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PETER KROPOTKIN ____________________________________________________________

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«JULU:KL A:NU JVSWAKL» ____________________________________________________________

13

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PETER KROPOTKIN ____________________________________________________________

14

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«JULU:KL A:NU JVSWAKL» ____________________________________________________________

15

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PETER KROPOTKIN ____________________________________________________________

16

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«JULU:KL A:NU JVSWAKL» ____________________________________________________________

17

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!*'<1(>3G /$*! 3 Godwin15 ($+! ;'%"!8 $3" &1* $+! Q371$1#/ @1#*13-(G!+ («Political Justice» 2 $?>31, 1793), *! #*1 B%! ;B-(% $+! 3!3>*()* «&"&6=%':12»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odwin *9)--(% %171#'1!8 $+! #*$8'&+(+ $3". K(<"')($+#% ?$1 >)* #31!-!)* >63'%) #8771($* !* "68'9%1 <-')4 $+! G6*'9+ #"F;'!+(+4, %H?(3! 31 #31!?$+$%4 %)!*1 >1#';4 #*1 67/'-4 *"$?!3>%4. 5172!$*4 &1* $+! 1B13#$+()* B1*#/-'"9% ?$1 $3 B1#*)->* $3" #*,%!?4 «(% 36313B/63$% 6?'3 1#*!? !* (">-F877%1 ($+! %"+>%')* $+4 *!,'-6?$+$*4» 6';6%1 !* '",>1($%) >?!3 >% F8(+ $+! *'</ $+4 B1#*13(G!+4: S 6?'34 !* <'+(1>3631+,%) «*6? *"$?! 63" $3! ;<%1 >%&*7G$%'+ *!8&#+». :3 $%71#? $3" (">6;'*(>* /$*! 3 #3>>3"!1(>?4. S Godwin, -($?(3, B%! %)<% $+ BG!*>+ !* B1*$+'/(%1 $14 *6?I%14 $3". A$+! 2+ ;#B3(+ $3G «Political Justice» (8 $?>31, 1796) 9*!*;-&'*I% $%7%)-4 $3 #%H87*13 63" *!*H;'%$*1 ($+! 1B13#$+()* #*1 >%$')*(% (+>*!$1#8 $14 #3>>3"!1($1#;4 *6?I%14 $3".

14 L'1($%'/ H'891* $+4 &*771#/4 %6*!8($*(+4, *!$)6*731 $-! 01'3!B)!-!. 15 William Godwin (1756-1836). ]&&734 '1.3(6*($1#?4 H17?(3H34. W63($+'1#$/4 $3" %7%",%'1*#3G *!*'<1(>3G #*1 "6;'>*<34 >)*4 H"(1#/4, 3',373&1#/4 #*1 %9-%#-#7+(1*($1#/4 #31!-!)*4. J6+';*(% Owen, Thompson #*1 Marx.

PETER KROPOTKIN ____________________________________________________________

18

S Proudhon16 $3 1840 %9;B-(% $3 (+>*!$1#? ;'&3 «Qu'est-ce que la propriete?» #*1 /$*! 3 6'2$34 63" <'+(1>363)+(% $+! 3!3>*()* «*!*'-<)*», *!*H%'?>%!34 (% >)* #31!-!)* >+ B131#3G>%!+ *6? #"F;'!+(+. =*$8 $+ B18'#%1* $+4 &*771#/4 %6*!8($*(+4, + 3!3>*()* «*!*'<1- #3)»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roudhon ("!+&3'%) "6;' >)*4 #31!-!)*4 <-')4 #"F;'!+(+ #*1 <'+-

(1>3631%) $+ 7;9+ «*!*'<)*» &1* !* $+! 6%'1&'8I%1. O6-4 %)!*1 &!-($?, 3 Proudhon *63#/'"9% ?7%4 $14 >3'H;4 $3" #3>>3"!1(>3G18, (G>H-!* >% $14 363)%4 + *!,'-6?$+$* ,* #*$;7+&% (% #3>>3"!1($1#8 >3!*($/'1* #*1 ($'*$?6%B*, #*1 %6)(+4 ?7%4 $14 >3'H;4 $3" #'*$1#3G / "63F3+,3G>%!3" *6? $3 #'8$34 (3(1*71(>3G, $14 363)%4 "63($/'1.*! 3 Louis Blanc19 #*1 31 #37%#$1F1($;4. O$*! ($+! 6'2$+ $3" 6'*&>*$%)* &1* $+! 1B13#$+()* B1*#/'"$$% 6-4 «+ 1B13#$+()* %)!*1 #736/», *!*H%'?$*! >?!3 ($+ (+>%'1-!/ ;!!31* $+4 7;9+4 >% $+ >3'H/ $3" «B1#*12>*$34 ($+ <'/(+ #*1 $+! #*-$8<'+(+» 63" 6+&8.%1 *6? $3! '->*D#? !?>3. L6? $+! 877+ >%'18, ,%--'3G(% ?$1 + #*7G$%'+ 6'3($*()* *6;!*!$1 ($+! #*$8<'+(+ $3" #'8$3"4 /$*! $* B1#*12>*$* 1B13#$+()*4, >% $* 363)* %!!33G(% $+! 6%'13'1(>;!+

16 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865). =31!-!137?&34 #*1 6371$1#?4 H17?(3H34, 3 613 (+>*!$1#?4 087734 *!*'<1#?4. L63#/'"((% $+! %6*!*($*$1#/ F)* #*1 6)($%"% ?$1 + !;* #31!-!)* 6';6%1 !* B+>13"'&+,%) >% +,1#;4 >%,?B3"4. 17 01'3!B)!31. N ("!$+'+$1#/ 6*'8$*9+ $+4 &*771#/4 %6*!8($*(+4. 18 5% $+! ;!!31* «/+::+,"%':12» 6%'1&'8H%$*1 + #31!3#$+>3(G!+ $-! 6?'-! *6? $+! #31!?$+$* #*1 + B1*!3>/ $-! *&*,2! *!873&* >% $+! *!8&#+ $3" #*,%!?4. S «/+?)-/$%H%':12» (F7. Bakunin, "63(. 42) B1*H;'%1 ($3 &%&3!?4 ?$1 <'+(1>3631%) B%7$)* %'-&*()*4 &1* $+! B1*!3>/ $-! 6'3D?!$-!. :;734, 3 «:+,$+,&?%':12» (F7. "63(. 21) *63-B;<%$*1 >)* %1B1#/ 6%')6$-(+ *$3>1#/4 1B13#$+()*4 #*1 %H*'>?.%1 %6)(+4 $+! *'</ $+4 63(?$+$*4 $+4 %'&*()*4 &1* $+ B1*!3>/ $-! *&*,2!. 19 Louis Blanc (1811-1882). 087734 3"$361#?4 (3(1*71($/4 #*1 B+>3(13&'8H34. K-B'"$/4 $+4 %H+>%')B*4 «Revue du Progrès» $3 1839 #*1 >;734 $+4 6'3(-'1!/4 #"F;'-!+(+4 $+4 @%G$%'+4 @+>3#'*$)*4 (1848).

«JULU:KL A:NU JVSWAKL» ____________________________________________________________

19

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roudhon 6%'1;&'*I% >% $3! ?'3 «>3"$3"*71(>?421» (Mutuel-lisme), ?7%4 31 *!$*77*&;4 "6+'%(12! ,* /$*! *"($+'8 #*1 *6?7"$* 1(3-BG!*>%4. J98773", >)* $;$31* $'86%.* ,* /$*! (% ,;(+ !* B*!%).%1 <'/->*$* <-')4 $?#3, %61F8773!$*4 >?!3 $* ;93B* B1*<%)'1(+4, $* 363)* ,* >63'3G(*! )(-4 !* *!;'<3!$*1 (% 1% / *#?>+ 71&?$%'3. S #*,;!*4, 731-6?!, ,* >63'3G(% !* B*!%1($%) $* *6*'*)$+$* <'/>*$* 2($% !* *&3'8(%1 ;!* (6)$1, #*1 #*!;!*4 67;3! B%! ,* (">H-!3G(% !* 67+'2!%1 %$/(13 %!3)-#13 &1* $+ <'/(+ $3". 5% $3! $'?63 *"$? ,* >63'3G(% %G#37* !* %61-$%"<,%) >)* &%!1#/ «#31!-!1#/ '%"($363)+(+» <-')4 $+ <'/(+ $+4 F)*1+4 *6*773$')-(+4. :3 )B13 *#'1F24 ,* >63'3G(% !* %H*'>3($%) ($* 3'"-<%)*, (1B+'?B'3>3"4, %'&3($8(1* #*1 3G$- #*,%9/4. :3 #'8$34 ,* /$*! 8<'+($3 (% >)* #31!-!)* *"$3G $3" $G63". S1 #G-

'1%4 (<;(%14 >%$*9G $-! 6371$2! ,* F*().3!$*! ($+! %7%G,%'+ (">H-!)* #*1 ,* '",>).3!$*! >% 9%#8,*'3"4 73&*'1*(>3G4. S1 B1*>8<%4, 63" ,* 6'3;#"6$*!, ,* '",>).3!$*! >;(- B1*1$+()*4. N B1%1(B"$1#/ #'1$1#/ ($3 #'8$34 #*1 (% ?7%4 $14 61,*!;4 >3'H;4 B1*#"F;'!+(+4, #*,24 #*1 + F*,%18 &!2(+ $-! 31#3!3>1#2! 6'3F7+>8$-!, %)!*1 6*()&!-($* <*'*#$+'1($1#8 $3" ;'&3" $3" Proudhon. L9).%1 !* (+>%1-,%) 6-4 3 &*771#?4 >3"$3"*71(>?4 %)<% 6'38&&%-

73 ($+! L&&7)* $3! William Thompson22, 3 363)34 9%#)!+(% *6? $+! ,%-

20 S B1*<-'1(>?4 &)!%$*1 >%$*9G $+4 1B13#$+()*4 63" ($+').%1 $+! $"'*!!)* #*1 *"-$/4 63" 6'3($*$%G%1 $+! %7%",%')*. :3 6'3D?! $+4 %'&*()*4 !3>1>3631%)$*1 !* *63$%-7%) 1B13#$+()*, %!2 1B13#$+()* &+4 !3%)$*1 >?!3! ?$*! *"$/ B3"7%G%$*1 / #*$31#%)$*1. 21 Q371$1#/-31#3!3>1#/ ,%-')* / (G($+>* 63" *!8&%1 (% >3!*B1#/ *9)* $+! %'&*()* #*1 "63($+').%1 ?$1, %H?(3! 6-7%)$*1 + %'&*()* / $3 6'3D?! $+4, B1#*13G$*1 (% *!$87-7*&>* *&*,8 63" %!(*'#2!3"! $3 *#'1F;4 63(? $+4 %'&*()*4 63" #*$*F7/,+#%. 22 William Thompson (1785-1833). K'7*!B?4 6371$1#?4, H17?(3H34, ("&&'*H;*4 #*1 #31!-!1#?4 >%$*''",>1($/4. V%#1!2!$*4 *6? $3! -H%71>1(>?, ;#*!% #'1$1#/ ($+! #*-

