Download - Final Practice Problems I

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Page 1: Final Practice Problems I

1. Distributed Parameters Model P6.1: RG-223/U coax has an inner conductor radius a = 0.47 mm and inner radius of the outer conductor b = 1.435 mm. The conductor is copper, and polyethylene is the dielectric. Calculate the distributed parameters at 800 MHz.

7

16

for copper: 5.8 10

for polyethylene: 2.26, 10

Cu

r

Sxm

Sm

σ

ε σ −

=

= =

( )( )( )

6 7

3 3 7

1 1 1'2

800 10 4 101 1 1 3.322 0.47 10 1.435 10 5.8 10

c

fRa b

x xx x mx

π μπ σ

π π

π

− −

⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

Ω⎛ ⎞= + =⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

74 10 1.435' ln ln 2232 2 0.47

b x nHLa m

μ ππ π

−⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= = =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

( )( )

( )

1618

2 102' 560 10ln ln 1.435 0.47 0

SG xb a m

ππσ−

−= = =≈

( )( )( )

( )

122 2.26 8.854 102' 112ln ln 1.435 0.47

x pFCb a m

ππε−

= = =

P6.2: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.1 to account for a magnetic conductive material. Apply this program to problem P6.1 if the copper conductor is replaced with nickel.

7for Nickel we have 1.5 10 and 600.Ni rSxm

σ μ= =

Note that this program has also been modified for P6.04 as well. %Coax distributed parameters % % Modified: P0602 % add rel permeability % also modified for P0604 % clear clc disp('Calc Coax Distributed Parameters') %Some constant values muo=pi*4e-7; eo=1e-9/(36*pi); %Prompt for input values a=input('inner radius, in mm, = ');

Page 2: Final Practice Problems I

b=input('outer radius, in mm, = '); er=input('relative permittivity, er= '); sigd=input('dielectric conductivity, in S/m, = '); sigc=input('conductor conductivity, in S/m, = '); ur=input('conductor rel. permeability, = '); f=input('input frequency, in Hz, = '); %Perform calulations G=2*pi*sigd/log(b/a); C=2*pi*er*eo/log(b/a); L=muo*log(b/a)/(2*pi); Rs=sqrt(pi*f*ur*muo/sigc); R=(1000*((1/a)+(1/b))*Rs)/(2*pi); omega=2*pi*f; RL=R+i*omega*L; GC=G+i*omega*C; Gamma=sqrt(RL*GC); Zo=sqrt(RL/GC); alpha=real(Gamma); beta=imag(Gamma); loss=exp(-2*alpha*1); lossdb=-10*log10(loss); %Display results disp(['G/h = ' num2str(G) ' S/m']) disp(['C/h = ' num2str(C) ' F/m']) disp(['L/h = ' num2str(L) ' H/m']) disp(['R/h = ' num2str(R) ' ohm/m']) disp(['Gamma= ' num2str(Gamma) ' /m']) disp(['alpha= ' num2str(alpha) 'Np/m']) disp(['beta= ' num2str(beta) 'rad/m']) disp(['Zo = ' num2str(Zo) ' ohms']) disp(['loss=' num2str(loss) ' /m']) disp(['lossdb=' num2str(lossdb) ' dB/m']) Now run the program for Nickel: Calc Coax Distributed Parameters inner radius, in mm, = 0.47 outer radius, in mm, = 1.435 relative permittivity, er= 2.26 dielectric conductivity, in S/m, = 1e-16 conductor conductivity, in S/m, = 1.5e7 conductor rel. permeability, = 600 input frequency, in Hz, = 800e6 G/h = 5.6291e-016 S/m C/h = 1.1249e-010 F/m

Page 3: Final Practice Problems I

L/h = 2.2324e-007 H/m R/h = 159.7792 ohm/m Gamma= 1.78881+25.252i /m alpha= 1.7888Np/m beta= 25.252rad/m Zo = 44.6608-3.1637i ohms loss=0.027942 /m lossdb=15.5374 dB/m >> Summarizing the distributed parameter data from this routine we have:

