b6.a6.cmbar hPammhPa mbarmm HgdG) 5 (SCG

(dG) 6.c(dG) 6.a(dG) 6.b6061

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pahPahPambarmmHg_.=.. z

zi

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73RZ fdGh hRCG gGMEG fe Z e Ke JQhQb.cCG.cCG dG IQhQdG EG qdG e q qY jW rbGOY j 4cCGOMCG,dG,cCG,HdGcCGK:ddGGRdGHe: bQCG ,AG QH ,dG ,HdG1 .AGdG LJ dG GRdG SG -2 .IQOdG GRdG -3 ? IQOdH IQOdG GRdG oJ GP -OY j 5cJqJdGdqdGKdGYYq WH 100 f rOqM qGAGdGed.JfqeOY j 6G fqG87.90 L hRCG20.95 L cCG0.69 L bQCG30 mL HdG cCG K15 mL f15 mL g15 mL jc0.4 mL jc74.,.h a..=ijRGd AGdG fqe Y jfqe H e qJe Gjh dG HCG QWEG : Fb MGe UGh HH jRGd FdG dG b ,AGdGIYKGIqdTGY oaMhdHQdG orTCG....{.IG NGO FdG Z IQGM Y oaM H jrnRHdGdG...dGjeMCG,qhCGdGKJCGHdGFdGSYJAGMIUqMdG qSG gH ,eGh HGdG dG e jGH Gh OdGAJAGdGMqCG oMa.QdG oCWCGgKEGecqjCGSIqYeYfqe e q FdG YJ Y rnf AGG qG qCG oSa jJ H.AGdG,FdG e YJ dG AGdG RZ dhqKY oqdGAGGqG oNCG,oqShIUjQqHIeoNOCGqdG CGH qG J M qCG oMa.PdG qM EGAGdGefCGhfCGRZqJ,AKCG... q dG AGg qfEG ,qG FdG q J M qe qGAGd UCG G e SNCG HQCG q dGh IG NGO q G AGdG Hh z. IM hH RZ qfEG .q d j qfCG nqJSCG1 - ? ''q dG AGg'' SG jRd Y WCG dG RdG SG g e2 - NGO q G AGdG H jRGd dEG qUJ dG dG SG jCGQ g e.dP qY ? MGh RZ e a qe G AGdG g: IGIeAGgfRSbf75fe qc1 fe ( FS -RZ -g -Ae -hRCG -Qa) ddG dG nVh E G -.Y f dG G SG QRCG OdG S SG2 .Jfqeh G Gg FN cPCG -? fC G e1 S rdoh fa Y fCG - ,1743 IT HH b , AdG qK IeG oSQO S 1768 .dG IMh J ocQT c e q bG hG JH a SG ae nOQCG E G 1 EG 7 hH IOLG''nfe wc''2 GdG b JG ,JM Y jG ae OQCG EG -

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. z ...ifEG SQ dG fCG H gRJ iNCG OGe Y FKh H bCG.qeY H G dG GfG h qqU W qG KfG qjhSC GHhCGfEGfCGHqJdGdGAGdGgqdGAGdG SQO) q q dG cJ J qdG gGdG 12 .(YYJdG qOGG oHncJJdG q dGAGdGgsGAGdG.q qdGK) Kqe qOGe qa AGdG qJ dG FShh fG e G qOGG qJOMCG,hRCGcCGK,HdGcCGOMCG,HdG,jdGcCG(...fHchQdG ,hRCG cCG: MeqC dPh ,''qdG AGdG'' IQY Y VY ''qdG AGdG'' IQY f CG CG e.GRZ IqY e fe je AGdG

Je qbG .qdG qJ f FSh e eCG ocPCG? qYU W NG FGG QgdG e GfCG H J GPjdG e a fH fj GQgR U VCGQgRCG Ha c qQqH AYH qdG q ZCGh G? dP S e .YH fd qjh

__: . ,:..:..78Y GqdG Y GqdH qj qdG Y dG SqdGh dG Y dG SqdG.( ) dG S ih( ) VQCG S IQGM LQd ( ) dGqe JQG dG S ieh VQCG S IQGM LQO qe qCG MCG? dP S e .rd? G F iNCG GqJ e gt h

q cCJCGh HCGqhceQOeEGLqdHdPhVdG qFKhHbCG(ffG) GdG ThSCGqS qNe GqJ dP Y qa QGG SfG bJ qj qG AGdGi qeJQGhVQCGSYIQGGLQdUGeOjORGHedG SJe qbCG? QGG SfEG jGJ SSCG qG RdG g e? GPh qe RZ H g g,t.ih .

.iAJCGh qeCJCG: dqdG rfdG SqdG qeCJCG79UG qU Z qfEG ,qG FdG qc Y GN q sG AGdG.G S qKDj gh ,Gd h qd h fEd: gNCG eh fEd IqTe Z fCG Y f KqG qc qE G

IWG dG gQOe KG qOGGNEG- qjQU VGeCGFdG WS VedG GMGhRGh jdGh...JdGhWG NGeqMh YdGqdGGQqdG aeMdGhcCG OMCGHdGqOGeh HdGqe iNCG UqSM IOjRq dG RLq J Vh SdG GMGhRGh dGhWG NGeqMh YdGqdGdG FSh aeq IqGjjOcCG GRZhRCGcCG KjdGVh dGq JjdG GMG... hRGh ObdG qJe G GRdGGQqdG aedG jJ eejdG q fHchQdGs bG JqM qEa ,VQCG Y IG qj qQGG SfG qCG ZQe qG KqG qOGGh HdG cCG K RZ fG jGJ e.dG RGdH qoJ CG fCT.iai .

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.i14U Y S qKDj cd J qch ,VQCG Y Id qQhV AGdG qCG G eHYaGY rnLhGd,cddGRGdGOqjcfEGIM? dH H of ch ? qqdG e G k PEG qf c .q q dGjdG jhJ q e dG LJ -'' IQY Y c a hH UUQ e ''? IQdG J e OGe jdG e .dG qjCG qdG FSh SG HhQhCG qYdG G H qoj -? dP H AGdG Kqe GRGaEG H qYqdG hqdG edG - 5rnS H e 2008 h .2012 ? GdG Gg e iG eAJCGh eC JCGJQqdne qcWbHSHqbVCGH .fhH fqdGh R q M fG fGSH IOqhe hCGMCG ,dH Y e Hh qG J e bOG KqG e qbCG hCG IQqdG e G KqG qCG.fqdG IQqdG eMCGh qLC GloedGFSheGdG qOGGhGRdGYdGAGdGqJe qG.ae qUN sTe HSCG80%b81qJIgXMFKhHheCGEGqYUeGeHbCG.e qd qG Gh qfBG Gh AGdGSC Gh HCGj ,qYdG fCG Yh dG FSh SG Y dG AGdG qJ e qdh ,dqa qTe hCG IRq M fG YhCG SG e fCG ObH cqG J.Kqe Z bW Y dG SCG: `H AGdG qJ e qG c? Rq M fG AYH IQqdG q e EG AdG? UUQ hH jH IQqdG q J? dG Sh YS e dGJe qbCG

