Interferometric observationsof the nuclear dust inactive galactic nuclei

Obscured AGN Across Cosmic Time

Konrad R. W. Tristram

Collaborators:K. Meisenheimer, M. Schartmann (MPIA),

W. Jaffe, D. Raban (Sterrewacht Leiden), Bill Cotton (NRAO)

06.06.2007 Konrad R. Tristram Page 2

• Torus size: ~ 1 pcAngular sizes for the nearest AGN: < 20 mas

continuous torus modelλ=10 μm, i=60°

Schartmann (2005)

Introduction: Which instrument?

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• Torus size: ~ 1 pcAngular sizes for the nearest AGN: < 20 mas

• Need MIR instruments with highest resolution!Find this only at the VLTI: MIDI

VLT with the ResidenciaFebruary 2005

Introduction: Which instrument?

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• Torus size: ~ 1 pcAngular sizes for the nearest AGN: < 20 mas

• Need MIR instruments with highest resolution!Find this only at the VLTI: MIDI

• MIDI– Dispersed fringes in the

N-band (8 to 13 μm)– NaCl prism (R ~ 30)– Grism (R ~ 240)

MIDI in the VLTI lab

Introduction: Which instrument?

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• Essentially Young’s experiment

O

δ

S

P

r1r2

H1 H2

D

I

Introduction: MIR interferometry

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• Essentially Young’s experiment

• Correlated flux Fcor:flux in fringes

• Resolution:λφ

2 BL=

⋅

The VLTI interferometer

BL

Introduction: MIR interferometry

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List of all AGN observed to date:

GTO5.0 JyCircinus

GTO0.6 JyNGC 1365

GTO0.4 JyNGC 7469

GTO0.3 JyMCG -05-23-016

GTO0.6 JyIC 4329A

TimeFlux (10 µm)Name

GTO

GTO

OT

GTO

SDT / OT

0.6 JyNGC 5128 (Centaurus A)

13.0 JyNGC 1068 (M77)

0.3 Jy

0.4 Jy

0.5 Jy

3C 273

Mrk 1239

NGC 3783

Introduction: Target list

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List of all AGN observed to date:

GTO5.0 JyCircinus

GTO0.6 JyNGC 1365

GTO0.4 JyNGC 7469

GTO0.3 JyMCG -05-23-016

GTO0.6 JyIC 4329A

TimeFlux (10 µm)Name

GTO

GTO

OT

GTO

SDT / OT

0.6 JyNGC 5128 (Centaurus A)

13.0 JyNGC 1068 (M77)

0.3 Jy

0.4 Jy

0.5 Jy

3C 273

Mrk 1239

NGC 3783

Introduction: Target list

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• Spiral galaxy SA(s)b, i = 65°

• Seyfert type 2

• 4 × 106 M nucleus

• Distance ~4 Mpc50 mas ~ 1 pc

• Circumnuclear starburst

2MASS J, H, Ks colour mosaic

Circinus: General properties

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Period 72, 04-02 (U3-U2)Period 73, 04-06 (U3-U2)Period 74, 05-02 (U3-U4)Period 75, 05-05 (U2-U3)Period 77, 06-05 (U2-U3)

-80-60-40-2020406080

u in m

-80

-60

-40

-20

20

40

60

80 v in mU2-U4GTO observations from P72 to P77:• 21 fringe tracks

• 16 photometries

Circinus: UV coverage

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8 9 10 11 12 13Wavelength λ in μm

0

5

10

15

20

25To

tal f

lux

F tot

in J

y

Circinus: Total flux

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GTO observations from P72 to P77:

Period 72, 04-02 (U3-U2)Period 73, 04-06 (U3-U2)Period 74, 05-02 (U3-U4)Period 75, 05-05 (U2-U3)Period 77, 06-05 (U2-U3)

-80-60-40-2020406080

u in m

-80

-60

-40

-20

20

40

60

80 v in mU2-U4

• 21 fringe tracks

• 16 photometries

Circinus: UV coverage

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0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0Circinus, observed 2005-02-28

8 9 10 11 12 13Wavelength λ [μm]

Cor

rela

ted

flux

F cor

[Jy]

PA = 44.6°, BL = 49.3 mPA = 53.6°, BL = 51.0 mPA = 56.6°, BL = 51.6 mPA = 88.4°, BL = 58.1 mPA = 120.0°, BL = 62.0 mPA = 130.5°, BL = 62.4 m

Circinus: Correlated flux

ozon

e ba

nd

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334 KT1 =Temperature:

298 KT2 = Temperature:

1.18τ1 =Silicate depth:

2.21τ2 =Silicate depth:

Position angle:Covering factor:

Axis ratio:Size:Covering factor:

Axis ratio:Size:

61°α =0.20f2 =

0.97r2 =97 masΔ2 =1.0f1 =

0.21r1 =21 masΔ1 =

Flux distribution

200 100 0 -100 -200RA in mas

-200

-100

0

100

200

λ = 11.0 μm

DE

C in

mas

Two blackbody Gaussians:

Log of model flux distribution at 11µm Tristram et al.