18' 160 , ' 223 , ' 560 10 , ' 112 pFnH SR L G x Cm m m m−Ω= = = =

P6.3: Modify (6.3) to include internal inductance of the conductors. To simplify the calculation, assume current is evenly distributed across the conductors. Find the new value of L’ for the coax of Drill 6.1. From Ampere’s Circuit Law we can find H versus ρ:

2 for 2

IH aaφρ ρ

π= ≤

for a2

IH bφ ρπρ

= ≤ ≤

2 2

2 2

c for b2

IH cc bφ

ρ ρπρ

−= ≤ ≤

0 for H cφ ρ= ≥

Using the energy approach, 2 212 2

omW LI H dvμ

= = ∫ , we find

22 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

1' ln ln2 8 2 4

o o ob c c c c bLa c b b c b c b

μ μ μπ π π

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞+⎛ ⎞= + + − +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟− − −⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

Inserting the given values we find

( ) nH nH' 237 50 41.2 328m m

L = + + =

With two significant digits we therefore have L’ = 330 nH/m. 2. Time Harmonic Waves on Transmission Line P6.4: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.1 to also calculate γ, α, β and Zo. Confirm the program using Drill 6.2. See the solution for P6.2. Calc Coax Distributed Parameters inner radius, in mm, = 0.45

Page 4: Final Practice Problems I

outer radius, in mm, = 1.47 relative permittivity, er= 2.26 dielectric conductivity, in S/m, = 1e-16 conductor conductivity, in S/m, = 5.8e7 conductor rel. permeability, = 1 input frequency, in Hz, = 1e9 G/h = 5.3078e-016 S/m C/h = 1.0606e-010 F/m L/h = 2.3675e-007 H/m R/h = 3.8112 ohm/m Gamma= 0.0403332+31.4857i /m alpha= 0.040333Np/m beta= 31.4857rad/m Zo = 47.246-0.0605221i ohms loss=0.9225 /m lossdb=0.35033 dB/m >> This agrees with the results of Drill 6.2. P6.5: The impedance and propagation constant at 100 MHz for a T-Line are determined to be Zo = 18.6 – j0.253 Ω and γ = 0.0638 + j4.68 /m. Calculate the distributed parameters.

( )( )' ' , ' ' ' '' 'o

R j LZ R j L G j CG j C

ω γ ω ωω

+= = + +

+

' ' 2.37 87.0

' 2.37 , ' 87.0 ' 139

oZ R j L jnHR L so L

m m

γ ω

ω

= + = +Ω

∴ = = =

6' ' 7.63 10 0.252,

' 7.63 , ' 0.252 ' 401

o

G j C x jZ

S pFG and C so Cm m

γ ω

μ ω

−= + = +

∴ = = =

P6.6: The specifications for RG-214 coaxial cable are as follows: • 2.21 mm diameter copper inner conductor • 7.24 mm inner diameter of outer conductor • 9.14 mm outer diameter of outer conductor • Teflon dielectric (εr = 2.10)

Calculate the characteristic impedance and the propagation velocity for this cable.

60 60 3.62ln ln 49.11.1052.1o

r

bZaε

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= = = Ω⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Page 5: Final Practice Problems I

82.07 10pr

c mu xsε

= =

P6.7: For the RG-214 coax of problem P6.6 operating at 1 GHz, how long is this T-line in terms of wavelengths if its physical length is 50 cm?

( )

8

9

2.07 10, 0.2071 10

1( ) 50 2.40.207 100

pp

u xu f mf x

mcmm cm

λ λ

λλ λ

= = = =

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞= =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

l

P6.8: If 1 watt of power is inserted into a coaxial cable, and 1 microwatt of power is measured 100 m down the line, what is the line’s attenuation in dB/m?

110log 601

60' 0.6100

WA dBW

dB dBAm m

μ⎛ ⎞= − = +⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

= =

P6.9: Starting with a 1 mm diameter solid copper wire, you are to design a 75 Ω coaxial T-Line using mica as the dielectric. Determine (a) the inner diameter of the outer copper conductor, (b) the propagation velocity on the line and (c) the approximate attenuation, in dB/m, at 1 MHz.