UGqJ e tG ,VQCG Lh Y dG RGdG Yh IG Y d.GvL q cCe leCG AGdG: `H qdG e qG e sbCG j Obh ,UUQ hO e jH) fCG Obh SG -(... jdG eqdG FSh ae Rq M fG AYh J -RGh eG NGe qTe J - dG EG HqJ b YdG jdG e -qG jdG W e dG -eH fEG ,YS qbCH bS) tTJ cCH dG FSh SG -(... qFHc cq GP GQqS SG ,edG dG ... dSG Wh dSG h IOqG bdG jJ -

h,hi ..L15AJC Gh eCJCG.VQCG S Y AGd IG KqG e hRhCG RZ qCG onSQnO S q qJ d -? G YCG RdG Gg f e qdG dP qc GP GPEGJ qchqdGadGqTCHbYehhRhCGHOGe-? Y aG Y q dG GAGdGdG dG dG e jdG WG qdG a dG qTCG KJ soj -? fhOj WG g S j: dG qdG CGbCGjf acG bh FGQ hP RZ g hRhCGfjUCGhRhCGd.YSqdGdG.''FGQMa''JhjRhCGce qecCGqKGqWHhRhCGonjhGJ qY Y W qoa ,dG qTCG G c JQG Y ,AGdG H 15 h 40 Y Lj hRhCd cJ YCG qCG dG e ,VQCG S a Gec JQG 25 .GecEG j qM WG qc EG qj eh FGSG WG SSCG hRhCG qj.cCG cJ IOY cGj M dGqTCG e VQCG Lh Y IG jM Gc GQhO hRhCG e dG g J.IqG qdG a dGWGhRhCGRZOYZfMdGejaMdGg dG qCG jM UQ FSh SG KEG dP H Ad qJh qHG qdGHAdGgGOGORGdPKEGY.hRhCGWcKGSa.dVqJdGcGhhRhCG 1985 dHJKEGYhWGhdGIdGddGWGaSQeEGfLehRhCGGRHWNGAGqLeUGecBJhRhCGWqCGAdGKCGqdG.gZh qYU fCG JRaCGq cCJCGh HC G82hRCG W83dG dG a OLG hRCG d H SQa YUG b erpodG hRCG d IQU j dG dG 1 HcC G 1994QahQdGIOeedqJGqhCGYbdG qcBdGGge qd)jfe Ige V ( ) fHch 1987 ) M bh h ( 1992 AV Yh (qGGgIQNiqGdGeqdGhdGdGGQqJ OhM EG YqdG dG qLddG GQHdG fEG bGe Y bOG .2030EGIOdGEGOo JCG oGAGLEGgqCHOYdJq bdGqhCG OhM dG iG .2050: dG qSCG1 ? fEd dH Xh g eh dG g LJ jCG ? hRhCG W qJ q -2 ? hRhCG W qJ Y YS dG qFjdG eGdG g e -3 ? cBdG Gg YGJ g e ? cBJ SCG ge -4 ? dG UCG EG hRhCG W LQE InqoG GAGLEG g e -? Ya LQO g eCFCSCG.VQCd qG d dG dG iMEG g hRhCG We G qdG a qTCd qdG qQG e VQCG Jc hRCG W .qdGWcBJfEdoefCGYLqdGqjRdGGRGaEGHqJ.K JGh hRCGqYdG qUNh dG fCG oe TJ e qH hRhCG W Y ad.e

G hRCG qd RJ Ga dG qTCGqdGhRCG WhRCG K_.=.. z

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ee S GP GhC G MC G e GcCGh ShDcYGdG Y e GG SG qoj e dG jRGe e eC G871617,.i16AJC Gh eCJCGqdG Y IOjR Ic iNCGh IU ATCG iJ dG j qY AJCGh M qeCJCG.dGh dH HSCG.AdG e GM j Oe L qc H d eojh L qj dG AdG qoj QGe g G . JdGMCGh qLC G.FS qCG j jM Sh SCc VCG.IOhe qb a VCGh Ae SCdG CeCGdGAGqcaSCGCGhMCG qKaCGhqdGNCG qKMCGeqSCG.SCdG e W88

,.i ,,a.AJC Gh eCJCGGPeh (VdG IQhQb) YqVdG Y G jQdG dP j GPe? bQCG J J=, .t. ,i.. ,.iV.d Hb QGe G: g SG cCG G b GMh.eQh qoe G -.IOY GRdGh FGd dHeQh dG -(: qe dG e qdG qj) . eQh qG -.SSCG G FGdG qc MCG H SJ dBG qQoG QGAfEd dG (G hCG) FdG IOG e idG qdG M g AfEG nS.jj CGCGbCG .qQe Q ZaCG qK ,Ae gDeCGh e '' '' IQY Y c qb LCG.dH fQbCGh Ad dG dG gGe qSG dG LQdG b89jRJhSqfdGcdGYjeYqbQbOGqdGeqojQhqdGdHG.( ) qoG H OqM? OGqdG j GPe? bQCG J J GPeHh odGh jQGdG e jdG Y noJ: Y c aGhCG ...;; ;? HdG J J GPe .ITe Y J hCGCj,dGeIUqcAGThJeYGPj qKqQeQSGHgJEGFdG? qdGm3m31L 50cL20mL20mLmLL1 L = 1000mL75cL1,5LMCGh qLC G

SCG

QNCG qQG QG SGH FGdG MCG b Y qC.AG e qdG eFdG qUCGG GP AG e qdG J Abdhie H qM nS P qQe Q TNCGQGAGOddGdGqCGMCGj dG qCG oY GPEG qUCG HoG IQdG Y eSG rSdG e qCa ,qdg? dG dG IYb ie J CGqQe Q SH qKS qQe Q SH dh HdG f YCG. S.qOCGh REG jQCG SdG EG qJCGh H a KdG SdG QbCG90jH fqe Ae S IQhQb CeCGAfEGiG qcSCG qKeSqdGMCG e qSCGhS dG qoeMCGh qLC G.M Oj IqOG eMSCG1L1L.IQY RZ he Y Y c?( ) qe dG H dOJ dG dG g eh ,qjOdG dG J q GPeJe qbCG33cL47mL1dm3 cm3 1dm3MCGh qLC G,

,.i ,t.i .L.=i. .i.=i t..i =,.V= 47mL250mL50mL100mL47mL

.V b qoe T YCGh dG e b LCG dG b M b OqMCGIYdG H M GP AG e qcnS qQoe Q qUCGqoG dG b H NOCG K egGe qj dG LQddG CGbCG qK QG .QG Ad dG dG91IYb i HG LQdG bQ jH qQoe Q VG FqdG M Soj.Fd dG dGPqQeQSGojFdGeqebOhjeHd. nS UCG

SCG? G qQoJ GPK VG qJ . M AGhH jG M dG eCG AGhqdG Uh .S ddGhS fdG , S hCG ? dSG qoj qCG

Je qbCG1mL2mL 5mLa=2cm50mLV1=30mLV=8cm3V=a310mLMCGqCGfSdGjdHhVjdGIOeSQOeEGLdH,W) gOHCG SH SJ CG dG qSdG TCG GP dG LCGcGPEGdPEGdGedh.FeMIYbJh(...T,VY? H H qj qdG GAJCGh qeCJCG..

