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Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.1 (1973); Vol. 46, p.1 (1966).

2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY--DGLUCOPYRANOSYL CHLORIDE[Glucopyranosyl chloride, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-,triacetate, -D-]

Submitted by Derek Horton1 Checked by A. L. Johnson and B. C. McKusick.

1. ProcedureIn a 500-ml. round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar and a reflux condenser protected by a tube of calcium chloride is placed 100 ml. of acetyl chloride; this operation and the subsequent reaction are conducted in a hood. The condenser is temporarily removed, and 50 g. (0.226 mole) of dried 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (N-acetylglucosamine) (Note 1) is added in the course of 2 or 3 minutes with good stirring. The mixture is stirred for 16 hours without external heating at a room temperature of approximately 25. The mixture boils spontaneously during the first hour of reaction. It is a clear, viscous, amber liquid at the end of the reaction (Note 2). Through the condenser there is added 400 ml. of chloroform (U. S. P. grade), and the solution is poured with vigorous stirring onto 400 g. of ice and 100 ml. of water in a 3-l. beaker. The mixture is transferred to a 1-l. separatory funnel and shaken. The organic solution is drawn off without delay into a 3-l. beaker containing ice and 400 ml. of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The mixture in the beaker is stirred, and the neutralization is completed by shaking the mixture in the separatory funnel. The organic layer is run directly into a flask containing about 25 g. of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The entire washing procedure should be completed within 15 minutes (Note 3). The solution is shaken or stirred with the drying agent for 10 minutes (Note 4). The drying agent is separated on a 7.5-cm. Bchner funnel and is well washed with dry, alcohol-free chloroform or methylene chloride (Note 5). The filtrate passes through an adaptor directly into a 1-l. round-bottomed flask. The filtrate is concentrated to 75 ml. on a rotary evaporator at 50, and dry ether (500 ml.) is rapidly added with swirling to the warm solution (Note 6). Crystallization usually begins after about 30 seconds. The flask is stoppered and set aside for 12 hours at room temperature. The product is scraped from the walls of the flask and broken up by means of a curved spatula. The solid is collected on a 12.5-cm. Bchner funnel, washed with two 150-ml. portions of dry ether, dried by suction on the filter for 5 minutes, and stored in a desiccator over sodium hydroxide and phosphorus pentoxide. Analytically pure 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranosyl chloride is obtained; weight 5565 g. (6779%); m.p. 127128 (Fisher-Johns apparatus) (Note 7); typical NHCOCH3 absorptions at 6.09 and 6.49 in the infrared; nmr (CDCl3) 6.25 and J1,2 3.5 Hz for the H-1 doublet. Evaporation of the mother liquors and addition of ether to the concentrated solution gives an additional 46 g. (57%) of crystalline product, m.p. 125127, that is sufficiently pure for most purposes. The pure product may be stored in an open dish in a desiccator at room temperature for at least 3 years without decomposition (Note 8).

2. Notes

1. Suitable material is available from Pfanstiehl Laboratories, Waukegan, Illinois. It may also be prepared from the hydrochloride of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose (D-glucosamine) in 95% yield by a facile procedure.2 The 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose should be dried at 25 (1 mm.) for at least 12 hours before use. If this material is in the form of a powder rather than compact crystals, more acetyl chloride may have to be added in order to get a stirrable mixture; the checkers found that an extra 50 ml. of acetyl chloride did not lower the yield. 2. The reaction mixture may be left for longer periods, as over a weekend, without adverse effect. If the ambient temperature is too low, undissolved material may be present after 16 hours, in which case a longer period of stirring is indicated, or the reaction mixture may be gently heated (not above 30). 3. It is essential that isolation of the product be conducted rapidly and at 0 throughout, especially while the solution is acidic. All apparatus and solutions should be at hand before the reaction mixture is poured on ice. The product reacts fairly rapidly with water in the presence of an acid catalyst, undergoing acetyl migration to give the water-soluble 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy--Dglucopyranose hydrochloride. 4. An extended period of drying is unnecessary and should be avoided. 5. Commercial methylene chloride is usually sufficiently dry to use without pretreatment is place of dry, alcohol-free chloroform. The checkers used a pressure funnel under dry nitrogen for the filtration; filtration was rapid and exposure to atmospheric moisture was slight. 6. The solution must not be evaporated to a volume that permits crystallization to begin before the ether is added. The addition of ether should be sufficiently rapid that the heavy syrup is diluted to a clear, homogeneous solution before crystallization begins. 7. The checkers observed m.p. 118119 when an open capillary tube containing a sample of analytical purity was placed in a stirred oil bath at 100 with the temperature rising several degrees a minute. The melting point of benzoic acid, determined simultaneously, was 122123. The checkers found []24D | + 110 (c. 1, CHCl3); literature values range from +109.7 to 118. 8. Material of lesser purity may decompose within a much shorter time. If the product is exposed to moist air, it is converted into 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-deoxy--D-glucopyranose hydrochloride, which is insoluble in chloroform.

3. DiscussionThe direct one-step preparation of 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranosyl chloride was reported by Micheel and co-workers,3 and the described procedure is essentially the method of Horton and Wolfrom.4 The product was first prepared through a two-step route from 2amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose hydrochloride by Baker and co-workers,5 and a number of adaptations of this method have been described.6,7,8 4. Merits of Preparation The procedure permits acetylation of the sugar and replacement of the 1-acetoxy group by chlorine in one operation in only 23 hours of working time, gives good yields of pure product, and does not require gaseous hydrogen chloride. The two-step procedure from 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose hydrochloride5,6,7 is time-consuming, and yields are very low if the acetylated intermediate is isolated.8 The yield is better when the second stage is performed without isolation, of the intermediate,9 but gaseous hydrogen chloride is required, and the preparation takes considerably more working time than the method described. The product is used in the preparation of glycoside, thioglycoside, oligosaccharide, and glycosylamine derivatives of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose.10 A number of these compounds are current interest; several seem to be involved in viral penetration of cells, and others are of interest in the synthesis of model substrates for enzymes. The product has the -D configuration, and normally reacts to give glycosides with the -D configuration, presumably through participation of the acetamido group in a bicyclic, closed-ion intermediate. Under controlled conditions it reacts with water to give 1,3,4,6tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranose hydrochloride.11

References and Notes

1. Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 2. Y. Inouye, K. Onodera, S. Kitaoka, and S. Hirano, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78, 4722 (1956); D. Horton, Biochem. Prep., 11, 1 (1996). 3. F. Micheel, F.-P. van de Kamp, and H. Petersen, Ber., 90, 521 (1957). 4. D. Horton and M. L. Wolfrom, J. Org. Chem., 27, 1794 (1962). 5. B. R. Baker, J. P. Joseph, R. E. Schaub, and J. H. Williams, J. Org. Chem., 19, 1786 (1954). 6. D. H. Leaback and P. G. Walker, J. Chem. Soc., 4754 (1957). 7. Y. Inouye, K. Onodera, S. Kitaoka, and H. Ochiai, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 4218 (1957). 8. J. Conchie and G. A. Levvy, Methods Carbohyd. Chem., 2, 332 (1963). 9. M. Akagi, S. Tejima, and M. Haga, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 9, 360 (1961); D. H. Leaback, Biochem. Prep., 10, 118 (1963). 10. D. Horton, R.W. Jeanloz, in "The Amino Sugars," Vol. IA, Academic Press, New York, 1969, Chapter 1. 11. D. Horton, W. E. Mast, and K. D. Philips, J. Org. Chem., 32, 1471 (1967).

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)Glucopyranosyl chloride, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-,triacetate, -Dhydrochloride of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose glycoside thioglycoside oligosaccharide glycosylamine hydrogen chloride (7647-01-0) ether (60-29-7) sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2) acetyl chloride (75-36-5) chloroform (67-66-3) sodium bicarbonate (144-55-8) nitrogen (7727-37-9) Benzoic acid (65-85-0) sugar chlorine (7782-50-5)

methylene chloride (75-09-2) magnesium sulfate (7487-88-9) 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose hydrochloride (66-84-2) D-glucosamine phosphorus pentoxide (1314-56-3) N-acetylglucosamine, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY--D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL CHLORIDE (306834-6) 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranose hydrochloride 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-deoxy--D-glucopyranose hydrochlorideCopyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.5 (1973); Vol. 42, p.1 (1962).

ACETONE DIBUTYL ACETAL[Propane, 2,2-dibutoxy-]

Submitted by N. B. Lorette and W. L. Howard1. Checked by Max Tishler and Stanley Nusim..

1. ProcedureA mixture of 312 g. (3 moles) of acetone dimethyl acetal (Note 1), 489 g. (6.6 moles) of butanol, 1.0 l. of benzene, and 0.2 g. of p-toluenesulfonic acid is placed in a 3-l. flask. The flask is connected to a packed fractionating column and the solution distilled until the azeotrope of benzene and methanol, boiling at 58, is completely removed (Note 2). The contents of the boiler are then cooled below the boiling point and a solution of 0.5 g. of sodium methoxide in 20 ml. of methanol (Note 3) is added all at once with stirring. The flask is replaced for further distillation, and most of the remaining benzene is distilled at atmospheric pressure. The pressure is then reduced, and the remaining benzene and unreacted butanol are removed (Note 4). Finally, the pressure is reduced to 20 mm., the last traces of low-boiling materials are taken to the cold trap, and the product is distilled. After a small fore-run, 25 acetone dibutyl acetal is collected at 8890/20 mm. The yield is 421453 g. (74.680.3%), nD 1.4105, 25 d4 0.8315.

2. Notes1. Commercial acetone dimethyl acetal (2,2-dimethoxypropane) from the Dow Chemical Company was used without further treatment. 2. About 570 ml. of this azeotrope is obtained. The methanol produced may be estimated by washing an aliquot with about two volumes of water in a graduated cylinder. The methanol content is approximately the difference between the initial volume and that of the residual benzene phase, and about 230 ml. is obtained, depending on the efficiency of fractionation. Other hydrocarbons, e.g., hexane or cyclohexane, can be used for the removal of methanol. The submitters' distillation was carried out in a 19 1200-mm. vacuum-jacketed silvered column fitted with a magnetically operated vapor-takeoff head controlled by a timed relay. The checkers found that a 19 340-mm. vacuum-jacketed column fitted with a magnetically operated liquid takeoff and packed with -in. glass Raschig rings was sufficient for carrying out the distillation. The checkers, using a reflux ratio of 2.7 to 1 throughout the distillation, found the total time required to be 19 hours. Since the required separations are not difficult, any reasonably efficient fractionating column may be used. 3. Other soluble non-volatile bases may be used. 4. It is best to keep the temperature of the distilland below 125150, because pyrolysis of the product becomes progressively more serious at higher temperatures. The pressure is reduced to a convenient value when the distilland temperature reaches 125. For example, a pressure of 200 mm. will allow the condensation of the benzene without resort to special cooling.