( )( ) ( ) ( )( )o60 ln , b=a exp Z 60 0.5 exp 75 5.4 60 9.1o r

r

bZ mm mma

εε

⎛ ⎞= = =⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

So the inner diameter of the outer conductor is 18 mm. 8

8 82.998 10 1.29 10 , so 1.3 105.4p p

r

c x m mu x u xs sε

= = = =

To calculate α, will need γ. Therefore we calculate R’, L’, G’ and C’.

( )( )6 7

3 3 7

1 10 4 101 1 1' 87.62 0.5 10 9.1 10 5.8 10

x x mRx x x m

π π

π

− −

Ω⎛ ⎞= + =⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

74 10 9.1' ln 5802 0.5x nHL

π

− ⎛ ⎞= =⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

( )( )

1515

2 10' 2.17 10

ln 9.1 0.5SG xm

π −−= =

( )( )( )

122 5.4 8.854 10' 103.5

9.1ln 0.5

x pFCm

π −

= =

Now, with ω = 2πf,

Page 6: Final Practice Problems I

( )( ) 6 1' ' ' ' 585 10 0.049R j L G j C x jm

γ ω ω −= + + = +

Finally, 6 38.686585 10 5.1 10Np dB dBx xm Np m

α − −⎛ ⎞= =⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

This is confirmed using MLP0602. P6.10: MATLAB: A coaxial cable has a solid copper inner conductor of radius a = 1mm and a copper outer conductor of inner radius b. The outer conductor is much thicker than a skin depth. The dielectric has εr = 2.26 and σeff = 0.0002 at 1 GHz. Letting the ratio b/a vary from 1.5 to 10, generate a plot of the attenuation (in dB/m) versus the line impedance. Use the lossless assumption to calculate impedance. % MLP0610

%

% Plot of alpha vs Zo for a particular coax

clear

clc

%Some constant values

muo=pi*4e-7;

eo=8.854e-12;

a=1;

er=2.26;

sigd=0.0002;

sigc=5.8e7;

f=1e9;

%Perform calulations

b=1.5:.1:10;

G=2*pi*sigd./log(b./a);

C=2*pi*er*eo./log(b./a);

L=muo*log(b./a)/(2*pi);

Rs=sqrt(pi*f*muo/sigc);

Page 7: Final Practice Problems I

R=(1000*((1./a)+(1./b))*Rs)/(2*pi);

w=2*pi*f;

RL=R+i*w*L;

GC=G+i*w*C;

Gamma=sqrt(RL.*GC);

Zo=abs(sqrt(RL./GC));

alpha=real(Gamma);

loss=exp(-2*alpha*1);

lossdb=-10*log10(loss);

plot(Zo,lossdb)

xlabel('Characteristic Impedance (ohms)')

ylabel('attenuation (dB/m)')

grid on

3. Terminated T-Lines P6.11: Start with equation (6.54) and derive (6.55).

 

Fi P6 10

Page 8: Final Practice Problems I

o o

in oo o

V e V eZ ZV e V e

γ γ

γ γ

+ + − −

+ + − −

+=

l l

l l

With ,o L oV V− += Γ we then have

( )( )

Lin o

L

e eZ Z

e e

γ γ

γ γ

+ −

+ −

+ Γ=

− Γ

l l

l l

We also know that

,L oL

L o

Z ZZ Z

−Γ =

+

So now we have

( ) ( )( ) ( )

L o

L o L o L oin o o

L o L oL o

L o

Z Ze eZ Z Z Z e Z Z e

Z Z ZZ Z e Z Z eZ Ze e

Z Z

γ γγ γ

γ γγ γ

+ −+ −

+ −+ −

⎛ ⎞−+ ⎜ ⎟+ + + −⎝ ⎠= =

+ − −⎛ ⎞−− ⎜ ⎟+⎝ ⎠

l ll l

l ll l

and with rearranging, ( ) ( )( ) ( )

.L oin o

L o

Z e e Z e eZ Z

Z e e Z e e

γ γ γ γ

γ γ γ γ

+ − + −

+ − + −

+ + −=

− + +

l l l l

l l l l

We can convert the exponential terms into hyperbolic functions, given

( ) ( )1 1 sinh(x)sinh( ) , cosh( ) , and tanh(x)= .2 2 cosh(x)

x x x xx e e x e e− −= − = +

This leads to

( ) ( )( ) ( )

2 cosh 2 sinh,

2 sinh 2 coshL o

in oL o

Z ZZ Z

Z Zγ γγ γ

+=

+l ll l

or finally ( )( )

tanh.

tanhL o

in oo L

Z ZZ Z

Z Zγγ

+=

+ll

P6.12: Derive (6.56) from (6.55) for a lossless line.