.ai t.=Li t..i =,.MC Gh qLC G

V2QbCGhh SH dG dG bCG. dH Y M dG dGYCG qKTqZCGhQGedGbNCGdGWbMiNCGIqebCGhHdGf.HS Y M dG dH fQbCGhAGLCG IqY EG dG J H HdG f BG YCGMCGHfQbCGhAGLCGYMbCGh.HqdGnbCG CG oOQCGhS K qQe QhS qQe Q qd c e GPEG? f qOCG Y MCG d QNCG Q qCG ,Ib e MEG LQdG eS QG AG ie JQG e GPEG G M b g e?LQdG EG e Ad dG dG ie q JSGH U G b .a G SfG KG qQe Q .F H hCG T qJ Y U L M qj 92

V2V1V2V18cm2V25 mL25 mL50 mL23VV= V2 V1SCG

Je qbCG

22..i17..i ,,a.AJC Gh eCJCGa ZG YdG qc H LM jd FdG j AGTh H qY qc edG Y j e dZ adG qCG qEG G G j fMCG dP Ge? GZdG j GPa .GG SH dPh GZdH = dMh = ZQa HdG r pK : JQdG e qc J GPe? MdG e jCG fG eqe qG qfdG dG Y npo c bh? MdG Qhe eY G () edG J GPeqdG j ,qFGdG qdH J dG qjdG eGdG H dG g U e .() GdG Sb Goe qFGZ Uh? GZdHMCGh qLC GjG e hCG d G f d Jc NBGGecYeqcVCG.edCGefdGhfGGIHEGafGh qNGRGqdGqCGMCa? dP S e .jjG IdGUCG d fK qjjM IH edCG Ic HCGMCG e qSCG .HdG f YCGh hCG e M .dd J Y HCGhbdG SG qCG e qJCGh fhdEG fGe qTCGq cYqjjGIdGVCG.qdGYqe .SG Y J dG qjOdG dG CGbCGh3380 kg3,5 tg3320 kg

93d eojh dG qoj NBG Fja QG IOG e qc qc qJ G Y IOjR. hCGJqdG H.Mh W qH G c qJ: d Hb qFja QGe dG.( )`H d oejh GZdG g dG IMh : ( )qdG GZdG Ye e:g GZdG AGLCG e: ( ) GdG -: () GG -:GG g dG b dBGhCG) GG - (n Ge hCG ) SdG - aHhQ Ge - hdEG GG g... fqedG qb - ehqdG (qdGt94Ic SH INCG HdG f YCGidGqjjGIdGSH qKedCGHaYMdGqjOdGdGQbCGhHdG M e e TJ g EG q CGh.fqdGh hCGSC G

m Mkggmg1t = 1000 kg1kg = 1000 g1kg = 1000000 g

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MCGh qLC G HdG 1 :: j bCG hdEG Ge SGH (e Y) FqdG e qd dG da dG S dG AfEG VCG. b qSCG qK c bCGh GGdG bCGh AfEG dG qUCG. b qSCG qK AfEGh d qG.h ae Y OYEH dG MCG: MeV e GPEG Gd bdG SG Y d qjOdG dG ITe CGbCG CG GG q c Y QdG AfEG Vh H dG qQR Y HdG 2 :ib dM GP fGe SCG AG e d c d: MGG f qJCGh e cCGS Iqoe LM hdEG GG q c Y VCG.dG qQR Y VCG qKqN qMEG(G q eAe)qfAeLG qUCGGG Se Y J dG qjOdG dG qSCG qK dG.HdG dH dG f QbCGh qG Ae SH dh HdG f YCGmmm1kg1Lm1m1m2m296SC G:rfRh e qH FS IqO hCG Se Z U IOdG d.Qa gh AfEddG d fRh -.qG IOG qc j gh AfEd dG d fRh-.GMGh eGZc dG AG e d c hJ

Je qbCGGP bdG e qqc H rqa c d j e qeCG nYSCG rCG oOQCG.hdEG Ge SGHhJ c.dG GG Se Y X GG q c Y QdG AfEG Vh eY? G REG qCG qM dP H H bCG CG qY j c GPe

m600 g174 gm1m2m = m2 m1UG .G dP j dG AdG qM g qOG G M.e L qoJ dG IqOG qc H qoJ qFja QGe dG.d Hb Fja GQGe dGh G.M Oj IqOG e M.GMGh eGZc dG AG e d c hJ.dG qOGG Hh FGdG MCG d qQG QG oj.F H hCG T qJ Y U L M qj

1L 1dm3_.=.. z

zi

,i: qddG dG e U H qc eCG * eY V.G d IMh qe dG.MGh d S AfEG M Ae qf CG .GMGh Gd hjM.dG d oJ IM G.Ae H qQe Q SGH dhdG Ic M Sj.Ae H qQe Q SGH qS b M SjOY j 11 ? AGhO qb OGqS coe go dG IQ q dG J npd -2npd .G d dG qHQ IOY J aq Th LqQe qSH ShDc g -? ShDdG J J3 ? MCd b rdBG LqQG SCdGh IQ q dG f CG g -OY j 2dG nqG HdG edG e ja CG.HG1 ? ZQa qQG QG c g e -2 ? M g e h FdG c g e -3 ? FdG dP e MGh e c g e -OY j 397cm31200 cm31000 mLmL

SdGcKGfRGJaHhQGeSGHfCG.HG1 ? ZQdG qdG c g e -2 ? IMGdG qdG c g e -3 g e .qc CG feEH qdG qCG Y -? qch qdG c1 - YVhq.RGdG qNaZQa kAfEGaHhQGes ciMEGYVh.jL e RGdG M h, , gQb GQY iNCG q dG? AfEG c g e2 ZQdG q dG Vh Gd jL RGJ Y dh jR AfEG NGO S -.h , gQb GQY? jdG c g e100 g1 g.S Q aqJ . bQ LQO db Fqd dG dG ie qSa ,FS QG NGO Vh? NGO FqdG M g e ,LQO EG e QG CG Y98OY j 4qc c J CG OQCGhS qQoe Qh hdEG Geh M Y jd. hj M GP G e.OQCG e RE qY jW bGOY j 5OY j 6100 mL100 mL240 mL50 g200 gOY j 7141420 g 10 g 2 g3350.=.i.(e) d qUN.G d IMh.G GHCG e H.dG d IMh.qHPH SG bG HG IQdG MU d1 OdG S SG fe Y f dG dG nVh E G -G SG QRCG.Y f dG2 ? QhO g e -? fC G e.aHhQ Ge S YNG ,aHhQ je odoh.EGe q bG hG JH a d h SG ae OQCG EG99WhGQhdGhSCdGQGYIOjRhLqQGqjQqdGqjGGhCGeS U e GhCG J qc d qCG Vd .IqoG LGh QNEG ch1 ? FGdG qc MC b Bc G GhCG g f CG g -2 ? S e UCG M qCG GhCG H f CG g -3 ? GMGh M qEG H J CG dG fBG g e -IOG e d b qOCG YS IqG LH f GP qH.d QNEG ch WhG QhqdGh SCdH fQe dPh FdGOY j 8 M Y HG VYh QeCGQb W GP ZQa b Yb OLG cCGdG AGdG d G G e f j fCGh Y ,QeCGJQGh QeCG .YdG jOY j 9100 mL100 mL100 mL16701 8100 mL8621% 3fe qc

IIIIIIIVV1 I3 6 II2 III5 IV 8 7 V4 .

.t. .