3. DiscussionAcetone dibutyl acetal has been prepared from isopropenyl acetate and butanol,2 from butanol and isopropenyl butyl ether obtained from the reaction of butanol with propyne,3 and by orthoformic ester synthesis.4,5 4. Merits of Preparation

The preparation described here is a modification of previously used alkoxyl interchange reactions, but it is more convenient because the use of the azeotrope-forming solvent permits the virtually complete removal of the by-product alcohol under mild conditions. The method is general for most primary and secondary alcohols, including those with functional groups which are stable under the mild conditions used.

References and Notes1. The Dow Chemical Company, Texas Division, Freeport, Tex. 2. W. J. Croxall, F. J. Glavis, and H. T. Neher, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70, 2805 (1948). 3. M. F. Shostakovskii and E. P. Gracheva, Zhur. Obshch. Khim., 23, 1320 (1953) [C.A., 48, 9899 (1954)]. 4. O. Grummitt and J. A. Stearns, Jr., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 77, 3136 (1955). 5. C. A. MacKenzie and J. H. Stocker, J. Org. Chem., 20, 1695 (1955).

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)Benzene (71-43-2) methanol (67-56-1) cyclohexane (110-82-7) butanol (71-36-3) sodium methoxide (124-41-4) isopropenyl acetate (108-22-5) hexane (110-54-3) Acetone dibutyl acetal, Propane, 2,2-dibutoxy- (141-72-0) acetone dimethyl acetal, 2,2-dimethoxypropane (77-76-9) isopropenyl butyl ether propyne (74-99-7) p-toluenesulfonic acid (104-15-4)Copyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.8 (1973); Vol. 42, p.4 (1962).

3-ACETOXYETIENIC ACID[3-Acetoxy-5-androstene-17-carboxylic acid]

Submitted by J. Staunton and E. J. Eisenbraun1. Checked by W. G. Dauben and J. H. E. Fenyes..

1. ProcedureA solution of 42 g. (1.05 moles) of sodium hydroxide in 360 ml. of water is placed in a 1-l. threenecked, round-bottomed flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer and a thermometer and is cooled to 5 in an ice-salt bath. The stirrer is started, and 43 g. (0.263 mole) of bromine is added from a separatory funnel at such a rate that the temperature remains below 0 (addition time about 5 minutes). The icecold solution is diluted with 240 ml. of dioxane (Note 1) that has previously been cooled to 1314 (Note 2). This solution is kept at 0 until required. A solution of 28.8 g. (0.08 mole) of 3-acetoxy-5-pregnen-20-one (pregnenolone acetate) (Note 3) in 1.1 l. of dioxane (Note 1) is diluted with 320 ml. of water and placed in a 5-l. three-necked, roundbottomed flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer and a thermometer (Note 4). The stirrer is started and the mixture is cooled in ice. When the internal temperature has fallen to 8, the cold hypobromite solution is added in a steady stream. The temperature of the reaction mixture is maintained below 10 throughout the reaction. A white precipitate begins to form after 10 minutes, and the solution becomes colorless during 1 hour. The mixture is stirred for an additional 2 hours, and then the excess sodium hypobromite is destroyed by the addition of a solution of 10 g. of anhydrous sodium sulfite in 100 l. of water (Note 5). The stirrer and thermometer are removed and the flask is fitted with a condenser for reflux. The mixture is heated under reflux for 15 minutes, and the solution, while still hot (90), is acidified by the cautious addition of 50 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid (Note 6). The clear yellow solution is kept

at 5 for 24 hours. The crystalline precipitate is collected by suction filtration, washed with water, and dried at 100 at atmospheric pressure. The yield of 3-hydroxyetienic acid, m.p. 274276, is 1820 g. An additional 35 g. of product can be obtained by subjecting the filtrate to steam distillation until a white precipitate is formed. The etienic acid collected from the cooled solution melts at 268272. The total yield is 2324 g. (9195%). The 3-hydroxyetienic acid is placed in a 500-ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with a condenser protected with a drying tube and is dissolved with warming in 150 ml. of dry pyridine. After the solution has cooled to room temperature, 20 ml. of acetic anhydride is added; a white crystalline precipitate starts to form immediately. After the mixture has stood for 1824 hours, it is treated with 20 ml. of water and boiled until the precipitate has dissolved (Note 7). The clear solution is diluted with 70 ml. of water and allowed to cool. The crystalline product is collected by suction filtration, washed with water, and dried in a vacuum oven at 105/20 mm. The yield of 3-acetoxyetienic acid, m.p. 235238, is 2324 g. Recrystallization from glacial acetic acid gives a purer product, m.p. 238240. The yield is 1618 g. (5563% based on the amount of pregnenolone acetate used).

2. Notes1. Dioxane as supplied by Matheson-Coleman Bell Co. was used without purification. 2. The temperature of the hypobromite solution is kept below 10 to avoid the formation of sodium bromate. 3. Pregnenolone acetate (3-acetoxy-5-pregnen-20-one) supplied by Syntex S. A., Apartado Postal 2679, Mexico, D. F., was used. 4. It is advisable to carry out any operation involving dioxane in a fume hood. 5. Although this amount of sodium sulfite is sufficient to destroy the excess sodium hypobromite, the solution may still give a positive test with starch-iodide paper because of the presence of peroxides in the dioxane used. It is not necessary to destroy these peroxides before proceeding. 6. The solution should be swirled gently during the addition of the hydrochloric acid. Since this operation causes the dioxane to boil, it must be carried out in a fume hood. 7. The anhydride of etienic acid is hydrolyzed in this process to give the soluble acid. Prolonged boiling should be avoided to prevent extensive attack on the less readily hydrolyzed acetate group.

3. Discussion3-Hydroxy-5-etiocholenic acid has been prepared from pregnenolone acetate by the action of sodium hypoiodite;2 by oxidation of the furfurylidene derivative;3 and by oxidation of the benzylidene derivative of the 5,6-dibromide followed by debromination.4 The side chain of 3-hydroxy-5bisnorcholenic acid has been systematically degraded to give the etienic acid.5 Two syntheteic approaches have involved, respectively, the replacement of the halogen in 17-chloro-3-acetoxy-5androstene by an alkali metal followed by treatment with carbon dioxide6 and the conversion of dehydroandrosterone acetate to its cyanohydrin, which then was successively dehydrated, hydrolyzed, and selectively hydrogenated to furnish 3-hydroxyetienic acid.7,8. 4. Merits of Preparation 3-Acetoxyetienic acid has been found to be particularly suitable for the resolution of alcohols. Thus it was employed by Woodward and Katz for the resolution of 1-hydroxydicyclopentadiene;9 by Djerassi, Warawa, Wolff, and Eisenbraun for the resolution of trans-3-tert-butylcyclohexanol;10 and by Djerassi and Staunton for the resolution of cis,cis-1-decalol.11

References and Notes1. 2. 3. 4. Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California. R. E. Marker and R. B. Wagner, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 64, 1842 (1942). W. C. J. Ross, U. S. pat. 2,470,903 [C. A., 43, 7519 (1949)]. R. E. Marker, E. L. Wittle, E. M. Jones, and H. M. Crooks, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 64, 1282 (1942).

5. M. Steiger and T. Reichstein, Helv. Chim. Acta, 20, 1040 (1937). 6. Organon, French pat. 834, 940 [C.A., 34, 4744 (1939)]; Organon, Dutch Pat. 47,317 [C.A., 34, 2538 (1940)]; Schering, Brit. pat. 516,030 [C.A., 35, 6058 (1941)]. 7. A. Butenandt and J. Schmidt-Thome, Ber., 71, 1487 (1938). 8. L. Ruzicka, E. Hardegger, and C. Kauter, Helv. Chim. Acta, 27, 1164 (1944) 9. R. B. Woodward and T. J. Katz, Tetrahedron, 5, 70 (1959). 10. C. Djerassi, E. J. Warawa, R. E. Wolff, and E. J. Eisenbraun, J. Org. Chem., 25, 917 (1960). 11. C. Djerassi and J. Staunton, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83, 736 (1961).

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)3-Hydroxy-5-etiocholenic acid benzylidene derivative of the 5,6-dibromide 3-hydroxy-5-bisnorcholenic acid 17-chloro-3-acetoxy-5-androstene hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0) acetic acid (64-19-7) acetic anhydride (108-24-7) sodium sulfite (7757-83-7) sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2) bromine (7726-95-6) carbon dioxide (124-38-9) acetate pyridine (110-86-1) sodium bromate (7789-38-0) hypobromite sodium hypobromite dioxane (5703-46-8) 3-Acetoxyetienic acid, 3-Acetoxy-5-androstene-17-carboxylic acid (7150-18-7)

3-acetoxy-5-pregnen-20-one pregnenolone acetate 3-hydroxyetienic acid etienic acid sodium hypoiodite furfurylidene 1-hydroxydicyclopentadiene trans-3-tert-butylcyclohexanol cis,cis-1-decalolCopyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.12 (1973); Vol. 40, p.1 (1960).

3-ACETYLOXINDOLE[Oxindole, 3-acetyl-]

Submitted by J. F. Bunnett, B. F. Hrutfiord, and S. M. Williamson1. Checked by B. C. McKusick and D. C. Blomstrom..