( )( )

tanh,

tanhL o

in oo L

Z ZZ Z

Z Zγγ

+=

+ll

and ( ) ( ) ( )tanh tanh tanhj jγ α β β= + =l l l l since α = 0 for

lossless line. Using the hyperbolic definitions, we have

( ) ( )( )

( )( )

sinhtanh .

cosh

j j

j j

e ejj

j e e

β β

β β

ββ

β

+ −

+ −

−= =

+

l l

l l

ll

l

Now using Euler’s formula,

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

( )( )

cos sin( ) - cos sin( ) 2sintanh tan( )

cos sin( ) cos sin( ) 2cosj j j

j jj j

β β β β ββ β

β β β β β+ − − −

= = =+ + − +

l l l l ll l

l l l l l

Plugging this in, we find,

Page 9: Final Practice Problems I

 

Fig. P6.14

( )( )

tan.

tanL o

in oo L

Z jZZ Z

Z jZββ

+=

+ll

P6.13: A 2.4 GHz signal is launched on a 1.5 m length of T-Line terminated in a matched load. It takes 6.25 ns to reach the load and suffers 1.2 dB of loss. Find the propagation constant.

jγ α β= + 1.2 1 0.0921.5 8.686

dB Np Npm dB m

α = =

81.5: 2.4 106.25p

m mu xt ns s

ωββ

= = = =l

( )9

8

2 2.4 1062.8

2.4 10p

x radu x m

πωβ = = =

So 10.092 62.8 jm

γ = +

P6.14: A source with 50 Ω source impedance drives a 50 Ω T-Line that is 1/8 of a wavelength long, terminated in a load ZL = 50 – j25 Ω. Calculate ΓL, VSWR, and the input impedance seen by the source.

7650 25 50 0.24250 25 50

jL oL

L o

Z Z j eZ Z j

−− − −Γ = = =

+ − +

11.64

1L

L

VSWR+ Γ

= =− Γ

2 , tan 18 4 4

π λ π πβλ

⎛ ⎞= = =⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

l

( )( )

tantan

50 25 505050 50 25

30.8 3.8

L oin o

o L

Z jZZ Z

Z jZj jj

j

ββ

+=

+

− +=

+ += − Ω

ll

P6.15: A 1 m long T-Line has the following distributed parameters: R’ = 0.10 Ω/m, L’ = 1.0 μH/m, G’ = 10.0 μS/m, and C’ = 1.0 nF/m. If the line is terminated in a 25 Ω resistor in series with a 1 nH inductor, calculate, at 200 MHz, ΓL and Zin.

( )( )6 925 2 200 10 10 25 1.257 LZ j x jπ −= + = + Ω Now, MLP0615 is used to solve the problem. % MLP0615

Page 10: Final Practice Problems I

%

% calculate gamma and char impedance

% given the distributed parameters

% Then, calculate gammaL and Zin

%

% define variables

clc

clear

R=0.1;

L=1.0e-6;

G=10e-6;

C=1.0e-9;

f=200e6;

w=2*pi*f;

length=1;

ZL=25+j*1.257;

% Perform calcuations

A=R+i*w*L;

B=G+i*w*C;

gamma=sqrt(A*B) %Propagation Constant

Zo=sqrt(A/B)

gammaL=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo) %Reflection coefficient

TGL=tanh(gamma*length);

Zin=Zo*((ZL+Zo*TGL)/(Zo+ZL*TGL))

Running the program, Gamma = 0.0017 +39.7384i

Page 11: Final Practice Problems I

Zo = 31.6228 - 0.0011i gammaL = -0.1164 + 0.0248i Zin = 34.0192 - 7.4618i >> So the answers are, with the appropriate significant digits,

1680.12 and 34 7.5 jL ine Z jΓ = = − Ω

P6.16: The reflection coefficient at the load for a 50 Ω line is measured as ΓL = 0.516ej8.2° at f = 1 GHz. Find the equivalent circuit for ZL.