,.t,,,.i .ti ta.

h ta.t,

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.at..a,.Li .ti .,h.,ta.a.ih .

...i.t.=_ ih ,...i? ch jCGh e : idG?VQCG Lh Y j Ae EG VQCG WH e q aG QGqdG AG j dG e? dG WG qEG LJ GPh ,InG g e? QX S eh dG g e

q H qaj QGqa Ae j G e HgdG IN q idG Gb dG WG J dG J e Innrne1001819202122..t.=ih ...ai t.=Li .t

,.at. 18AJC Gh eCJCGHb g e a , Fja M K Y dG IOLe IqOG qCG G ee eh FdH nojh a qd Hb g e eh ,dH nojh Gh qd .RdG gh dm KCH qE G noj ?IqOddG FjdG G H H q CG iNCG qUN g dCG dhSCG .qUN lTh qUN lM Se oU L qd qdh ,qUN lM SG Z dG LCG hCG FdG IqOG e qqc qd.jj dG AfEG nT kFGO qJ M qUN mT qCH qJ: Me.SG tdG G qUH SG Z dG IqOG qM e qM qc qJM GP AG e qc qUCG qK S SCc VCGh dG e b hJCG.qhCd mK mK SCc qUCGh dG b e MGh fCGhS rKe QNG nHopH JBGrnMh AG qch dG b nT QbCG qK ,SCdG IOLG AG qc dG.SCdG Y fc e eSCG qK(eqqSb)SGdGLCGeYseUCG! qe T G AYEG hMCGh LS ShDc KK LCGqqdG e hCG CeCGhY ddGh q aL eQ fdGh IM Y qc ZaCG qK ,JHqSCGhS qWh QGhO.MCG eMCGh qLC G101250mL250mL100mL100mL150mL

SYJHeQ102Je qbCG : Se Z U LCGh Se U LCG EG ddG dG qOGG qUCGIOGH,bO,Ie,IMGhqo c,SdGeqqc,qodGeSqeY.G e H ,G IQf ,dhW ,jG ? GP ? S SCc AG e Gd qUCG CG gMC Gh qLC GHdG 1S qWh bQhO a VCGh kjoM LCG S SCc QhdG aCG CG hMCG.MCG e qSCGh kAe kIAHdG 2AG qqc J qM fCG .kAe a qUCGh kjoM LCGAG S e e Ie qbCG qK QGSG dM .dGcZhO 1 IqYqdGfQqcCGh .Iqe qc NBG Y n Gqe .gOGeG Y IG kFGO ej AG qCG MCG ? cGqdG AG U oT G k PEG g aN qCG MCG ,cGQ Ae bT UUQ ZCG.j qK LQCj bqdGV LCGh jhGdG Fb e kSc AG S e qbCGbCG qK a J CG hO AG U eJ IdG.dGgcbqdGNeIdGdG 2 .fG dG Y j bqdG N qCG MCa c rjG deEG H dh HdG f YCG.dG 3 .k HS M Y MCG e QbCGh .AG S ne G k PEG g eh ? bdG N e SG e? cGqdG500mL250mL100mL

IeNbdG S SCcAe IAH qQqH jMqWh bQhOSScAeT 1T 2T 3

SCGa ,jj AfEG rJ rE G wn e d d qC FS qfCH FdG qOGG UJ.S dM .k qaCGhk nq ek U (cGQ hCG) cS FS qc qj

250mL100mL.

,,tai t.=L i .t

,.at.19.

,,tai

.ii .t

,.at.AJC Gh eCJCG? G G hCG JdG RZ qJ EG qdH q dG qfeEG qaCG n.gb FGO qj AG qCG MCa dG GhCG AG e b qUCGVCG qKiqoeQHqSCGhqoeRZHbQhONBG.HGdGcNBGQhOgadbgaALQCG qcZRdGqCGMCGHQdGSCG? dP qaCG .bQhqdGMCGh qLC G103

SC Gf Gd .d G AdG ALQCG qc J qfEG ,qUN M hCG T GRd d.QfEd Hb GRdG qE GMCGh qLC G.AGg iNCGh Ae gGMCG CeCGh LCGGYVCGhUEHAeIAGGga qSCG.eY e hCG G J feEG e qJCGh G QbIOjR .AGg IAG G SH dh HdG f YCGdG c d G JCG fK Me h dP Y.MCG e qSCGh ,HGSCGdG qjRZ sOG jhG GAdG MCG qJ ,FqdG OGG Y Y.fEd Hb GRdG qEG f Gd

Qhiqoe104.sUCG nM Rd hG AdG La dG po a qc RdG fG hj.fEd Hb RdG qEG f qdHhSCG.AG NBG EG AfEG e CG ,UEH GRdG H f oj.H bCGh HdG UCG :AG qb Y Y M dG RdG qc pbnCG

t..a_t. ,tz ,.aMC Gh qLC G: qb JdG RZ e qc Y qCG d,Ae dG e cCG D eCGh jM LCG,jG Ae fCG qK Z MCGh Ae dG CeCGK jG Ae NOCGh fdG a e JdG RZ IQhQH G fCG eCGqdG aCG AG S f J ba Igh ,b qH j RdG LCG.ga f fCG a qLhCGh qbT Vh gh.qjQJ AG ie j H qdG NGO YJ RdG ba gTCGqKqdGZCGhIQhQdGeRdGqJHCG,HGqdGYMCGeY.AG e LNCG: Me.jdG H HdG cCG Kh cCG e iNCG GRZ Y CG CG Je qbCGUG

.qUN lTh qUN lM Se moU mL qd.qUN lT d d dh UN M FqdG OGd .qaCGh q e T cGqdG FdG r nU qJfEGhQfdsHHqjRdG qOGGqJ,FqdGOGGYY.fEd qdHh.UEH GRdG H ,ta.a.ih .

...i20_.i .ti .

.nqoY e GPEG dG H Vh OH noj GP LqdG AG jJ f eY? QqdG e IQhQb ? dP qaCG npH .AG qj IOhdG IjT AdG d qceGPEGIAGqQdGhCGaGdGQqHYQGejDhQOQdGAdGJGP? IQqdG hCG dG YAJCGh eC JCG105MCGh qLC GAe pNOoCG ,( s G AG e e) qdG AG e qqc QNG fCG SCG.cGh GQG fCG ,bdG f h (eh K) Ouoe N fCG VCG.AG IQGM LQO b CGbCGh n pG qTCG , dGc bO qc JQGM LQO qSCGh QGSH AG qMCGCGj eYh ,jdG AKCG AG Y Lj dG dG e qJCGUGhCGqdhGGSGY qcCGqdGAGqc q H KK hCG rbO qM EG IQGG LQO J.fCG AG qcGeSGHGhddLEGdGbCG qKOuGeQNEGfCGNCGAGcbSCGGGhQGGhfCGo ce qcnbah,hdCG.qdG b AG H fQbCGh qG5 mL0t0= 0

.Gkq FjdG qdG Gg qj : IOhdG KCH K EG AG qj. EG JQGM LQO J eY dG AG qjJqJdd.`pdjheJh qdGAGIQGMLQO qJqqdGAKCG.dG AG q IQGM LQO dGAG Ljh q LQO e cCG JQGM LQO rneGOe FdG dM Y AG Lj .q LQO e qbCG JQGM LQO fc GPEG a qdG dM Y.qdGh FdG dM Y AG Lj qdG AKCG.qdG AG c qJ 106dG SdG CGqHCGh jqe bQh Yq MGe qc Y.AG

= f(t)0C0CSCG,ti .ti .