1. ProcedureAn apparatus resembling that pictured by Schlatter2 is assembled in a good hood. Two 5-l. threenecked flasks are mounted side by side about 10 cm. apart and about 10 cm. above the bench top or stand base. These are referred to as the "left" and "right" flasks. Each flask is provided with a dry ice condenser in the outermost neck, and each condenser is protected from the air by a soda-lime drying tube. Each flask is provided through the center neck with a motor-driven stirrer. The left stirrer should have a large sweep blade, and the right stirrer should have a small propeller-type blade. The bearing on each stirrer should be capable of holding a small positive pressure (the submitters used ball-joint bearings). The innermost neck of each flask is fitted with a two-holed rubber stopper. One hole in each stopper is for nitrogen supply; a short piece of glass tubing is inserted through each stopper, and these pieces of glass tubing are connected by rubber tubes to a glass "Y" tube which in turn is connected by rubber tubing to a tank of dry nitrogen. The rubber tubes between the "Y" tube and the flasks are provided with pinch clamps so that the flow of nitrogen can be directed into either flask or into both at once. The other hole in each stopper is for transfer of liquid ammonia from the right flask to the left. A glass tube reaching to the very bottom of the right flask is inserted through the right stopper. A glass tube is inserted through the left stopper so that it projects only a few centimeters into the left flask. These glass tubes are bent so that they point toward each other, and they are connected by a piece of rubber tubing provided with a pinch clamp. With nitrogen flowing and all pinch clamps open, the apparatus is flamed to drive away traces of moisture. The condensers are then provided with dry ice covered by isopropyl alcohol, and the lower part of the right flask is embedded in crushed dry ice. Liquid ammonia (4 l.) is introduced into the right flask through the nitrogen inlet from which the rubber tubing is temporarily disconnected, and 105.8 g. (0.5 mole) of o-acetoacetochloroanilide (Note 1) is placed in the left flask. In order to destroy any water in the ammonia, the right stirrer is started and small pieces of potassium metal are dropped into the ammonia, by briefly lifting the right two-holed stopper, until the blue color persists for 3 minutes. The

nitrogen connection to the left flask is clamped shut and, by partially blocking the escape of nitrogen from the right drying tube, about 1 l. of ammonia is forced into the left flask. The connection between the two flasks is now clamped shut. Brief operation of the left stirrer facilitates solution of the o-acetoacetochloroanilide in the ammonia. Potassium metal (78 g.; 2 moles) is cut into chunks just small enough to pass through the neck of the right flask; these are stored in a beaker under xylene until needed. About 5 g. of potassium is introduced into the right flask by briefly lifting the two-holed stopper. The right stirrer is started and the potassium is allowed to dissolve. To the resulting deep blue solution is added 0.1 g. of finely crushed ferric nitrate hydrate, a catalyst for the reaction of potassium with ammonia. The solution should begin to boil with evolution of hydrogen. ( Caution: No flames or sparks should be nearby.) The rest of the potassium is added at such a rate as to maintain active gas evolution (Note 2). Stirring is continued in the right flask until all the potassium is consumed, i.e., until the blue color disappears. The right flask now contains a solution of potassium amide in liquid ammonia; 3060 minutes is required for its preparation. The tube between the two flasks is opened by releasing the pinch clamp, and the left stirrer is started. With nitrogen flow to the left flask still blocked, the potassium amide solution is caused to flow into the left flask by partially blocking the right nitrogen exit. The solution in the left flask slowly assumes a chartreuse color. As soon as the right flask is as nearly empty as the apparatus will permit, nitrogen flow is opened to the left flask and closed to the right flask and the connection between the two flasks is clamped shut. The right flask is then disconnected and immediately cleaned by rinsing it carefully with ethyl or isopropyl alcohol to destroy potassium amide and then washing it with water. ( Caution: Potassium amide is inflammable and will ignite on contact with moisture.) The solution in the left flask is stirred for 30 minutes after all the potassium amide has been added. The nitrogen inlet is briefly removed and 120 g. (1.5 moles) of ammonium nitrate is added; this discharges the chartreuse color. ( Caution: Vigorous foaming occurs.) Ethyl ether (500 ml.) is added and the dry ice condenser is replaced by a standard water-cooled condenser. The ammonia is evaporated by allowing the stirred reaction mixture to warm to room temperature; this takes several hours and it is convenient to have it occur overnight. Water (1.5 l.) is added and the mixture is transferred to a separatory funnel. The lower aqueous layer, which contains the potassium salt of 3-acetyloxindole, is separated and is then extracted with ethyl ether three times to remove a purple impurity. The aqueous layer is then made acidic to litmus by addition of hydrochloric acid; this causes precipitation of crude, tan-colored 3-acetyloxindole. The mixture is chilled, and the product is collected by suction filtration and washed well on the filter with water. The yield of crude 3-acetyloxindole, m.p. 204206, is 6568 g. (7478%). It may be purified by recrystallizing it from 1.7 l. of chloroform in the presence of 2 g. of decolorizing carbon. A heated filter funnel must be used in separating the carbon because the product starts to crystallize only slightly below the boiling point of chloroform. The recrystallized 3-acetyloxindole weighs 5359 g. (6167%) and is in the form of white needles, m.p. 204205.5.

2. Notes1. The o-acetoacetochloroanilide used was the technical product of Union Carbide Chemicals Co.; m.p. 107109. 2. If the reaction of potassium with liquid ammonia slows down before all the potassium is consumed, an additional pinch of ferric nitrate hydrate is added.

3. Discussion3-Acetyloxindole has been made by condensing ethyl acetate with oxindole in the presence of sodium ethoxide3 and by heating N-acetyloxindole with sodium amide in xylene.4 The present method was developed by Hrutfiord and Bunnett.5 It illustrates a general principle for the synthesis of heterocyclic and homocyclic compounds. This principle involves the creation of an intermediate species that is of the benzyne type and has a nucleophilic center located so that it can add, intramolecularly, to the "triple bond" of the benzyne structure. Other applications of the principle using essentially the

present procedure are the conversion of thiobenz-o-bromoanilide or thiobenz-m-bromoanilide to 2phenylbenzothiazole (90% and 68% respectively), of benz-o-chloroanilide to 2-phenylbenzoxazole (69%),5 of o-chlorohydrocinnamonitrile to 1-cyanobenzocyclobutene (61%),6 and of methanesulfone(Nmethyl-o-chloro)anilide to 1-methyl-2,1-benzisothiazoline 2,2-dioxide (66%).7 This preparation is referenced from: Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 5, 60

References and Notes1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. University of North Caroline, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. M. Schlatter, Org. Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 3, 223 (1955). L. Horner, Ann., 548, 131 (1941). H. Behringer and H. Weissauer, Ber., 85, 774 (1952). J. F. Bunnett and B. F. Hrutfiord, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83, 1691 (1961). J. F. Bunnett and J. A. Skorcz, J. Org. Chem., 27, 3836 (1962). J. F. Bunnett, T. Kato, R. R. Flynn, and J. A. Skorcz, J. Org. Chem., 28, 1 (1963).

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)o-acetoacetochloroanilide ethyl or isopropyl alcohol thiobenz-o-bromoanilide thiobenz-m-bromoanilide benz-o-chloroanilide methanesulfone(N-methyl-o-chloro)anilide 1-methyl-2,1-benzisothiazoline 2,2-dioxide hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0) ammonia (7664-41-7) benzyne (71-43-2) ethyl acetate (141-78-6) ethyl ether (60-29-7) hydrogen (1333-74-0)

chloroform (67-66-3) nitrogen (7727-37-9) decolorizing carbon, carbon (7782-42-5) isopropyl alcohol (67-63-0) sodium ethoxide (141-52-6) potassium (7440-09-7) ammonium nitrate xylene (106-42-3) sodium amide (7782-92-5) potassium amide ferric nitrate hydrate 3-Acetyloxindole, Oxindole, 3-acetyl- (17266-70-5) oxindole (59-48-3) 2-phenylbenzothiazole (883-93-2) 2-phenylbenzoxazole (833-50-1) 1-Cyanobenzocyclobutene N-acetyloxindole o-chlorohydrocinnamonitrile (7315-17-5) potassium salt of 3-acetyloxindoleCopyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.16 (1973); Vol. 42, p.8 (1962).

ADAMANTANE[Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7] decane]

Submitted by Paul von R. Schleyer, M. M. Donaldson, R. D. Nicholas, and C. Cupas1. Checked by William G. Dauben and Fred G. Willey.

1. ProcedureA. endo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene. A solution of 200 g. (1.51 moles) of purified dicyclopentadiene (Note 1) in 100 ml. of dry ether containing 1.0 g. of platinum oxide is hydrogenated at 50 p.s.i. hydrogen pressure using a Parr apparatus. The reaction mixture becomes quite warm during the initial stage of the hydrogenation,2 and the uptake of 2 mole equivalents of hydrogen requires 46 hours. The catalyst is removed by suction filtration, and the filtrate is distilled at atmospheric pressure through a 30-cm. Vigreux column. When the removal of the ether is complete, the condenser at the top of the column is replaced by a wide-diameter adapter the bottom of which is placed in a receiver flask immersed in an ice bath. The adapter is heated (Note 2) to prevent premature solidification of the distillate. The distillation is continued and the endo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene, b.p. 191193, is collected. The yield is 196200 g. (96.598.4%). The melting point depends on the purity of the starting material but generally is above 65. B. Adamantane. In a 500-ml. Erlenmeyer flask having a 24/40 standard taper joint are placed 200 g. (1.47 moles) of molten endo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene and a magnetic stirring bar. A well-greased inner joint (2.2 15 cm., 24/40) is fitted into the top of the flask to serve as an air condenser, and 40 g. of anhydrous aluminum chloride is added through the opening (Note 3). The reaction mixture is simultaneously stirred and heated at 150180 (Note 4), (Note 5) by means of a combination magnetic stirrer-hot plate. Aluminum chloride sublimes to the top of the flask, especially at the beginning of the reaction, and the accumulated sublimate is, from time to time, pushed down into the reaction liquid. After the mixture has been heated for 812 hours, the flask is removed from the hot plate-stirrer and the black contents upon cooling separate into two layers. The upper layer, a brown mush of adamantane and other products, is decanted carefully from the lower black tarry layer into a 600-ml. beaker. The Erlenmeyer flask is rinsed five times with a total of 250 ml. of petroleum ether (b.p. 3060) with decantation into the same beaker (Note 6), (Note 7). The petroleum ether suspension is warmed until all the adamantane is in solution; there should be an appreciable excess of solvent. The solution is decolorized by careful addition of 10 g. of chromatography-grade alumina, the hot solution filtered, and the alumina and the beaker washed thoroughly with solvent. The nearly colorless filtrate (Note 8) is concentrated to a volume of about 200 ml. by distillation and then cooled in a Dry Ice-acetone bath. The solid adamantane is removed by suction filtration and there results 2730 g. (13.515.0%) of crystals,

melting point about 255260 (Note 9), (Note 10). One recrystallization from petroleum ether raises the melting point to 268270 (Note 11), (Note 12).

