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Page 1: Hope Herakles Reconsidered O Palagia

OLGA PALAGIA

ΤΗΕ ΗΟΡΕ HERAKLES RECONSIDERED

Summary. The Hope Herakles, hitherto thought to be α Roman copy of αstatue by Skopω, ßs heτe showη ιο be α pωtiche. The head is tentotivelyrecognised ω α clωsicking portrait, whiΙe the body ιype, having come downιο w Ιη α vaiety of reproductΙons carrying α different head, ßε ωsociated viththe Argive School of the Ιαtε 5th c BC. Α dating of the laπer's prototype cΙoseto the ρΙαgυε of 429 ω vell ω the Attic proveηance of some of the copiessuggeεt α possible connection wiιh Hageladaε' Herakles Aleχikakos αt MeΙite.

The Statue of the Hope Herakles was fiτstbrought tο the attention of mοdετη scholaτsοη the occasion of the sale of the Hope Col-lection ßη 1917 (Fig. la-b). Ιt was lying ßηSενειαΙ fΙagments ßη the grounds of Deep-dene (neaτ Doτking), the country seat ofThomas Hope, rediscoveled too late to beincluded ßη the Sαιe. Ιts association withSkopas dates from soon aftβr its introduc-tion into the market, where it remainedunsold for several yeaτs.l The piece finallyfound α home ßη the Los Angeles CountyMuseum of Art, 50.33.22. Ιt iS now οη ιοαηto the J. ΡαυΙ Getty Museum ßη Malibu, L73 ΑΑ 3.

The Statue iS SuppoIted by α tree-trunk atit§ back.2 The incised pupils of the eyes andthe upward glance indicate α date ßη theAntonine period or Ιater (Howπd 1966, 35;Stewart 1977, 91). His weight τests οη theΙeft leg, the knees held cΙose together, thefeet ιeνeι. The head is inclined ßη thediτection of the Stiffleg. The right hand restsοη the downturned club close by the §ide,while his Ιßοη skin hangs flom the extended

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left foτearm. Although the three apples ßηthe left hand as shown ßη Figure 1α weremodeΙn ΙestoΙations, now removed, it is notυηΙßΚεΙγ that they reploduced the originalattribute, òοmπωη ßη Roman Ieplesenta-tions of Herakles (Howard 1978, 44 η. 52,figs.86-88). The club, also α mοdετηaddition though certainly theΙe ßη the ori-ginal as well, is supported by α small bull'shead, peτhaps α ρΙα}{υΙ αΙΙυ§ßοη ßη this caseto the cIetm ΒυΙΙ Labour (LattimoIe 1975,25; Todisco 1979, 154-156). The bull's headrecuτS οη more Roman variants of classicaltypes of ΗεταΚΙεs. Ιt was presumably usedas α substitute fol the οτßgßηαΙ §upport ßη thefom of α rock, and is best τegarded as αpictulesque detail ratheI than α Significantattribute of,a palticular type.3 PIopS ßη theshape of α bull'S οτ οχ head ατε also found ßηsculptures of otheΙ deities Such aS ΑροΙΙο,prübably ßη reference το sacriticial Victims(Pausmias 7.20.3-4; Todisco 1979, |52-155),

Herakles' shoτt, waved locks ατε cτownedwith leaves of poplar, the ends of the bload

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FiguΙe 1αHope Herakles, Los Angeles county λ{υsευm of AIt, 50.33.22. Οη Ιοαη at the J, ΡαυΙ Getty Museum,

L 73 ΑΑ 3, Los Angeles County Museum photo.

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OLGA PALAGIA

Figure 1bHead of Hope HeΙakles. Los Angeles County Museum of AIt, 50.33.22. Οη Ιοαη at the J. ΡαυΙ Gett}

Museum, L 73 ΑΑ 3. Getty Museum photo,

headbaιd falling οη his shoulders, Thisyouthful head type was classed eally οη withα number of mole or less related head§ afHerakles, αΙΙ variously wr€aιhed. foming αgroup wiιh the Genzano hετm ßη the ΒτßtßshMuseum (Fig. 2).1 Ιη 1889 Gτael associatedthis group ta the pedimental heads of thethen newly excavated temple af AthenaAlea at Tegea. Pausanias (8.45.5 and8.47.1) names skopas as the architect of thetemple and sculptor of the figules of Askle-pios and Hygieia placed be§ide the cult§tatue of Athena Alea. Despite the absenceof documentation, Skopas is also commonlycΙedited with the design of the ατòhßτεòτυιαΙSculptuΙes. Οη thi§ assumption, Graef(1889, 189-216) pτoposed α connection be-tween the Genzano herm with its Variants

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and ιhε mατbΙε §tatue of Herakles by Sko-pas that Pausanias (2,10.1) Saw ßη thegymnasium at Sikyon. The full Skopaiccleation was tentatiνely identified ßη theligure οη the re\erse of α bronze coinminted at Sikyon ßη the τεßgη of Geta,known οηΙγ from α heavily woτn exemplarßη the Blitish Museum (Fig. 3).5

υροη its emergence fτom Deepdene, theHope Herakles was intιoduced, οη theevidence of the Geta coin, as the SoΙecompleτe marble repIica ot Skopas'sιaιue,'The close relationship of the head of theHape statue with the Sculptures of Tegea (αlikeness which αι this Stage Ι am inclined toexplain aS αη affinity of time ratheΙ than οΙ§tyle) points to α date fοτ the originalατουηd 340 BC.7 οη the othel hand. his

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Figuτe 2Genzano heιm, London, Bτitish Museum 1731. Museum photo,

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Figule 3

HeIakles, Bronze coin of Sikyon, Geta, leνeΙse. London, Bτitish Museum. Ý"Ι4c Sikyon, ηο 247lι{useum photo (1:Ι).