.qYCGhJMe qcqSCG,deA qdGAGVqoedhhCGHdGYCG. edG eIQGG LQO QqJ qj hL.qdG Y dG AG IQGM LQO Qqd dG SdG CG.qdG AG q Y Y qG H dG SdG QbCGMCGh qLC G

t107SCG.H dG EG JQGM LQO J eY qqdG dG AG CGj.q Yk HK dG AG IQGM LQO nJ qdG AG Y Y

_.i .ti ,ta.a.i .G hj QdG h ,AG qj IOhdG IjT AdG d ? dP qaCG .jdG j dG G bQ Y G qTnoj IOQdG WG H ? dP e jdG eAJCGh qeCJCG

.Gh dG e K H QNG fCG NBGb CGbCGh n pG qTCG ,Ja Ae fCG VCG ,dG ,bdG f . b AG Voh dG QGG Y AG IQGM LQOMCGh qLC G

t0= 0108qSCGh fCG dG IQGLQdG QqJ HJCGdG Y Lj dG dG qSCG c bO qc bqc qcHhPHKKhCGrbO qMEGdGAKCG.fCG dGc bCG qK JdG AG jM e QNEG fCG NCGdG QbCGh ,M b jW Y K c dG AG.dqhCG dG H.dG H FqdG dM AG M SH QbCGdG SdG CGqHCGh jqe bQh Yq MGe qc Y.FS Ae EG dG = f(t)SCGFjdGqdGGgqj:IQGGLQOJQGKCHFSAeEGdGqj.GkQfG.dG QfEG LQO qfEGEG JQGM LQO JJ eY dG jLQO dG J qJ dd . `pd jhe Jh IQGG LQO qJ QfG AKCG.dG AG QfG IQGM.QfG LQO e qbCG JQGM LQO fc GPEG a qdG dM Y AG Lj.j M qCG M QfG AG c qJ

0C0C.t.=_ ih ,...i21AJC Gh eCJCG? (AGdG VH) d dG dG qf ? iNCG ceCG K EGh ceCG QeCG EG qJ ch dG qJ c.GQG a ZCG CG H qf Ae H bQhO NBGbCGbCGhn pGqTCGhAGJCGHCG,dG,bdGf.AG IQGqdqhCG LQdGb qSCGh QhqdG AG IQG LQdG QqJ HJCGAKCGAddGGQqdGqSCGcbO qc.AG Z e FbO H qM EG dG,QhqdG ga a qjQqH SCc fCG AG Z AKCG.SCd NGqdG fG Y qJ Ae Gb qCG MCG? dP S eqc EG Y TCGh J Y qdG AG IQGM LQO Qqd dG SdG CG.QH EG FS e AG q MGeMCGh qLC G109

= f(t)t0= 00110SCGFS e Ad FjdG qdG dP qj : dG QH EG qdG AG qj.GJ RZ EG.EG JQGM LQO J eY AG qj.`pd jheJhqdGAGIQGM LQO qJ eAfEG dGAKCG.AG Z IQGM LQO dG J qJ ddLjh fZ LQO e qbCG JQGM LQO fc GPEG a FdG dM Y AG Lj.fZ LQO e cCG JQGM LQO fc GPEG a qjRdG dM Y AG.qjRdGh FdG dM Y AG Lj dG AKCGhCG) dSEG FjdG qdG dP qoj : jdG FS EG dG AG QH qj.(qJ.EG JQGM LQO J eY AG qj.fZ IQGM LQO f g dG AG qJ IQGM LQO

100C100C100CMCG .QdG qYCG qK AG e Ib Y SCGh TdG Qh e qHoe b qbCG.AG H hJ Iqe H h qj TdG Qh qCG? dP qaCG MCGh qLC G

SCG:J hH Md QoH EG FS e AGd VhG AG qj.GqJ FjdG qdG dP qoj.d dG dG qaCGJe qbCG111UG.IOhdG KCH U dM EG FS dM e dq g AG q.IQGG KCH FS dM EG U dM e dq g dG QfG.QfG IQGM LQO f gh HK dG AG q IQGM LQO.dSEG IQGM LQO f gh HK dH dG AG J IQGM LQOoj dHh ,HK Z dG AG q IQGM LQO dG AG Y Y.Ihd GQe IQGG LQO K.iNCG EG qFja dM e IqOG q Y G c qJ

.a,.Li .ti .,h.22AJC Gh eCJCGiNCG hCG dM gh g dM qfEG ,VQCG Lh Y IH OLe AG qCG f ,jOhCGh QfCG ,Gh QdG FS SSCH gh ,dG JM e... QG h fGqG ,OhdG h GdGH H d cSG ZQh dG qTCG e d UGG qdG ZQGedGeQedGGPFdGAGqcqCGSGQdGKCG,MCG dG e jJ QG fh GQe e VQCG S Y IOLGh qoG.qJ? e dG T qdG qCG dh dG FG hd QGSG Gg qaCG q cCJCGh HCGHdGShQdGedGAGMeeecGeYOYHJqMCGGdGTYhCGGAGSVdGFKhHREHh: VQCG Y FGO GJ h IG eGO H dG IgdG1121,44113SCG.Ad qdG IQhdG H FG fh VQCG .G Yjh AG qj dG qTCG h AGdG .dG qa Gb T qj IOQH QdG qe qc: Me.qJ CG dG qJ dG Gd IOhdG jJ jCG G YCG K hCG Ae AdG a c j CG EG HSCGh eqjCG dG q j jqdG .GOnnH hCGq odVQCGWHEGNBGALjheALqjGdGGAeqojeY.QdGh QfCGh jOhCG f e dG jh qaG dG

? dG AG IQhO VQCG WH TJ dG G ge qaCG Je qbCGUGYfcchFgqHVQCGSYGOLeAGGj.dG H qj dG IQhdG H dG je e G e jJdGYqjGIOGgOLhdq JCGAGIQhdj .dH qdh qd Hb dh FdG qdG Hh FdG

_.=.. z

zi

,i.U oe qc eCG * eY V qK ddG fdG Hc rpYCG.Ae dG. EG JQGM LQO J eY qj qdG AG.qjRZ dM EG FS dM e AG q g qdG.FS dM EG U dM e AG qj eY AG M qj.c qJ Ad qFjdG dG qJ eY.qdG AKCG dG AG IQGM qJ.FG fh MEG VQCd eCG dG AG IQhO d.iNCG E G IqQb e dG AG IQhO MGe JOY j 11 .dG qM EG AG e b qf -?AG a QNG fCG j GPe2 - fCG qfh dG Y q bfMf.f qKAGNGOfh.fCGNGOYHNjAGqCG? dP qJ 3 .gHh HdG b AG M Qb -OY j 2114