2. Notes1. Technical grade dicyclopentadiene is purified by distillation at water pump pressure through a 30-cm. Vigreux column, and the fraction boiling at 6465/14 mm. (7273/22 mm.) is used in the reaction. The best material is solid or semisolid at room temperature. 2. The adapter can readily be heated by placing an infrared lamp above it. 3. The evolution of heat initially observed is due to the exothermic rearrangement of endotetrahydrodicyclopentadiene to its exo-isomer.3 4. The temperature of the reaction is followed by inserting a thermometer into the reaction flask through the joint. 5. Other methods of heating and stirring may be used but are more troublesome because of the tendency of aluminum chloride to sublime and clog top-mounted stirrers. 6. If appreciable amounts of tar have been transferred to the beaker, repeat the decantation and washing process into a clean beaker. 7. The tarry flasks and beakers can be cleaned easily with acetone. Do not use water until all the tar has been removed. 8. If necessary, the filtrate should be warmed to dissolve all the adamantane. 9. The melting point must be taken in a sealed capillary, and the sealed portion must be completely immersed in the liquid of the melting-point bath. 10. Additional adamantane, 26 g., can be obtained by distilling the mother liquors through a 10-cm. Vigreux column and chilling the fraction boiling between 180 and 200. The filtrate from the collection of the second portion of adamantane consists mostly of exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene.3 The amount of this fraction, 30100 g., depends on the severity of the rearrangement conditions. Much nondistillable residue is obtained. Conversion of the 180200 fractions to adamantane is brought about by treating them with aluminum chloride as before, and the yields are comparable. 11. The recrystallization is not necessary unless material of the highest purity is desired. 12. 1-Methyladamantane and 1,3-dimethyladamantane can be prepared by analogous isomerizations.4

3. DiscussionAdamantane can be isolated from petroleum, where it is found in minute yield.5 Two multistep syntheses starting with tetraethylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione-1,3,5,7-tetracarboxylate have been reported.6 Also, starting with endo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene, it has been found that a catalyst composed of aluminum chloride and hydrogen chloride will bring about the rearrangement to adamantane in 3040% yield, but the reaction must be performed in a hydrogen atmosphere at high pressure.7 A recent patent describes the conversion in up to 30% yield using a boron trifluoridehydrogen fluoride catalyst under pressure.8 The present method is based on the published procedure of the submitters and is the preferred method by virtue of the greater convenience.4 This preparation is referenced from: Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 5, 20 Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 6, 48 Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 6, 378

References and Notes1. Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. 2. K. Alder and G. Stein, Ber., 67, 613 (1934); G. Becker and W. A. Roth, Ber., 67, 627 (1934). 3. P. von R. Schleyer and M. M. Donaldson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 4645 (1960); P. von R. Schleyer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 3292 (1957). 4. P. von R. Schleyer, Tetrahedron Lett., 305 (1961).

5. S. Landa and V. Machcek, Collection Czechoslov. Chem. Communs., 5, 1 (1960); S. Landa and S. Hla, Collection Czechoslov. Chem. Communs., 24, 93 (1959). 6. V. Prelog and R. Seiwerth, Ber., 74, 1644, 1769 (1941); H. Stetter, O. E. Bnder, and W. Neumann, Ber., 89, 1922 (1956). 7. Belgian pat. 583, 519, Oct. 12, 1959, to E. I. du Pont and Co.; H. Koch and J. Franken, Brennstoff-Chem., 42, 90 (1961). 8. U.S. pat. 2,937,211 (May 17, 1960), R. E. Ludwig to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. [C.A., 54, 19540c (1960)].

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)alumina petroleum ether hydrogen chloride (7647-01-0) ether (60-29-7) hydrogen (1333-74-0) platinum oxide hydrogen fluoride (7664-39-3) acetone (67-64-1) aluminum chloride (3495-54-3) boron trifluoride (7637-07-2) dicyclopentadiene (77-73-6) Adamantane, Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7] decane (281-23-2) 1-Methyladamantane (768-91-2) 1,3-dimethyladamantane (702-79-4) tetraethylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione-1,3,5,7-tetracarboxylate endo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene, exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (6004-38-2)Copyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.20 (1973); Vol. 44, p.1 (1964).

1-ADAMANTANECARBOXYLIC ACID

Submitted by H. Koch and W. Haaf1. Checked by W. W. Prichard and B. C. McKusick.

1. ProcedureCaution! Because carbon monoxide is evolved, the reaction should be carried out in a good hood. A 1-l. three-necked flask equipped with stirrer, thermometer, dropping funnel, and gas-outlet tube is charged with 470 g. (255 ml., 4.8 moles) of 96% sulfuric acid (Note 1), 100 ml. of carbon tetrachloride (Note 2), and 13.6 g. (0.100 mole) of adamantane.2 The well-stirred mixture is cooled to 1719 in an ice bath, and 1 ml. of 98% formic acid is added. Then a solution of 29.6 g. (38 ml., 0.40 mole) of t-butyl alcohol in 55 g. (1.2 moles) of 98100% formic acid is added dropwise; the rate of addition and the cooling are regulated so that the addition requires 12 hours, and the temperature of the reaction mixture is kept at 1725. The reaction mixture is stirred for an additional 30 minutes and poured onto 700 g. of crushed ice. The layers are separated, and the upper, acid layer is extracted with three 100-ml. portions of carbon tetrachloride. The combined carbon tetrachloride layers are shaken with 110 ml. of 15N ammonium hydroxide (Note 3), and the crystalline ammonium 1-adamantanecarboxlate that separates is collected on a Bchner funnel having a coarse fritted disk. The salt is washed with 20 ml. of cold acetone and suspended in 250 ml. of water. The suspension is made strongly acidic with 25 ml. of 12N hydrochloric acid and extracted with 100 ml. of chloroform. The chloroform layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness on a steam bath (Note 4). The residue is crude 1adamantanecarboxylic acid; weight 1213 g. (6772%) (Note 5); m.p. 173174. Recrystallization of this product from a mixture of 30 ml. of methanol and about 10 ml. of water gives 1011 g. (5661%) of pure acid, m.p. 175176.5 (Note 6).

2. Notes1. Acid concentrations of 9598% are satisfactory. The yield falls with concentrations lower than 95%. 2. Cyclohexane or n-hexane can be used in place of carbon tetrachloride. Technical "normal hexane" may contain substantial amounts of methylcyclopentane and isohexane that lower the yield through formation of C7-acids that are hard to remove. 3. A large amount of trimethylacetic acid and a small amount of at least one C9-acid and one C13-acid are formed from the t-butyl alcohol. The treatment with ammonia separates 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid from these acids, the ammonium salts of which remain in solution. 4. Acid that is satisfactory for most purposes may be obtained by interrupting the evaporation of the chloroform solution when crystals start to appear, cooling the concentrated chloroform solution to 05, and collecting the acid on a Bchner funnel. The acid melts at 173174. 5. The checkers obtained similar yields when the quantity of reactants was increased fivefold. 6. As an alternative purification procedure, the checkers have esterified the crude acid by refluxing it for 2 hours with three times its weight of methanol and 2 ml. of 98% sulfuric acid. The solution is poured into 10 volumes of water and extracted with the minimum amount of chloroform required to give a clean separation of layers. The chloroform solution is washed with water, dried over calcium chloride, and distilled from a Claisen flask with an indented neck. Methyl 1-adamantanecarboxylate is collected at 7779 (1 mm.); m.p. 3839. Hydrolysis of the ester with the calculated amount of 1N potassium

hydroxide followed by acidification yields 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid; m.p. 175176.5; 90% overall recovery.

3. Discussion1-Adamantanecarboxylic acid can be prepared by carboxylation of 1-adamantanol3 or 1bromoadamantane3,4 by formic acid and 96% sulfuric acid; by carboxylation of adamantane by formic acid, t-butyl alcohol, and 96% sulfuric acid;5 and by carboxylation of adamantane by formic acid and 130% sulfuric acid.6

4. Merits of the PreparationThis procedure illustrates a general method of carboxylating saturated hydrocarbons that have a tertiary hydrogen.7 It has been used to convert isopentane to 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid, 2,3dimethylbutane to 2,2,3-trimethylbutanoic acid, and methylcyclohexane to 1methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. The preparation of 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid by a variation of this procedure is described on p. 739 of this volume. This preparation is referenced from: Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 5, 7398

References and Notes1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Max-Planck Institute fr Kohlenforschung, Mlheim-Ruhr, Germany. P. R. Schleyer, M. M. Donaldson, R. D. Nicholas, and C. Cupas, this volume, p. 16. H. Stetter, M. Schwarz, and A. Hirschhorn, Ber., 92, 1629 (1959). H. Stetter and E. Rauscher, Ber., 93, 1161 (1960). H. Koch and W. Haaf, Angew. Chem., 72, 628 (1960). C. Wulff, Doctoral Thesis, Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany, "Uber Substitutionreaktionen des Adamantans," September, 1961, p. 65. 7. W. Haaf and H. Koch, Ann., 638, 122 (1960). 8. H. Stetter, Angew. Chem., 74, 361 (1962).

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)ammonium 1-adamantanecarboxlate calcium chloride (10043-52-4) sulfuric acid (7664-93-9) hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0) ammonia (7664-41-7) methanol (67-56-1)

hydrogen (1333-74-0) carbon monoxide (630-08-0) chloroform (67-66-3) sodium sulfate (7757-82-6) formic acid (64-18-6) carbon tetrachloride (56-23-5) cyclohexane (110-82-7) acetone (67-64-1) potassium hydroxide (1310-58-3) ammonium hydroxide (1336-21-6) methylcyclohexane (108-87-2) Trimethylacetic acid (75-98-9) isopentane (78-78-4) n-hexane (110-54-3) t-butyl alcohol (75-65-0) Adamantane (281-23-2) 1-Adamantanecarboxylic acid (828-51-3) methylcyclopentane (96-37-7) isohexane (107-83-5) Methyl 1-adamantanecarboxylate (711-01-3) 1-Adamantanol (768-95-6) 1-bromoadamantane (768-90-1) 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid (595-37-9) 2,3-dimethylbutane (79-29-8) 2,2,3-trimethylbutanoic acid 1-Methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (1123-25-7)

Copyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.22 (1973); Vol. 42, p.12 (1962).

ALLENE

Submitted by H. N. Cripps1 and E. F. Kiefer2. Checked by W. E. Russey, R. D. Birkenmeyer, and F. Kagan3.

1. ProcedureA 1-l. three-necked flask is equipped with a Hershberg stirrer operating in a ground-glass bearing (Note 1), a 250-ml. pressure-equalizing dropping funnel, and a coil condenser. The exit from the condenser is connected to a train consisting of a trap (of at least 50-ml. capacity below the bottom of the inlet tube) cooled in ice, a drying tube (about 6 in. long by 1 in. I.D.) filled with indicating Drierite and calcium chloride, an efficient trap of at least 150-ml. capacity cooled in Dry Ice-acetone to 70 or below, and a drying tube containing Drierite. A mixture of 95% ethanol (400 ml.), water (80 ml.), and 300 g. (4.6 g. atoms) of zinc dust is placed in the reaction flask. The addition funnel is charged with 260 g. (2.34 moles) of 2,3-dichloropropene (Note 2), the reaction mixture is stirred and heated to reflux, and the 2,3-dichloropropene is added dropwise at such a rate that reflux is maintained without external heating (23 hours). After the addition is complete, heating is resumed for 1 hour. The ice-cooled trap is warmed to about 25, and the residual allene is purged from the reaction flask with a very slow stream of nitrogen. The trap cooled in Dry Ice-acetone contains about 105 g. of crude product which, when distilled through a column packed with glass helices (Note 3), yields about 75 g. (80%) of allene (Note 4). No external heat is needed during the distillation. The distillation flask is allowed to warm to room temperature, the distillation beginning at a liquid temperature of 34 and virtually stopping at about 10. The distilled product contains no detectable ethanol, water, 2,3-dichloropropene, or methylacetylene as determined by gas-liquid chromatography (Note 5).