PETER KROPOTKIN ____________________________________________________________

20

-')* $3" >3"$3"*71(>3G 6'1! !* &)!%1 #3>>3"!1($/4, #*1 $3"4 36*B3G4 $3" Thompson, John Gray («A Lecture on Human Happiness», 1825, «The Social System», 1831) #*1 J. F. Bray («Labour's Wrongs and Labour's Reme-dy», 1839). J6)(+4, %)<% $3"4 6'3B'?>3"4 $3" #*1 ($+! L>%'1#/. S Jo-siah Warren23, 3 363)34 &%!!/,+#% $3 1798 (W. Bailie, «Josiah Warren, the First American Anarchist», Boston, 1900) #*1 (">>%$%)<% *'<1#8 ($+ «M;- & 76:+"-&» $3" Owen24, ,%-'3G(% 6-4 + *63$"<)* $3" %&<%1'/>*$34 *"-$3G 6'3/7,% #*$8 #G'13 7?&3 *6? $+! #*$*6)%(+ $+4 *$3>1#?$+$*4 #*1 $+! ;77%1I+ 6'-$3F3"7)*4 #*1 "6%","!?$+$*4. :* 6'3F7/>*$* *"$8 B)-B*(#% 6-4 %)!*1 ;>H"$* (% 36313B/63$% (</>* F*().%$*1 ($+! %93"()* #*1 ($+! #31!?$+$* $-! *&*,2!. =*$8 ("!;6%1*, "63($/'1.% $+! 67/'+ %7%",%')* $3" *$?>3". :3 1827, B+>13G'&+(% ($3 Cincinnati ;!* >1#'? %6*'<1*#? #*$8($+>* 63" /$*! $3 6'2$3 «B)#*13 #*$8($+>*» #*1 $3 363)3 3 #?(>34 *63#*73G(% «time store», #*,24 F*(1.?$*! ($+! *!$*7-7*&/ 36313"B/63$% *&*,3G >% <'?!3 %'&*()*4. N *'</ $3" #*$*($/->*$34 /$*! «#?($34: $3 *!2$*$3 ?'13 $+4 $1>/4» #*1 #*$8 ("!;6%1* «>+-B%!1#? #;'B34». :+! )B1* *'</ %H8'>3(% #*1 ($3 «B)#*13 <-'1?» 63" B+->13G'&+(% #3!$8 ($+ U;* W?'#+ #*1 $3 363)3 "6/'<% >;<'1 $3 1865. L913(+>%)-$3 %)!*1 %6)(+4 $3 «(6)$1 B1#*)3"» $3" Mr Keith ($+ C3($?!+, 63" 1B'G,+#% $3 1855. J!2 31 31#3!3>1#;4 1B;%4 $3" Proudhon, #*1 1B1*)$%'* *"$/ $+4 *>31-

F*1?$+$*4 ($14 $'*6%.1#;4 ("!*77*&;4, F'/#*! "63($+'1#$;4 / *#?>* #*1 6'*#$1#/ %H*'>3&/ ($14 N!->;!%4 Q371$%)%4, 31 6371$1#;4 *6?I%14 $3" &1* $+! *!*'<)* *6? $+! 877+ >%'18 ;$"<*! 637G >1#'/4 *!$*6?#'1(+4 ($+ 0*77)*, ?63" #"'1*'<3G(*! 3 <'1($1*!1#?4 (3(1*71(>?4 $3" Lamen-nais25 #*1 $-! 36*B2! $3" Fourier26, 3 #'*$1#?4 (3(1*71(>?4 $3" Louis

61$*71($1#/ %#>%$877%"(+ #*1 %6+';*(% (+>*!$1#8 $3 #)!+>* $3" ("!%'&*$1(>3G, $3" ("!B1#*71(>3G #*1 $3! Karl Marx. 23 Josiah Warren (1798-1874). L$3>1#1($/4 *!*'<1#?4, %H%"';$+4, >3"(1#?4 #*1 ("&-&'*H;*4 *6? $14 NQL. Q'21>34 *#373",+$/4 $3" Robert Owen, (G!$3>* *6;''1I% $14 1B;%4 $3" #*1 "63($/'19% $+! *!*'<)* 63" F*().%$*1 ($+! «#"'1*'<)* $3" *$?>3"». 24 Robert Owen (1771-1858). C'%$*!?4 %'&3($*(18'<+4 #*1 6'-$36?'34 (3(1*-71($/4. R6*19% (+>*!$1#? '?73 ($3 #)!+>* $3" ("!%'&*$1(>3G #*1 B+>13G'&+(% ("!%$*1'1($1#;4 #31!-!)%4 $-! 2000 >% 3000 *$?>-! ($+ A#-$)* (New Lanark) $3 1800 #*1 ($+! K!$18!* $-! NQL (New Harmony) *6? $3 1824 >;<'1 $3 1829. 25 Robert de Lamennais (1782-1854). 087734 1%';*4 #*1 H17?(3H34. A"!+&3'3G(% "6;' $-! B+>3#'*$1#2! *912! #*1 $3" B1*<-'1(>3G %##7+()*4 #*1 6371$%)*4. 26 Charles Fourier (1772-1837). 087734 ,%-'+$1#?4 $3" (3(1*71(>3G, "63($/'1.% $+! %6*!)B'"(+ $+4 #31!-!)*4 F*(1(>;!+ (% 3>3(63!B)%4 6*'*&-&2! (H87*&&%4).

«JULU:KL A:NU JVSWAKL» ____________________________________________________________

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Blanc #*1 31 36*B3) $3" Saint-Simon27. S1 1B;%4 $3" *"$;4, -($?(3, F'/-#*! #8631* 6'3(-'1!/ *6/<+(+ ($+! *'1($%'/ 6$;'"&* $-! J&%71*!2!28 ($+ 0%'>*!)* >% $3"4 Moses Hess29 $3 1843 #*1 Karl Grün $3 1845, 31 363)31 "63($/'19*! $3! *!*'<1(>?. Q*'877+7*, 3 *"$*'<1#?4 #3>>3"!1-(>?4 $3" Wilhelm Weitling30, *H3G 6'3#87%(% B1*>8<%4 >%$*9G $-! %'-&*$2! ($+! J7F%$)*, %#H'8($+#% *6? $3! Wilhelm Marr #*$8 $+ B%#*-%$)* $3" ‘40. L6? $+! 877+ >%'18, 3 *$3>1#1($1#?4 *!*'<1(>?4 F'/#% %6)(+4 ($+

0%'>*!)* $+! 67/'+ $3" ;#H'*(+ >% $3! Max Stirner31 (K. Schmidt), $3" 363)3" ?>-4 $* *913,*G>*($* ;'&* («Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum» #*1 8','* B+>3(1%">;!* ($+! «Rheinische Zeitung») 6*';>%1!*! *'#%$8 6*'*-&#-!1(>;!*, >;<'1 63" $* ;H%'% ($+! %61H8!%1* 3 John Henry Mackay32. S #*,+&+$/4 V. Basch33 (% >)* 637G #*$*$361($1#/ %1(*&-&/ ($3 %!-

B1*H;'3! F1F7)3 $3" «L’ lndividualisme anarchiste: M. Stirner» (1904) 6*-'3"(18.%1 >% 6313! $'?63 + %9;719+ $+4 &%'>*!1#/4 H173(3H)*4 *6? $3! Kant34 ($3! Hegel35, #*1 $3 «&91?,$+» $3" Schelling36 / $3 Geist37 $3" He-

27 Claude Saint-Simon (1761-1825). 087734 ,%-'+$1#?4, *6? $3"4 6'-$36?'3"4 $3" (3(1*71(>3G. T%$1#1($/4, 6)($%"% ($+ (+>*()* $+4 ,'+(#%)*4 #*1 ($+! *9)* $-! +,1-#2!, %6*!*($*$1#2! <'1($1*!1#2! *'<2! >% ($?<3 $+! >%&*7G$%'+ 1(?$+$* #*1 #31!--!1#/ B1#*13(G!+ &1* $+! %'&*$1#/ $89+. 28 L'1($%'3) J&%71*!3). S>8B* (63"B*($2! #*1 !%*'2! #*,+&+$2! $3" 6*!%61($+->)3" $3" C%'37)!3", 36*B2! $3" Hegel, 63" *!$),%$* >% $3 ("!$+'+$1#? *!$)($31<3 '%G>* %6%B)-#*! !* *!*6$G93"! #*1 !* %6%#$%)!3"! 6%'*1$;'- $+ B1*7%#$1#/ $3". 5%-$*9G *"$2! /$*! 3 K. Marx, L. Feuerbach, Cruno Bauer, Mx Stirner #*1 Moses Hess. 29 Moses Hess (1812–1875) 0%'>*!?4 (3(1*71($/4, 63" 3B/&+(% $3! Engels ($3! #3>>3"!1(>? #*1 %1(/&*&% $3! Marx ($* #31!-!1#8 #*1 31#3!3>1#8 6'3F7/>*$*. 30 Wilhelm Weitling (1808-1871). L6? $3"4 6'2$3"4 (+>*!$1#3G4 0%'>*!3G4 (3(1-*71($;4. 31 Max Stirner (1806-1856). 0%'>*!?4 H17?(3H34 (*7+,1!? ?!3>* Johann Kaspar

Schmidt). T%>%71-$/4 $3" *$3>1#1($1#3G *!*'<1(>3G >% $3 ;'&3 $3" «S >3!*B1#?4 #*1 + 1B13#$+()* $3"». T%-'3G(% ?$1 B%! "H)($*$*1 #*>)* *9)* *!2$%'+ *6? $3 «J&2» #*1 >’ *"$/! $+! ;!!31* "63($/'1.% $3! &!/(13 %&-D(>? 63" B%! *773$'12!%$*1. :363-,%$3G(% $+ ,;7+(+ $3" *$?>3" 68!- *6? ?7*, #*$*B1#8.3!$*4 $+! %93"()* ?7-! $-! #31!-!1#2! #*1 6371$1#2! ,%(>2!. 32 John Henry Mackay (1864-1933). L$3>1#1($/4 *!*'<1#?4, ,%-'+$1#?4 #*1 ("&-&'*H;*4 63" >%&87-(% ($+ 0%'>*!)*. 33 Victor Basch (1863/1865-1944). JF'*)34 S"&&'3&87734 6371$1#?4, #*,+&+$/4 H173(3H)*4 ($3 6*!%61($/>13 $3" X/!3". @373H3!/,+#% *6? $3"4 !*.). 34 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). 0%'>*!?4 H17?(3H34 $+4 >%$*H"(1#/4, 1B'"$/4 $+4 #'1$1#/4 H173(3H)*4 #*1 ;!*4 *6? $3"4 6'2$3"4 B1*!3+$;4 $3" B1*H-$1(>3G. T%-'3G-(% ?$1 + *!$1#%1>%!1#/ 6'*&>*$1#?$+$* B%! %)!*1 %9-$%'1#/ $3" $'?63" &!2(+4 $3"