0COGqS115.JQGM LQH Ad qFjdG dG H HQCGOY j 3OY j 5qc VH qJ dGh ()h () ,(CG) dqdG QdG fCG AG qJ SGQd: RGe aHhQ Ge rq c iMEG Y YVe GhCG AGd AG e1 - ? ( CG) HdG qJ e Y2 - ? e e AfEG c d Mf CG GPe3 - AGqchJ()AfEHIOLGAGqc.() AfEH IOLG? Y qG dG jJ qJ c4 - ? H dG qJ ,QdG g Y OYHOY j 4Y GG dG SdG qje qc IQGM LQO qJ.edG Qh AGFS Aeqoe AeOH f AeqdG-20 C0 C15 C116OY j 6jaCGQfGAKCGdGIQGMqJSGQdHG dH G HdG edG eTT Y jdG Se qH SHh: dG dG SdG Y SG1 ? dG g qJ Se ? qFjdG dG qJ e Oqj IQGM LQO qCG -2 ? dG c qj jJ qeR qCG -3 ? dG HhP CGj qCG -4 ? e FqdGh dG dM Y AG a LGj dG qedG IqG g e -: qH ,SdG dP Y OYH1 .f CG OjORG AG IQGM LQO fc EG -2 .ITdG bdG qK fdG bqdG AG Y Lj dG qFjdG dG -3 .iNCG EG qFja dM e AG q bSG dG qedG IqG -4 .Ad qFjdG qqdG dP SG -117OY j 7dG Ad qSSCG fGqd SQ HG dG q1qc AG Y Lj dG qFjdG dG g e -? HQCG fGqG J e GqN2 HQCGfGGHAGIQhOGHerQoCG-dG FjdG qdG SG Iqe qc qe .NBG EG GqN e AG q LOY j 8MGeqJHGIQdG.dG AG IQhOIQhO a qJ Ia QqMe dG AGIQdG Y qG JdH:dqdG dHh-QH -QeCG -S- L -T -QfCG .jSe bdGIqGGHh QHAG118jqG VQGdG.HTehGhGdGhQfCGejdGceCGdGqjjHqjQJQdGAKCGcGdGIQGGVQCGJdGJeaAGQHqa,eJdGAGdGWEGeIOhdGg qhOa,TEG.q TZc qG,GqLbOAeGbEGqjh,AGdGjdGeJJh,AGdGqoeJqfEG qMEGbOidGqoJdGGdGghEG h .AH VQCG f GdG J g AGdG S GPEGh .a cM qbC QdGMjHqjQJOGOJIOhda,fhGJQGMaTJVQCGOYhGdGqJIQGGLQOJQGGPEGh.WSYSOGOJhGdGEG AG Gb dq ,fhO a dG EG IQGG LQO fG GPEGh .aq T AGdG.U qj Qe LS e jdG AGda .VQCG S Y GH G W qa qdG qeCG.AG QH e GQGe eM qG Jjh fRh qa ,JQGM KCH qoj VQCGW jW OU GPEGh .VQCG Y HG qc JQGM NqdG AGdG Gg jhTYAGQHqJGcfGeh.JQGMfGeOHCGqFGgZ VQCG f dG jh .HS qJh jdG KCH J GqL bO GbdGIqQGqFGdGGQqdGdchehJAGdGWqCGPGGqLAHWgqCGqFGgWOUEa,dGgjdGSeGPEGh.VQCGedEGJJqqdG j eYh .IOQH H eGUG Qa qd dY JQGh fK qJ SCGGPEGh .G qfEG ,VQCG Y a M jh dG Ae Gb qJ YH.GPGPQ oG nqoS bOh IU GdG fcqJdGqFGGdGqJdGhOeEGGIQGMLQOgYG IQGM LQO J eYh .K VQCG Y a d dG dG dGHqJhqfIcnaAGGbqJ qaHdGhOEG.OdG qd qa IjdG IOhdG.,.h a..=iSCG1 - dG OqM qK ,FSCG cH dPh dG OQh dG AG IqOe CG qc Y HG .qG CG J e qc Y Lj dG Ad qFjdG2 .qdG gcP OQh dG Ad qFjdG qdG OqM -119dG AG IQhOQdGh G AG H dG JpOf hCG qoe g e qc qJh QfCGh GdGhdGdG)dGhqqdGgJcHdGYqj Ggh (GQhCG S e AG dG dN j.AGdH Ae QH T Y d VQCG S e AGIdG H eG NdG AGdG GQqJ J.dG G W EG Gg AG QHh AGdG aH VQCGOJ,GdGeIOQHWEGQdHnqGAGdGGQqJJeYMhHeGdGgJ.AeGbEGaAGQHqcAeGbfe(QdGGqQP,dGM)AGdGjjdGbdGLCG .dG J qfEa AGdG GdG g e Ic c J eYh .cCGIjL Z qJ c J hCG qJ dG da ,dM Y dG qJ .AdG qdG nFGO kLP qoJ GghEG J qM cCa cCG dG AG Gb M j ,AGdG HWQ OGORG qcdGjgYh,dPecCGnrnM ojdGeJnpdGeLQO.nOnH hCG K hCG e T YVQCG IdG S EG AdG e AG Gb J M. IQGG LQO Y j GghdG qdG e qeh FGO S g dG AG IQhO CG dG g eGaZdch,WHhVQCGIdGSYAGjqJ.VQCG Id dH pLGJ ceCG nJ dHhk GjL kAedCGJqdhAG nq JCG,dGAGIQhdCGAddhl HKoqchndGeonojh nr jWHAa.kqaVE G.NB e eh iNCG EG dM e qjqH GdG T Y qHdG SQG e PNC e fSCG1 - .dG AG IQhO MGe qc dG e rSG2 - qdGh AG M qc a oo cJ dG AG IQhO q qJ SQ rbG.IQcG IQhqdG J H dG KhM eh qFjdG,ht.a. a..=iwww.citet.nat.tnww.environnement.nat.tnwww.nadhour.comwww.ciger.bewww.ec.gc.ca/water/fr120L.tai=,Lt.a.,ai_.t.,ai ,t

,.i12 L.tai.

,zt.L.aih .

,a,.Li L.taiL.a..i L.ai t.L.? hO qjjM qS Y WG QdG S qaCG IH ae Y gQchC ILG QdG H hCG LGdG G j c? GedG BH QJ

b EG YS J We Qb 500 YqdG ec121232425.

,zt.L.aih .

,a,.Li L.tai 23AJC Gh eCJCG122t.. . L.tai.

,a,.Li L.tai?JSG g e ? G hCG ? SQG ? dG ? M e fe iQCG jCG? iNCG nATCGh e H qeCG c? fd iNCG SG Y qdJ (M e CSCG hCG) nFKh Y oHCGMeqSCGhHbeUCG:MCGhTCGfdCG.qe qJhIOGH J c AJCGh HG IQdG EG fCG.G e dG Gg S Y jGMCGh qLC Gqof c ? dG IOLG QMCG GfCG ZCG e AdG f MCG g? G e dG dP H j e? dG H qJ iNCG oATCG LJ gSCGJ nYoJ ,jG e IdG n pdG dG QMCG e f dG Lj.npfe hCG We GQMCG QMCG: e JG M123: MeAGHIQGcJhCGjdGe nceCHjGLeWGM.JG f e jG eH aG VQCG WLCG hCG We LCG qc a qUG H qJ LCG IqY dM e .opfne hCG noeMCGh eCJCG.

,zt.L.a_i L.taifGeYHGIQdGYgTCG.Geh W g e H e OqMCG CG SCG g? fEG U e gMCGh qLC G.

