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Page 1: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule:Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule:

Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the (normalized) ground electronicstate wavefunction is given by:state wavefunction is given by: 

[ ](1) (2) (1) (2) (2) (1) / 2gs ψ ψ α β β α+ +Ψ = −

[ ][ ] 1 21(1) (2) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (2) 1 (2) ( , )A B A Bs s s s r rψ ψ ψ= + + ≡

with:

[ ][ ] 1 2(1) (2) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (2) 1 (2) ( , )2(1 ) A B A Bs s s s r r

Sψ ψ ψ+ + + +

+

Page 2: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Evaluate the ground state electronic energy based on this presumed(approximate) eigenfunction:(approximate) eigenfunction:

01 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

2 ' 2 ' 2 4( , ) ( , ) 21 2(1 )gs el s

j j k j k m lE drdr r r H r r ER S S

ψ ψ + + + += = + − +

+ +∫ 1 2(1 )R S S+ +∫

i h20ejwith: 0

004

jπε

… and j’(R), k’( R), m(R), l(R) definedexplicitly in Atkinsexplicitly in Atkins.

Here is the result obtainedFor E_gs (R)  via Eq. [1]:

Page 3: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Configuration Interaction:

Within the two basis orbital approximation, the following electronicconfigurations are possible: 

1) Two electrons in Molecular Orbital ψ_+

2) One electron in MO ψ_+ and one electron in MO ψ_‐

3) Two electrons in MO ψ_‐.

1 1g s or sσ σ

Point of notation:*1 1u s or sσ σu

Page 4: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Spin‐orbitals of type 1 and 3 have the same symmetry, and thereforecan “mix” (to give improved wavefunctions and energy eigenvalues):

[ ]1 (1) (2) (1) (2) (2) (1) / 2ψ ψ α β β α+ +Ψ = −

[ ]2 (1) (2) (1) (2) (2) (1) / 2ψ ψ α β β α+ +Ψ = −

Consider the trial wavefunction:

1 1 2 2tr c cΨ = Ψ + Ψ [1]

Inserting this trial function into the Raleigh‐Ritz Variational Principle …

we will determine (c1,c2) that minimize the expectation value of theElectronic Hamiltonian operator with this trial function.  This will provideus with improved values of the ground state energy (which must be loweredby this variational calculation) and the ground state energy eigenfunction.by this variational calculation) and the ground state energy eigenfunction. 

Page 5: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Note the flexibility of the trial (spatial) wavefunction.   Modulo normalization:

1 2(1) (2) (1) (2)c cψ ψ ψ ψ+ + − −+

1 2[1 (1) 1 (1)][1 (2) 1 (2)] [1 (1) 1 (1)][1 (2) 1 (2)]A B A B A B A Bc s s s s c s s s s= + + + − −

1 21 1 1 (1)1 (2) 1 (1)1 (2)A B B Ac c s s s s= = − ⇒ +

Note the reductions for specific c1,c2 coefficient choices:

Covalent bonding1 21, 1 1 (1)1 (2) 1 (1)1 (2)A B B Ac c s s s s⇒ +

1 21, 1 1 (1)1 (2) 1 (1)1 (2)A A B Bc c s s s s= = ⇒ +

configuration

Ionic bondingconfigurationconfiguration

Thus, the trial function ψ_tr in Eq. [1] confers considerable additionalflexibility to the wavefunction shape, hence leading to a more accuratey p , gsolution of the Schrodinger Eq.

Page 6: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Performance of various level of electronic structure theory for H2:

[D A McQuarrie Quantum Chemistry][D.A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry]

Page 7: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Testing qualitative MO theory prediction of Bond Order with experimentg q y p pfor homonuclear diatomics made from elements in the 1st row of the PeriodicTable (using the “Molecular Orbital Aufbau” principle):

Bond Order [# ' # ' ] / 2bonding e s antibonding e s≡ −

[D.A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry]

Page 8: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Going to the 2nd row of the Periodic  Table … need to build up MO’s from the 2nd Lewis Shell:from the 2 Lewis Shell:

p_z orbitals can also be “added and subtracted” to form g=gerade andu=ungerade combinations:

[D.A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry]

Page 9: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

p_x and p_y orbitals can also be “added and subtracted” to form g=gerade andp_ p_y g gu=ungerade combinations:

ungerade gerade

[D.A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry]

Page 10: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Qualitative MO theory orbital diagram for homonuclear diatomicscomposed of 1st or 2nd row elements:

difficult to distinguish the ordering of these MOs:g

[D.A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry]

Page 11: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Testing qualitative MO theory prediction of Bond Order with experimentfor homonuclear diatomics made from elements in the 2st row of the PeriodicTable:

[D.A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry]

Page 12: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 moleculejordan/chem2430/notes_21oct09.pdf · Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory of the H2 molecule: Following the MO treatment of H2+, assume the

Qualitative MO theory for Heternuclear Diatomics:

N N h AO’ f h d li i ll ThNote: Now the AO’s of the two atoms do not line up symmetrically.  Theyhave to carefully aligned, energetically, and then decisions made as to whichAO’s mix strongly to form MO’s. 

Example: HF

Note:  Bond order =1

[T. Engel, Quantum Chemistry & Spectroscopy]