PETER KROPOTKIN ____________________________________________________________

22

gel 6'3#87%(*! *!*&#*($1#8 $+ B1B*</ $3" )B13" «*6?7"$3"» ($3 ($'*-$?6%B3 $-! %6*!*($*$2!, ?$*! 8'<1(% + *!$1-%&&%71*!/ %6*!8($*(+. L"-$? ;&1!% *6? $3! Stirner, 3 363)34 "63($/'1.% ?<1 >?!3 $+! 373#7+'--$1#/ %9;&%'(+ %!8!$1* ($3 #'8$34 #*1 $+ B3"7%)* 63" ,* %6;F*7% ($3! 8!-,'-63 3 *"$*'<1#?4 #3>>3"!1(>?4, *778 #*1 $+! 67/'+ *6%7%",;'-(+ $3" *$?>3" *6? ?73"4 $3"4 +,1#3G4 #*1 #31!-!1#3G4 B%(>3G4, $+! *63#*$8($*(+ $3" «J&2», $+! *!-$%'?$+$* $3" *$?>3", $3! 67/'+ «*->3'*71(>?» #*1 «$+! ;!-(+ $-! %&-D($2!». N ,%-'+$1#/ #*$87+9+ *"-$3G $3" $G63" *$3>1#1($1#3G *!*'<1(>3G 63" %61(+>8!,+#% *6? $3! #*-,+&+$/ Basch %)!*1 + %9/4: (#36?4 ?7-! $-! *!2$%'-! 6371$1(>2! B%! %)!*1 !* %61$';I%1 (% ?7* $* >;7+ $+4 #31!?$+$*4 !* *!*6$"<,3G! >% ;!*! #*!3!1#? $'?63, *778 !* B2(%1 $+ B"!*$?$+$* «67/'3"4 *!86$"9+4» (% ("&#%#'1>;!%4, #*7G$%'* 6'31#1(>;!%4 6'3(-61#?$+$%4, *#?>* #*1 %14 F8'34 $+4 %"$"<)*4 / #*1 $+4 )B1*4 $+4 G6*'9+4 $+4 7*D#/4 >8.*4. R$(1, ($+! 3"()* ;<3">% >)* %61($'3H/ 6'34 $3! 613 #31!? *$3>1#1(>?, *"$?! 63" "63($+').3"! ?7%4 31 %6)B39%4 «*!2$%'%4» >%13!?$+$%4. R!*! *$3>1-#1(>? 63" ($3! '3" $+4 1($3')*4 $3" *!,'263" B+>13G'&+(% $3 #'8$34 #*1 $3"4 "6?73163"4 >+<*!1(>3G4, *"$3G4 63" ($+! 3"()* 31 )B131 31 *$3->1#1($;4 637%>3G!. R$(1, 3 *$3>1#1(>?4 $3"4 #*$*7/&%1 $%71#8 ($+! 8'!+-(+ $3" B1#3G $3"4 (+>%)3" %##)!+(+4 #*1 %6167;3! B%! *!*H;'%1 $)63$* &1* $+! *B"!*>)* $3" *$?>3" !* 6%$G<%1 $+! 6'*&>*$1#8 67/'+ *!86$"9/ $3" (% #*$*($8(%14 #*$*6)%(+4 $-! >*.2! *6? $14 «?>3'H%4 *'1($3#'*$)-

*!,'263", *778 %1(6'8$$%$*1 *6? $3! 8!,'-63 >;(- $-! ;>H"$-! 6'3Y6*'<3"(2! #*$+&3'12! $+4 (#;I+4. N H173(3H1#/ %61''3/ $+4 (#;I+4 $3" "6/'9% $%'8($1*, %!-B%1#$1#8 *!*H;'3!$*1 31 Fichte, Schelling #*1 Hegel. 35 Georg Hegel (1770-1831). 0%'>*!?4 H17?(3H34 $+4 >%$*H"(1#/4, ;!*4 *6? $3"4 613 (+>*!$1#3G4 B"$1#3G4 H173(?H3"4 $3" 193" *12!*. T%-'/,+#% -4 *6?7"$34 1B%*-71($/4, #*,24 6)($%"% ?$1 + 6'*&>*$1#?$+$* %)!*1 $3 *63$;7%(>* $+4 1($3'1#/4 B1%'-&*()*4, $+4 363)*4 *62$%'34 ($?<34 %)!*1 + #*$*!?+(+ $+4 3"()*4 $+4 G6*'9+4 / $3" «L637G$3"». :+! B1*B1#*()* *"$/ $+! 3!?>*(% B1*7%#$1#/: >)* B1*B1#*()* %9;719+4 6'34 $+! 6'?3B3, 63" 6+&8.%1 *6? $+ (G&#'3"(+ BG3 *!$1,;$-!, + 363)* >%$*$';-6%$*1 (% (G!,%(+ #*1 B+>13"'&)*. J6+';*(% (+>*!$1#8 $+ (#;I+ $-! Karl Marx, Fr. Engels #*1 63772! 877-!. 36 Friedrich Schelling (1775-1854). 0%'>*!?4 H17?(3H34 #*1 #*,+&+$/4. T%-'3G(% $+! %7%",%')* -4 $+! *'</ #*1 $3 $;734 #8,% H173(3H)*4. C8(+ $+4 H173(3H)*4 $3" /$*! ?$1 + %7%",%')* $3" *!,'261!3" &;!3"4 %)!*1 6'*&>*$1#/, >?!3 %8! *"$/ "68'<%1 %9)(3" &1* $3 #*7? #*1 $3 #*#?. J>6!%"(>;!34 *6? $3! Kant 6)($%"% ?$1 + H"(1#/ (/ *("!%)B+$+) B+>13"'&)* #*1 + 6!%">*$1#/ (/ ("!%1B+$/) %!36313G!$*1 ($+! :;<!+. 37 0%'>*!1#/ 7;9+ 63" (+>*)!%1 ‘$+ 9")8:&’. S Hegel $+4 *6;B1B% >%$*H"(1#/ ;!!31* #*1 ;#*!% $3 B1*<-'1(>? (% "63#%1>%!1#?, *!$1#%1>%!1#? #*1 *6?7"$3 6!%G>*.

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%4». =8$- *6? *"$;4 $14 ("!,/#%4, + *!86$"9+ $3" *$?>3" ,* 6*'*>%)!%1 >3!3>%'/4. 01’ *"$?! $3 7?&3, $3 ("&#%#'1>;!3 '%G>* $+4 (#;I+4, 6*'8 $+! *!*>H1(F/$+$* (-($/ #*1 <'/(1>+ "6%'8(61(+ $+4 67/'3"4 *!86$"-9+4 #8,% *$3>1#?$+$*4, F'/#% $%71#8 637G >1#'/ *!$*6?#'1(+ #*1 >?!3 (% 6%'13'1(>;!3"4 73&3$%<!1#3G4 #*1 #*771$%<!1#3G4 #G#73"4.

S L!*'<1(>?4 ($+ @1%,!/ R!-(+ J'&*.3>;!-! O6-4 %)!*1 &!-($?, >%$8 $+! /$$* $+4 %'&*$1#/4 $89+4 ($3 Q*')(1 #*-

$8 $+! %9;&%'(+ $3" K3"!)3" 1848 #*1 $+! 6$2(+ $+4 @+>3#'*$)*4 *#3-73G,+(% >)* &%!1#/ GH%(+ ($+! 6'36*&8!B* ?7-! $-! %#B3<2! $3" (3(1-*71(>3G. O734 3 (3(1*71($1#?4 $G634 H1>2,+#% #*$8 $+! 6%')3B3 $+4 *!$)B'*(+4, + 363)* B1/'#%(% 20 &%>8$* <'?!1*. Q*'’ ?7* *"$8, *!8-73&+ *!*'<1#/ (#;I+ 8'<1(% !* %>H*!).%$*1 #"')-4 ($* &'*6$8 $3" Bellegarrique38 («Caeurderoy») #*1 6%'1((?$%'3 (% *"$8 $3" Joseph Déjac-que39 («Les Lazareacute ennes», «L’ Humanisphère», >)* *!*'<3#3>>3"!1($1-#/ 3"$36)* 63" *!*#*7GH,+#% 6'?(H*$* #*1 *!*$"62,+#%). :3 (3(1*71-($1#? #)!+>* *!*.-3&3!/,+#% >?!3 >%$8 $3 1864, ?$*! >%'1#3) 087731 %'&*.?>%!31, ?731 36*B3) $3" «>3"$3"*71(>3G», ("!*!$/,+#*! ($+ @1%-,!/ R#,%(+ $3" Z3!B)!3" >% $3"4 ]&&73"4 36*B3G4 $3" Robert Owen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urassic, #*,24 B%! >63'3G(% !* *!$16'3(-6%"$%)) !* ("&#'3$/(3"! >?!%4 $3"4 >)* ("!3>3(63!B)*, + 363)* B1*<-')($+#% 373#7+'-$1#8 *6? $3

38 Anselme Bellegarrigue. 087734 *$3>1#1($/4 *!*'<1#?4. 0%!!/,+#% &G'- ($* 1820 ($+! :3"73G.+ #*1 6;,*!% ($* $;7+ $3" 193" *12!* ($+! #%!$'1#/ L>%'1#/. 39 Joseph Déjacque (1821-1864). 087734 *!*'<3#3>>3"!1($/4 631+$/4 #*1 ("&&'*-H;*4, 63" #"!+&/,+#% #*1 H"7*#)($+#% &1* $+ B'8(+ #*1 $* ;'&* $3".