Strongly aΙticulated anatomy, foursquaτepropoτtions (not including the head) and'closed' composition ale lather early fea-tυτεs nealer the 5th ò. BC. The uneasycombination of αη advanced 4th-c. headwith αη εατΙßετ body was explained as αresult of Skopas' youthfuΙ eclecticism, andthe Hope Herakles assigned to the begin-ning of his caleel ßη the decade 370/60 BC(Lattimore 1975,20; Stewalt 1977,91). Theincongruous StγΙε, howeνer, may well sug-ge§t α pa§tiche of α later peτiod.8

Let us re-examine the eνidence StaΙtingfΙom the Geta coin (Fig. 3). There is littΙedoubt that Roman coin t}?es borrowedmotifs from well-known Sculptures. But theappearance ο[ α sιαιυατγ ιγρε οπ α coincould οη occasion mean that α copy of thatStatue Stood ßη the city where the coin wasissued. Α good illustration of this point iS

the case of the FaIneSβ Herakles. whoseoriginal location iS Still α matteΙ of dispute,but whose image iS repeated, for instance,οη Roman coins of Athens (Moreno 1982,505, fig. 63), Spπta (Grunauer-von HoeI-schelmann 1978, 83, gloup 39, ρΙ. 25, 3),even Rome itself (Moreno L982, 513, Iig.96). Mπble copies of this tΡe are attestedßη αΙΙ three cities, α§ Shown, to §ome extent,by diminutive examples,o Even assuming.howeyel, that the Sikyonian coin τερτο-duces αη οτßgßηαΙ piecΘ of SculptuΙe ratheΙthan α ωΡγ, it§ ιε§εmbΙαηòε to the Hope

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Herakles is probΙematic. Μαßη areas ofdoubt conceΙn fiI§t, the position of the legs,ηο longer yisible οη the coin, and second,the right aIm, here (Fig. 3) bent shαφΙγaway from the side, holding the club at αηangle to the body. Hardly due to α change ofViewpoint οη the part of the die engΙayer,this difference underlines the difficuΙty ßηaccepting the coin type aS α Ιeflθction of theHope Herakles as opposed to anotheτ Her-αΚΙεS of SimilaI iconographicaΙ type. FoIexample, α comparable generaΙ outline iSαΙSο found ßη the Lenbach Helakles, depart-ing fτom the Hope precisely ßη the allange-ment of the legs and of the right alm andclub, which are closeτ to the òοßη figure.lo

The aΙgument ßη fανουτ of Skopas has sofar relied mainly οη the assumption that theHope piece is ιhε οηΙγ statue carrying α

head of the Genzano class. Iη Fig.4,however, is iΙlustrated α similar head sittingοη α body of the Albertini Herakles. Thiswork ߧ α Roman Pastiche, three-qualteΙ§life-size, οη display ßη OsterΙey ΡαιΚ nearLondon.Ι1 The pτotot}?e of the AlbertiniHerakles goes back to the second qualtθr ofthe 4th c. BC; the oliginal appearance of itshead is probably lost (Linfelt Ι966,37-38;,75-76; Giuliano 1981, 339-340; 35Ι-352).The pondeΙation diffeΙS fτom the ΗορεStatue ßη the wider stτide and shift of theweight onto the right leg.

The body t}¸e of the Hope HerakΙes is

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Figuιe 4Herakles, ostelley Park. Photo afteτ Howaτd 1978, fig

also known from α few smaller marbletorsos, αΙΙ of Roman date and Suppolted byα ττεε-τΙυηΚ.12 of finer qυαΙßτγ ߧ τhε §τατυ-ette Eleusis Museum 5090 (Fig. 5), whichwill Serve as α basis of comparison withotheτ §culpture§. The Hope figure lowersιhε τßghι shouIder enhancing ιhe impressionof α one-sided composition wheIe the ightside of the body falls consistently below its

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hoΙizootal axis. Βγ contrast, the right Shoul-der of the statuettes is τaised; it iS thereforeunsafe to draw conclusions about the Sculp-tor'S presumed plediΙection for'open' and'closed' sides.|] Other small-scale versionsof ιhε Hope body. not considered previous-Ιγ, are αΙΙ seen to calτy α head with close-cropped hair, mare often than not boundwith α ρΙαßη fillet. Α miniature votiye lelief

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Figuτe 5

Herakles. Eleusis Museum 5090. Photo, olga Palagia,

of the 4th c. BC fτοm the Sanctuary ofHerakles Pankrates ßη Athens §hows thehero facing right, largeI than the two femaleworshipp€$ approaching from that side.laHis general bearing is §uggestive of α cultStatue. The right Ιεg ߧ bent, Iight handIesting οη α club touching the gIound,pointed Slightly foruard, Ιßοη §Κßη pendentfrom the adyanced left forearm. The left fistis clenched, hoΙding out αη object thatcannot be deteτmined. He leans backwards,reproducing the inclination of the Hopefiguτe (c/. Stewart 1977, ρΙ, 31b). His sholt

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hair is tied with α SßmρΙε band. Similaτ,though stockieΙ, is Herakles οη the Romanιelief Tegea Museum 47 (Fig. 6). He standsbeside Artemis and Dionysos, facing, lefthand cΙenched, wearing his hαßτ like α close-fitting cap. HiS club Ie§tS diIectly αη theground, Both his companions echo creationsof the Second half of the 4th c, Bc. Artemisis dressed ßη α chiton under α peplos beltedhigh over the overfold, and holds α torch.Her hair is caught υρ from the forehead ßηραιαΙΙεΙ plaits ßη α fashion reminiscent of theòοßffυτε of the Ιarge bionze Artemi§ οΙ

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Figuτe 6

Herakles, Artemis, Dionyso§. Marble relief. Tegea Museum 47. Photo, olga Palagia

Piraeus (Κατουου 1979, 49-53, pls. 20-23). HeI SculptuΙaΙ type iS compaΙable toιhε Αττεmßs ναιßòαπ 2834.|'Dionysos islong-haired, wτapped ßη α lalge himationleaving his chest baτe and foming α tτßαη-gulπ overfold ßη [τοπι. He holds α thyrsos ßηthe τight hand, the left hand is placed οη hiship and his right leg is relaxed. The sculp-tuΙal type, τejuvenated, is borrowed fromαη A§klepios current ßη the 4th c. BC,16