Rearranging ,L oL

L o

Z ZZ Z

−Γ =

+ we find 1 150 30

1L

L oL

Z Z j+ Γ= = + Ω

− Γ.

This is a resistor in series with an inductor. The inductor is found by considering

( )9

3030, or 4.82 1 10

j L j L nHx

ωπ

= = = ,

So the load is a 150 Ω resistor in series with a 4.8 nH inductor. P6.17: The input impedance for a 30 cm length of lossless 100 Ω impedance T-line operating at 2 GHz is Zin = 92.3 – j67.5 Ω. The propagation velocity is 0.7c. Determine the load impedance.

Rearranging ( )( )

tan,

tanL o

in oo L

Z jZZ Z

Z jZββ

+=

+ll

we find ( )( )

tantan

in oL o

o in

Z jZZ Z

Z jZββ

−=

−ll

( )( ) ( ) ( )

9

8

2 2 1059.84 ; tan tan 59.84 0.3 1.254

0.7 0.7 3 10

x rad rad mc m mx

πωβ β ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞= = = = = −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠l

Evaluating, we have

( )950 0.016 50 2 2 10 ,LZ j j x Lπ= + Ω = + or L = 1.3 pH.

This is a very small inductance, so we have 50 .LZ ≈ Ω P6.18: For the lossless T-Line circuit shown in Figure 6.51, determine the input impedance Zin and the instantaneous voltage at the load end vL.

25 50 1 2, , tan 025 50 3 2L

π λβ π πλ

−Γ = = − = = =

+l

0 250

Lin o L

L

ZZ Z ZZ

+= = = Ω

+

25 8 225 75

j z j zin o oV V V V e V eβ β+ − − += = = +

+

( )2 j jo LV e eβ β+ −= + Γl l

Page 12: Final Practice Problems I

cos sin 1, 1,j je j eπ ππ π −= + = − = −

( )1 21 1 2; 33 3o o oV V V V+ + +−⎛ ⎞− − − = = = −⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

( ) 11 3 1 23L o LV V V+ ⎛ ⎞= + Γ = − − = −⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠, so ( )2cos 180Lv t Vω= +

P6.19: Referring to Figure 6.10, a lossless 75 Ω T-Line has up = 0.8c and is 30 cm long. The supply voltage is vs = 6.0 cos(ωt) V with Zs = 75 Ω. If ZL = 100 + j125 Ω at 600 MHz, find (a) Zin, (b) the voltage at the load end of the T-Line, and (c) the voltage at the sending end of the T-Line.

, 15.7 , 4.71, tan 418.6pp

raduu m

ω ωβ β ββ

= = = = =l l

( )( )( )

100 125 75 418.675

75 100 125 418.622 28

in

j jZ

j jj

+ +=

+ +

= − Ω

Referring to Fig P6.19, 366 2.1

75jin

inin

ZV e VZ

−= =+

( )2.1cos 36inv t Vω∴ = −

430.593 jL oL

L o

Z Z eZ Z

−Γ = =

+

( ) 126 360.70 2.1j j j jin o L oV V e e e V e Vβ β+ + − − + −= + Γ = =l l

3690

126

2.1 30.70

jj

o j

eV e Ve

−+

−= =

( )( )

105.81 4.47

4.5cos 106

jL o L

L

V V e V

v t Vω

+= + Γ =

= +

P6.20: Suppose the T-Line for Figure 6.10 is characterized by the following distributed parameters at 100 MHz: R’ = 5.0 Ω/m, L’ = 0.010 μH/m, G’ = 0.010 S/m, and C’ = 0.020 nF/m. If ZL = 50 – j25 Ω,vs = 10cos(ωt)V, Zs = 50Ω, and the line length is 1.0 m, find the voltage at each end of the T-line. The following MATLAB routine was used to find the required parameters. % MLP0620

%

% calculate gamma and char impedance

% given the distributed parameters

 

Fig P6 19

Page 13: Final Practice Problems I

% Then, calculate gammaL and Zin

%

% define variables

clc

clear

R=5;