PETER KROPOTKIN ____________________________________________________________

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>*'91($1#? &%!1#? (">F3G713 $+4 @1%,!3G440. 5;(* ($14 3>3(63!B)%4 *"-$;4 *!*6$G<,+#% $2'* *"$? 63" >63'%) !* 6%'1&'*H%) -4 >3!$;'!34 *-!*'<1(>?4. LH3G <'+(1>3631/,+#*! $* 3!?>*$* «K)"$)6&?%'$;2»41 #*1 «&"$%)*+,'%&'$;2» &1* *'#%$? #*1'? *6? $14 3>3(63!B)%4 *"$;4, $%71#8 %61-#'8$+(% $3 ?!3>* «&"&6=%/+-», >% $3 363)3 %6;>%!*! !* $3"4 *63#*73G! 31 *!$)6*73) $3"4. S Bakunin42 (G!$3>* ;&1!% 3 6!%">*$1#?4 #*,3B+&+$/4 $+4 *!86$"9+4

$-! ,%>%71-B2! *'<2! $3" *!*'<1(>3G >;(* ($14 7*$1!1#;4 3>3(63!B)%4, 6'8&>* $3 363)3 ;#*!% >% >1* (%1'8 *6? #%)>%!*, >6'3(3G'%4 #*1 %61-($37;4. L6*1$3G(% $+! 67/'+ #*$8'&+(+ $3" #'8$3"4, $3 363)3, ?6-4 ;&'*H%, %)!*1 ;!* 6'3D?! $+4 ,'+(#%)*4, *!/#%1 (% 6371$1(>3G4 #*$2$%'3" %616;B3", *!$16'3(-6%G%1 $3! 6%'13'1(>? $+4 %7%",%')*4 #*1 $%71#8 #*-$*($';H%1 *#?>* #*1 *"$? 63" ;<%1 *!*78F%1 !* %61$%7;(%1 &1* $3 #*7? $+4 *!,'-6?$+$*4. :3 #'8$34 &1’ *"$?! /$*! ;!* 1($3'1#8 *!*&#*)3 #*#?, *7-78 *'&8 / &'/&3'* + $;7%1* %9*H8!1(+ $3" ,* %)!*1 %9)(3" *!*&#*)*. S Bakunin, *63#+'G((3!$*4 $3 (G!373 $+4 !3>3,%()*4 *#?>* #*1 %8! *"$/ 6'3;'<%$*1 *6? #*,371#/ I+H3H3')*, B1%#B1#%) $+! 67/'+ *"$3!3>)* &1* #8,% ;,!34, 6%'13</ #*1 #31!?$+$*, %H?(3! *"$/ + *"$3!3>)* B%! *63-$%7%) *6%17/ &1* $3"4 &%)$3!%4. J6)(+4, "63($/'1.% $+! 67/'+ *!%9*'$+-()* $3" *$?>3", 6'3(,;$3!$*4 ?$1 #863134 >63'%) !* %)!*1 6'*&>*$1#8 %-7%G,%'34, >?!3 ?$*! ?731 %)!*1 %7%G,%'31. S1 %7%G,%'%4 3>3(63!B)%4 $-! #31!3$/$-! ,* ("&#'3$/(3"! #*1 %7%G,%'* ;,!+. O(3! *H3'8 $14 31#3!3>1#;4 $3" *6?I%14, 3 Bakunin ("!$*"$1.?>%!34

>% $3"4 H%!$%'*71($;4 ("!$'?H3"4 $3" $+4 @1%,!3G4 (César De Paepe, Ja-mes Guillaume, Schwitzguébel) 6%'1;&'*I% $3! %*"$? $3" -4 ;!*! «#37%- 40 N B1*>8<+ >%$*9G Marx #*1 Bakunin /$*! *"$/ 63" 6'3#87%(% $+ B18(6*(+. S B%G$%'34 #*$+&?'+(% $3! Marx -4 *"$*'<1#? #*1, %#%) 63" *"$?4 "63($/'1.% >)* ("-&#%!$'-$1#/ %6*!8($*(+ F*(1(>;!+ ($+ B1#$*$3')* $3" 6'37%$*'18$3", 3 Bakunin "63($/'1.% $+! 3>3(63!B1*#/ 3'&8!-(+ "6? $3! ;7%&<3 $-! %'&*$2! #*1 $+! #*$8'-&+(+ $3" #'8$3"4 $3 ("!$3>?$%'3 B"!*$?. Q)($%"% ?$1 $3 #'8$34 #*1 ($* <;'1* $-! %'&*$2! ,* ("!;<1.% !* *63$%7%) $"'*!!)*. 41 J77+!1#/ %7%G,%'+ *6?B3(+ $+4 7;9+4 «federalists», 63" *!*H;'%$*1 ($3"4 36*-B3G4 $3" 3>3(63!B1*#3G $'?63" 3'&8!-(+4 $+4 #31!-!)*4. 42 Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876). X2(34 %6*!*($8$+4 #*1 *&#1$8$3'*4, $3 #"')*'<3 6!%G>* $3" *!*'<1(>3G $3! 193 *12!*. J6+'%8($+#% *6? $3! Fichte #*1 $3"4 !%3-%&%71*!3G4. T%-'3G(% $+! 7*D#/ %6*!8($*(+ -4 $3 *6*'*)$+$3 >;(3 &1* $+! #*$*-($'3H/ $+4 6371$1#/4 %93"()*4 $3" #'8$3"4 ($* 8$3>* #*1 ;B%1<!% %>61($3(G!+ ($3 %6*!*($*$1#? ;!($1#$3 $3" 7*3G. R.+(% 637G#'3$+ .-/. «S 8!,'-634 *"$?4 B%! %)<% #*!3!1#? *($%'1(>? &1* .2B13, ?$*! &%!!/,+#%, *778 #3>/$+», %)6% &1’ *"$?! ;!*4 *-6? $3"4 61($3G4 $3" H)73"4, 3 Herzen.

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#$1F1($/ *!*'<1#?», ?<1 ?>-4 >% $+! ;!!31* 63" ;B1!*! ($3! ?'3 *"$?! 31 Vidal #*1 Pecqueur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«Jurassic»), K(6*!)*4, K$*-

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«Anarchism and Outrage», $3" C. M. Wilson #*1 «Report of the Spa-nish Atrocities Committee», ($+! «Freedom Pamphlets», «A Concise History of the Great Trial of the Chicago Anarchists», $3" Dyer Lum, New York, 1886, «The Chicago Martyrs: Speeches» #76).

PETER KROPOTKIN ____________________________________________________________

26

S *!*'<1(>?4 ("!;<1(% !* *!*6$G((%$*1 >%'1#24 6'34 $+! #*$%G,"!(+ $3" >3"$3"*71(>3G $3" Proudhon *778 #"')-4 6'34 $3! #3>>3"!1($1#? *!*'<1(>?, %!2 6'3($;,+#% >)* $')$+ #*$%G,"!(+ *6? $3! Leo Tolstoy43, 3 <'1($1*!1#?4 *!*'<1(>?4, #*1 >)* $;$*'$+ 63" 9%#)!+(% >%$*9G #8631-! B1*#%#'1>;!-! >3!$;'!-! ("&&'*H;-! #*1 >63'%) !* 6%'1&'*H%) -4 7?&1-34 *!*'<1(>?4. S1 1B;%4 $3" Proudhon, 1B)-4 *"$/ $+4 *>31F*1?$+$*4 ($14 $'*6%.1#;4

("!*77*&;4, 31 363)%4 /$*! *!873&%4 >% *"$;4 $3" Josiah Warren, &!2'1-(*! (+>*!$1#/ *6/<+(+ ($14 N!->;!%4 Q371$%)%4, B+>13"'&2!$*4 >)* (<37/ >% #G'13"4 ("&&'*H%)4 $3"4 Stephen Pearl Andrews44, William Grene45, Lysander Spooner46 (3 363)34 8'<1(% !* &'8H%1 $3 1850 #*1 $3 >1(3$%7%1->;!3 ;'&3 $3" «Natural Law» /$*! &%>8$3 "63(<;(%14) #*1 *'-#%$3G4 8773"4, $-! 363)-! $* 3!?>*$* >63'3G! !* F'%,3G! ($3 «Biblio-graphie de l’ anarchie» $3" #*,+&+$/ Nettlau47. @1*#%#'1>;!+ ,;(+ >%$*9G $-! *$3>1#1($2! *!*'<1#2! ($+! L>%'1#/

#*$%)<% 3 Benjamin R. Tucker48, 3 363)34 B+>13G'&+(% $+! %H+>%')B* «Liberty» $3 1881 #*1 31 *6?I%14 $3" %)!*1 ;!*4 ("!B"*(>?4 $-! *6?I%-! $3" Proudhon #*1 $3" Herbert Spencer49. S Tucker 9%#1!8 *6? $+ ,;(+ ?$1 31 *!*'<1#3) %)!*1 %&-D($;4 (>% $+! #"'137%#$1#/ ;!!31*) #*1 ?$1 #8,% 3>8B* *$?>-! %)$% %)!*1 >)* >"($1#/ ;!-(+ 7)&-! *$?>-! %)$% $3 =3-&#';(3 $-! N!->;!-! Q371$%12! ;<%1 $3 B1#*)->* !* #*$*61;.%1 $3"4 *!-,'263"4, %H?(3! ;<%1 $+! BG!*>+ !* $3 #8!%1. J6)(+4, ,%-'%) ?$1 + %7%"-

43 Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910). X2(34 H17?(3H34 #*1 ("&&'*H;*4. W6/'9% *(#+$1#?4 8!,'-634, %1'+!1($/4 #*1 *!*'<1#?4. N,1#?4 #'1$/4 $3" $(*'1(>3G, "63($/'1.% $+! #*$8'&+(+ $3" #'8$3"4 #*1 $+4 1B13#$+()*4 -4 6+&;4 %#>%$877%"(+4 #*1 $+! B+>1-3"'&)* #3>>3G!-! >% <'1($1*!1#;4 *'<;4. J6+';*(% (+>*!$1#8 $3! Gandhi, #*1 $3 73&3$%<!1#? ;'&3 $3" «War and Peace» ,%-'%)$*1 ;!* *6? $* #*7G$%'* >",1($3'/>*$* 63" ;<3"! &'*H$%) 63$;. 44 Stephen Andrews (1812-1886). L>%'1#*!?4 *$3>1#1($/4 *!*'<1#?4, ("&&'*H;*4 #*1 %#B?$+4. 45 William Greene (1819-1878). L>%'1#*!?4 *$3>1#1($/4 *!*'<1#?4 #*1 ("&&'*H;*4. 46 Lysander Spooner (1808-1887). L>%'1#*!?4 *$3>1#1($/4 *!*'<1#?4, %61<%1'+>*-$)*4, 6371$1#?4 H17?(3H34, "6;'>*<34 $+4 #*$8'&+(+4 $+4 B3"7%)*4 #*1 $+4 ,*!*$1-#/4 631!/4 #*1 "63($+'1#$/4 $3" %'&*$1#3G >%$*''",>1($1#3G #1!/>*$34. 47 Max Nettlau (1865-1944). 0%'>*!?4 *!*'<1#?4 #*1 1($3'1#?4. 48 Benjamin Tucker (1854-1939). W6/'9% 3 #G'134 "63($+'1#$/4 $3" *>%'1#*!1#3G *$3>1#1($1#3G *!*'<1(>3G #*$8 $3! 193 *12!*. 49 Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). ]&&734 H17?(3H34, #31!-!137?&34 #*1 %61($/>3-!*4, 36*B?4 $3" #31!-!1#3G B*'F1!1(>3G-%9%71#$1(>3G. W63($/'1.% $3! ,%$1#1(>?, $3! *#'*)3 H17%7%",%'1(>? #*1 $3 laissez-faire.