Α variation of the Herakιes is found ßη α

mατbΙε Statue of thΙee-quarteΙS life size ofthe 2nd c. AD ßη the Athenian Agora S 2438(Figs. 7-8. Hesperio 42,1973, 172, ρl. 38b;Thompson 19'76,2θ8), ThΘ anatomy retain§Severe-Style tIaits, while the head, againbound with α {illet, shows awareness of the

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Lansdowne Herakles (Fig. 9). He faces rightin§tead of the usual left. The club reaches tothe ground, while the Ιßοη Skin ߧ addition-αΙΙγ propped υρ by α trΘe-trunk. The leverseof α silver stateI of Issos from around 380BC beaτs α reflection of thΘ helo standingquietly, looking to his proper left, hi§ Shortcurls free of lilΙet οι wreath (Fig. 10.

Waggoneτ 1976,3-5, ρl. 1 Β, 1-2). The Ιßοηskin coven his υρρετ left ατm as well as hisfoleam, and he holds out α bow and aIIowßη the left hand. The right hand is Stretchθdto the §ide, clutching the butt of his down-turned cΙub which Ιe§t§ diΙectΙy οη thegτουηd. There is ηο way of tracing thesource of inspiration of this figuτe, whichdeparts fΙom the type, at least aS establi§hed

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Figure 7

Herakles. Athens, Agora Museum S 2438. Photo, Agora Excavation§.

later, ßη the position of the light hand. Αcomparable deyiation marks αη unfinishedquarly reΙief αη Thasos (BcIl 105, 1981,θ63, Ilg. '12). Α Serie§ of silver coins is§ued

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at Phai§tos aftel 330 BC is sulely based οηαη earlier numismatic design (Le Rider1966, 87, nos |3-24, ρ|.2, 7-21). Herakleshele lacks the νßgουτ of previous replesen-

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FiguΙe ßζ

Head of Heιakles, Athens, Agola Ι\ruseum S 2438, Photo, A8ora Excaνations.

a{.] :

tation§, but the right arm close by the side isfaithfully rendered. Αη adaptation withboth arms outstretched. of sinuous outlinesexuding αη almost Plaxitelean chaΙm, canbe Seen οη the scaraboid Berlin FG 317 (fig.1Ι, AGD Ιθ69, ηο. 156, ρl. 36). The correctstance would be repτoduced ßη the im-ρτεSSßοη. Both Ιßοη skin and club are hereplaced οη the Side of the relaxed leg, theclub Standing οη α pile of rocks, αΙΙ threeprop§ serying as α suppoτt of tho figure,distinctly tipped off balance. The hand οηthe Side of rhe weight-bealing leg hold§ outα bow. HiS Shoτt haiΙ is bound with α thinfillet, The moιiI is imitaιed fuτιher ßη αηEtluscan bronze §tatuette flom α ραßΙ handleßη the BIitiSh Museum (Fig. 12).17 Theelongated pΙopoltions indicate α datearound the middle of the 4th c, Bc. The Ιßοη

ι16

skin is missing, the hair unbound; he holdsout three apples ßη the left hand.

Evidence of the popularity of our Her-akles ßη later time§ iS αη adaptation of themotif οη the reyerse of α silyer coin of Oetaof τhε fßτsτ half of τhε 2nd c. BC (BaldwinBrett 1955, ηο 914, ρl. 49). The hero Sport§α leafy cΙown, looking to his right andextending his Ιight hand το τhε Side, with theclub resting οη α pile of rocks. CΙοsετ to theoriginal αρρεατ to be α type used οη Samianware of the Antonine period (Oswald 1964,ηο 748 Β, ρΙ,36), and α bιonze òοßη ofAriasso§ issued ßη Caracalla's reign (ν.Aulock 1977, 73, 450, ρl. 10),

It ha§ by now became cleaΙ that Ιοηgbefore the creation of the Hope Heraklesruns α SeIieS of τepre§entations of the heroßη diffeτent media with similar body, com-

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Figuιe 9

Head of Lansdowne Herakles, Malibu, J, ΡαυΙ Getty Museum, 70 ΑΑ 109, Museum phoιo

Figure 10

HeΙakles, Silver coin of ISSos. ò, 380 BC, ieveΙSe- oxfold, Ashmolean }duseum. λ4useum photo (2:1 )

bined with α head with Sholt curls, fre-quently bound with α thin fillet. Althoughnone of ßτS copies and αdαρταιßοηS are

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eaτlieI than about 380 BC. this other Her-αΚΙεS (See esp. fig. 5) appeaιs to correspondßη §tyle and composition to the Herme§

ΙΙ,1

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FiguΙe 11Herakle§. Rock-cΙystal scaraboid. Berlin, Antikenmuseum, staatliche Museen PτeussischeΙ ΚυΙtυτ_

besiτz, FG 317. Museum ρhοτο (4:1).

Pitli-Berlin (Fig. 13), whose blonze proto-type may be placed ßη ιhe decade 420110 Bcby analogy with Athena οη the Attic ΙecordIeιief Louvre 831, erected ßη 409/8 Bc.18 Αchlamys is òαSυαΙΙγ thΙom ovel HeΙmes' leftshouldel, covering this arm. His originalhead ߧ unceΙtain, aS αΙΙ copies seem to haveidealised portlait heads. (The same mayconceivably αρρΙγ to the Hope Herakles, c/.the incised pupils of the eyes and theindiyidualised featules.) The head from thePalatine (Willemsen 1957, 25-31, fig. 1;Amold 1969, 264, 3), bearing α remarkablelikeness to the Diskophoros attributed toNaukydes, cπnot be Ieadily estabii§hed asbelonging to α copy of the Hemes. Figure14 shows the Hemes of Aigion ßη Athens,National Museum 24l. whose chlamys isdlaped differently by contamination withthe 4th-c. Hermes Richelieu.l9 Both ourHerakles πd the Heme§ Pitti-Berlin §trikeSimilil unchiastic poses also adopting the

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Ιate Attic stance, while their anatomy andpτoportions ΙοοΚ as if issued from α ΡοΙγ-kleitan mould. The Herakles type has per-haPS α more tentative air and could be α bitεατΙßετ. They share α tendency to leinteΙpretworks of α lingering Severe Style from the440s, one being α rejuvenated transforη-ation of the Boston/Oxford Herakles,2o theother αη updated version of the LudovisiHemes.2Ι Such cΙose stylistic affinitiesprobably betray the Same workshop oròßτòιe.

