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New technique for aberration diagnostics and alignment

of an extreme ultraviolet Schwarzschild objective

S. Bollanti(*), P. Di Lazzaro, F. Flora, L. Mezi, D. Murra and A. Torre

ENEA, Frascati Research Centre, Technical Unit APRAD-SOR, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy - (*) [email protected]

R1= 144.23 mm

R2= 45.06 mm

Zo= 340.22 mm Zi= 36.26 mm

ΦΦΦΦ1= 74 mm ΦΦΦΦ2= 12.7 mm

M=1/9.5 NA=n·sinθ=0.23 λ = 14.4 nm

2°International Conference Frontiers in Diagnostic Technologies

INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, November 28-30, 2011

Frascati (Rome) Italy

Several factors affect the optics spatial resolution δδδδ.

For each factor the ENEA-SO δδδδ value is given below.

DIFFRACTION

δδδδdiff = k⋅λ⋅λ⋅λ⋅λ / NA

FIGURE

ERROR

OPTICAL ABERRATIONS

( with NA)

e.g. spherical, coma It can be much worse if the

ALIGNMENTis not correct

The objective spatial resolution

δδδδdiff = 38 nm

Aligned SO ⇒⇒⇒⇒ δδδδgeo = 27 nm(in modified configuration)

SO figure error rms = 8 nm

-40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 400

50

100

150

200

250

300

ZEMAXbest-fit

Longitudinal decentring [μm]

Geo

met

rica

lre

solu

tion

[nm

]

ZEMAXbest-fit

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 40

50

100

150

200

250

300

Transverse decentring [μm]

Geo

met

rica

lre

solu

tion

[nm

]

The SO misalignment sensitivity

The ray-tracing program ZEMAX allows to relate the SO mirrors misalignment to the worsening of the geometrical

resolution (defined as the minimum rms diameter of the image of a point source on the optical axis).

The longitudinal decentring of the two mirrors influences the on-axis aberration, i.e. the spherical one.

The transverse displacement of the mirrors’ centres mainly generates the coma aberration, because this

condition corresponds to having an off-axis source. A 1-µm displacement is generated by a 7-µrad tilt of

the concave mirror with respect to the optical axis

2θ2θ2θ2θ

R1

R2

Zo Zi

P Q

Reductor configuration

The aberration diagnostics with the Foucault test

Knife-edge between the marginal (M) and the paraxial (P) foci

In the Foucault test, a knife edge (KE) is scanned across the beam and the pattern of the transmitted light

is observed. Its appearance depends on the scanning plane and on the kind of aberrations.

SPHERICAL

ABERRATION

FOUCAULTGRAMS

M

P

Limiting factors for Schwarzschild Objective spatial resolution and test

When the transverse dimension of the beam is comparable with λ/NA, diffraction effects prevent

any further improvement:

The Schwarzschild Objective (SO)

Foucault test improvement to overcome diffraction limitation

Longitudinal scan and geometrical figures Ultraviolet light and diffraction

Controlled misalignment and interpolation Final SO performances and conclusions

The “classical” transverse KE scan is replaced by a longitudinal scan with a 50% beam cut since:

1) during the scan the transmitted power is almost constant

2) the longitudinal aberrations extend on a wider spatial scale HIGHER SENSITIVITY TO MISALIGNMENT

Pinhole/Source

SO

CCD

XeCl laser

λλλλ=308 nm

KE

z

x

y

λλλλ >> 14.4 nm

50% beam cut in x-direction

+ longitudinal scan

KE before

both foci

KE after

marginal focus

KE half

the way

KE after

paraxial focus

KE

approaching paraxial

focus

(Shadows from mechanical support) (M2 shadow)

Calculated Foucaultgrams for

spherical aberration (by ray tracing)

Calculated Foucaultgrams for coma

aberration (mirror rotation axis || x)

COMA

ABERRATION

KE well

before the focal plane

KE

approaching the focal

plane

KE on

the focal plane

KE well

after the focal

plane

KE slightly

over the focal

plane

Coma LA vs concave mirror tilts

160 nm lines

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 400060

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

90 nm

Hei

gh

t[

a.u

.]

Horizontal position [nm]

PMMA printing• The alignment of a Schwarzschild

objective operating at EUV wavelength is

a very critical task

• The attainable spatial resolution is

strictly related to a correct alignment

• We demonstrated that aberrations diagnostics and correction using a wavelength that is ~20× the operating one

to align a SO are possible through the

described procedure

• The aligned SO has been used as the

projection optics in the EUV MET-Egeria

facility in the ENEA Frascati Research

Centre to print 160-nm-width dense lines

on PMMA photoresist

Mirrors longitudinal decentring of ~ -350 µm

20-µm KE z-course

• The effect of the “long”-wavelength-light diffraction in the plane of KE cutting smears out the foucaultgrams calculated in geometrical approximation

• The observed images are blurred and put a limit on the minimum detectable aberrations

Experiment

Model (multiple ray-tracing by transverse KE shift within Airy disk)

Experiment

Mirrors transverse decentring of ~ 120 µm(corresponding to a 0.84-mrad tilt of M1)

20-µm KE z-course

The obtained

edge response

is 90 nm

• The optimum position of the SO mirrors can be found by means of interpolation for each parameter.

• The SO has 3 degrees of freedom for alignment: the distance between mirrors and the rotations of the concave mirror around two mutually orthogonal axes crossing each other at the mirror vertex.

• The longitudinal aberrations (LA) are measured as function of these parameters outside the diffraction forbidden region, looking at the foucaultgrams obtained varying the parameters one at a time.

• The procedure is cyclically repeated for the 3 degrees of freedom until the results are reproducible.

A

A

P

Spherical LA vs mirrors distance

P

P’

A

A

C

CB

B

B

A

C

D

D

D

Knife-edge on the focal plane

Observed figures when the KE moves upwards

(at half beam cut)

Observation plane

Observation plane

When possible, the optical element

is adjusted to correct the aberration, looking at the disappearance of the

specific Foucaultgram.

ENEA SOparameters:

LA

[µm

]

z [mm]

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

-0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

Diffraction forbidden range

Before coma correction

After coma correction

θθθθM1 [mrad]

LA

[µm

]

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

-3 -2,5 -2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 0

M1 vertical tilt

M1 horizontal tilt

Diffraction forbidden range

A.Budano, F.Flora, L.Mezi, Appl. Opt. 45, 4254-4262 (2006)S.Bollanti, P.Di Lazzaro, F.Flora, L.Mezi, D.Murra, A.Torre, Appl. Phys. B 85, 603–610 (2006)

Model (multiple ray-tracing by transverse KE shift within Airy disk)

S.Bollanti, P.Di Lazzaro, F.Flora, L.Mezi, D.Murra, A.Torre, EPL, 84 (2008) 58003

P.Di Lazzaro, S.Bollanti, F.Flora, L.Mezi, D.Murra, A.Torre, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 37, 475-480 (2009)

S.Bollanti, P.Di Lazzaro, F.Flora, L.Mezi, D.Murra, A.Torre, Appl. Phys. B 91, 127–137 (2008)

Schwarzschild objectives (SO) are widely used in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray spectral

regions both as magnification and reduction optics, e.g. for microscopy and small-field projection

lithography, respectively. The ENEA SO is used in the second configuration.

A SO consists of two spherical mirrors (one concave, the other convex) put in concentric configuration. It is

possible to determine a pair (P,Q) of conjugated points on the optical axis where the aberrations are dramatically reduced and the attainable spatial resolution from a geometric point of view is comparable

with the diffractive one.