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Ions in solids and solutions.
CI 4.5 and revision of 5.1
Ions in ionic solids.
+
++
+
---
--
Cl-
Na+
Ions in solution.
- +
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-δ+
δ-
δ+δ-δ
+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
O
HH
Most electronegat
ive
δ+
δ-Oδ-
Hδ+Hδ+
Polar molecule
s
Hydrated ions
Dissolving.
-δ+
δ--
--
-
+
+
+
+δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ- δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-
Some bonds broken
Some bonds made
---
-
+
+
+
+
-
Some bonds broken
Some bonds made
---
-
+
+
+
-
+
Some bonds broken
Some bonds made
Dissolving.Some bonds broken
Some bonds made
Endothermic
Exothermic
+
++
+
--
-
-
-
What is this?
ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat)-ΔHLE
ΔHsolΔHhyd(an)
What is this?
ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat)-ΔHLE
ΔHsolΔHhyd(an)
+
++
+
---
--
Exo or endo?
-ΔHLE+
++
+
---
--
---
-
+
+
+
+
-What is this?
ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat)-ΔHLE
ΔHsolΔHhyd(an)
---
-
+
+
+
+
-Exo or endo?
ΔHhyd(an)
---
-
+
+
+
-
+
What is this?
ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat)-ΔHLE
ΔHsolΔHhyd(an)
---
-
+
+
+
-
+
Exo or endo?
ΔHhyd(cat)
Solute + solvent
Gaseous ions
Solution
enthalpy
ΔHsolution
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an)
-ΔHLE + ΔHhyd(cat) + ΔHhyd(an)ΔHsolution =
Solute + solvent
Gaseous ions
Solution
enthalpy
ΔHsolution
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an)
ΔHsolution = Exo or endo? Endo
Solute + solvent
Gaseous ions
Solution
enthalpy
ΔHsolution
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an)
ΔHsolution =
EndoWon’t dissolve
Solute + solvent
Gaseous ions
Solution
enthalpy
ΔHsolution
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an)
ΔHsolution = Exo or endo? Exo
Solute + solvent
Gaseous ions
Solution
enthalpy
ΔHsolution
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an)
ΔHsolution = Will dissolve Exo
Solute + solvent
Gaseous ions
Solution
enthalpy
ΔHsolution
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an)
Slightly endoMay dissolve
Entropy!
Finally…. (Tables 5 and 7)
Ion Ionic radius
Water molecules attached
Na+
2,8,8
0.098nm
5
Mg2+
2,8,815
Al3+
2,8,8
0.057nm
26
0.078nm
+
2+
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