«JULU:KL A:NU JVSWAKL» ____________________________________________________________

27

,%')* &1* ?73"4 #*1 + *6?7"$+ 1(?$+$* 6';6%1 !* %)!*1 !?>34 #*1 ?$1 + >3!*B1#/ +,1#/ *'</ $3" *!*'<1(>3G 6';6%1 !* %)!*1 $3 '+$?: «3 #*,;!*4 !* #31$8%1 $+ B3"7%18 $3"». J6167;3!, ,%-'%) ?$1 + &%!1#/ #*1 67/'+4 %H*'>3&/ $-! *'<2! *"$2! ,* %)!*1 %"%'&%$1#/ #*1 B%! #'GF%1 #*!;!*! #)!B"!3, #*,24 31 B"!8>%14 $3" #8,% *$?>3" ,* 6%'13').3!$*1 *6? $+! %H*'>3&/ $-! )(-! B1#*1->8$-! ?7-! $-! 877-!. W63B%1#!G%1 6%'*1$;'- (*#373",2!$*4 $3! H. Spencer) $+ B1*H3'8 63" "68'<%1 >%$*9G $+4 #*-$*68$+(+4 $-! B1#*1->8$-! #86313" *!,'263" #*1 $+4 *!$)($*(+4 ($+! #*$*68$+(+ *"$/P $+ B1*H3'8 >%$*9G $+4 %61F3"7/4 #*1 $+4 8>"!*4, 7;-&3!$*4 ?$1 + 6'2$+ %)!*1 %9)(3" #*$*B1#*($;*, *6? ?63" #*1 *! 6'3-;'<%$*1, %)$% %61$%7%)$*1 *6? ;!*! %&#7+>*$)* %14 F8'34 %!?4 *$?>3", %)$% *6? ;!*! 8!,'-63 %14 F8'34 ?7-! $-! 877-!, %)$% *6’ ?73"4 $3"4 8773"4 %14 F8'34 %!?4, %!2 + *!$)($*(+ ($+! #*$*68$+(+ $-! B1#*1->8$-! %)!*1 891* "63($/'19+4 #*1 *!*&#*)*. S 637)$+4 #*1 + #8,% 3>8B* ;<3"! $3 B1-#*)->* !* *(#/(3"! 3631*B/63$% >3'H/ F)*4 &1* $+! *"$38>"!8 $3"4 (">6%'17*>F*!3>;!+4 $+4 $1>-')*4 $3" #%H*7*)3". N F)* B1#*1373&%)$*1, %6)(+4, ?$*! *(#%)$*1 &1* !* %61F877%1 $3 #*,/#3! B1*$/'+(+4 >)*4 (">-H-!)*4. 5% $3! $'?63 *"$? ((G>H-!* >% $+! &!2>+ $3" ("&&'*H;* $3" 6*'?!$34) 3 Tucker *#373",%) $3! Spencer #*1 *!3)&%1 $3! B'?>3 ($+! %6*!*H3'8 ?7-! $-! 7%1$3"'&12! $3" #'8$3"4 ($3 ?!3>* $+4 «8>"!*4». N #'1$1#/ $3" Tucker &1* $+! 6*'3G(* #*$8($*(+ $3" #'8$3"4 %)!*1 %9*1'%$1#8 B1%1(B"$1#/ #*1 + "6%'8(61(/ $3" $-! B1#*1->8$-! $3" *$?->3" 637G B"!*>1#/. O(3! *H3'8 $14 31#3!3>1#;4 $3" *6?I%14, *#373",%) $3! Proudhon. S *$3>1#1($1#?4 *!*'<1(>?4 $-! L>%'1#*!2! 36*B2! $3" Proudhon

F'/#% 637G >1#'/ *!$*6?#'1(+ ($+ 7*D#/ >8.*. L"$3) 63" 6';(F%"*! $+ ,%-')* *"$/, #*1 31 363)31 /$*! #"')-4 B1*!33G>%!31, ("!%1B+$363)+(*! 637G (G!$3>* 6-4 + %9*$3>)#%"(+, 63" $?(3 637G %6*1!3G(*!, B%! %)!*1 %H1#$/ >% *$3>1#;4 6'3(68,%1%4 #*1 %)$% %&#*$;7%1I*! $14 $89%14 $-! *-!*'<1#2! #*1 3B+&/,+#*! ($3! H17%7%G,%'3 *$3>1#1(>? $-! #7*((1#2! 31#3!3>37?&-! %)$% *63(G',+#*! (% ;!*! $G63 %61#3G'%13" *>3'*71-(>3G / (% >)* ,%-')* $3G "6%'8!,'-63" 6*'?>31* >% *"$/! $3" Stirner #*1 $3" Nietzsche50. S #G'134 ?&#34 $-! *!*'<1#2! $+4 %'&*$1#/4 $89+4

50 Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). 0%'>*!?4 H17?(3H34, 6'3;F7%I% $+! %"'-6*-D#/ 6$2(+ 6'34 $3! >+B%!1(>? #*1 >% B"!*>1#;4 6'?.%4 #*1 631/>*$* 6'3(68,+(% !* $+! *63$';I%1. LH3G B1*#/'"9% $3 ,8!*$3 $3" ,%3G, %!$?61.% $3 6'?F7+>* $3" (G&-<'3!3" *!,'263" ($+! ;77%1I+ !3/>*$34 ($+ .-/. S 1B*!1#?4 8!,'-634 / "6%'8!-

PETER KROPOTKIN ____________________________________________________________

28

6'3$1>3G(% $14 1B;%4 $3" *!*'<3#3>>3"!1(>3G, 31 363)%4 6'3;#"I*! ($*B1*#8 *6? $3! #37%#$1F1($1#? *!*'<1(>? $+4 @1%,!3G4 R!-(+4 J'&*-.3>;!-!. A% *"$/! $+! #*$%G,"!(+ *!/#3"! -&1* !* 3!3>8(3">% >?!3 $3"4 613 &!-($3G4 %#6'3(263"4 $3" *!*'<1(>3G- 31 Elisée Reclus51, Jean Grave52, Sebastien Faure, Emile Pouget53 ($+ 0*77)*, 31 Errico Malate-sta54 #*1 Covelli ($+! K$*7)*, 31 R. Mella, A. Lorenzo55 #*1 31 8&!-($31 ("&&'*H%)4 63772! %9*1'%$1#2! >*!1H;($-! ($+! K(6*!)*, 3 John Most56 >%$*9G $-! 0%'>*!2!, 31 Spies57, Parsons #*1 31 36*B3) $3"4 ($14 N!->;-!%4 Q371$%)%4, %!2 3 Domela Nieuwenhuis58 B1*$+'3G(% >)* %!B18>%(+ ,;(+ ($+! S77*!B)*. J6)(+4, $* #G'1* *!*'<1#8 &'*6$8 63" B+>3(1%G$+-#*! >%$8 $3 1880 #1!3G!$*1 6'34 $+! )B1* #*$%G,"!(+, %!2 ;!*4 *'1,>?4 *!*'<1#2! *"$3G $3" '%G>*$34 ;<3"! %!$*<,%) ($3 7%&?>%!3 ',">%/&?%'$%-/1 /-"(:& (&*771#/ 3!3>*()* &1* $3 >+ 6371$1#? %'&*$1#? #)!+>*, 63" ;<%1 &)!%1 $?(3 (+>*!$1#? ($+! J"'26+ $%7%"$*)* #*1 ;<%1 *H1%'-,%) ($3! 8>%(3 *&2!* %!8!$1* ($3! #*61$*71(>?). S ("&&'*H;*4 $3" 6*'?!$34 -4 36*B?4 $3" *!*'<3#3>>3"!1(>3G &1*

63778 <'?!1* 6'3(68,+(% !* *!*6$G9%1 $14 *#?73",%4 1B;%4: !* B%)9%1 $+ ,'-634, ?6-4 $3! *63#*7%), ,* &!-')(%1 $+! 6'*&>*$1#/ %"$"<)* #"'1*'<2!$*4 ($+! G6*'9/ $3" #*1 (>17%G3!$*4 $3! <*'*#$/'* $3". J6+'%*(>;!34 *6? $3! Schopen-hauer, (">6)6$%1 ($+! "63($/'19+ $3" *$?H13" %&-D(>3G >% $3! Stirner. A+>*!$1#?-$%'3 ;'&3 $3" $3 «@#>) ;K( N&6&$+8'$6&», 1883-92. 51 Élisée Reclus (1830-1905). 087734 &%-&'8H34 #*1 *!*'<1#?4, (">>%$%)<% ($+! Q*'1(1!/ #3>>3G!* $3 1871. 52 Jean Grave (1854-1939). A+>*!$1#?4 *#$1F1($/4 $3" &*771#3G *!*'<1#3G #1!/>*-$34. 53 Emile Pouget (1860-1931). 087734 B+>3(13&'8H34 #*1 *!*'<1#?4, *6? $3"4 6'2-$3"4 63" #*$*!?+(*! $+! BG!*>+ $+4 &%!1#/4 *6%'&)*4. J#B?$+4 $+4 #*,+>%'1!/4 %H+>%')B*4 «La Revolution». 54 Errico Malatesta (1853-1932). K$*7?4 *!*'<3#3>>3"!1($/4 >% 673G(1* %6*!*($*-$1#/ B'8(+ &1* 63773G4 1(891* $3" Bakunin. W63($/'1.% $+! #31!-!1#/ %6*!8($*(+ #*1 *!$1>%$261.% >% "63I)* $3! ("!B1#*71(>?. Q)($%"% 6-4 «+ 6'*&>*$1#/ *!*'<1#/ F)* %)!*1 *"$/ 63" ($*>*$8, ?$*! ($*>*$8 + *!8&#+ "6%'8(61(+4 $+4 %7%",%')*4». Q;'*(% >%&873 >;'34 $+4 .-/4 $3" %9?'1($34 *6? $+! K$*7)* #*1 6%'1((?$%'* *6? B;#* <'?!1* ($+ H"7*#/. 55 Anselmo Lorenzo. L6? $3"4 &!/(13"4 K(6*!3G4 *!*'<1#3G4 (3 «6*663G4» $3" 1-(6*!1#3G *!*'<1(>3G). 56 John Most (1846-1906). 0%'>*!?4 *!*'<1#?4 #*1 '/$3'*4, "63($/'1.% $+ <'/(+ F)*4 &1* $+! %6)$%"9+ 6371$1#/4 #*1 #31!-!1#/4 *77*&/4. 57 Theodore Spies (1855-1887). J'&8$+4, *!*'<1#?4 *#$1F1($/4. 58 Ferdinand Nieuwenhuis (1846-1919). S 613 B1*#%#'1>;!34 S77*!B?4 (3(1*71-($/4. Z3",+'*!?4 1%';*4, ;<*(% $+! 6)($+ $3" #*1 8'<1(% 6371$1#? *&2!* "6;' $-! %'&*$2!. W6/'9% 3 6'2$34 (3(1*71($/4 ($3 S77*!B1#? #31!3F3G713.