2. Notes1. The stirrer should be smooth running and gas-tight. The stirring motor (air-driven) should have a high torque because the reaction mixture tends to agglomerate as the reaction proceeds. 2. 2,3-Dichloropropene from Distillation Products or Columbia Chemicals was employed. 3. A vacuum-jacketed column 1 ft. long by 1 in. I.D. packed with glass helices (4 mm. O.D.) is satisfactory for this distillation. It is fitted with a cold finger in the top of the column cooled by means of acetone that has been cooled in a Dry Ice bath. The fraction cutter is jacketed and similarly cooled. A small circulating pump is used to circulate acetone successively through copper coils in a Dry Ice bath, the fraction cutter, and the cold finger. When the fraction cutter is full, the bottom may be attached to a cooled, evacuated gas cylinder and the allene sucked into the cylinder. 4. The allene contains up to 3% of 2-chloropropene, determined by its vapor-phase infrared spectrum and by vapor-phase chromatography (Note 5). 5. The checkers used an F and M Model 500 gas chromatographic apparatus (F and M Scientific Corporation, P. O. Box 245, Avondale, Penn.) equipped with a polyester column (pentaerythritol adipate, 20% W/W on Chromasorb P, LAC-2-R446) 1 ft. by in. O.D., helium flow 45 cc. per minute, column temperature 50, block temperature 215, injector temperature 225. This system was able to separate allene from methylacetylene and 2-chloropropene.

3. DiscussionAlthough many routes to allene are described in the literature, most preparations give a mixture of allene and methylacetylene. The virtue of the present preparation, which is essentially that described by

Gustavson and Demjanoff,4 is that it gives allene in a reproducible manner with 2-chloropropene as its only impurity. Allene is an extremely useful reagent for cycloaddition reactions giving cyclobutane derivatives.5 Allene dimer is also a useful and versatile starting material.6 This preparation is referenced from: Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 5, 459

References and Notes1. Contribution No. 566 from the Central Research Department, Experimental Station, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Delaware. 2. Gates and Crellin Laboratories of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Present Address: Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. 3. The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan. 4. G. Gustavson and N. Demjanoff, J. Prakt. Chem., [2] 38, 202 (1888). 5. J. D. Roberts and C. M. Sharts, Org. Reactions, 12, 23 (1962). 6. J. K. Williams and W. H. Sharkey, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 81, 4269 (1959); S. Lebedev and B. K. Merezhkovskii, J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 45, 1249 (1913) [C. A., 8, 320 (1914)].

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)ethanol (64-17-5) nitrogen (7727-37-9) copper (7440-50-8) acetone (67-64-1) zinc (7440-66-6) 2,3-dichloropropene (78-88-6) Allene (463-49-0) methylacetylene (74-99-7) 2-chloropropene (557-98-2) pentaerythritol adipate helium (7440-59-7)Copyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.25 (1973); Vol. 42, p.14 (1962).

2-ALLYLCYCLOHEXANONE[Cyclohexanone, 2-allyl-]

Submitted by W. L. Howard and N. B. Lorette1. Checked by Melvin S. Newman and W. S. Gaugh.

1. ProcedureA solution of 196 g. (1 mole) of cyclohexanone diallyl acetal (Note 1), 150 g. of toluene, and 0.10 g. of p-toluenesulfonic acid is distilled through a good fractionating column (Note 2). In about 3 hours, 110 g. of distillate boiling at 9192 (Note 3) is obtained and the temperature in the head then rises abruptly. The residue in the distilling flask is cooled and washed with 5 ml. of aqueous potassium carbonate to remove the acid. The remaining solution is passed through a filter containing anhydrous powdered magnesium sulfate and returned to the still. Most of the remaining toluene is removed by distillation at 100 mm. pressure (b.p. 52). The receiver is changed, the pressure is reduced to 15 mm., and the last of the toluene is collected in a cold trap. The residual oil is rapidly vacuum-distilled to separate the product from a higher-boiling residue. Redistillation yields 117126 g. (8591%) of 225 allylcyclohexanone, b.p. 8688/15 mm., nD 1.4670.

2. Notes1. The preparation of cyclohexanone diallyl acetal is described on p. 292. 2. A 14-in. helices-packed column is sufficient. 3. This distillate is the azeotrope of toluene and allyl alcohol whose composition is about 50% allyl alcohol by weight.2

3. Discussion2-Allylcyclohexanone has been prepared from the sodium derivative of cyclohexanone by alkylation with allyl bromide3 or with allyl iodide,4 and by ketonic hydrolysis of ethyl 1-allyl-2ketocyclohexanecarboxylate.5,6 4. Merits of Preparation This procedure, when combined with the preparation of allyl ketals (p. 292), provides a general method for obtaining allyl substitution alpha to a carbonyl group. A discussion of some of these applications, as well as the vinyl allyl ether rearrangement which is involved, has been given by Hurd and Pollack.7 Also, the procedure can be repeated to allow the introduction of more than one allyl group.

References and Notes1. The Dow Chemical Company, Texas Division, Freeport, Texas. 2. L. H. Horsley and co-workers, Advances in Chem. Ser., No. 6, Azeotropic Data, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1955, p. 83. 3. C. A. VanderWerf and L. V. Lemmerman, Org. Syntheses Coll. Vol. 3, 44 (1955). 4. R. Cornubert, Ann. Chim., [9] 16, 145 (1921). 5. A. C. Cope, K. E. Hoyle, and D. Heyl, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 63, 1848 (1941). 6. R. Grwe, Ber., 76, 1075 (1943).

7. C. D. Hurd and M. A. Pollack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 1905 (1938).

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)sodium derivative of cyclohexanone potassium carbonate (584-08-7) Allyl bromide (106-95-6) Allyl alcohol (107-18-6) allyl iodide (556-56-9) toluene (108-88-3) magnesium sulfate (7487-88-9) 2-Allylcyclohexanone, Cyclohexanone, 2-allyl- (94-66-6) ethyl 1-allyl-2-ketocyclohexanecarboxylate Cyclohexanone diallyl acetal (53608-84-7) p-toluenesulfonic acid (104-15-4)Copyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.27 (1973); Vol. 45, p.1 (1965).

AMINOACETONE SEMICARBAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE[Amino-2-propanone, semicarbazone hydrochloride]

Submitted by John D. Hepworth1 Checked by W. T. Nolan and V. Boekelheide.

1. ProcedureA. Acetamidoacetone. A mixture of 75.0 g. (1.0 mole) of glycine (Note 1), 475 g. (485 ml., 6 moles) of pyridine (Note 1), and 1190 g. (1.1 l., 11.67 moles) of acetic anhydride (Note 1) and (Note 2) is heated under reflux with stirring for 6 hours (Note 3) in a 3-l., three-necked, round-bottomed flask. The reflux condenser is replaced by one set for downward distillation, and the excess pyridine, acetic anhydride, and acetic acid are removed by distillation under reduced pressure. The residue is transferred to a simple distillataion apparatus such as a Claisen flask and is distilled to give 8090 g. (7078%) of a pale yellow oil, b.p. 120125 (1 mm.). This product is of satisfactory purity for use in step B. B. Aminoacetone hydrochloride. A mixture of 175 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 175 ml. of water is added to 52 g. (0.45 mole) of the acetamidoacetone from step A contained in a 1-l. round-bottomed flask. The mixture is boiled under reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere (Note 4) for 6 hours. The resulting solution is concentrated using a flash evaporator held below 60 and with the condensation trap for solvent being cooled by a dry ice-acetone bath. The dark red oily residue (4045 g.) is satisfactory for use in step C (Note 5). C. Aminoacetone semicarbazone hydrochloride. The product from step B is dissolved in 250 ml. of absolute alcohol in a 1-l. Erlenmeyer flask, and to this solution is added a solution of 48 g. of semicarbazide hydrochloride (Note 1) in 100 ml. of water. The mixture is allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 hours, the crystalline precipitate is collected by suction filtration, and the off-white product is washed on the filter with absolute alcohol. The crystals, after air-drying, amount to 5458 g. (7278%) and melt at 208210. The product is essentially pure and can be used for most purposes without further purification (Note 6).

2. Notes1. The glycine, pyridine, acetic anhydride, and semicarbazide hydrochloride employed were of reagent grade and were used directly as supplied. 2. This ratio of pyridine to acetic anhydride has been found to be the most satisfactory. 3. It is necessary that the mixture actually boil under reflux or the yield may drop to 2530%. 4. The checkers used high-purity nitrogen. If ordinary commercial nitrogen is employed, the oxygen

should be removed by passing the gas through Fieser's solution. 5. Aminoacetone hydrochloride is very hygroscopic and is best stored as the semicarbazone. If the compound itself is desired, however, the dark red oil is dried under reduced pressure over phosphorus pentoxide. The resulting crystalline aminoacetone hydrochloride can be purified by dissolving it in absolute ethanol and precipitating it by the addition of dry ether. 6. For further purification, the semicarbazone hydrochloride may be recrystallized from aqueous ethanol to give colorless crystals, m.p. 212.

3. DiscussionThis preparation is based on the procedure used to synthesize 3-acetamido-2-butanone.2 Aminoacetone hydrochloride has been prepared from isopropylamine via the N,Ndichloroisopropylamine,3 from hexamethylenetetramine and chloroacetone,4 by reduction of nitroacetone5 or isontirosoacetone,6 and from phthalimidoacetone by acid hydrolysis,6 cited as the most convenient method of preparation.7 The semicarbazone has been prepared previously in the same manner.8.

4. Merits of the PreparationAminoacetone is a versatile starting material for many syntheses, particularly for the preparation of heterocycles. The present procedure describes a convenient method for its preparation in a form suitable for storage. The aminoacetone can be generated from aminoacetone semicarbazone hydrochloride in situ as needed.

References and Notes1. Department of Chemistry, College of Technology, Huddersfield, England; present address, North Lindsey Technical College, Scunthorpe, England. 2. R. H. Wiley and O. H. Borum, Org. Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, 5 (1963). 3. H. E. Baumgarten and F. A. Bower, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 4651 (1954). 4. C. Mannich and F. L. Hahn, Ber., 44, 1542 (1911). 5. Ad. Lucas, Ber., 32, 3181 (1899). 6. S. Gabriel and G. Pinkus, Ber., 26, 2197 (1893). 7. A. W. Johnson, C. E. Dalgliesh, W. E. Harvey, and C. Buchanan, Aminoaldehydes and aminoketones, in E. H .Rodd, ed., "Chemistry of Carbon Compounds," Vol. 1, Elsevier Publishing Company, 1951, Part A, p. 714. 8. W. R. Boon and T. Leigh, J. Chem. Soc., 1497 (1951).

