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Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnology, what is it?What are the potential applications andwhat is their social and environmental utility?

Dr.ir. Germ W. Visser / 2008-09-16Sixth Session Forum VI, Plenary SessionNanotechnology and manufactured nanomaterials:opportunities and challengesLe Meridien President, Dakar, Senegal

υαυος = dwarf

The Voice of OECD Business

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

OutlineOutline

• Royal DSM N.V.• figures• DSM and nanotechnologies at DSM• bio- and nanotechnologies

• Nanotechnologies• nano?• value chain and revenues• humanity’s top ten problems• nanotechnologies’ enabling solutions

• Risk and risk management• risk versus hazard• risk assessment• occupational health

• Closing remarks

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Royal DSM N.V. in 2006 / 2007Royal DSM N.V. in 2006 / 2007

• ..PerformanceMaterials

Sales € 2.8 bnEBITDA € 429 m

PerformanceMaterials

Sales € 2.8 bnEBITDA € 429 m

NutritionPerformanceMaterials

IndustrialChemicals

PharmaO

ther

OtherSales € 0.4 bn

Nutrition

Sales € 2.4 bnEBITDA € 464 m

Nutrition

Sales € 2.4 bnEBITDA € 464 m

IndustrialChemicals

Sales € 1.9 bnEBITDA € 269 m

IndustrialChemicals

Sales € 1.9 bnEBITDA € 269 m

Pharma

Sales € 0.9 bnEBITDA € 146 m

Pharma

Sales € 0.9 bnEBITDA € 146 m

Operating profit (EBIT) EUR 835 million, 6% higher than in 2005

Workforce: 22,156Net sales 8.352 bnNet sales 8.757 bn Workforce: 23,254

Operating profit (EBIT) EUR 823 million, 1% lower than in 2006

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Engaged and committed business is fundamental to societal progress

DSM and ResponsibilityDSM and ResponsibilityCommunity Programs designed to helpCommunity Programs designed to help

DSM Global partner of UN WFP (World Food Program)

Nutritional Improvement Program (NIP)

Sight and Life: DSM humanitarian project: Micronutrient distribution

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

• DSM world market leader in Dow Jones Sustainability World Index for the years 2004, 2005, 2006

• ACC Responsible Care Leadership Award 2007• Developing/introducing a number of nano-applications• Actively participating in

• fact finding: international working groups, conferences, literature• policy making: EC task forces, Dutch politics, ISO/CEN/NEN• education: Hogeschool Zuyd curriculum (prof. P. Borm)• information: interviews with local press, lectures (worldwide),

nanoHouse

• Public acceptance is crucial for market successes• perception is key• trust

• DSM Position Paper on nanotechnologies

DSM and nanotechnologiesDSM and nanotechnologies

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies –– convergence of 3 wavesconvergence of 3 waves

A. ten Wolde: “Nanotechnology; towards a molecular construction kit”, Netherlands Study Centre for Technology Trends (STT), 1988

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Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Interaction between bioInteraction between bio-- and nanotechnologyand nanotechnology

Adapted from J. M. Lehn, Supramolecular Chemistry , Wiley-VCH (1995)

Expansionvia Biotechnology

Expansion via Nanotechnology

“Bioterials”

diversity

controlledcomplexity

Chemistry

Biology

• Combining DSM’s competences

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Performance Materials: ample opportunitiesPerformance Materials: ample opportunities

Performance Materials

Nanotechnology

E&E

Transportation

Building &Construction

Safety & Protection

Packaging

Global networking

Growing middle classIndividualization Safety

Environment

Societal & technology trends create opportunities in many markets

Paint &Coatings

Bio-based

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Logitech VX Nano

NanoNano -- but how about Nanotechnologies?but how about Nanotechnologies?