The Herme§ ΡßtτßΒeιιßη was attributed toNaukydes by Fultwangler (1893, 502-505),and has since been numbered uneasilyamong τhε ουτρυτ of τhε ΡοΙγκΙεßταη SchoolaS α lepτesentative of αη idio§yncraticstyle.22 But the un-Polykleitan ponderation,regarded as αη offshoot of the Severe style,may be mole readily descΙibed as Atticising.Ιt iS inteτe§ting to note that among theτeploductions of ουτ Helakles type, coyer-

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Figure Ι2Herakles. Bronze ραßΙ handle. LondoÞ, British Museum 1249 (Ι824.4 46.12). Museum photo.

ing α wide lange testifying to its popularityßη the 4th c. and later, the Attic examplesaIe domiιant.

Intimations of Attic provenance aS well aS

Attic influence οη what looks basically like α

PeΙoponnesian woΙk òαΙΙ to mind the Statueof ΗεταΚΙεS AΙexikakos by the Argive sculp-tor Hageladas. Ιt was Said to have been

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commissioned by the Athenians fοτ Ηετ-akles' SanctuaIy at Melite at the time of thegreat plague (429 BC: Schol. Αι. Ran. 501,Overbeck, SQ 393;' ºzetz, ChiΙ, 8.325,oveτbeck, s0 399). The artist was moΙelikely Hageladas ΙΙ, postulated grandson ofHageladas Ι who was actiye fΙom araund520 BC, being renowned for hi§ Statues of

ι19

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Figure 13Heme§ PittΙBellin. copy ßη FτankfuIt, Liebieghaus 77. Photo after EcksteiÞ, F, Beck Η., Anιike

PΙostik ßm LΙebieghaþ (1973, Frankfurt), ρl. 16.

victorious athΙetes at Olympii.23 The eldeτartist'S son, Aτgeiadas, Seems to haνe Sign€dα statue base of the εατΙγ 5th c. Bc atOlympia (Frickenhaus 1911, 29). HageladasΙΙ was probably responsible foΙ the statue ofzeus lthomatas commissioned by the Me§-senians who §ettled at Naupaktos (after 456BC: Paus.4.33.2, Oveτbeck, §Q 39): ΡΙßηγclaims him as the master of Myron andPolykleitos (ΙlΝ 34.55 and 57, overbeck,so 533 and 929), ρΙαòßηg his floruit ßη the87th Olympiad (431-428 BC), which ac-cords well with the date of the Alexikakos(ΗΝ 34.49, overbeck. SQ 397). Its associ-

L20

ation with α possible γουηgετ Hageladasbecomes αΙΙ the more tempting if one recallsPausanias' StΙiking remark (7.24.4, Ονòτ-beck, SQ, 394) that Hagelada§ created αηadolescent Herakles for Aigion. Now Her-akles rejuvenated. α sighι familiar ßη vase-painting since the late Alchaic period, iS notattested ßη sculpture (unless shown ΚßΙΙßηgthe Ιßοη) υηtßΙ after the middle years of the5th c. Bc. Among the earliest knownyouthful exmples, the ΗειαΚΙεS attributedto ΡοΙγΚΙεßtοS suryives ßη truncated copies(Zaιker \974, 17-18). He rests the righthand οη the club, holding the left behind his

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Figure 14

Hemes of Αßgßοη. Athens, Natioial Museum 241, Museum ρhοτο

back ßη αη attitude of repose or possiblyconcealing apples.2a Reflecτing one anotherßη mßττοτ fashion and therefoτe peIhaPSechoing α Φmmοη prototype of the 420s,are the two figures of Herakle§ οη the three-

figure relief with Theseus and Peirithoos(Meyer 1980, ρΙ. 29, 3) and the relief ßηVenice. museo archeologico Ι00 (Traνersσi1973, ηο 9). Βγ contra§t, ΗεταΚΙεs Alexikakos οη the τelief ßη Boston- M.F.A.

LzI

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96.696 (Comstock and Veτmeule 1976, ηο77), Still within the 5th c. if οηΙγ balely, is ηοtype but α derivatiye ofthe Parthenon frieze(Robertson and FΙantz 1975, we§t ΧΙΙ 22).one other three-figure τelief Shows Her-akles youthful, §eated, with two He§peΙids(Meyer 1980, 133-139, ρl. 30).25 with τhεexceΡtion of the Boston relief wheτe thehero's hair forms αη undifferentiated maSS.ßη αΙΙ othel sth-c. §culptures the haiΙStyle iS

Sßmßιπ to ουτ Herakles'.Heτakles at ΜεΙßtε wa§ additionally ßη-

voked aS Melon σι Melios, αη epithetexplained by the liteΙaΙy SouΙces aS bearingυροη the offering to the hero of apples

ρεòυΙßατΙγ made υρ into figures of oxen(Apollod. frg. 115, FGrHiεt 2, Ι075:Hesych. s.v. Melon HeIakles; Suda s.y.Melios Helakles). The titΙe may also implythe αττιßbυτε heιd by τhε òυΙτ Staτue (᧧uggθ§ted by Gruppe 1918, 926). But apartfτοm the unceτtain instance of Polykleitos'Heτakles, ηο other flee-Standing t}pe withapples is known for this period. of theeaIliest (4th c. BC) copies and tτaηsform-ations of our HeIakles type, those οη thecoiηs and thθ gem are given the bow (Figs.

