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Page 1: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.

Lecture 11c

Sympathomimetics (continue)

Page 2: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.

Isoproterenol• predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic

receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its drawbacks and the reason why it is rarely used.

• Cardiovascular effects

1. Cardiovascular: produces intense stimulation of the heart to increase its rate and force of contraction, causing increased cardiac output.

• therefore, is useful in the treatment of atrioventricular block or cardiac arrest. Isoproterenol also dilates

• the arterioles of skeletal muscle (β2 effect), resulting in decreased peripheral resistance.

• Because of its cardiac stimulatory action, it may increase systolic blood pressure slightly, but it greatly reduces mean

• arterial and diastolic blood pressure.

2. bronchodilation

Page 3: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.
Page 4: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.

• Therapeutic uses: Isoproterenol is now rarely used as a broncho-dilator in asthma. It can be employed to stimulate the heart in emergency situations.

• Pharmacokinetics: Isoproterenol can be absorbed systemically by the sublingual mucosa but is more reliably absorbed when given parenterally or as an inhaled aerosol.

• Adverse effects: The adverse effects of isoproterenol are similar to those of epinephrine.

Page 5: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.

Dopamine

• Dopamine can activate α1and β1-adrenergic receptors.

• For example, at higher doses, it can cause vasoconstriction by activating α1 receptors, whereas at lower doses, it stimulates β1cardiac receptors.

• In addition, D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors occur in the peripheral mesenteric and renal vascular beds, where binding of dopamine produces vasodilation.

Page 6: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.

• Therapeutic uses: Dopamine is the drug of choice for shock and is given by continuous infusion.

• It raises the blood pressure by stimulating the β1 receptors on the heart to increase cardiac output, and α1 receptors on blood vessels to increase total peripheral resistance.

• In addition, it enhances perfusion to the kidney and splanchnic areas, as described above. In this regard, dopamine is far superior to norepinephrine, which diminishes the blood supply to the kidney and may cause renal shutdown.

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Dobutamine

• synthetic, direct-acting catecholamine that is a β1-receptors. It increases cardiac rate and output with few vascular effects.

• Therapeutic uses: Dobutamine is used to increase cardiac output in congestive heart failure, in septic and cardiogenic shock.

• Given only parenterally (not orally)

Page 8: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.

PhenylephrineClinical uses:

• As a mydriatic agent to examine the fundus of the eye– It acts on α1 – receptors in the radial dilator pupillary muscle

• As a decongestant – Used as nasal drops to cause VC in the nasal blood vessels

& relief congestion • As a vasopressor agent in case of hypotension

– α1 stimulation causes VC leading to increase BP

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Clinical use of Amphetamine-like drugs

• To suppress appetite – In very obese persons Amphetamine can act centrally

on the hunger center in the hypothalamus to suppress appetite

• In narcolepsy– Narcolepsy is irresistible attacks of sleep during the

day in spite of enough sleep at night – Amphetamine stimulates the CNS & makes the patient

awake • In ADHD “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disease”

Page 10: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.

EphedrineClinical uses:

• Pressor agent (used to increase BP) • Decongestant • It is no longer used to treated bronchial

asthma. (because it’s less potent + slow onset of action)

Page 11: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.

Pseudoephedrine:

• Has similar pharmacological activities to ephedrine

• It is not controlled : OTC (over the counter)• It is commonly used as a decongestant

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Phenylpropranolamine:

• Again it is similar to pseudoephedrine, and was used as decongestant, but it was stopped because it may cause cerebral hemorrhage

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Salbutamol:

• It is β2 – selective agonist• Can be used orally, IV and by inhalation• Formulations: (Tablets; Syrup; Injection;

solution and Inhalation)• Clinical Uses

– bronchial asthma by β2 stimulation, which leads to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and bronchodilation.

– Treatment of refractory hyperkalemia (I.V)

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Salmetrol and Formoterol:

– These selective beta agonists, have longer duration of action as compared to Salbutamole.

– Uses: As inhalors for bronchial Asthma

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Clonidine:

• It is a selective α2 – agonist • Mechanism of action : (Acts centrally as a central sympatholytic

drug.) – Clonidine is Lipid – soluble, so, it freely passes BBB & reaches

CNS to stimulate α2 – receptors in medulla and pons causing decreased sympathetic tone and finally decrease BP

• It act by it self not like Methyldopa • Clinical use include:

– Treatment of mild to moderate hypertension – Treatment of morphine withdrawal symptoms – As analgesic during labour

• The dose = 1.25 ug/day • It can be given I.M

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• Adverse affects of Clonidine

– Depression – Dizziness, insomnia, & nightmares – Impotence – Alopecia الشعر تساقط– Urticaria – Weight gain – Fluid retention – Sudden withdrawal leads to rebound hypertension

Metyldopa and the comparison between it and clonidine are in the lecture (adrenergic antagonists)

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3. Apraclonidine

• Like clonidine it is selective α2 adrenoceptor agonist, however, main uses as adjuvant therapy for glaucoma via decrease of aqueous humour formation.

Page 18: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.
Page 19: Lecture 11c Sympathomimetics (continue). Isoproterenol predominantly stimulates both β1- and β2 adrenergic receptors. Its nonselectivity is one of its.