Fatos Nano (1952),Albania

Nano Cafe, Kurfürstenstrasse, Berlin

iPo

ano

TATA Nano

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- invented by natureinvented by nature

rph

orh

eten

Movement of bacterial flagellar

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Gecko Gecko

Morpho sulkowskyiSaito et al.: J.Vac.Sci.Techn.B 24(6) Nov/Dec 2006, 3248

Lam

pro

cyp

stu

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- lotus effectlotus effect

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)Tai Fu Shan, Panyu, Guangdong, ChinaApril 2006 (SK Ng)

Prof. Dr. W. Barthlott

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

NanotechnologiesNanotechnologies

• Nanotechnologies nanoparticles• have been around for ever• different origins (biological, organic, inorganic)• essential to life as well as life-threatening

HIV virus, Ø ~100 nm10 nm

Annimation: Bohne’s PDB2multiGIF (http://www.glycosciences.de/modeling/pdb2mgif/)

Ferritin, Ø ~12 nm

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

• Natural sources

NanoparticlesNanoparticles

Sea spraying Volcano (Etna) Sand storm, Al Asad, Iraq, 2005-04-26

Bitterroot National Forest, Montana, 2000-08-06John McColgan

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Lustre on Majolica dish, ± 1525Museo Civico – Palazzo dei Consoli, Gubbio, It.

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- ancient artancient art

“Labors of the Months”Norwich, England, ca. 1480

The Lycurgus Cup4th century AD

Maya Warrior,The Cleveland Museum of Art (250-900)

Maya pottery

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

• …

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- applications treeapplications tree

New Dimensions for Manufacturing; A UK Strategy for Nanotechnology, June 2002

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- scale of thingsscale of things

http

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ing

s.htm

l, May 26, 2006, V

ersion

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- definitiondefinition

N. Taniguchi, "On the Basic Concept of 'NanoTechnology'," Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo, Part II, Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1974, pp 18-23

• First definition of ‘Nano-Technology’, Norio Taniguchi, 1974:

'Nano-technology' is the production technology to get the extra high accuracy and ultra fine dimensions, i.e. the preciseness and fineness on the order of 1 nm (nanometer), 10-9m in length. The name of 'Nano-technology' originates from this nanometer. In the processing of materials, the smallest bit size of stock removal, accretion or flow of materials is probably of one atom or one molecule namely 0.1~0.2 nm in length. Therefore, the expected limit size of fineness would be of the order of 1 nm. Accordingly, 'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule. Needless to say, the measurement and controlltechniques to measure the preciseness and fineness of 1 nm play a very important role in this technology.

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- definitionsdefinitions

www.iso.org

First edition2008-08-15

• nanoscale: size range from appr.1 nm to 100 nm

• nano-object: material with one,two or three external dimensionsin the nanoscale

• particle: minute piece of matterwith defined physical boundaries

• nanoparticle: nano-object withall three external dimensionsin the nanoscale

• nanoplate, -fiber, -tube, -rod, -wire,quantum dot

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

NanoparticlesNanoparticles -- what makes the differencewhat makes the difference

Trudy E. Bell: “Understanding Risk Assessment of Nanotechnology”, 2007

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

hydrogen atom

0,1 nm (1Å)

bottom up top down

molecule

0,5 nm (5Å)

Macroscopicmatter

Microsystem

celltotal control

1 μm

plant lousetotal control

1 mm

supramolecular systemno control

10 nm

biopolymertotal control

synthetic polymerlimited control

1 nm

ribosometotal control

semi syntheticbiopolymer

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- a matter of controla matter of control

Hybrane® derivativemoderate control

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- self assemblyself assembly

Peptide-amphiphile nanofibers,Stupp et al, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Nanorods of cadmium sulfide with silver-sulfide quantum dots (dark spots) University of California, Berkeley, July 2007

Self-assembly of gold-polymer nanorods, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

T4 bacteriophage infects E. Coli bacterium(Ø ~800 nm; l ~3,000 nm)

http://www.dform.com/projects/t4/virus.html

‘‘NaturalNatural’’ bottom up biological bottom up biological ‘‘selfself--assemblyassembly’’

Polio virus (Ø 30 nm) chemically synthesized by Eckard WimmerState University of New York, Stony Brook