L=.010e-6;

G=.01;

C=.020e-9;

f=100e6;

w=2*pi*f;

length=1;

ZL=50-j*25;

% Perform calcuations

A=R+i*w*L;

B=G+i*w*C;

gamma=sqrt(A*B)

Zo=sqrt(A/B)

gammaL=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo)

TGL=tanh(gamma*length);

Zin=Zo*((ZL+Zo*TGL)/(Zo+ZL*TGL))

Running the program, 

gamma = 0.2236 + 0.2810i

Zo = 22.3607

gammaL = 0.4479 - 0.1908i

Zin = 27.2079 -15.4134i

Page 14: Final Practice Problems I

>>

( )18.23.97 , 4.0cos 18.2jinin SS in

in S

ZV V e V v t VZ Z

ω−= = ∴ = −+

( ) ( ) ( )3.841.504 0.101 1.507 jin o L o oV V e e V j V eγ γ+ − + += + Γ = + =l l

so 18.2

223.84

3.97 2.631.507

jj

o j

eV ee

−+ −= =

( ) ( )29.61 3.85 , 3.9cos 30jL o L LV V e v t Vω+ −= + Γ = ∴ = −

4. The Smith Chart P6.21: Locate on a Smith Chart the following load impedances terminating a 50 Ω T-Line. (a) ZL = 200 Ω , (b) ZL = j25 Ω, (c) ZL = 50 + j50 Ω, and (d) ZL = 25 – j200 Ω.

P6.22: Repeat problem P6.14 using the Smith Chart.

 

Fig P6 21

Page 15: Final Practice Problems I

Fi P6 22

 

Fig. P6.22b 

 

Fig. P6.23 

First we locate the normalized load, zL = 1 – j0.5 (point a). By inspection of the Smith Chart, we see that this point corresponds to 760.245 .j

L e −Γ = Also, after drawing the constant Γ circle we can see VSWR = 1.66. Finally, we move from point a, at 0.356λ on the WTG scale, clockwise (towards the generator) a distance 0.125 λ to point b, at 0.481 λ. At this point we see zin = 0.62 – j0.07. Denormalizing we find: Zin = 31 – j3.5 Ω.

P6.23: A 0.690λ long lossless Zo = 75 Ω T-Line is terminated in a load ZL = 15 + j67 Ω. Use the Smith Chart to find (a) ΓL, (b) VSWR, (c) Zin and (d) the distance between the input end of the line and the first voltage maximum from the input end. After normalizing ZL and locating it on the chart (point a), we see 950.80 .j

L eΓ = After drawing the constant Γ circle, we see that VSWR = 9 (point c). We locate the input impedance by moving from the load (point a at WTG = 0.118λ) clockwise towards the generator to the input point (point b at WTG = 0.118 λ + 0.690 λ – 0.500 λ = 0.308 λ). At this point, zin = 0.8 – j2.4, so Zin = 60 – j180 Ω. Finally, the distance from the input end of the line (point b) to the first voltage maximum (point c) is simply 0.308 λ – 0.250 λ = 0.058 λ. Or, using the WTL scale, it is 0.250 λ – 0.192 λ = 0.058 λ.

Page 16: Final Practice Problems I

 

 

P6.24: A 0.269λ long lossless Zo = 100 Ω T-Line is terminated in a load ZL = 60 + j40 Ω. Use the Smith Chart to find (a) ΓL, (b) VSWR, (c) Zin and (d) the distance from the load to the first voltage maximum. (a) zL = 0.6 + j0.4 located at WTG=0.082λ. We read off the Smith Chart that this point corresponds to: 1210.34 .j

L eΓ = After drawing the constant Γ circle we notice the VSWR = 2.05 (point c). Moving from this point a distance 0.269 λ (clockwise, towards generator), we find the input point (point b at WTG = 0.351 λ). At this point we have zin = 0.96-j0.72, or Zin = 96-j72 Ω. Finally, we move from point a towards the generator at point c to reach the voltage maximum, a distance 0.168λ. P6.25: The input impedance for a 100 Ω lossless T-Line of length 1.162λ is measured as 12 + j42 Ω. Determine the load impedance. We first locate the normalized input impedance, zin = 0.12 + j0.42, at point a (WTL=0.436λ). Then we move a distance 1.162 λ towards the load to point b, at WTL = 0.436 λ + 1.162 λ =1.598 λ; 1.598 λ – 1.500 λ = 0.098 λ. At this point, we read zL = 0.15-j0.7, or ZL = 15 – j70 Ω. P6.26: On a 50 Ω lossless T-Line, the VSWR is measured as 3.4. A voltage