10-11) while the αρρΙεS ale lhe attribute οΙthe Etruscan figurine (Fig. 12) and perhapsof the hero οη the Pankrates leιief. Ιη ιaterτeplicas the attribute iS mis§iηg οι indistinct.Οη bαΙαηòε, aΙthough the bow is τeproducedοηΙγ ßη the mßηοτ arts, it is α bit mοτε likelythan the appΙes, which remain nevertheΙe§§αη attractiνe possibiΙity.

University of AthewD e ρ arιmeπt of Archaeolo gy

26 28 ΑsΚΙßρßου St.GR-106 80

Athens

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Α briefvereion of this paper was deliνered to the ΧΙΙInιemational Congress of classical Archaeology ßηAthen§ οη 7 September, Ι983. Ιt is α pleasur€ Ιοacknowledge Þγ debt to Profes§or J, Boardman forhelp and inspiraιion at αΙΙ stages, ldy thanks ar€ alsodue to Professoft c,M, Robertson, Ε.Β. Harrison,ν.Κ, LambriÞoudakis and G, D€§pini§, and Dr. J.camp for their commenk οη Various Points, Dr, G,B-wa}yell kindly drew my atιention to and provided α

Φργ of smith Ι928 ßη typescript. Ι am also grateful toMissJ, swaddliig for information οπ the bronze BritishMuseum 1249, and to the auιhorities of the AkropolisEphorate for Permission to examin€ the relief Ραη,krates 28, Β.

NoTEs

1, Th€ head belongs. The atributioi to skoPas fiNtaΡpeariÞg ßη Reinach Ι9Ι7,4ω-461, fig. 1, followedbyΡτεγs 1926, τεχτ το 69ι,692, ηο 35; smßτh 1928;Brendel Ι936 (Ε,4 4Ι68); and reviνed by LinfeÞ 1966,33-39; 71_15ß Lettimore 1975, 17-21, figs. l 5;Stewart 197?, Φ-91; 139_Ι40, ρI. 31α c; Stewart Ι982,3;45-49, figs, 6;9; shefton Ι982, Ι70; Deliνorrias andLinfefr 1983, 286. For the r€cent history of the statuesee smith 1928. Α §tudy ofthe Hope marbles and theirhistory ߧ being pΙeΡared by Dr. G,B, wa}yell, ForThomas Hope as collector see watkin 1968,2. The assefrion (Lattimore Ι975, 20 η, 20) τhat ihetree{πnk might possibly echo α similar suppofr ßη αpresumed marble original remains unfounded. wh€nηοß integrated ßη the òοmροòßιßοη, external Supports of4th,c. BC Statues are οηΙγ attested ßη the form ofdiscreet lump§ of marble b€hind the feet or slim pillars

122

flaiking the lower legs, e.g, the Daochos Monument ßßDelphi (Dohrn 1968, 46, pls, 10 Ι1; 2G27; 29) and thestill unpublished Kalliιhea Monument ßη PiraeusMu§eum, Trees placed incongruously αt the back ofnude figuies iodicate Roman oopies of bronze§, e.g, αVariant ofthe Hermes Richelieu, Delphi 1793, FdD Ιν,ρΙ, 68; Arnold 1969, 276. ηο 14,3. PaωLaftmoτe79'75, δ. see also Howard Ι978. 44η, 52. variants ofw€ll_known Herakles typ€s wilh clubοη bull's head collecτed by Todisco 1979, Ι41-148, Pls.49_58, lvlelpomen€ οη Roman §arcophagi holding αmask of HeΙakles and α club resting οη α bull's headpresumably draws οη Herakles ßΦηοgταρhγß TodisΦ1979, 149-151, ρ1.59.4, Th€ mοòτ υρ to dατε list ßη òτεwαιι 1977, 139_Ι40,ÞοS Α 3_13; 17-20; earlier bibliography ßη HowardΙ978, 40 ß. 30. The Genzano herm (Fig, 2) and it§deriνatives aΙe now coηsidered s€parately from the

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96.696 (Comstock and Vermeule 1976, ηο77), Still within τhε sth c. if οηΙγ barely, is ηοtype but α derivative of the Parthenon frieze(Robertson and FΙantz 1975, west ΧΙΙ 22).one other three-figuΙe relief shows Her-akle§ youthful, Seated, with two Hespeτids(Meyer 1980, 133_139, ρl. 30).25 \νßτh τheexcePtion of the Boston relief where thehero's hair forms αη undifferentiated mass.ßη αΙΙ other sth-c. §cuΙptuΙes the hairslyle iS§imilar to ουι Herakles',

HeIakle§ at Melite was additionally ßη-yoked aS ΜεΙοη or ΜεΙßοò, αη epithetexplained by the Ιiterary sources as bearingυροη the offeΙing to the heτo of apple§peculiarly made υρ into figures of oxen(Apollod. frg. 115, FGrHiΣt 2, 1ý5|Hesych. s.v. Melon Herakles; Suda s.v.Melios Herakles). The title may also implythe ατττßbυτε held by τhε òυΙτ Sτατυε (as§uggested by Gτυρρε ß918, 926). But apaΙtfτοη th9 uncertaiη in§tance of PoΙykleito§'Herakles, ηο otheτ free-standing type withapples is known for this period. Of theearliest (4th c. BC) copies and tlansfoτm-ations of our HeIakles type, those οη thecoins and the gem ατε given the bow (Figs.

10-11) while the apPles are the attribute ofthe Etruscan figurine (Fig, 12) and perhapsof the hero οη the Pankrates Ιeιief. Ιη ιaterreplicas the attribute iS missing οι indistinct.Οη balance, although the bow is reproducedοηΙγ ßη the minor alts, it is α bit moΙe likelythan the apples, which remain ηενετthεΙ姧αη attractiye possibility.