Amato, C&EN July 30, 2007, 51-55

Bacteriophage structure

(0-150x15 nm)

(45-100 nm)

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Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

The nanotechnology Value Chain

Lux Research: “Nanomaterials State of the Market Q3 2008”, July 2008

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Global Sales of Products Incorporating Emerging Nanotechnology

• Revenue (US$ millions) 2004-2015

Lux Research: “Nanomaterials State of the Market Q3 2008”, July 2008

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

HumanityHumanity’’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 yearss Top Ten Problems for next 50 years

1. Energy

2. Water

3. Food

4. Environment

5. Poverty

6. Terrorism & war

7. Disease

8. Education

9. Democracy

10.PopulationR.E. Smalley: “Our Energy Challenge”, Columbia University, NYC, 2003-09-23

Sept 2008: 6.721 billion people2050: 9.191 billion people

http://www.worldometers.info/population/

World Population

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

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Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- energyenergy

• More powerful batteries due to nano structures

• Improved energy storage (hydrogen economy)

• Nano foam for improved thermal insulation

• Catalysts for more efficient chemical processes

• Improved solar cells• nano-structured AR-coatings resulting in increased output• nano-silver reflects non-used part of spectrum (T↓)

• Lighter materials resulting in lower energy in transport

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- energy energy --22

• Batteries using advantages of nanomaterials• improved Li-ion batteries (energy density, operating window, safety)• new type of battery (ultracapacitors or double layer capacitors)

Nano-titanate (Li4Ti5O12)vertically aligned CNTs

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- energy energy --33

http://www.a123systems.com/html/technology.html#

http://zeromotorcycles.com/

Chevrolet Volt (~2010)

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- waterwater

• Zero iron to clean-up chlorinated organic compounds like trichlorethylene

• Reduction of Cr(VI) to insoluble Cr(III) using metal oxide nanoparticles

• SWCNTs to remove bacteria and viruses from water

• Reduction of arsenic content of drinking water using nanobased filter systems

• Size-selective nanofiltration

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- CNT to kill bacteriaCNT to kill bacteria

• Pristine carbon nanotubes kill Escherichia coli

Kang, S., M. Pinault, L.D. Pfefferle and M. Elimelech, Langmuir 23 (2007) 8670-8673

Cells incubated without SWNTs for 60 min. Cells were filtered and observedvia SEM on the filter

Cells incubated with SWNTs for 60 min: 90% of the population killed, probably due to cell membrane damage

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- foodfood

• Food packaging• improved barrier properties (longer shelf-life)• sensors indicating freshness of food

• Hygiene• anti-bacterial coatings• nano-filtration

• Crop protection• slow release pesticides• increased bio-availability

• Low calorie food• double emulsions

• Nanostructures influence taste

after eight daysleading Fresherbrand Longer

fresh

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies –– ARAR--coatingcoating

Super-hydrophobic

Water contact angles > 150o

Using combined technology to develop easy-to-clean single-layer anti-reflective coatings

Anti-Reflective Single layer broad band

Less than 1% reflection @ 550nm

Moth’s eye: http://www.synoptics.co.uk/Lotus effect: http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/n/lotus.htm

Nano-Tech CoatingsSurface structure & chemistry

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Hydrophilic / (SuperHydrophilic / (Super--)hydrophobic)hydrophobic

Courtesy Filip Frederix, Shared Research Unit Performance Materials-MSC

super-hydrophobic

hydrophilic

hydrophobic

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

• Propagation of light across a boundary of two media with different refractive indices n1 and n2

• 8% of incident light reflected (∠i = 90°) Traditional solution: multiple layers with varying refractive index

DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies –– ARAR--coating cont.coating cont.

Glass (nGlass (n22 = 1.5)= 1.5)

Air (nAir (n11 = 1.0)= 1.0)

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies –– ARAR--coating cont.coating cont.