Page 17: Final Practice Problems I

 

Fig P6 27

 

maximum is located 0.079λ away from the load. Determine the load. We can use the given VSWR to draw a constant Γ circle as shown in the figure. Then we move from Vmax at WTG = 0.250λ to point a at WTG = 0.250 λ - 0.079 λ = 0.171 λ. At this point we have zL = 1 +j1.3, or ZL = 50 + j65 Ω. P6.27: Figure 6.52 is generated for a 50 Ω slotted coaxial air line terminated in a short circuit and then in an unknown load. Determine (a) the measurement frequency, (b) the VSWR when the load is attached and (c) the load impedance. From the locations of minima on the shorted line we find λ:

( )2 7.55 1.25 12.6cm cm cmλ = − =

( ) 2.4ca f GHzλ

= =

(b) From the voltage maxima and voltage minimum on the loaded line, we have

4 22

VSWR = =

Using VSWR=2 we draw the constant |Γ| circle on the Smith Chart. Point a on the circle represents the 1.9 cm minimum. We move from this point towards the load at the 1.25 cm reference location, a move of

1.9 1.25 0.051612.6cm cm

cmλ

λ⎛ ⎞−

=⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

At this point (point b on the circle) we have zL = 0.55 – j0.25, and upon denormalizing we have (c) ZL = 28 – j12 Ω. P6.28: Figure 6.53 is generated for a 50 Ω slotted coaxial air line terminated in a short circuit and then in an unknown load. Determine (a) the measurement frequency, (b) the VSWR when the load is attached and (c) the load impedance. From the location of the maxima on the shorted line, we find λ:

( )2 9.3 1.7 15cm cm cmλ = − =

Page 18: Final Practice Problems I

( ) 2.0ca f GHzλ

= =

(b) From the load line, 10 2.54

VSWR = =

Using VSWR=2.5 we draw the constant |Γ| circle on the Smith Chart. Point a on the circle represents the minimum at 7.9 cm. We move from this point towards the load at the 5.5 cm reference location, a move of

7.9 5.5 0.1615cm cm

cmλ

λ⎛ ⎞−

=⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

At this point (point b on the circle) we have zL = 1 – j0.95, and upon denormalizing we have (c) ZL = 50 – j48 Ω. P6.29: Referring to Figure 6.20, suppose we measure Zinsc = +j25 Ω and ZinL = 35 + j85 Ω. What is the actual load impedance? Assume Zo = 50 Ω. We normalize the short circuit impedance to zinsc = 0+j0.5 and locate this on the Smith Chart to determine the length of the T-Line is 0.074λ. Then we normalize ZinL to zinL=0.70+j1.70, locate this on the chart at 0.326λ (WTL scale) and draw a constant |Γ| circle. We then move towards the load, or to 0.336λ + 0.074 λ = 0.400 λ, and find this point on the Smith Chart (zL = 0.25+j0.7). Denormalizing, we find ZL = 12+j35 Ω. P6.30: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.3 to draw the normalized load point and the constant

LΓ circle, given Zo and ZL. Demonstrate your program with the values from Drill 6.11. Add this to the end of the Matlab 6.3 program: %now add constant gamma circles ZL=50; fudge=0.001+i*0.001; newZL=ZL+fudge; Zo=50; zL=newZL/Zo; gamma=(zL-1)/(zL+1); plot(gamma,'-o'); constgamma(zL); You must change the value of ZL for each load point. Notice the addition of a ‘fudge factor’. This ensures that gamma has both a nonzero and finite real and imaginary part to work with in the plot. You’ll also need to add an additional function: function [h]=constgamma(zL) %constgamma(zL) draws the constant gamma circle;

Page 19: Final Practice Problems I

 