Universiιy of AιhensD ep arιmeηt of Archaeo Ιοgγ

26_28 ΑεΚΙßρßου Sι.GR-106 ω

Αtheη,ò

Α briefνersion of this paper was deliνered to the ΧΙΙInternational congress of Clas§ical Archaeology ßßAth€ns οη 7 september, 1983, It is α pleasure toacknowledge my debt to Professor J. Boardman forhelp and inspiration αt αΙΙ §tages. lνΙγ thanks are alsodue tο Prof€Ssors C,M. Robertson, Β,Β, Harri§on,ν.Κ. Lambrinoudakis and G_ Despinis, and Dr. J.Camp for their comments οη Variou§ ροßηt§, Dr, G.B.wa}yell kindly drew my αττεητßοη το and Provided αcopy of smilh 1928 ßη typescript. Ι αm also grateful toMiss J. Swaddlingfor infoτmation onihebroMe BritishVluseum 1249, aid to th€ authoriιies of the AkropolisEphorate foΙ permission to €xamine the reli€f Ραη,krat€§ 28, Β,

NoTEs

1, The head belongs. The attΙibution to Skopas fiΙstapPearing ßη Reinach 19Ι7, 4ω 461, fig, 1, fotloψedbyPreyss Ι926, τεχt to 69Ι-692, ßο 35; Smiτh 1928;Brendel Ι936 (Ε,4 4168); and reνiv€d by LiÞfeιt 1966,33-39; 1Ι-75ß LettimoΙe 1975, 17 21, figs, Ι-5;Stewart 197?, Φ_91; 139 Ι40, ρΙ, 3la-c; Stewart Ι982,3;45-49, figs, 6;9; shefιon Ι982, Ι70; Deliνorias andLinfefr 1983, 286, For the recent history of τhε Statuesee smiιh 1928. Α Study ofthe Hope marble§ and theirhistory ߧ being pleΡar€d by Dr. G.B, wa}yell, ForThomas Hope aS ΦΙΙεòtοτ See watkii 1968.2. The assertion (LatimoIe 1975, 20 η. 20) that thetree{runk might possibly echo α similar suppoÞ ßη αpresumed marble original remains unfouided. whennot integrated ßη the compo§ition, extemal supports of4th,c, Bc Statu€S are οηΙγ attested ßη the fom οfdiscreeι lumps of marble behind the feet or slim Pillars

122

flankiÞg the loweΙ legs, e.g, the Daochos Monument ßηDelphi (Dohrn 1968, 46, pls, 10- t Ι; 26,2?; 29) and theStill unpublished KaΙlithea Monument ßη PiraeusVIω€um, Trees placed incoigruously at the back ofnude figuτe§ indicate Roman copies of bronzes, e.g, αVariant ofthe Hermes Richelieu, Delphi l793,1.dD Ιν,ΡΙ, 68; Arnold 1969, 276, ηο 14,3. Prce LatιimoΙe 1975, 25. See also Howard Ι978, 44η, 52. Vπiants ofψell-known Herakles typ€S wth clubοη bull's head collected by Todisco 1979, Ι41 148, pls,49-58, Melpomene οη Roman Sarcophagi holding αma§k of HerakI€S and α club resting οη α butl'§ headpresumably draws οη Herakl€§ iconography: TodisΦ1979,149_Ι51, ρ1.59,4. The most υρ tο dat€ Ιßsτ ßη Stewarτ 1977, 139-Ι40,mS Α 3-Ι3; 17 20; earlier bibliography ßη Howard1978, 40 η. 30, The Genzano herm (Fig. 2) and itsderivaιiνes are now coisideΙed separately from the

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raiher similar head of the Lansdowne H€rakles (Fig,9), which diffe§ primarily ßη the heaviel eyelids,downcast gòe and ρΙαßη fillet ßη the hair (Lattimore1975,21; Stewπ 19Π,98), Ιη Howard 1978,22 η.30the Genzano and Lansdowie head§ are still Φη{Ιαted:not suφrisingly, uÞcertainty linge6. For α suΕestionιhαt the GeMano herm derives from α type of Herakle§crowning himself See Vermeule 1957, 292 η. 40.5, Β,ηrc PeloΡnnesus, sicyon, ηο ¶1, ρ|, 9,22|Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner Ι885, 79, ηο 7, ρl. Η 11;Linfert 19ü6,33; LailimoΙe Ι975,17; Stewart 197?,Ι40, ηο Α 21, ρΙ, 3ld; Howard Ιφ8, fig, 89; StewaÞΙ982, fig. 50.

6. See supra, η. 1. The replicas ßη sιewafr |9Π, L40,nos Α 14, 22 and 23 are ßη fact afteΙ ihe AlbertiniHerakles (Fig. 4), the Herakles νατßòαη Ι77Ι (Helbiga361) aηd the Herakles ßη the ΡαΙυΖο Borghese (r1485) respectiνely,7, For the daιe of the Tegea Sculpture§ see Latιimore1975, 17; sι€wαττ Ι9Ζ, 69,8, The Hope piece has long been suspecied to be aDΑηtοηßηε (?) pa§ιiche: Riis 1952, 154; Howard 1966,35; Howad 1918, 44 η. 52; Viernei§el,Schlürb 1979,3σ η, Ι5,9, spafra: Tod and wαΦ 1906, ηο Ι15; Ath€ns:λ4οτεÞο Ι982,5Ι1, Γτg.91; Rome: Ι{oreno 1982,5(D_503, figs, 58-59,Ι0. The ιf,obach Herakle§ was one of the mostpopular, often reasl, Helakjes types ßη απιßqυßιγ(RobiΜn 1948, 137_Ιω; Heιbig4 ι8Φ). The head,tied ψiih α long ribbon, usually turn§ tο ßι§ proper rightside, but α few variations face ßη the oΡpo§ite direcιion.Dated to τhε τhßιd quafrer of τhε 4τh c, Bc, it isòmεtßmεs (Since Fuiwangler Ι9ω, ηο 245) assooiatedwitb Ly§ippos and his circle. we do not Κηοw ψhere itstΦd, but it might be aS gΦd α candidate as αηγ forLysippos' broMe at sikyon (Pausaniδ 2,9.6). The casefor the FameΦ Herakle§, fomerly idenιifr€d aS echo-ing this pafticular work, has lΦt ground ßοw that the