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)semicarbazone semicarbazone hydrochloride isontirosoacetone alcohol, ethanol (64-17-5)

hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0) acetic acid (64-19-7) ether (60-29-7) acetic anhydride (108-24-7) oxygen (7782-44-7) nitrogen (7727-37-9) pyridine (110-86-1) aminoacetone (298-08-8) Glycine (513-29-1) hexamethylenetetramine (100-97-0) chloroacetone (78-95-5) isopropylamine (75-31-0) 3-Acetamido-2-butanone (6628-81-5) Aminoacetone semicarbazone hydrochloride, Amino-2-propanone, semicarbazone hydrochloride (10469-70-2) Acetamidoacetone (7737-16-8) semicarbazide hydrochloride (563-41-7) Aminoacetone hydrochloride N,N-dichloroisopropylamine nitroacetone (10230-68-9) phthalimidoacetone (3416-57-7) phosphorus pentoxide (1314-56-3)Copyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.30 (1973); Vol. 40, p.5 (1960).

2-AMINOFLUORENE[2-Flurenylamine]

Submitted by P. M. G. Bavin1 Checked by John C. Sheehan and Roger E. Chandler..

1. ProcedureIn a 2-l. three-necked round-bottomed flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer (Note 1), reflux condenser, and dropping funnel, are placed 30 g. of pure 2-nitrofluorene, m.p. 157 [Org. Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 2, 447 (1943)], and 250 ml. of 95% ethanol. After warming to 50 on a steam bath, 0.1 g. of palladized charcoal catalyst (previously moistened with alcohol) is added (Note 2) and the stirrer is started. About 15 ml. of hydrazine hydrate is added from the dropping funnel during 30 minutes (Note 3). At this point an additional 0.1 g. of catalyst (previously moistened with alcohol) is added and the mixture is heated until the alcohol refluxes gently. After 1 hour the nitrofluorene has dissolved completely and the supernatant liquor is almost colorless. The catalyst is removed by filtration with gentle suction through a thin layer of Celite (Note 4). The flask is rinsed with 30 ml. of hot alcohol which is then used to wash the catalyst and Celite. The combined filtrates are concentrated under reduced pressure to about 50 ml. (Note 5) and then heated to boiling at atmospheric pressure. When 250 ml. of hot water is added slowly, 2-aminofluorene is precipitated as a colorless, crystalline powder. After cooling in an ice bath, the 2-aminofluorene is collected, washed with water, and dried in the dark in a vacuum desiccator. The product melts at 127.8 128.8 (Note 6) and amounts to 2425 g. (9396%).

2. Notes1. If the stirring is omitted, the nitrofluorene takes longer to dissolve. 2. A suitable catalyst is 10% palladium-on-charcoal, such as is supplied by Baker and Company, Inc., 113 Astor Street, Newark 5, New Jersey. 3. The reaction is exothermic, and too rapid addition of the hydrazine may cause the mixture to foam out of the condenser. 4. Caution! The catalyst is often pyrophoric and should be kept moistened with alcohol. Celite is a diatomaceous earth filter aid. 5. A rotary evaporator is very convenient for the concentration since some of the amine invariably crystallizes toward the end. 6. The melting point is that reported in Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 2, 448 (1943), for a recrystallized sample.

3. DiscussionThe preparation of 2-aminofluorene reported previously in Organic Syntheses [Coll. Vol. 2, 448 (1943)] we based on the method of Diels.2 The present procedure illustrates a general method for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to aromatic amines using hydrazine and a hydrogenation catalyst such as palladium, platinum, nickel, iron, or rethenium. The literature on this procedure up to 1963 has been reviewed.3 In many instances the catalytic hydrazine reductions give yields of amine equal to or better than those obtained by direct

catalytic hydrogenation or other reduction methods. Both the apparatus and the procedure are simple. Under appropriate conditions the method may be used for the dehalogenation of aliphatic and aromatic halides,3 a reaction for which palladium appears to be a specific catalyst. The method has also been used for the reduction of azobenzene and azoxybenzene to hydrazobenzene (8090%),4 as well as for the synthesis of steroid aziridines by reduction of mesylate esters by vicinal azido alcohols (using Raney nickel).5

References and Notes1. National Research Council of Canada Post-doctorate Fellow, 1954-56, at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario. 2. O. Diels, Ber., 34, 1758 (1901). 3. A. Furst, R. C. Berlo, and S. Hooton, Chem. Rev., 65, 51 (1965). 4. P. M. G. Bavin, Can. J. Chem., 36, 238 (1958). 5. K. Ponsold, Ber., 97, 3524 (1964).

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)2-Flurenylamine palladized charcoal catalyst palladium-on-charcoal ethanol (64-17-5) iron (7439-89-6) platinum (7440-06-4) nickel, Raney nickel (7440-02-0) palladium (7440-05-3) hydrazine hydrate (7803-57-8) hydrazine (302-01-2) Azoxybenzene (495-48-7) Azobenzene (103-33-3) 2-Nitrofluorene (607-57-8) 2-Aminofluorene (153-78-6)

Nitrofluorene rethenium hydrazobenzene (122-66-7)Copyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.32 (1973); Vol. 48, p.1 (1968).

AMINOMALONONITRILE p-TOLUENESULFONATE[Malononitrile, amino-, p-toluenesulfonate]

Submitted by J. P. Ferris, R. A. Sanchez, and R. W. Mancuso1. Checked by O. W. Webster and R. E. Benson.

1. ProcedureA. Oximinomalononitrile. Malononitrile (Note 1) (25 g., 0.38 mole) is dissolved in a mixture of 20 ml. of water and 100 ml. of acetic acid in a 1-l. round-bottomed flask equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and a powder funnel. The solution is cooled to 10 with a dry ice-acetone bath, and 50 g. (0.72 mole) of granulated sodium nitrite is added in approximately 2-g. portions over a 30-minute period while the temperature is maintained at 0 to 10. After the addition is complete a wet ice bath is used to maintain the temperature below 5 while the mixture is stirred for 4 hours. Four hundred milliliters of tetrahydrofuran (Note 2) and 400 ml. of ether are added in separate portions, and the mixture is stored at 40 overnight. The mixture is filtered rapidly, and the solid is washed with a mixture of 200 ml. of tetrahydrofuran (Note 2) and 200 ml. of ether. The filtrate and washings are combined and concentrated by distillation to a volume of 250 ml. by the use of a water aspirator and a bath at 40 (Note 3). This solution of oximinomalononitrile is used directly in the next step. B. Aminomalononitrile p-toluenesulfonate. Aluminum foil (13.7 g., 0.51 g. atom) is cut into halfinch squares and is covered with a 5% aqueous solution of mercuric chloride until a mercury coating is visible on the aluminum (ca. 30 seconds). The mercuric chloride solution is decanted, and the amalgamated aluminum is washed twice with water, once with ethanol, and twice with tetrahydrofuran (Note 2). The amalgamated aluminum is transferred to a 2-l. round-bottomed flask fitted with a condenser, a stirrer, and a 250-ml. addition funnel and is covered immediately with 300 ml. of tetrahydrofuran (Note 2). The mixture is cooled in a dry ice-acetone bath, and the solution of oximinomalononitrile from procedure A is added with stirring over a 15-minute period while the temperature is maintained at 15 to 30. Stirring is continued for an additional 5 minutes. The dry-ice acetone bath is then removed, and the mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature. (Caution! Cooling with a dry ice-acetone bath is usually needed to control the reaction.) After the spontaneous reaction subsides, the mixture is warmed to reflux until most of the aluminum is consumed (45 minutes). The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, 200 ml. of ether is added with stirring, and the aluminum salts are removed by vacuum filtration through Celite filter aid. The solid is washed with 250 ml. of tetrahydrofuran (Note 2) followed by 500 ml. of ether (Note 3) and (Note 4). The original filtrate and washings are combined and concentrated to about 250 ml. by the use of a water

aspirator and a bath at 40. To the resulting brown solution is slowly added with stirring a mixture of 60 g. (0.32 mole) of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate as a slurry in 250 ml. of ether (Note 5). The total volume is brought to 1 l. with ether, the mixture is cooled to 0, and the crystalline solid is collected by vacuum filtration. The product is washed successively with 200 ml. of ether, 200 ml. of cold (0) acetonitrile, and 200 ml. of ether and dried at 25 (1 mm.) to give light tan crystals, m.p. 169 171 (dec.); yield, 7579 g. (7882%). This product is suitable for most synthetic purposes. An almost colorless product may be obtained by recrystallization from boiling acetonitrile (100 ml. dissolves 1.8 g. of product) with treatment with activated carbon. The recovery of aminomalononitrile p-toluenesulfonate, m.p. 172 (dec.), is ca. 80%.

2. Notes1. Commercial malononitrile is purified by dissolving 260 g. in 1 l. of ether, refluxing the solution with 5 g. of activated carbon for 10 minutes, and filtering through Celite under vacuum. The malononitrile crystallizes from the filtrate as a result of the cooling and concentration during the filtration. It is collected by filtration and washed with 350 ml. of cold (20) ether to give 214 g. of white crystals. 2. Tetrahydrofuran from Fisher Scientific Co. was used by the checkers. [Caution! See page 976 for a warning regarding the purification of tetrahydrofuran.] 3. Occasionally a precipitate may form in the filtrate. It is removed by filtration before proceeding to the next step. 4. Additional washing is necessary if the washings are not colorless at this point. 5. One can check for complete precipitation of the aminomalononitrile by adding p-toluenesulfonic acid to the clear supernatant liquid.

3. DiscussionThe present procedure is a modification of the original synthesis.2 Previous reports of the synthesis of aminomalononitrile are in error.2 Oximinomalononitrile was prepared by a modification of the procedure of Ponzio.3

4. Merits of the PreparationThis procedure provides a convenient synthesis of aminomalononitrile, which has been demonstrated to be a useful intermediate for the preparation of substituted imidazoles, thiazoles, oxazoles, purines, and purine-related heterocycles.2 It is also a convenient starting material for the preparation of diaminomaleonitrile.2,4 This preparation is referenced from: Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 5, 344

References and Notes1. The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California [Present address (J.P.F.): Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12181]. 2. J. P. Ferris and L. E. Orgel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 88, 3829 (1966); 87, 4976 (1965). 3. G. Ponzio, Gazz. Chim. Ital., 61, 561 (1931). 4. J. P. Ferris and R. A. Sanchez, this volume, p. 344.