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($%!/ #*1 73&1#/ (G!B%(+ 63" "68'<%1 >%$*9G $+4 >3!$;'!*4 H173(3H)- *4 $-! H"(1#2! %61($+>2! #*1 $3" *!*'<1(>3G, !* ,;(%1 $+! *!*'<1- #/ ,%-')* (% >)* %61($+>3!1#/ F8(+, >%7%$2!$*4 $14 $8(%14 63" "68'-<3"! (/>%'* ($+! #31!-!)* #*1 63" >63'%) !* B%)<!3"! $+! >%773!$1- #/ %9;719/ $+4, #*1 !* %6%9%'&*($%) $+! *!*'<1#/ +,1#/. A<%$1#8 >% $+! 3"()* $3" *!*'<1(>3G, ($?<34 $3" Kropotkin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eter Kropotkin (1842-1921). X2(34 6')&#+6*4, %61($/>3!*4 #*1 *!*'<1#?4. A"!BG*(% F1373&1#8 #*1 1($3'1#8 ($31<%)* &1* !* B+>13"'&/(%1 $+ ,%-')* $+4 «("-!%'&*()*4» (mutual aid), 63" *H3'8 ($+! %9;719+ $-! %1B2!, #*1 &1* !* "63($+')9%1 $* 61($%G- $3" &1* $+! *!-$%'?$+$* $+4 *!*'<1#/4 ,%-')*4. 5;734 $+4 L^ B1%,!3G4, #*-$;#'1!% $+! *"$*'<1#/ #*1 ("&#%!$'-$1#/ $8(+ $+4 >*'91($1#/4 ,%-')*4 #*1 "63($/-'19% $14 *'<;4 $+4 %,%73!$1#/4 ("!%'&*()*4 #*1 $3" H%!$%'*71(>3G. 5%$*9G $-! ;'&-! $3" $*: «7??(?+H+4F)%&», «736+-, )63+'$#'%&, )63&'$46%&» #*1 «A&$#/$('( $+, O0:%+8».

PETER KROPOTKIN ____________________________________________________________

30

E-')4 !* 3!3>8.%1 $3! %*"$? $3" *!*'<1#?, 3 Leo Tolstoy, ?6-4 #*1 31 6'3#8$3<3) $3" $-! 7*D#2! ,'+(#%"$1#2! #1!+>8$-! $3" 153" #*1 163" *12!*, Chojecki, Denk #*1 63773) 87731, %!($%'!)($+#% $+! *!*'<1#/ ,;(+ ?(3! *H3'8 $3 #'8$34 #*1 $* B1#*12>*$* 1B13#$+()*4, %98&3!$*4 $* (">6%'8(>*$8 $3" *6? $3 &%!1#? 6!%G>* $-! B1B*<2! $3" E'1($3G #*1 $14 %61$*&;4 $+4 73&1#/4. 5% ?7+ $+! BG!*>+ $3" $*7;!$3" $3", 1B)-4 ($3 «The Kingdom of God in Yourselves»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

$-! *!*'<1#2! 1B%2! ($+ (G&<'3!+ 73&3$%<!)* *6? $+ >)* >%'18 #*1 $+! %61''3/ 63" 8(#+(*! 31 %7%",%'1*#;4 1B;%4 $-! (63"B*1?$%'-! (G&<'3-!-! ("&&'*H;-! ($+! %9;719+ $3" *!*'<1(>3G *6? $+! 877+. 01* !* ("!%1-B+$3631/(%1 #863134 6?(3 ($%!8 ("!B;%$*1 3 *!*'<1(>?4 >% ?7* $* 6!%"->*$1#8 #1!/>*$* $+4 %63</4 >*4, 6';6%1 !* (">F3"7%"$%) $3"4 B;#* >%&8-73"4 $?>3"4 $3" «Supplément Littéraire» $+4 %H+>%')B*4 «La Révolte» #*1 $3 #*$361!? ;'&3 «Temps Nouveaux», $* 363)* 6%'1;<3"! *!*B+>3(1%G(%14 *6? $* ;'&* %#*$3!$8B-! (G&<'3!-! ("&&'*H;-! 63" %#H'8.3"! *!*'<1-#;4 1B;%4. :* ;'&*, ?6-4 $3 «Liberty» $3" J. S. Mill60, $3 «Individual versus the State» $3" Spencer, $3 «Morality without Obligation or Sanction» $3" Marc Guyau61, $* «La Morale» #*1 «L’ art et la religion» $3" Fouillée62, $* ;'&*

60 John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). ]&&734 ,%-'+$1#?4, H17?(3H34 #*1 31#3!3>37?&34. 0!-($?4 &1* $* &'*6$8 $3" 68!- ($+ >%,3B373&)* $+4 %61($/>+4 #*1 $+4 73&1#/4, #*,24 #*1 &1* $+! 637G$3>+ 6'*&>*$%)* $3" &1* $+! #31!-!1#/ #*1 6371$1#/ .-/. 61 Jean-Marie Guyau (1854-1888). 087734 H17?(3H34 #*1 631+$/4. 62 Alfred Fouillée (1838-1912). 087734 H17?(3H34 #*1 #31!-!137?&34.

«JULU:KL A:NU JVSWAKL» ____________________________________________________________

31

$3" Multatuli63 (E. Douwes Dekker), $3 «Art and Revolution» $3" Richard Wagner64, $* &'*6$8 $-! Nietzsche, Emerson, W. Lloyd Garrison65, Thoreau, Alexander Herzen, Edward Carpenter66, #*1 ($3 <2'3 $3" >"-,1($3'/>*$34 $* B'8>*$* $3" Ibsen67, + 63)+(+ $3" Walt Whitman68, $3 «War and Peace» $3" Tolstoy, $3 «Paris» #*1 $3 «Le Travail» $3" Zola69, $* $%7%"$*)* ;'&* $3" Merezhkovsky70 #*1 86%1'* 877* ;'&* 71&?$%'3 &!--($2! ("&&'*H;-! %)!*1 &%>8$* *6? 1B;%4 63" H*!%'2!3"! $+ ($%!/ B1*-(G!B%(+ $3" *!*'<1(>3G >% $+ >3!$;'!* (#;I+, ($3<%G3!$*4 #*1 $* BG3 6'34 $+! )B1* #*$%G,"!(+, *"$/! $+4 7G$'-(+4 $3" *!,'263" *6? $* B%-(>8 $3" #'8$3"4 #*1 $3" #*61$*71(>3G.

5%$8H'*(+ 012'&34 @'8#34

63 _%"B2!">3 $3" Eduard Dekker (1820-1887). S77*!B?4 ("&&'*H;*4, 63" ;&1!% B18(+>34 &1* $+ (*$1'1#/ $3" !3"F;7* «Max Havelaar». 64 Richard Wagner (1813-1883). 0%'>*!?4 ("!,;$+4. A$+! ?6%'* «Die fliegende Hol-

länder» («+ <9$#:)"+2 .??&">12») 6*'3"()*.% $14 6371$1#;4 $3" 1B;%4. W6/'9% >;734 $3" +>1%6*!*($*$1#3G 73&3$%<!1#3G #1!/>*$34 «Young Germany». :3" %)<% *6*&3'%"$%) &1* 11 <'?!1* + %)(3B34 ($+! 0%'>*!)*, 7?&- $-! 6371$1#2! $3" 6%631,/(%-!. 65 William Garrison (1805-1879). L>%'1#*!?4 "6;'>*<34 $+4 #*$8'&+(+4 $+4 B3"-7%)*4 #*1 $+4 ,*!*$1#/4 631!/4. 66 Edward Carpenter (1844-1929). ]&&734 631+$/4 #*1 H17?(3H34, *6? $3"4 6'2-$3"4 *#$1F1($;4 $-! 3>3H"73H)7-!. 67 Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906). X3>*!$1#?4 ,%*$'1#?4 ("&&'*H;*4 *6? $+ U3'F+&)*, ,%-'%)$*1 6*$;'*4 $3" (G&<'3!3" B'8>*$34. 0!-($?4 &1* $* I"<373&1#8 $3" ;'&* >% ;!$3!+ #31!-!1#/ #'1$1#/. 68 Walt Whitman (1819-1892). 0%!1#8 ,%-'%)$*1 3 613 (+>*!$1#?4 L>%'1#*!?4 631+-$/4 $3" 193" *12!*. R&'*I% (% %7%G,%'3 ($)<3 F*(1.?>%!34 ($3"4 '",>3G4 $-! 1,*&%-!2! *>%'1#*!1#2! B1*7;#$-!. 69 Émile Zola (1840-1902). 087734 ("&&'*H;*4, "6;'>*<34 $3" !*$3"'*71(>3G ($+ 73&3$%<!)*. W6%'*(6)($+#% $3! Dreyfus ($+ &!-($/ "6?,%(+. :* >",1($3'/>*$8 $3" 6'3#87%(*! ;!$3!%4 B1*>8<%4 #*1 3'1(>;!* *6*&3'%G$+#*! &1* $+! 61($/ #*1 *63#'3"($1#/ >%$*H3'8 7%6$3>%'%12!. C*,18 *!,'-61($/4, ;&'*I% 6;'*! $-! 877-! #31!-!1#8 >",1($3'/>*$*, ?6-4 *"$8 63" *!*H;'3!$*1 ($3 #%)>%!3. 70 Dmitry Sergeyevich Merezhkovsky (1865-1941). X2(34 ("&&'*H;*4 #*1 #'1$1#?4 73&3$%<!)*4, 1B'"$/4 $3" #1!/>*$34 $3" >3!$%'!1(>3G ($+ '-(1#/ 73&3$%<!)*.