Psthumou§ Alexander ωßηs bearing it α§ α mints}mbol have been removed Ιτοm Siyon (Troxell Ι97Ι,,μ_50).11, The head belong§. vemeule Ι955, 144, ηο 4, ρl.45,26; St€wan Ι977, Ι,ω, ηο Α Ι4; Howard Ι978, fig.&ι,Ι2, Cairo Μýευπ 27445, Edgar 1903, 8, ρl. 4; Stewaιt191º, |39, ηο Α2. Patras Mu§€um, PapachaEi§ Ι980,fig. 50. Izmir ΙVΙuseum 1432 (Ι οψ€ knowledge of ιhisρßΦε to Dr, R, siuppeiich who kindly proνided α

Photo),Ι3. Α traii r€garded α§ ΡεωΙßατ to skopas: LinferιΙ966, 34; Lattimore 1975, 20; Delivoπias and Linfert1983,286.

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14. Athens, AkroΡolis Ephoraτe, Pankrates 28, Β.Pentelic marbl€, Relief polished, framed by α ρΙαßηband οß αΙΙ foý sides. Α date ßη the 4ιh c, Bc wouldaωrd well with ιhe faÞiliaf dress of τhe o,a,/"J(muffled ßη cloaks leaνing οηΙγ the upΡerparιand hemsof th€iI chitons exposed. compar€ wa}yell Ι978,70,'72; ΡαΙαΒßΔ 1980, 43_45). The sanctuary of Her_akle§ ΡαηΚταιε§ was excavated ßη 1953/54, yieldingquatities of material: α publication is being preparedby Α. KalogeroΡulou and Ε, vikela. some of th€Votiνe reliefs reproduce welΙknown Herakles §tαtυε§.See ΡmΚιßΚο 1953,47 ω (Meliades); id. ßο Plal.rrliaΙ954, 4Ι-49; Travlo§ |97L ηα_2ω; wωdford Ι971,

15. Head αΙßεη. Helbig4 567; Neumann Ι979, 63, ρΙ,4Ια (τh€ ατττßbυτßοη ßο Euphranor iS probably ground-less). The chiton is omitt€d from the vatican Φργ, but§ee Bieber Ι977, 89, pls, 386_387,16, ci Paribeni Ι959, ηο 210, ρΙ, 112. It traces itsorigin to the so-called Dresden Z€uS of the 420s,reΦntly inbφreted again as Asklepio§ by Haπison1982, 44 η. 15, after FrueangleΙ Ι893, 84.Ι7. Briιish lνluseum 1249 (18¶, 4_46.12)_ walτersΒ99, αο 1249ß Rii§ Ι952, Ι53 Ι54, fig. 2; ΗßΙΙ Ι965,Ι19-120, ρl. ω,1l. 12.Ι8, sýsserot β3α, Τ-2α, Ρl. 1.1, For ιhe Herm€sPittΙBe.liη see Amold Ι969, 4Ι; 69 7Ο; 1Δ-Ι24\263-2Δ5, ρΙ, ΙOα; vierneisel,Schlürb 1979,237 α. 3.Linfei's (Ι966, 20) dating ιο ιhe 370S seems to me ιο beunfounded. The Prototype of the Hope Herakles wasfiΝt tταΦd to ιhe last 20 year§ of ιhe 5th c, Bc by Riis1952, 154. Ιò resemblanΦ to the Hemes Pitti-Berlinwas also noted by siewaft Ι97, 91 , who Φnsidered theHemes αη early fororunner.19. Heme§ of Aigion: Ε,4 63t-632; wiθem*n Ι957,29 η,6; saflund Ι973,4, fig,3; vierneisl,fthlüfb Ι979,δ7 η.2- Hermes Richeιieu: Amold Ι969, Ι83-Ι89;274-279; Viern€ircΙ-Schlürb 1γ79 . Π3_292,20, Riis Ι952, Ι54; Linfen Ι966, 33_35; st€wart Ι97,91.21 , Ludoνisi Hemes: Helbiga 2326; Viemei*l-Schlürb Ι979, 7L75,22. FuΦangbr's idenιification followed by willemsenΙ957,25-3|: Linfefr 1966, 14; 2Ο; 61, ηο 7; ArnoldΙ969, 69_70. Doubted by ν. steubei Ι92, 8r2;viemeisl_Schiürb Ι979,237 η. 3; D6Ρinis 1981, 244η, 33.23. Paus. 6.14,1Ι, overbΦk, Jo 389;65th olynpiad,520 Bc; Paus, 6,10,6, overbeck, so 390: 66th olym,piad, 516 BC; Paus, 6,8_6, overbeck, sp 391: ωtholympiad, 508 Bc. Sinc€ the VicioΕ commemorated byHageladδ Seem to have won ßη nearly consecutiνeol}mpiads, it is reδonable to a§§ume that their statues

123

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wer€ eιected shortly after th€ eνents, The eνideice οηHagelada§ ωΙΙεòtεd ßη oνerbeck, sp 389-399; ΟιΙαη-dini Ι960, 1085 1086, Additional references: Ridgway|9'7Ο,62 η. 4;64; Ι12. The existence of two SculploΙSnamed Hageladas has b€en pe6uasiνely argued byFrick€nhaυS r9lt,24-34, followed by ν, Heintz€ t965,Ι4 40, Their identification of the Ludoνisi herm typewiιh ιhe ΗξτακΙeòΑΙeλßιαιοS, howeνeΙ, islessconνιnc,ing, for the herm can be mor€ easily recognised as