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);

(Registry Number)Amalgamated aluminum ethanol (64-17-5) acetic acid (64-19-7) ether (60-29-7) acetonitrile (75-05-8) sodium nitrite (7632-00-0) aluminum, Aluminum foil (7429-90-5) mercury (7439-97-6) carbon (7782-42-5) mercuric chloride (7487-94-7) Malononitrile (109-77-3) Tetrahydrofuran (109-99-9) Oximinomalononitrile (36568-05-5) aminomalononitrile Diaminomaleonitrile (1187-42-4) p-toluenesulfonic acid (104-15-4) p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (6192-52-5) Aminomalononitrile p-toluenesulfonate, Malononitrile, amino-, p-toluenesulfonate (5098-14-6)Copyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.35 (1973); Vol. 48, p.4 (1968).

1-AMINO-1-METHYLCYCLOHEXANE[Cyclohexylamine, 1-methyl-]

Submitted by Peter Kovacic and Sohan S. Chaudhary1. Checked by R. A. Haggard and William D. Emmons.

1. ProcedureCaution! The reactions should be carried out in a hood behind a protective screen since trichloramine is noxious and potentially explosive; however, no difficulties from decomposition have been encountered under the conditions described. A. Trichloramine. A mixture of 600 ml. of water (Note 2), 900 ml. of methylene chloride (Note 3), and 270 g. (1.32 moles) of calcium hypochlorite (Note 4) is cooled to 010 in a 3-l., three-necked, vented flask equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and a dropping funnel. A solution of 66.0 g. (1.23 moles) of ammonium chloride in 150 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 450 ml. of water is added dropwise with stirring over a 1-hour period at 010. After an additional 20 minutes of stirring, the organic layer is separated, washed with three 200-ml. portions of cold water, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The yellow solution is filtered, and the trichloramine concentration is determined by iodometric titration (Note 5). B. 1-Amino-1-methylcyclohexane. A 3-l. three-necked flask is fitted with a paddle stirrer, a condenser, a thermometer, and a dropping funnel with an extension for below-surface addition. Provision is made for introduction of nitrogen by use of a side-arm adapter. The vessel is charged with 196 g. (2.0 moles) of methylcyclohexane (Note 6) and 106 g. (0.80 mole) of anhydrous aluminum chloride. A solution (ca. 600 ml.) of trichloramine (0.40 mole) in methylene chloride is added with efficient stirring over a period of 2 hours at 5 to 5 (Note 7). Throughout the reaction a stream of nitrogen is passed through the flask (Note 8). The brown mixture is stirred for an additional 2030 minutes at the same temperature. The reaction mixture is then added with good stirring to a slurry of 800900 g. of ice and 50 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid (Note 9). The layers are separated, and the dark organic layer is washed with three 100-ml. portions of 5% hydrochloric acid and discarded. Traces of non-basic organic material are removed from the combined aqueous layer and washings by extraction with pure ether (Note 10) until the extract is colorless. The aqueous solution is treated with 600 ml. of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide (Note 11) with cooling, and the basic organic product is extracted with three 125-ml. portions of pure ether (Note 10). The ethereal solution is dried over sodium sulfate, and the solvent is distilled on the steam bath to give 4246 g. of a clear, amber product (Note 12). To this crude product is added 10 g. of triethylenetetramine (Note 13). Distillation through a small Vigreux column yields 21.530 g. (48 67%, based on trichloramine) of 1-amino-1-methylcyclohexane, b.p. 4449 (2025 mm.), n22D 1.4516 (Note 14).

2. Notes1. The stoichiometry of the reaction is not known. 2. Deionized water is used throughout. 3. Commercial methylene chloride was distilled before use by the submitters. The checkers used reagent grade methylene chloride without distillation.

4. Calcium hypochlorite is obtained as "HTH" (Olin Mathieson Chemical Co., 70% purity). 5. Iodometric determination of positive chlorine is carried out as follows: 2.0 g. of potassium iodide or sodium iodide is dissolved in 10 ml. of water, and 40 ml. of glacial acetic acid is added. Into this solution is pipetted 1.0 ml. of the methylene chloride solution of trichloramine. The liberated iodine is titrated with 0.100N sodium thiosulfate. The solution is found to be 0.60.7M in trichloramine. Storage for several days at 05 results in negligible decomposition, although it is not recommended unless adequate safety precautions are observed. Excess methylene chloride-trichloramine solution can be conveniently disposed of by its slow addition to a cold, stirred, dilute aqueous solution of sodium metabisulfite. 6. A pure grade of methylcyclohexane (Eastman Organic Chemicals) is used. Subsequent to the checking of this preparation, the submitters reported 6972% yields with 78.4 g. (0.80 mole) of methylcyclohexane.2 In this case a 1-l. three-necked flask is employed for the reaction; the remainder of the procedure is unchanged. 7. Cooling is accomplished with either an ice-salt bath or preferably a dry ice-acetone bath. The time of addition can be reduced to 1 hour by use of the latter. However, if the temperature is much below that designated, unchanged trichloramine accumulates, resulting eventually in an uncontrollable reaction. 8. Purging with nitrogen results in some increase in yield. If the flow is too vigorous, trichloramine is lost by volatilization. 9. The mixture can be stored overnight at this stage. 10. High-purity ether (e.g., Baker Analyzed Reagent) is used since a grade of lower quality gives a product that is more difficult to purify because of contamination with alcohol. 11. Excess sodium hydroxide is needed to dissolve the aluminum-containing precipitate. 12. The last portion of solvent is carefully removed at the water aspirator. 13. Triethylenetetramine (redistilled, Eastman Organic Chemicals) prevents bumping and foaming and acts as a chaser for the distillation. 14. The product contains less than 10% of lower-boiling impurities determined (by the checkers) by vapor-phase chromatography with a column packed with 15% XF-1150 on Chromosorb W. Further purification can be effected readily with good recovery by drying over sodium hydroxide pellets and fractionating at atmospheric pressure through an efficient spinning band column, with collection of the fraction, b.p. 142146, n22D 1.4522.

3. DiscussionIn addition to the present method,2 1-amino-1-methylcyclohexane has been synthesized by following procedures: Ritter reaction, e.g., with 1-methylcyclohexanol (76%, 67%)3,4 or methylcyclohexene (35%);4 Hofmann reaction with 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide (80% hydrochloride);5 reduction of 1-methyl-1-nitrocyclohexane (63%);5 Schmidt reaction with methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (42%).6 the 1as 1-

4. Merits of the PreparationThis procedure constitutes the first example of one-step conversion of a t-alkane to the corresponding t-alkylamine. Other hydrocarbons in this class, such as isobutane, have also been aminated with good results.7 Only a very limited number of convenient routes, e.g., the Ritter reaction, are available for the preparation of t-carbinamines. The present preparation illustrates a simple method that utilizes a novel substrate.

References and Notes1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106. P. Kovacic and S. S. Chaudhary, Tetrahedron, 23, 3563 (1967). H. J. Barber and E. Lunt, J. Chem. Soc., 1187 (1960). W. Haaf, Ber., 96, 3359 (1963). K. E. Hamlin and M. Freifelder, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 369 (1953). C. Schuerch, Jr., and E. H. Huntress, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 71, 2233 (1949).

7. P. Kovacic and S. S. Chaudhary, unpublished work.

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)sodium metabisulfite methylene chloride-trichloramine hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0) acetic acid (64-19-7) ether (60-29-7) ammonium chloride (12125-02-9) sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2) sodium sulfate (7757-82-6) potassium iodide (7681-11-0) sodium thiosulfate (7772-98-7) nitrogen (7727-37-9) iodine (7553-56-2) aluminum chloride (3495-54-3) chlorine (7782-50-5) sodium iodide (7681-82-5) methylcyclohexane (108-87-2) methylene chloride (75-09-2) calcium hypochlorite (7778-54-3) 1-methylcyclohexene 1-Methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (1123-25-7) 1-Amino-1-methylcyclohexane, Cyclohexylamine, 1-methyl- (6526-78-9)

trichloramine (10025-85-1) triethylenetetramine (112-24-3) 1-Methylcyclohexanol (590-67-0) 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide 1-methyl-1-nitrocyclohexane isobutane (75-28-5)Copyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.39 (1973); Vol. 48, p.8 (1968).

3(5)-AMINOPYRAZOLE[Pyrazole, 3(or 5)-amino-]

Submitted by H. Dorn and A. Zubek1. Checked by L. G. Vaughan and R. E. Benson.

1. ProcedureA. -Cyanoethylhydrazine. To a 2-l. two-necked flask fitted with a thermometer and a pressureequalizing funnel are added a large magnetic stirring bar and 417 g. (6.00 moles of N2H4H2O) of 72% aqueous hydrazine hydrate. Acrylonitrile (318 g., 6.00 moles) is gradually added with stirring during 2 hours. The internal temperature is kept at 3035 by occasional cooling of the flask. The funnel is replaced by a distillation condenser. Removal of water by distillation at 40 mm. at a bath temperature of 4550 gives 490511 g. (96100%) of -cyanoethylhydrazine as a yellow oil that is suitable for use in the next step. This product can be purified by distillation; b.p. 7679 (0.5 mm.). B. 3-Amino-3-pyrazoline sulfate. In a 2-l. four-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser, a dropping funnel, a thermometer, and a mechanical stirrer with four blades (Note 1) is placed 308 g. (169 ml., 3.0 moles) of 95% sulfuric acid (sp. gr. 1.834). Absolute ethanol (450 ml.) is added dropwise over 2030 minutes. The internal temperature is maintained at 35 by cooling. A solution of 85.1 g. (1.00 mole) of -cyanoethylhydrazine in 50 ml. of absolute ethanol is added with vigorous stirring over 12 minutes without further cooling (Note 1). The mixture warms spontaneously to 8890 and is kept at this temperature for 3 minutes until the product begins to crystallize. The temperature of the stirred mixture is gradually lowered during the next hour to 25 by cooling with water, and the mixture is then allowed to stand at room temperature for 1520 hours. The crystals are collected by filtration and washed three times with 80 ml. of absolute ethanol and finally with 80 ml. of ether. After being dried at 80 the product weighs 177183 g. (97100%), m.p. 143144 (Note 2). The product is sufficiently pure for use in the following step; it may be recrystallized from methanol to give white needles, m.p. 144145 (Note 2). C. 3-Imino-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)Pyrazolidine. To a 3-l. four-necked flask fitted with a condenser, a thermometer, a wide-mouthed funnel, and a high-speed mechanical stirrer having five pairs of blades