.tih L.taiK,IQdGYgGQCGqdGqjOGATCGqeCJCG.dhdG Y e LCG CG hMCGef qceeqbCGeYMCGGPe? ATCG JSCG.qYUG fe g dG fG Y IOjR: IOqe VGZC TCG YUG fG qoJ.... OGL IhM ,U b: MejcSSCGnOGke mbe ncCGepfGUefEG nqnJ.iNCG OG e je hCG (PdG hCG) dG

124: M e M pcoCG qK dG hG SQ YCG

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L.a..i24,.t.t. L.a..iMCGh qLC GH 1 : qdG jG ? pH nG jG IOGH Y qJCG.gTCG e UCGh jG IOGH e We b ubCGJdG M HG dG eSG QdH bCG: dEG QG: qhCG - ae Yh IOGdG e IU ec a pe qYCG.cqj : fK - .H dG jG e b VYCG: dK - .npG pHoCGH 2 : dG jG .Pa H qdG jG b jH bCG.HdG HdG MGe HboCG126

SCGhO nNBG pe QnhL e GPEG pe EG PdG e hCG udG jG e b qj.KCdH nnr qfEG a ,nee.qM hCG qbh n or qEG a , pG Y OHEG Y udG jG or hjnoqEGaehjqdhuKDGGYOHEGYPdGj.FGO PdG.YUG e Y PdG e f FGdG H127t..t. L.a..iMCGh qLC G bCG 5 hC G 6 PdG dG e UeqbCGh(LGqQOeGaMeNBG).e IHEG Te IHEG J b SCGH qMCGIqY dP GQqe qJEG H ad aWjG IOGH IHEG ZCG qK Gqe.MCG e qSCGh

SCGH W h fG e MH iNCG OG Hh PdG j.Y gOHEG.YUG fe Y G e q iNCG jW g MH dGUGY n j qd ,pe Qphj eY KCdH qdG jG onrnj.qM hCG qbh n qEG f .uKDG pG Y OHEGY n vqc j h e Qhj eY jCG KCdH PdG j.FGO qEG f .uKDG pG Y OHEG.OHEG nrH o n e hJ h mpe e MH PdGo nne poj

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SCG.H Y b a qfCG CGqoG G H Jc qcojMbGPeeeQhHqjGeAL qc. b dG

i

,i L.ai ..,AJCGh qeCJCG ? H Y e rnb a g? MGh b P e Y G gMC Gh qLC GS U dG G IHEG NBG.dG b Y eY VCGh .Wb HqH f EG dP H bCGjG IOGH IM Y T c ZCG? MCG GPe .LNCG qKGPe.T qceHqdHdGOqLCG Y q g ? MCG 2qK 4 CG fe2qK 4 ? Z jPa bqG bCG f HdH OqMCGMSQCGhfcGPEGY.F b qUCG IHE G be130L.tai . zt..iAJCGh qeCJCG? qdG f e NBG e (oe b) e e Yj c? NBH MGdG j qM TCG e T qCH gMCG jJ j g? c ? H aJ hCG P hM qJ g? TCG Y hCG ibCG H YqdG j e? GU Y QqG QGG cQG ne pe YCG CG g

SCGWebCGYHYqKD JWeibjWeb qc.IYdG M dPh aJ E G qeE Gh P E G qeE G LJ WG YdG qc.K b Pjh qdG f e b ajMCGh qLC Ge fd SCG hCG (eh ) rG W e W qc Y eY VCG.gqdGhG GDdG Y HLEd c a re SG CG g AJCGh qLCG ? b H QGG.FeR j e e QbCGh qe qaCGedG f Vh H rjNBG e YJ jYCGh dK e e HdG YCG? dG IYdG ae e dP q g ? aW Y? eRL H G GDdG Y HLEd NBG M Y HCGO_.=.. z

zi

,iH qc eCG * eY VH dPh WG en dG fdG ddG FdG e sJ.UqfJ qjf b qCG G jKCdH SdG e b jPdG e IHEG Y U MH j h KCdH PdG j.dG e Nh WN IHEH IHEG YU .FGO qdG jG h bh dG jG OY j 1: dG GDdG Y HLEG b q Jh qL: G j g? d hCG IQd Sc jT? jG CGU? dG UUQOY j 2: SG dH a IOLG ZGdG pcnCG qK g c GG qdG Hc rYnCGG ,qOGG e .............`dGh ,..............`dG ,............ qOGG fG dGjqdGdG,.......bh..........bdbhP............. b e ajh NBG ........................ G qM b NCj e dH....... qOGe Z OY j 3131

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138? () SqdG e Sh qfGSG q aL GOY re G f J hMCG

SCGOdGn aWe,IpMY wc,eJqfGDhGLCGfcGPEGGoj.qGqGOdGn aHIMY qcdUeqfGDhGLCGfcGPEGGoj.SdG e SCH

SCG.FHc qde G OdG.qd UhCG GPEG qEG FHc RL J G qEG a qdG H Oqhj dG AHdG j qd AHdG oj G.qoe AJCGh qeCJCG

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? j qM SG H HQ j qde qc f e c? qjOY H j qM SG qdH HQ j qe qc f e cqe Gqdoe

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140 MCGh qLC GqCG g .qN Tqc e QHh aH G dG Y LqdG a hMCG? U oSQ ejqMcqdGAGLCGqKCGheSGHqdGCG.GdG e .Aj qM G dd qa hMCG? eG NGO M.G rnbh b H SqdG f qHCGh eG AGLCG L GqL qeCJCG.HqdG cqdG G qJCG CG hMCG ? AHdG q jCG e ? G oj e

SCG.H qfe SCH Ue e roS e G q cj.oj eY qJ LQG AGdGh qdG H LqdG onjY qK G OdG rnH qfe TqH UG qfG SCG Y AHdG qodUe qfe S qoj qdG .ed ddG rpdH UG G oS.FHdG IQGqdG qofIQGO Se FHc qd Ue j GPEG j CG FHc qo oj .e qFHc AJCGh qeCJCG,iaih .i

.iWGdGePqdGHqeCJCG.qFHdGge?Wbcjc? qFHc IQGO QhO

eMGdd Z141 MCGh qLC GYgTCGeeUdYcdGprfCG? GP ? G j g .IQqdG(CG) jQG H qFHdG IQGqdG Z hMCG,M b) OGe e b e ,()hGPEGqSCGh(...,Qh,PaS,Ofb. CG j G c.qG qToG QdG e q d e HdG YCGZHq dGfeHdGYCG qK.dG AG.dRdG AGLCGh AHd bqdG AGLCG OqMCG.L e Wb e SCG ? HqdG cqd U e Wb aVE G Y QbCG g.qTCGh JQqJ e CG

SCGOGe e fqe L GQG e e GPEG ()h (CG) H IdG Y AHdG q.LCG qH AHdG q h qeAHdG Qhe dG LCGh bGqdG qoJ AHdG Qh J dG LCG qE G.RGdG qoJ.a hCG qFHdG IQGdG Z qdG XhIQGqdG UY e Y WdG

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SCGH a .qY Y qoeh qoe qfH eSQh GReQ SGh qdG j.AHdG Ge eG H OoJ IqMnoe d: SqdG oG YGdGh ReqdG d eCG gedG FHdG dGOdG f e FHdG qdoGWdGqLCoG dG hP GUG dGFHc S hO SQ S WJFHc S e SQ S WJhCG143 MCGh qLC G.

