IODINE DEFFICIENCY DISORDERS
SREERAJ.V.TJR.HEALTH
INSPECTOR
Iodine deficiency disorders:A public health problem
Worldwide distribution
What is iodine&
what is iodine deficiency?
What is iodine? Nutrient needed in a
minute quantity daily.Recommended daily intake:150 μg (Micronutrient)
Total quantity present in body is (15-20 mg)mostly in thyroid gland
What is iodine?
Iodine: Essential component of
thyroid hormones,
which are needed for:
- Optimal mental & physical development
- Regulation of body metabolism
(Generation & utilization of body energy)
Iodine : Daily requirements
Age Group Iodine Requirement(µg/day)
0 – 11 months 5012 – 59 months 90
6 – 12 years 120> 12 years 150
Pregnant & Lactating Women 200
[WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD: Recommended iodine levels in salt and guidelines for monitoring their adequacy and effectiveness. WHO/NUT/96.13.
Geneva. 1996 ]
Sources of iodine
Food is the main source of iodine
Meat, fish & dairy products Vegetables, cereals
High amounts in sea fish & seaweeds
Sea salt is a poor source of iodine
Iodine deficiency – Disease of the soil
Melting of Glaciers
Floods
Rivers changing course
Gradual leaching of iodine from soil due to:
Iodine deficiency : A disease of the soil
SOIL EROSION : WATER, SOIL Environmental iodine deficiency
Low Availability : PLANTS Iodine poor feeds &
of iodine fodders, goitrogens
Effect on animals : LIVESTOCK Clinical & Reproductive
disorders, Decreased productivity
Effect on people : HUMANS Health & Socio -
economic impact
What are the consequences of
iodine deficiency?
Effects on humans:Fetus
Mortality Spontaneous abortions &
stillbirths Increased perinatal mortality
Disability Birth defects Defects of speech & hearing Psychomotor defects Cretinism
Effects on humans:Neonate Mortality
Increased neonatal mortality
Morbidity
Neonatal Goiter Neonatal Hypothyroidism
(Decreased production of thyroid hormones at birth)
Effects on humans:Children & adolescents
Goiter Hypothyroidism Retarded physical development Impaired mental function (13 IQ
points)
Effects on humans: Adults
Goiter & its complications
Hypothyroidism
Impaired mental function
Iodine induced hyperthyroidism (IIH)
Effects on livestock
Goiter
Hypothyroidism
Reproductive disorders
Decreased productivity
(Milk, meat, wool, eggs)
Lower work outputGoiter in animal
Importance of iodine inbrain development -
50,000 brain cells produced/secondin developingfetal brain
100 billion brain cells in adult
One million billion connections between these brain cells:Determine IQ
100 billion brain cells in adult human
Comparable to the number of stars in the sky
Brain Cell Growth
Iodine Deficiency
Iodine SufficiencyIodine Deficiency is the single most
common cause of preventable mental retardation
Brain cell branching
• Diminished brain cell branching due to iodine deficiency• Diminished branching Less connections Lower IQ
Importance of iodine inbrain development
90 % of human brain development occurs between 3rd month of pregnancy & 3rd year of life(Critical period)
Deficiency of iodine during this critical period of
development results in permanent brain damage
This brain damage can primarily be prevented by
correcting iodine deficiency before & during pregnancy
This makes it vital
that all expectant
& lactating mothers
get their
daily requirement
of iodine
Iodine deficiency is single most common cause of mental handicap worldwide
It is totally preventable
Spectrum of IDDGoiter
Loss of 13 IQ points,Leading Cause of Mental handicap
Cretinism
Spontaneous Abortions,Stillbirths,
Birth Defects
Defects of Speech & Hearing,Squint,
Psychomotor defects
Thyroid Hormones
triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroxine (T4)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)
Hypothyroidism is a state in which the
thyroid gland does not make
enough thyroid hormone.
Cold intolerance, increased sensitivity to cold Constipation Weight gain and water retention Bradycardia (low heart rate – fewer than sixty
beats per minute) Fatigue Decreased sweating Muscle cramps and joint pain Dry, itchy skin Thin, brittle fingernails Rapid thoughts Depression Poor muscle tone (muscle hypotonia) Female infertility; any kind of problems with
menstrual cycles Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea Elevated serum cholesterol
Goiter has been known since the days of Lord Buddha and before
Earliest evidence of goiter: 3000 BC
GoiterGoiter is a swelling of the thyroid
gland
is painless not a cause of death
- has been perceived as a
cosmetic problem only
Cretinism
Iceberg of IDD
1% - 10%Cretinism
5% - 30%Some brain damage
30% - 70%Loss of energy due to hypothyroidism
High risk groups:- Pregnant & lactating women
- Pre-school children
Our primary concern
Every population should&
Every mother & child mustGet their daily supply of
iodine
Iodine consumption on daily basis for all times to come
Daily requirement of iodine per person is 150 µg – fits on the tip of hair !
Lifetime requirement for 70 years is 5 gms – one teaspoonful !
However, this daily requirementhas to be met daily, for all times to come
“Daily consumption of adequatelyiodized salt is a healthy habit”
Vehicle for iodine : Salt
One food item consumed every day,by everybody in fixed quantities
Rich or poor, urban or rural area,man or woman, child or adult
Average daily consumption in Indiaper person is 10 gm
Iodization of salt is a simple process Cost of salt iodization is :
10 paise/person/year
What is Iodated Salt?
Iodated salt is common salt containing minute quantities of an iodine compound
Iodated salt looks, tastes and smells exactly like ordinary salt.
The Govt. of India has issued notification banning the salt of non iodized salt for direct human consumption with effect from 17th May, 2006.
Iodized salt – The panacea for iodine deficiency
Salt production and iodization(Supply)
Promotion of Iodized Salt Consumption
(Demand)
Universal Salt Iodization
In 1983, Government of India tookpolicy decision to iodize all salt meant for human consumption – Universal Salt Iodization (USI)
Private sector was permitted and encouraged to produce iodized salt
“Elimination of goiter” was included in Prime Minister’s 20-point National Development Program
India & China
Iodized salt coverage <80%
Iodized salt coverage >80%
The Dandi March
Thank You!ForFor
Daily consumption of adequately iodized salt is a
healthy habit
Towards Sustainable
Elimination of IDD
Top Related