32

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S =SKUMUK=SA L0MUKA:NA 5LXKUSA LU:WQLA ____________________________________________________________

33

->)7+(% %!2613! 200 6%')63" 6'3(26-! *!*6$G9*4 $*4 (3(1*71($1#84 *"-$3G 1B;*4…». :3 1896, (">>%$;<%1 -4 %,%73!$/4 >*.) >% (">H31$+$;4 $3" ($+! %6*-

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0KMX0SA 5QSWXZNA ____________________________________________________________

34

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($1#? 6'*91#?6+>* $3" ($'*$+&3G ['8!#3, ($14 18 K3"7)3" 1936. :3 6'*91#?6+>*, 63" "63($+')<$+#% *6? $14 ("!$+'+$1#;4 B"!8>%14 $3" >%-&873" #%H*7*)3" #*1 $+4 %##7+()*4, *6;$"<% ($3 >%&*7G$%'3 #3>>8$1 $+4 K(6*!)*4 7?&- $+4 ;!367+4 *!$)($*(+4 $-! %'&*$2! #*1 *&'3$2!, 31 363)-31 3'&*!2,+#*! F*(1#8 *6? $3 &1&*!$12B%4 *!*'<3("!B1#*71($1#? ("!B1-#8$3, $+! %,!1#/ 3>3(63!B)* %'&*()*4 (C.N.T). «5;(* (% 7)&%4 2'%4, >%-$8 $+! %6),%(+ $3" ['8!#3, *!*'<1#3) %'&8$%4 #*1 *&'?$%4 #*$;#$+(*! $3! 8>%(3 ;7%&<3 $+4 *&'3$1#/4 &+4, $-! 6?7%-!, $-! #31!-!1#2! "6+'%-(12! #*1 $-! B1#$G-! >%$*H3'84» [Breitbart M.M. (1979a), «Spanish Anar-chism: an introductory essay», in Antipode: A Radical Journal Of Geogra-phy, 10 (3) & 11 (1)/Geurin D. (1970), «Anarchism from Theory to Practi-ce», Monthly Review Press]. :3 &%&3!?4 *"$? 6'3;#"I% -4 8>%(3 *63$;-7%(>* $+4 BG!*>+4 %!?4 >*.1#3G *!*'<3("!B1#*71($1#3G #1!/>*$34 $-! %'&*$2! #*1 $-! *&'3$2! [Breitbart, ?6.6./Amsden J. (1979), «Industrial Collectivism Under Workers' Control: Catalonia, 1936-1939», in Antipode: A Radical Journal Of Geography, 10 (3) & 11 (1) p65], $3"4 363)3"4, ?6-4 (+>%12!%1 ;!*4 0%'>*!?4 6*'*$+'+$/4, «*6*(<373G(% ("!%<24 #*1 ("-($+>*$1#8 $3 ./$+>* $+4 #31!-!1#/4 %6*!8($*(+4 ($14 ("!*!$/(%14 $3"4, ($14 %H+>%')B%4 $3"4, ($* H"778B1* #*1 ($* F1F7)* $3"4» (Geurin, ?6.6.). :3 C.N.T., 63" $G<*1!% $+4 "63($/'19+4 >1*4 >%&87+4 67%13I+H)*4 $-! %'&*$2! #*1 $-! *&'3$2!, ?'1.% -4 6'?$*&>8 $3" $3! «%7%",%'1*#? #3>->3"!1(>?» #*1 B1;,%$% ;!* 6'?&'*>>* 63" #*,3')($+#% >% >%&87+ *#')-F%1* ($+ B1*#/'"9+ $+4 A*'*&?(* $3! 58+ $3" 1936. N ($%!?$+$* <2-'3" $3" #%1>;!3" *63$';6%1 $+! %#$%!/ *!*H3'8 (’ *"$? $3 6'?&'*>>* #*1 877* #%)>%!* $3" C.N.T., *778 *'#%) !* (+>%1-,%) ?$1 $3 C.N.T. *#3-73",3G(% 61($8 $+! 6*'8B3(+ $3" *!*'<3#3>>3"!1(>3G, ?6-4 /B+ *!*-H;',+#% [Geurin, ?6.6./Guillen A. (1992), Anarchist Economics, ISEL, La Prensa, Machester].

1 L6?(6*(>* *6? $3 «GC2 :9+6)- "& ?)%$+,634')% :-& &"&6=%/4 +%/+"+:-&», 1936-37.

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:3"78<1($3! BG3 <1718B%4 *"$3B1*<%1'1.?>%!%4 #37%#$)F%4 B+>13"'&/-,+#*!, 68!- *6? %#*$? %#*$3>>G'1* ($';>>*$* &+4 <'+(1>3631/,+#*! ;$(1 >%$*9G K3"7)3" 1936 #*1 K*!3"*')3" 1938 #*1 &G'- ($3"4 %6$8 >% 3-#$2 %#*$3>>G'1* 8!,'-631 %6+'%8($+#*! *6? $+! #37%#$1F363)+(+ ($3 60% $+4 ("!371#/4 1(6*!1#/4 &+4, + 363)* %6+'%8($+#% *6? $+ B1*B1#*-()* (Breitbart, ?6.6.). N #37%#$1F363)+(+ "6/'9% %,%73!$1#/ #*1, ("!/-,-4, *#373",3G(% >1*4 ("!;7%"(+4 $3" <-'13G ($+! 363)* *63H*(1.?$*! + ;!-(+ $-! <-'*H12! $-! >1#'3DB13#$+$2!, + ("&#;!$'-(+ ?7-! $-! %'&*7%)-! 6*'*&-&/4 #*1 + *6*773$')-(+ $+4 &+4 $-! >%&87-! &*13#$+->?!-!, ;$(1 2($% + &+ !* *63$%7%) >)* %!1*)* 6*'*&-&1#/ >3!8B*. S1 $%-<!)$%4, 31 #3"'%)4 #*1 31 87731 >+ *&'3$1#3) %'&8$%4 3'&*!2,+#*! %6)(+4 (% #37%#$)F%4 (Geurin, ?6.6). N &+, -4 %!1*)* >3!8B* 6*'*&-&/4, <--'1.?$*! (% $>/>*$* &1* !* $+! %#>%$*77%G3!$*1 3>8B%4 B;#* B%#*6;!$% *$?>-! (brigada). A$14 3>8B%4 *"$;4, 31 <%1'?$%'%4 %'&*()%4 6'*&>*$3-6313G!$*! *6? ?73"4 %# 6%'1$'36/4, #*1 ?731 %!,*''G!3!$*! !* %9*-(#3G! $14 %'&*()%4 63" >63'3G(*! !* %61$%7;(3"! #*7G$%'* [Breitbart M.M. (1979b), «Anarchist Decentralism in Rural Spain, 1936-9: the Integration of Community and Environment», in Antipode: A Radical Journal Of Geo-graphy, 10 (3) & 11 (1)/Geurin, ?6.6.]. J61$'36;4 B1*<%)'1(+4 >% >;7+ 63" %#7;&3!$*! #"71?>%!* (% $*#$1#/ F8(+, %6;F7%6*! $14 31#3!3>1#;4 #*1 #31!-!1#;4 B'*($+'1?$+$%4 (% #8,% #37%#$)F* #*1 877%4 %61$'36;4, ?-63" (">>%$%)<*! %'&*.?>%!31 #*1 >+, ;7%&<*! (% >+!1*)* F8(+ $* (<;B1* 6*'*&-&/4, *91373&3G(*! $+! 6'?3B3 $+4 6*'*&-&/4 #*1 %6*!*6'3(B1?-'1.*! $* ($8B1* 6*'*&-&/4 (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b/Geurin, ?6.6.). J! 3-7)&314, #*>)* %'&*()* B%! "6%')(<"% $-! 877-! #*1 #*!;!* >;734 $+4 #3-7%#$)F*4 B%! 67+'-!?$*! &1* B1*<%1'1($1#/ %'&*()*. A$14 6%'1((?$%'%4 #37%#$)F%4 + 67+'->/ &1!?$*! >% F8(+ $14 *!8&#%4: $'3H/, ;!B"(+ #*1 ($;&+ %9*(H*7).3!$*! &1* ?7* $* >;7+ $+4 #37%#$)F*4 (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b). J#7%&>;!%4 %61$'36;4 #*$*!87-(+4 B1;,%$*! $* *&*,8 *"$8, 3'-&*!2!3!$*4 $+ B1*!3>/ $3"4 >% «("!%'&*$1#;4 *63,/#%4», 6377;4 *6? $14 363)%4 /$*! %&#*$%($+>;!%4 (% 6*71;4 %##7+()%4. 53!*($/'1*, %##7+()%4, 6*718 ($'*$1-$1#8 ($'*$?6%B* #*1 %&#*$*($8(%14, ("!/,-4, >%$*$';63-!$*! (% (<37%)*, #1!+>*$3&'8H3"4, F1F713,/#%4, *63,/#%4, &+'3#3>%)* #*1 !3(3#3>%)*, #*!;!* *6? $* 363)* B%! /$*! B1*,;(1>3 &1* $3"4 *!,'2-63"4 $+4 %6*'<)*4 6'1! $+! %6*!8($*(+ (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b). N %#-6*)B%"(+ /$*! B-'%8! #*1 "63<'%-$1#/ &1* ?7* $* 6*1B18 8!- $-! 14 <'3!2! (Geurin, ?6.6.).