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SCGdG IQGdG g qUoG SCG e OY fOCH oJ dG IMdG qFHdG IQGqdGUe cdG e Y qc .gUY OY G SCG OY a hjIQGO cqdG e qdG Gg qj .gGS hO IQGqdG j Yh j H.(qdH hCG) qJe cCH Ue UdG H rnb e b qc qCG iNCG cdG qc IQGqdGqEGfhRGqdHcJ:cqdGeqdGGgqj.MGhY.Yqe.hOe cqdG qEG gY fh IQGqdG f cdG e YqdG L dH cJ RGdH cJhOe cJ144: Me .dH FHdG GQGdG qEG f d fCG e j e qc MCGh qeCJCG.t,.L..LGqQH IOLG qFHdG AGLCG Y qJCG? qeh qde e Lh c? LGqQdG qde j cAdG hCG eeCG G H Uj dG SCG OY g e? IQGqdG oJ c ? qW dP LCG g ? qdqd G.LGqQdH UG FHdG cd qfH SQ CGhCG G OY e d LGqQO qde SCG c? G .M e CSCGh HCG ? GG f Y AHdH I IQqdG J CG g

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145

SCGIQGO Y dH f bh qFHdG IQGqdG b qJ SqdG S qEG f.OdG b H qdG bCG Gqe AHdG a j IQeJQGh(...qGq bJ,GAfG)ILCGq JIQGqdGbqj.dH e Qq J jZ EG qdG IQGM LQO:Me HdGeQGMdaLGOYfeYdPN.jM EG qODJ b qdG qEG .IQqS qjQH a cJ hCG G HqdGUG.FHc qe qd dH dc h ,b FHc qde qd.qd Ue j GPEG j CG FHc q qCG hH H H dUG qoGh SCG S g oG qFHdG IQGdG.qdoe rnH HqdH gaW jh fG.qdoe Y joeh oe fc GPEG qEG IQGO AHdG j .bGqdG qJ AHdG Qh J dG OGG hCG LCG qE G.RGdG qJ AHdG Qh J dG OGG hCG LCG qE GqdoenHdUegaWjbGfSeqJoGqFHdGIQGqdG.FHc.Y qoe YGbh ReQ SH qFHdG IQGqdG SJ: gUY cGdG e Yf SH qFHdG IQGqdG J.MGh Y H e Y nb e qc a Hoj dG dP g dG cdG -YecCHeYnbe qcaUojdGdPgRGdHcdG-.MGh_.=.. z

zi

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,.i .i,. t.e J dG qFHdG ILCG H qJCG,IGe : G qedG HQB IQGM e Lf.... ,e ,d q ? ILCG J IQGM FHdG QqdG qdoj jCG? OdG G GQf FHdG QqdG j cMCGh qLC GQGG KC dG qJ qFHc ILCGWb151SCGqEGagjdGbqdGLCGIQGMLQdYJQEGFHdGQqdGoj.qjQGM GKCJ hCG e FHdG Qqd.a j dG bqd HY FHc QqJ OLh j QGG KCdGqLCdG qMEGFHdGQqdGQheYGSIQGGLQOJJ.GQf qj gYhWG KCdG.qdG qYCGh IG Y (UH hCG) IHEG VCGMCGjehOYaeqFHcIQGOCGY j e qSCG qK IHEd jRGoe a UG SCG? IQGqdG Z .HdG YCGh dG d dH dG G qZCG? IHEd GfG cCG Y MCG cMCGh qLC GFdG KCdG? S NGH Lj g .Iqo qK IOqG dH qe eqU qeCJCGILCG H eqdG J LGJ Y qJCG CG hMCG? dSG e dG g e .qFHdGMCGh qLC GSCGQd qEG a nHb LJ IHEG GfG j bf FHdG QdG j eY.We GKCJ FHdGba GqQe oj eY ibCG jh e qdG qf eY jGj IHEG GfG.L -T Hh.IQGO FHc QqJ OLh d J UdG hCG nG IHEG: IQdG Y gTCG e e dqdG HdG CGde Ae SCc JQe a JOhdG -? IQGqdG Z Y SCdG MCG GPe? SCdG e J dG FGqdG cJ GPh AG d qj c152g .OdH qdG Uh qc GMG e qG qFHdG IQGqdG CGCG eY IQGH TCG g ? OdH Uh f eY qdG j ? qoG qdG.qdG H VqY GPEG OY e gRoj dG IQGG e QbCGqdoJCGhOGQf qJqFHciNCGHeLJg? jObG He qoJ GP ? IQGMSCGQqd FdG KCdG qfEG :FHdG QqdG oj eY GQf oG qdG qj.FHdG.qdG NGO qLCoe S e QqdG Gg j .e IQGO FHdG Qqd e oG qdG: Me hO () f e q aL qH HqdG oG qdG qj .jbhIQGqdGoJCGYGqdoGeqdGdPSGOQCGGPEG.jJehe J (IQdG Y gJ e e) bGh hoe4,5 V( 4,5 V )200FdG KCdGMC Gh qLC GqL OY -`````Ue``NBGqdoe hCG.GOhdG.HoG qdG Y eSG IQGqdG CG.MCGh WdG ZCGqdoG nb Y e HdG YCG? KCJ qd qdH MCG GPe153SCG.aL Ae EG FHdG QqdG dG AG q.bqdG FGdG H j eY Fc KCJ FHdG Qqd qE GSCGLG dH UG G OhdEG ie Y j dG FdG KCdG qE G.qdG OhdEG ie Y j dG FdG KCdG Y j.(OJdG hCG) G qdG qojh (OfCG hCG) G qhCG OhdG qojMCGh qLC G.GOU FHc pe CeCG.G H e H Qd HfCG fCG.G j e qeCJCGh IQGqdG ZCG? fCG qc RdG e G f Y MCG g? GRZ cCG oj dG OhdEG UhCG qdod b qCH.qG OdG b Y H HdG YCG? HfCG RdG qc qJ c_.t.,ai ,t

,.i tiMCGh qLC G154SCGGfG dP ojh WG KCdG oj oe IQGO qdoe nb f eY.G IHEG.G ie Y FdG KCdG oj e IQGO qdoe nb f eYFHdG Qqd qCG fQbCG GPEG qEG FdG hCG WG KCdG Y J neIQGOFHdGQqdGj:JBcYpqJoCGqoegGoeIQGO.dqdG b EG qoe LG b e qdoG QN: Me.qe G Qhj L OH qFHc cqoe HQ GPEGOdG rnbYGPEGcGqJGqqGQhj.G.WG KCdG SH FHdG qoG jAJC Gh eCJCG? IQGO FHdG QqdG G EG qfdG SqdG hCG TCG Y eQCG npHSCG.SCG MCG Y H qoe H IQGO FHc QqJ OLh EG eoj155UG.qjQGM GKCJ oj bf c FHdG QqdG j.qWe GKCJ oj bf qH G AdG FHdG QqdG oj.gj dG bqdG FGqdG qFc GKCJ FHdG QqdG oj.qLCJ hO bGdG H qFV GKCJ FHdG QqdLjh qdod LG dG e j a ,gqJG FHdG Qqd qE G.dqdG b EG IQGqdG Y

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