• Surface nano-structure (height difference ~ 50 – 150 nm) causes a smooth variation of the refractive index from 1.0 (air) to 1.5 (glass)

• Combined with interference effects due to the layer thickness, this effectively reduces the reflection over a broad range of visible part of the spectrum (450 – 700 nm)

• Ideal: average refractive index coating equals√(nair ∗ nglass) = 1.225 → porosity

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies –– ARAR--coating cont.coating cont.

• The process

dipping wet layer formation

solvent evaporation

DipMovie.mpg

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies –– ARAR--coating cont.coating cont.

• Nano-structuring is key

OptoClear™, plastic substrateshybrid coating, UV curing

Claryl®, glass substratesinorganic coatinghigh temp. curing

www.claryl.com

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies -- example #2example #2

• Hyperbranched polyesteramide with a better price/ performance ratio than stereo regular dendrimers

• Highly versatile performance additive• Now commercially available for various industrial products

and markets, including paper, imaging, cosmetics, textile, oil field chemicals and dental

many reactiveend groups

globular shape:low viscosity

partial or completefunctionalization

uptake ofguest molecules

Hybrane®

Astramol™

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

RiskRisk

• Paracelsus (1493-1541)• Dosis facit venenum

(“The dose makes the poison”)

• Risk = hazard ∗ exposure• Hazard: the “ability” of a chemical to cause harm

• Risk: the “probability” it will do so

• Current legislation is driven by hazards and not by risk Nanomaterials deserve a more sophisticated approach

Borm, P.J.A.: “Toxicological Aspects Of Nanotechnological Applications”, Nanotopia, Utrecht, 2004-09-16

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- risk managementrisk management

nanoSciences nanoTechnologies

nanoparticle

soluble insoluble

free in matrix

unintended engineered

waste, avoid

can build aerosol

handle in confinement till risks are known

safe

normal toxicology

Nanostructuredmaterial

safe

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Risk Assessment Risk Assessment NanomaterialsNanomaterials

• Collect information on your specific material• Particle properties (size, reactivity, physical appearance, dustiness)• Known toxic effects (regular size vs. nano size?)

• Describe handling activities • Such as: weighing, charging, product collection, sampling, disposal• Frequency & duration op activities• Number of persons involved

• Consider potential exposure routes for each activity• Inhalation• Skin• Mouth, eyes

• If potential exposure is possible, estimate • Qualitatively if exposure may be relevant• If yes, try to quantify

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

Occupational Safety and Health ManagementOccupational Safety and Health Management

Overall Company Health and Safety Program• Management Leadership

• Policies• Standards

• Employee participation• Planning• Implementation

• Risk Management• Training• Communication• Safe Practices

• Evaluation• Corrective Actions• Compliance Plan

Nanomaterial Risk Management Program• Hazard

Determination• Process review• Exposure

Evaluation• Risk

Characterization• Controls

Hierarchy of Controls• Elimination• Substitution• Isolation• Engineering Controls

• Environmental monitoring• Administrative controls

• Biological Monitoring• Medical Screening and

Surveillance• Personal Protective

Equipment

Schulte, P. et al J. Occupational and Env. Hygiene 5(2008)239-249

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

General advice exposure reductionGeneral advice exposure reduction

• Use nanomaterials preferably in a matrix (liquid or gel)

• “Think” containment• A fume hood may induce extra exposure potential by swirling powder

nanoparticles in air stream; consider using a box of plexiglas, an AtmosBag or glove box.

• Make sure equipment is easy to clean to prevent diffuse dispersion

• Clean up regularly

• Use HEPA filters in exhaust ventilation of equipment incl.vacuum cleaners

Nilfisk GM-80 HEPA, $1,265.00

Royal DSM

Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it

• Nanotechnologies form the next logical step in industrial development

• Nanotechnologies can contribute to solve major societal challenges by:• improved products (lighter, stronger, less energy consuming)• offering new solutions for energy production, transport and storage• contributing to safer food, etc.

• However, there are some concerns:• too much of a hype• high need for globally standardized risk assessment procedures,

including appropriate metrology• public perception is crucial, but not logical

• Successes do need resources!

In conclusionIn conclusion