are added 183 g. (1.00 mole) of 3-amino-3-pyrazoline sulfate and 1 l. of water. Sodium bicarbonate (210 g., 2.5 moles) is gradually added during 10 minutes with stirring. The rate of stirring is increased to 50006000 r.p.m., and a solution of 229 g. (1.20 moles) of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in 400 ml. of benzene containing 0.5 g. of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Note 3) is added at one time. Three further portions of sodium bicarbonate are added sequentially: 25.2 g. (0.30 mole) after 15 minutes; 16.8 g. (0.20 mole) after 30 minutes; 16.8 g. (0.20 mole) after 55 minutes. The mixture is stirred for 5 hours at 1825, occasional cooling being required. Sodium bicarbonate (8.4 g., 0.10 mole) is added, then 200 ml. of ether, and stirring is continued for another hour. The colorless product is collected by filtration on a sintered-glass funnel, washed with three 50-ml. portions of ether followed by 50 ml. of water and dried at 90. The yield is 139180 g. (5875%); m.p. 183185 (Note 4). The product is used directly in the next step. D. 3(5)-Aminopyrazole (Note 5). (Caution! Because hydrogen gas is evolved, this reaction should be conducted in an efficient hood in the absence of an ignition source.) A solution of sodium isopropoxide is prepared from 18.4 g. (0.80 g. atom) of sodium and 500 ml. of isopropyl alcohol in a 2l. four-necked flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer, a reflux condenser, and a stopper. The reflux condenser is fitted with a nitrogen-inlet line attached to a bubbler device to maintain an anhydrous atmosphere. After all the sodium has dissolved, the temperature is adjusted to 6070, the stopper is replaced by a wide-mouthed funnel, and 191 g. (0.80 mole) of 3-imino-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)pyrazolidine is added gradually over 10 minutes to the hot solution under a blanket of nitrogen. The funnel is replaced by the stopper, and the mixture is stirred vigorously and then refluxed briefly. Stirring is continued, and the mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature during 2 hours. The precipitated sodium p-toluenesulfinate (140142 g.) is removed by filtration and washed with a total of 100 ml. of isopropyl alcohol in several portions. The filtrate is treated twice with 4-g. portions of Norit activated carbon. The solvent is removed by distillation, the final trace being removed at a bath temperature of 50 (20 mm.) to give 6266 g. (9399%) of 3(5)-aminopyrazole as a light yellow oil. This is purified by distillation to give the product as a yellow oil, b.p. 100102 (0.01 mm.), in 7484% recovery (Note 6). The product crystallizes on cooling; m.p. 3739 (Note 7). Its n.m.r. spectrum (60 MHz, dimethyl sulfoxide-d6) shows two one-proton doublets at 7.33 and 5.52 p.p.m. (J = 2 Hz) and a broad threeproton singlet at 7.05 p.p.m. that is absent after addition of D2O.

2. Notes1. A stirrer with large blades operating at high speed is essential. Inadequate stirring results in solidification of the reaction mixture and makes proper washing of the product very difficult. 2. The checkers found melting points of 138141 and 140142. After three recrystallizations from methanol the product has a melting point of 139.7140. The product appeared to be unstable to prolonged heating in methanol. 3. This salt serves as an emulsifying agent. 4. A sample, m.p. 184185, prepared by recrystallization of the product from nitromethane, gives satisfactory elemental analytical data. Its n.m.r. spectrum (60 MHz, dimethyl sulfoxide-d6) reveals that the compound exists in the iminopyrazolidine form under these conditions; signals at 7.72 p.p.m. (doublet, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.40 p.p.m. (doublet, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.1 p.p.m. (broad singlet; absent after addition of D2O), 3.4 p.p.m. (triplet, J = 9.0 Hz), and 2.4 p.p.m. (sharp singlet superimposed on triplet) with relative intensities of 2:2:2:2:5. The signals at 7.72 and 7.40 p.p.m. are assigned to the four aromatic protons, that at 6.1 p.p.m. to the two N-H protons, that at 3.4 p.p.m. to one pair of methylene protons, and that at 2.4 p.p.m. to the second pair of methylene protons plus the protons of the methyl group. 5. 3(5)-Aminopyrazole may also be obtained by hydrolysis of 3-imino-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)pyrazolidine with aqueous alkali. In this case the pyrazolidine (239 g., 1.00 mole) is added to a solution of 40 g. (1.0 mole) of sodium hydroxide in 250 ml. of water at 75, the resulting solution is stirred briefly, and the water is removed at reduced pressure. 3(5)-Aminopyrazole is separated from the sodium ptoluenesulfinate by several extractions with isopropyl alcohol. 6. In order to obtain maximum recovery the submitters conducted the distillation of 120 g. of crude product for 710 hours. 7. The checkers observed b.p. 119121 (1.0 mm.) and m.p. 3437.

3. Discussion

3(5)-Aminopyrazole has been prepared by a Curtius degradation of pyrazole-3(5)-carboxylic acid hydrazide,2,3 by saponification and decarboxylation of ethyl 3-aminopyrazole-4-carboxylate4 obtained from ethyl ethoxymethylenecyanoacetate and hydrazine, and by the present procedure.5,6

4. Merits of the PreparationThis procedure represents the most convenient synthesis of 3(5)-aminopyrazole. It employs readily available starting materials and gives excellent yields in all steps.5,6 p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride can be replaced by other arenesulfonyl chlorides. 3-Imino-1-arylsulfonylpyrazolidines can be alkylated with dimethyl sulfate or with alkyl p-toluenesulfonates in dimethylformamide to give salts of 1-alkyl-2arylsulfonyl-5-amino-4-pyrazolines from which arenesulfinate can be eliminated as described in procedure D. In this fashion 1-alkyl-5-aminopyrazoles can be easily prepared.6

References and Notes1. Institut fr Organische Chemie der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin-Adlershof, Germany. 2. L. Knorr, Ber., 37, 3520 (1904). 3. H. Reimlinger, A. van Overstraeten, and H. G. Viehe, Ber., 94, 1036 (1961). 4. P. Schmidt and J. Druey, Helv. Chim. Acta, 39, 986 (1956). 5. H. Dorn, G. Hilgetag, and A. Zubek, Angew. Chem., 76, 920 (1964); Angew. Chem. Intern. Ed. Engl., 3, 748 (1964). 6. H. Dorn, G. Hilgetag, and A. Zubek, Ber., 98, 3368 (1965).

Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number)D2O 3(5)-Aminopyrazole Pyrazole, 3(or 5)-aminoethanol (64-17-5) sulfuric acid (7664-93-9) Benzene (71-43-2) methanol (67-56-1) ether (60-29-7) hydrogen (1333-74-0) sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2) sodium bicarbonate (144-55-8)

nitrogen (7727-37-9) dimethyl sulfate (77-78-1) Norit activated carbon (7782-42-5) sodium (13966-32-0) isopropyl alcohol (67-63-0) sodium isopropoxide (683-60-3) hydrazine hydrate (7803-57-8) methylene (2465-56-7) hydrazine (302-01-2) Nitromethane (75-52-5) acrylonitrile (107-13-1) dimethylformamide (68-12-2) ethyl ethoxymethylenecyanoacetate -Cyanoethylhydrazine (353-07-1) 3-Amino-3-pyrazoline sulfate (29574-26-3) sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (2211-98-5) pyrazolidine (504-70-1) ethyl 3-aminopyrazole-4-carboxylate (6994-25-8) p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (98-59-9) Sodium p-toluenesulfinate 3-imino-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)pyrazolidine, 3-imino-1-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-pyrazolidine (1018-36-6)Copyright 1921-2005, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.43 (1973); Vol. 43, p.1 (1963).

1-AMINOPYRIDINIUM IODIDE[Pyridinium, 1-amino-, iodide]

Submitted by R. Gsl and A. Meuwsen1. Checked by N. A. Fedoruk and V. Boekelheide.

1. ProcedureTo a freshly prepared solution of 11.3 g. (0.10 mole) of hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (Note 1) in 64 ml. of cold water there is added 24 ml. (24 g., 0.30 mole) of pyridine (Note 2). The mixture is heated at about 90 on a steam bath for 20 minutes. It is then cooled to room temperature with stirring, and 13.8 g. (0.10 mole) of potassium carbonate is added. The water and excess pyridine are removed from the mixture by heating it at 3040 in a rotatory evaporator in conjunction with a water aspirator. The residue is treated with 120 ml. of ethanol, and the insoluble precipitate of potassium sulfate is removed by filtration. Fourteen milliliters (22 g., 0.10 mole) of 57% hydriodic acid is added to the filtrate, and the resulting solution is stored at 20 for 1 hour (Note 3). The solid that separates is collected; weight 15.517.5 g. Recrystallization of this solid from about 100 ml. of absolute ethanol gives 1416 g. (63 72%) of 1-aminopyridinium iodide as almost-white crystals, m.p. 160162 (Note 4).

2. Notes1. Hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid may be purchased from Ventron Corporation or prepared according to the directions in Inorganic Syntheses.2 Because aqueous solutions of hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid are not very stable, it is very important to use freshly prepared solutions. The purity of hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid should be checked by iodometric titration. If it is less than 8590% pure, the yield of 1-aminopyridinium iodide will suffer. The acid can be purified by dissolving it in an equal weight of water and then precipitating it by stirring 7 volumes of acetic acid into the solution. 2. The pyridine was distilled before use. When the conversion is carried out in the presence of potassium carbonate using an equimolar amount of pyridine instead of an excess, the yields obtained are 2030% lower.3 3. The temperature is kept at 20 or lower by a bath of dry ice and methanol. If the temperature rises above 20, an appreciable quantity of 1-aminopyridinium iodide may redissolve and be lost. 4. The melting point recorded for 1-aminopyridinium iodide is 161162.3

3. DiscussionThe formation of 1-aminopyridinium chloride has been accomplished by the acid hydrolysis of N(p-acetaminobenzenesulfonimido) pyridine.4 Also, the rearrangement of a substituted diazepine has been observed to give a 1-aminopyridine derivative.5 The present procedure is an adaptation of that described by Gsl and Meuwsen.3

4. Merits of the PreparationThis procedure is a convenient and general method for preparing asymmetrically substituted

hydrazines.3 This is illustrated by the following examples reported by the submitters3 (% yields in parentheses): methylamine to methylhydrazinium hydrogen sulfate (4953%); ethylamine to ethylhydrazinium hydrogen oxalate (51%); butylamine to butylhydrazinium hydrogen sulfate (4956%); piperidine to 1-aminopiperidinium hydrogen oxalate (32%); dibutylamine to 1,1-dibutylhydrazinium hydrogen oxalate (34%); trimethylamine to 1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinium hydrogen oxalate (7985%); 2picoline to 1-amino-2-methylpyridinium iodide (57%); 2,4-lutidine to 1-amino-2,4-dimethylpyridinium iodide (40%); 2,6-lutidine to 1-amino-2,6-dimethylpyridinium iodide (34%); 2,4,6-collidine to 1-amino2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium iodide (30%); and