Theseυs: see Helbiga 2329; Biommer 1982, 151, Ι See

ηο ground§ for doubting ιhε associaιion of H€raklesAlexikakos with the plague of 429, foΙ the calamityseems to have pΙompted α good many dedications, cl.Camp Ι97α,403 η,28, Eor αΚετηατßνε View, οηHageladas and the Alexikakos see Harrison 1965, 40(Archaic) and woodford 1976, 291 294 (Seνere Style).The locatioi of Melite is uiceitain, Attempts at

locating it: Travlos 197Ι ,274 2'Ι5; Κτοη |919,63 η.73.cυΙι οf Herakles Alexikakos: woodford Ι97Ι,2ι8-2|9,24, The appl€S held behind the back, more αΚßη to α

ιhrce-dimensional conception of Statuary, arc notsecurely documenιed until the Farn€se HeIakIeS-25, Another type, possibly after α Polykleitan fol,lower, iS transmitιed thΙough αη unpublish€d copy ßηPatras Museum Ι, Ι take the youth crowned by Nike ßηth€ PΙesence of Athena οη the relief AkropolisMuseum 1329 to be αη athlete rather than Heιakl€s:see Gulaki 198Ι, Ι29 130, fig.87.

ΑΒΒRΕνΙΑΤΙΟΝS

AGD Ι969 zwierlein-Diehl, Ε,, Αηιßκeη Gemmenßη dεuιschεn SanmΙunζen 2, StaatΙi.heMween PreΔsilcheI ΚυιιυτbesßΙΖ, Αηη,ΚεηιbιεßΙυηg, Berli" (Munich, Pr€stel)

Α]Α Am.rican JournaΙ of AιchazoΙogyΑΜ MitteiΙunζen d.6 dÝuξchen archÜoLog,

ischen ΙΝtßιυb. Athenbche ΑbτßΙιηgRcH ΒυΙΙεtßη de CorrcJpondan e HellÝnigueBMC Α CafuΙoζue of Greek CoiB ßη ιhe

Briιish Mþeum, 18?3 192? (tnndon)ΕΑ Arndt, P.-Amelung, w.-Lippold,

G,, Photoqlaphbche EhzeΙau|nahmenantiken SkuΙpfurcn, 1893f, (Munich,Burckmann)

FdDIV Picard, c,-de Ια co§te,Mes§eliÝI€,Ρ,, 3òυΙρτυι6 ζrecquω de DeΙphω,1927 (Paris, de Boωard)

FGrHiι Jaooby, F., Dis Fragmenτe dιτ griωh,bchen ΗbΦιßΚ2ι, Ι923-1957 (BerlinLeiden)

Helbiga Helbig, w-, Filhrcl durch die üΙfεητ

124

Ιicher SammΙunqeι kΙþsiJcher ΑΙτετ-τθmετ ßη Rom,a ι963-ι972 iTýbingen,wasmuth)

JdI Jahιbuch dòs deuιscha ιfchÜoIogirchaΙΝιßυ§

.Ιirs JουmÜΙ of ΗεΙΙεηßò Sτudiesoνerbeck,spoνerbeck, J,, Die anlikeπ schτift

queΙΙen Ζυτ Gòòòhßhκ dÝι biΙdendeΚýΝκ bei ιlεη Griechen, 1868 (Leipzig)

Prak|ika ΡιακτßΚα ιßs en Aιhinab ArcheoΙogiki|Hefuieias

RE RεαΙ,ΕηòγòΙορÜdßò dσ ckssbchen ΑΙ,tertumswisòeNchofι

RM Μßιtòßιυη8εη dιò dòυbòhòι ÜrchÜoΙog-bchεn ΙΝιßτυb, Rümi:che AbkiΙung

REF¸RENcEs

ARNoιD, D, ι969: DßÝ ΡοΙγΚΙετηαòhfοΙΒε (Beßlin, deGruyteΙ),

ν. AULocK, Η, Ι977: Minzen und Stadte Pisidiens Ι,IsfunbuΙel MiιkiΙungen Bξihefι 19,

BALDWIN BR¸m, ^,

Ι955: CαιαΙο8υε οf Greek CoiB(Boston, λ{υ§ευm of Fine Art§)-

BIEBER, Μ, 1977: ,4ηòτ?rι Coplb (New ΥοτΚ UniνereityPless),

aRoMMER, F- 1982: Theseus,Statuen, 1 Μ 97, Ι45 152,

αΜΡ, J,Mk, π Ι979: Α Drought ßη the Laιe Eighthceιt!ry BC, Hespòlia 48, Ι979, 399 411.

coMSmcK, Μ.Β, and νΕRΜΕυLΞ, c.c, 197Ü scuΙpture ßη.ò,οηε (Βο§tοη, λ4υòeυm of Fine Arts).

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EDGAR, c,c, Ιθ03. Caιalague gÝηÝιαΙ des anliquiιÝsÝgγρtßεηηεs αυ mΒÝε dÝ Cabe, Grcek scuΙpture(cairo).

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GιυιιΝο, Α. (òd.\ ¸aL Mþeo ηαΖßοηαΙò romano, Ι€ oRhNDrNr, Ρ. |9ω| ΕηòhΙορòdßL dεΙΙ'ατιò αÞιßòα 3,§cιltIÝI,2(Rome,deLuca), 10851086,§.V.Hagelada§.

GfuEF, Β. 1889: Herakles de§ Skopas und veΙwandtes. oswALD, F. 1964: Ιηαòχ οΙ Fßgατò-ΤγρòS οη TòrroRM 4, l8c 2Ιü, sß8ßιιοια,

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fuRRISoN, Ε,Β, Ι982: Α Classical λ{aiden fIom th€ πDGWAY' B,S, Ι9'70: Τhò sòνòτ SιγΙò ßη GτòòΚ ScuΙp-AtheΛiaa AgoIa. Hespeia SυρρΙεmεητ 20, 40-53. ,rs (Princeton University Press).

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