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:* 6%'1((?$%'* #37%#$1F3631+>;!* <-'18 #*$8H%'*! !* F%7$12(3"! $14 ("!,/#%4 B1*F)-(+4 $-! >%72! $3"4, #*1 ;!$3!%4 6'3(68,%1%4 #*$*-F7/,+#*! &1* !* *"9+,%) + 6*'*&-&/ (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b). L"$;4 "6/'9*! ("<!8 %61$"<%)4, #*,24 + %&#*$*7%1>>;!+ &+ $3" 6*'%7,?!$34 #*771%'&/,+#%, $* #368B1* *"9/,+#*!, %H*'>?($+#*! >;$'* 6'3($*()*4 (?6-4 + %!*77*&/ #*771;'&%1*4 #*1 $3 HG$%>* B;!$'-!, 2($% !* *63H%"-<,%) + B18F'-(+ $3" %B8H3"4) #*1 !;%4 / #*7G$%'%4 $%<!1#;4 &%-'&)*4 %-H*'>?($+#*! >% $+ F3/,%1* %>6%1'3&!->?!-! (&1* 6*'8B%1&>*, + 8'B%"-(+ %6%#$8,+#% 637G, + *!*6*'*&-&/ $-! .2-! 63" %#$';H3!$*! F%7$12-,+#% #*1 H"$2'1* B;!$'-! B+>13"'&/,+#*!) [Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b]. A% 3'1(>;!%4 6%'16$2(%14, 31 (3B%1;4 *"9/,+#*! ;-4 #*1 6;!$% H3';4 *6? $* 6'3%6*!*($*$1#8 %6)6%B* (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b). =*1!3G'1%4 F13>+<*-!)%4, ?6-4 >%$*63)+(+4 $'3H)>-!, 6*'*&-&/4 <*'$13G #*1 %6%9%'&*()*4 (*63"!13G B+>13"'&/,+#*! / %6%#$8,+#*! 67;3! (% *&'3$1#;4 6%'13<;4, ;$(1 2($% !* *"9+,%) + *"$8'#%1* (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b). N 6*'*&-&/ 6'3&'*>>*$1.?$*! *!873&*, #*1 1B1*)$%'+ 6'3(3</ B?-

,+#% (% 6*'8&3!$%4 ?6-4 31 *!8&#%4 $-! %'&*$2! $-! 6?7%-! #*1 $-! ;!367-! %'&*$2!, 63" 637%>3G(*! ($3 >;$-63 $3"4 ($'*$12$%4 $3" ['8!#3 (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b). L!$),%$* >% $+! *!$)7+I+ ?$1 31 #37%-#$)F%4 /$*! *63>3!->;!%4 #*1 (% *!$*&-!1(>? >%$*9G $3"4, 6377;4 >%&8-7%4 6%'1H%'%1*#;4 3>3(63!B)%4 #37%#$)F-! B+>13"'&/,+#*! >%$*9G <--'12!, (% %6*'<)%4 #*1 37?#7+'%4 6%'13<;4 >%$*9G K3"7)3" 1936 #*1 K3"!)-3" 1937. =8631%4 *6? *"$;4 /$*! + 3>3(63!B)* $-! *&'3$2! $+4 Levant, $+4 Castile #*1 $3 (">F3G713 $+4 Aragon (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b/Geurin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(">F3G7%"*! $14 #37%#$)F%4 &1* !;%4 &%-'&1#;4 $%<!1#;4 (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b). L>H)B'3>31 B)*"731 %61#31!-!)*4 %&#*,1B'G,+#*! >%$*9G $-! #37%#$)F-!, $3 (G($+>* >%$*H3'2! *!*#*1!)($+#%, %!2 $3 (1B+'3B'3>1-#? B)#$"3 6;'*(% ($3! ;7%&<3 $3" C.N.T.-("!B1#8$3" (1B+'3B'3>1#2! (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b). R$(1, «+ #31!3$1#/ 1B13#$+()* $+4 &+4 #*1 + %987%1I+ $+4 $*91#/4 B3-

>/4 ($14 *!*'<1#;4 6%'13<;4 >%$8 $3! K3G713 $3" 1936 *!$1#*$;($+(% $3 #*,%($24 $+4 *$3>1#/4 1B13#$+()*4 #*1 $14 #*61$*71($1#;4 / H%3"B*'<1#;4 1%'*'<1#;4 B3>;4 %93"()*4 >% ;!* 8#'-4 *63$%7%(>*$1#?, 373#7+'->;!3 (G($+>* *"$3B1*<%)'1(+4 #*1 ("!%'&*$1#/4 6*'*&-&/4» (Breitbart, ?6.6, 1979b). Q8!$-4, + %6*!8($*(+ B%! 6%'13')($+#% ($14 *&'3$1#;4 6%'13<;4, #*,24 31 %'&8$%4 $-! 6?7%-! 6'*&>*$363)+(*! «;!* *6? $* 613 >*#'3-(#%7/ #*1 %#$%$*>;!* 6%1'8>*$* 373#7+'->;!+4 F13>+<*!1#/4 6*'*&--&/4 %7%&<?>%!+4 %9 373#7/'3" *6? $3"4 )B13"4» ($+! 1($3')*, 3'&*!2!3-!$*4 $+! 31#3!3>1#/ #*1 #31!-!1#/ $3"4 .-/ &G'- *6? $* ("!B1#8$* %'&*-()*4 $3"4 (Amsden, ?6.6.). N ;#$*(+ $+4 #37%#$1F363)+(+4 &)!%$*1 H*!%-'/ *6? >)* (G&<'3!+ 6*'*$/'+(+, 63" >*4 $3!).%1 ?$1 «(1B+'?B'3>31, $'*> #*1 7%-H3'%)*, $*9) #*1 *#$3673D#8 (#8H+, +7%#$'1#? '%G>* #*1 %-$*1'%)%4 %!;'&%1*4, %'&*()%4 *%')3" #*1 GB'%"(+4, >+<*!373&1#8 %'&3($8-(1*, 3'"<%)* #*1 %'&3($8(1* $(1>;!$3", F13$%<!)%4 "H*(>8$-! #*1 %'&3-($8(1* <*'$13G, +7%#$'1#;4 #*1 <+>1#;4 %61<%1'/(%14, %'&3($8(1* &"*713G #*1 *'->8$-!, %61<%1'/(%14 $'3H)>-! #*1 .",3631)%4 B+>%G$+#*! / %7;&-<3!$*! *6? $14 %61$'36;4 $-! %'&*$2!, >% $3"4 BG3 ?'3"4 !* (+>*)!3"! $3 )B13 &1* $3"4 6'2+! 1B13#$/$%4» [Conlon E. (1993), «The Spanish Civil War: Anarchism In Action», Dublin]. H )B1* 6+&/ ("!%<).%1: «#1!+>*$3-&'8H31 #*1 ,;*$'*, %H+>%')B%4 #*1 $"63&'*H%)*, #*$*($/>*$* #*1 9%!3-B3<%)*, 637"$%7/ %($1*$?'1* #*1 >6*' B+>%G$+#*! %6)(+4». Q377;4 *6? *"$;4 $14 %61<%1'/(%14 "6/'9*! $%'8($1%4 (% >;&%,34: &1* 6*'8B%1&>*, (<%B?! $3 (G!373 $+4 1(6*!1#/4 "H*!$3"'&)*4, >% 250.000 %'&8$%4 B1*-(#3'61(>;!3"4 (% *'#%$;4 6?7%14, 6;'*(% ($3 #*,%($24 $+4 *"$3B1*<%)-'1(+4 [Flood A., Elkin G., McKay I. and D. Neal (1996), The Anarchist FAQ-Frequently Asked Question, Capitol Hill, 1931]. AG>H-!* >% 3'1(>;-!3"4 "6373&1(>3G4, $3"78<1($3! 3.000 %61<%1'/(%14 #37%#$1F3631/,+#*! ($+ F13>+<*!1#/ 6?7+ $+4 C*'#%72!+4 (Conlon, ?6.6.). Q*'’ ?7* *"$8, + *($1#/ #37%#$1F363)+(+ B%! "6/'9% $?(3 67/'+4

?(3 + *&'3$1#/. A% 3'1(>;!%4 %61<%1'/(%14 31 %'&8$%4 *!;7*F*! $3! 67/-'+ ;7%&<3, %!2 (% 877%4 6%'13')($+#*! !* B+>13"'&/(3"! «%61$'36;4 %-

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JQLULA:L:N5JUN KAQLUKL =LK LULXESAWU@K=LZKA5SA ____________________________________________________________

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LUCIEN VAN DER WALT ____________________________________________________________

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FREDY PERLMAN ____________________________________________________________

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1 Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566). K(6*!?4 1%';*4, #31!-!1#?4 %6*!*($8$+4 #*1 1($3'1#?4. W6/'9% 3 F*(1#?4 6'-$*&-!1($/4 $3" #1!/>*$34 &1* $+! 6'3($*()* $-! K!B18!-! ($+! K(6*!)* #*1 $+ Z*$1!1#/ L>%'1#/ $3! 163 *12!*.

N @KLX=NA 0SN:JKL :SW JTUK=KA5SW ____________________________________________________________

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2 Lope de Aguirre (1510-1561). K(6*!?4 $"<3B12#$+4 ($+ Z*$1!1#/ L>%'1#/. E'+-(1>363)+(% F)* #*1 $'?>3 &1* !* #"'1*'</(%1 (% 3'1(>;!%4 6%'13<;4 #*1 6'3(68,+(% *!%61$"<24 !* #+'G9%1 *!%9*'$+()* *6? $3 F*(1718 $+4 K(6*!)*4.

FREDY PERLMAN ____________________________________________________________

70

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N @KLX=NA 0SN:JKL :SW JTUK=KA5SW ____________________________________________________________

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FREDY PERLMAN ____________________________________________________________

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FREDY PERLMAN ____________________________________________________________

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N @KLX=NA 0SN:JKL :SW JTUK=KA5SW ____________________________________________________________

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FREDY PERLMAN ____________________________________________________________

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N @KLX=NA 0SN:JKL :SW JTUK=KA5SW ____________________________________________________________

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FREDY PERLMAN ____________________________________________________________

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N @KLX=NA 0SN:JKL :SW JTUK=KA5SW ____________________________________________________________

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RUDOLF ROCKER ____________________________________________________________

104

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JTUK=KA5SA =LK QSZK:KA5SA ____________________________________________________________

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106

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QL:XKM:KA5SA =LK @KL=WCJXUNAN ____________________________________________________________

107

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LEO TOLSTOY ____________________________________________________________

108

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QL:XKM:KA5SA =LK @KL=WCJXUNAN ____________________________________________________________

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LEO TOLSTOY ____________________________________________________________

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QL:XKM:KA5SA =LK @KL=WCJXUNAN ____________________________________________________________

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LEO TOLSTOY ____________________________________________________________

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QL:XKM:KA5SA =LK @KL=WCJXUNAN ____________________________________________________________

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LEO TOLSTOY ____________________________________________________________

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QL:XKM:KA5SA =LK @KL=WCJXUNAN ____________________________________________________________

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LEO TOLSTOY ____________________________________________________________

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LEO TOLSTOY ____________________________________________________________

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LEO TOLSTOY ____________________________________________________________

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QL:XKM:KA5SA =LK @KL=WCJXUNAN ____________________________________________________________

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AN5JKMAJKA 0KL «:S \N:N5L :MU 5J:LULA:MU» ____________________________________________________________

131

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2 A$J5. 01* $3 B18<"$3 #*1 $3 ("&#%!$'->;!3 (/ «("&#%!$'-$1#?») ,;*>*, #*,24 #*1 $3! ("!B"*(>? $3"4 ($3 «%!(->*$->;!3 ,%*>*$1#?» (F7. #"')-4 0#" U$%>6?', «I=1?%& G#"0 '$(" A+%"0"-& $+, V)#:&$+2», >$H'. Q8!34 :(*<*&;*4, J7%G,%'34 :G-634, L,/!* 1988).

GUY DEBORD ____________________________________________________________

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