Circinus: Gaussian fit

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Flux distribution

200 100 0 -100 -200RA in mas

-200

-100

0

100

200

λ = 11.0 μm

DE

C in

mas

334 KT1 =Temperature:

298 KT2 = Temperature:

1.18τ1 =Silicate depth:

2.21τ2 =Silicate depth:

Position angle:Covering factor:

Axis ratio:Size:Covering factor:

Axis ratio:Size:

61°α =0.20f2 =

0.97r2 =97 masΔ2 =1.0f1 =

0.21r1 =21 masΔ1 =

Two blackbody Gaussians:

Log of model flux distribution at 11µm Tristram et al.

Circinus: Clumpiness

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Hydrodynamicaltorus model

Schartmann et al.

Simulations of AGN tori

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Hydrodynamicaltorus model

Schartmann et al.

Simulations of AGN tori

Brightness distribution (in logarithmic scaling, axis in pc):

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Known geometry

1’’~ 20 pc

O[III]

Wilson et al. 2000

Circinus: Geometry

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Expected torus configuration

Circinus: Geometry

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0.4 pc

2.0 pc

RA in mas

DEC in mas

-50-25255075

-75

-50

-25

25

50

75

-75

Greenhill et al. 2000

Circinus: Geometry

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NGC 1068: General properties

• Messier M77

• barred spiral galaxy (R)SA(rs)b, i = 51°

• Seyfert type 2

• 1 × 107 M nucleus

• Distance ~14 Mpc14 mas ~ 1 pc

SDSS (http://www.wikisky.org)

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NGC 1068: UV coverage

OT observations in period P76:

• grism

• 15 fringe tracks

Period 76, 05-11

150 100 50 -50 -100 -150

-150

-100

-50

50

100

150

u in m

v in m

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NGC 1068: Modelling

-50-252550

-50

-25

25

50

1.4 pc

3.9 pc

2 blackbody Gaussians:

Raban et al.

0°α ≈Position angle:

−42°α1 =Position angle:700 KT1 ≈Temperature:

300 KT2 ≈Temperature:

5τ1 ≈Silicate depth:

4τ2 ≈Silicate depth:Axis ratio:Size:

Axis ratio:

Size:

0.75r2 =57 masΔ2 =

0.34r1 =

20 masΔ1 =

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NGC 1068: Modelling

-50-252550

-50

-25

25

50

1.4 pc

3.9 pc

2 blackbody Gaussians:

Raban et al.

0°α ≈Position angle:

−42°α1 =Position angle:700 KT1 ≈Temperature:

300 KT2 ≈Temperature:

5τ1 ≈Silicate depth:

4τ2 ≈Silicate depth:Axis ratio:Size:

Axis ratio:

Size:

0.75r2 =57 masΔ2 =

0.34r1 =

20 masΔ1 =

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NGC 1068: Geometry

Gallimore et al.2004

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Centaurus A: Properties

• elliptical galaxy• recent merger• dust lane, edge-on• FR 1 radio galaxy• narrow line RG• 6 × 107 M nucleus• distance ~4 Mpc

50 mas ~ 1 pc

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Centaurus A: UV coverage

GTO observations in P74 and P75:

-80 -60 -40 -20 20 40 60 80

-80

-60

-40

-20

20

40

60

80Period 74, 05-02 (U3-U4)Period 75, 05-05 (U2-U3)

u in m

v in m

• 4 independent visibility points

• problems with photometry

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Centaurus A: Fluxes

8 9 10 11 12 130.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0Fl

ux in

F [J

y]

PA~108°, BL~60.3mPA~ 37°, BL~45.3m

Total Photometry

Wavelength λ [μm]

N

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Centaurus A: Results

Horiuchi et al. 2006 Meisenheimer et al. 2007

C1/C2C2

C2/C3C3

Core

CJ2

CJ1

40 20 0 -20Right Ascension (mas)

4020

0-2

0R

elat

ive

Dec

linat

ion

(mas

)

10 mas

127° ± 9°

50° jet axis

0.19 pc

baselineorientation

Feb

28

May 26

N

E

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Other targets: Mrk 1239, MCG -05-..

8 9 10 11 12 13wavelength λ [μm]

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

8 9 10 11 12 13wavelength λ [μm]

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0correlated flux Fcortotal flux Ftottotal flux Ftot

correlated flux Fcor

Mrk 1239 (Seyfert 1)MCG -05-23-016 (Seyfert 2)oz

one

band

ozon

e ba

nd

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Conclusions

• Circinus & NGC 1068:– dusty tori perpendicular to ionisation cone– trace maser locations

• Centaurus A– dust disk – synchrotron source

• Weaker targets:– hardly resolved

VLT on Cerro Paranal, May 2005

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Prospects

• Long baselines for unresolved targets• Shorter baselines for

highly resolved targets• Look at the phases

imaging• Comparison to simula-

tions• Extension of sample

One of the galaxies tobe observed: NGC 1365