Fig. P6.30

Fig P6 31a

 

Fig P6 31b

phi=1:1:360; theta=phi*pi/180; a=abs((zL-1)/(zL+1)); Re=a*cos(theta); Im=a*sin(theta); z=Re+i*Im; h=plot(z,'--k'); axis('equal') axis('off') The program is run for each point of Drill 6.11 by changing the ZL value. Since the MATLAB routine has the ‘hold on’, each new point is added to the plot. 5. Impedance Matching P6.31: A matching network, using a reactive element in series with a length d of T-Line, is to be used to match a 35 – j50 Ω load to a 100 Ω T-Line. Find the through line length d and the value of the reactive element if (a) a series capacitor is used, and (b) a series inductor is used. First we normalize the load and locate it on the Smith Chart (point a, at zL = 0.35-j0.5, WTG = 0.419λ). (a) need to move to point b, at z = 1+j1.4, so that a capacitive element of value jx = -j1.4 can be added to provide an impedance match. Moving to this point b gives d = 0.500λ+0.173 λ -0.419 λ = 0.254 λ. The capacitance is

( )( )( )9

1.4,

1 1.142 1 10 100 1.4

o

j jCZ

C pFx

ω

π

−= −

= =

(b) Now we need to move to point c, at z = 1-j1.4, so that an inductive element of value jx = +j1.4 can be added. Moving to this point c gives d = 0.500 λ + 0.327 λ – 0.419 λ = 0.408 λ. The inductance is

Page 20: Final Practice Problems I

   

Fig P6 32b

 

Fig. P6.33a 

 

Fig P6 33b

( )( )( )9

1.4 1001.4, 22.3

2 1 10o

j L j L nHZ xω

π= = =

P6.32: A matching network consists of a length of T-Line in series with a capacitor. Determine the length (in wavelengths) required of the T-Line section and the capacitor value needed (at 1.0 GHz) to match a 10 – j35 Ω load impedance to the 50 Ω line. We find the normalized load, zL = 0.2 – j0.7, located at point a (WTG = 0.400λ). Now we move from point a clockwise (towards the generator) until we reach point b, where we have z = 1 + j2.4. Moving from a to b corresponds to d = 0.500λ+0.194λ-0.400λ = 0.294λ. For the series capacitance we have

( )( )( )9

2.4 ,

1or 1.332 1 10 50 2.4

o

jjCZ

C pFx

ω

π

−− =

= =

P6.33: You would like to match a 170 Ω load to a 50 Ω T-Line. (a) Determine the characteristic impedance required for a quarter-wave transformer. (b) What through-line length and stub length are required for a shorted shunt stub matching network? (a) 92s o LZ Z R= = Ω (b) (1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 3.4 + j0). (2) locate the normalized load admittance: yL (point b) (3) move from point b to point c, at the y=1+jb circle (d = 0.170λ) (4) move from the shorted end of the stub (normalized admittance point c) to the point y = 0 – jb. (l = 0.354 λ – 0.250 λ = 0.104 λ.) Note in step 3 we could have gone to the point y = 1-jb. This would have resulted in d = 0.329 λ and l = 0.396 λ.

Ω P6.34: A load impedance ZL = 200 + j160 is to

Page 21: Final Practice Problems I

 

 

   

 

Fig P6 36

be matched to a 100 Ω line using a shorted shunt stub tuner. Find the solution that minimizes the length of the shorted stub. Refer to Figure P6.33a for the shunt stub circuit. (1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 2.0 + j1.6). (2) locate the normalized load admittance: yL (point b) (3) move from point b to point c, at the y=1+jb circle(0.500λ + 0.170λ -0.458λ = 0.212λ) (4) move from the shorted end of the stub (normalized admittance point) to the point y = 0 – jb. (l = 0.354 λ – 0.250 λ = 0.104 λ.) P6.35: Repeat P6.34 for an open-ended shunt stub tuner. (1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 2.0 + j1.6). (2) locate the normalized load admittance: yL (point b) (3) move from point b to point c, at the y=1-jb circle(0.500λ + 0.330λ -0.458λ = 0.372λ). We choose this point for c so as to minimize the length of the shunt stub. (4) move from the open end of the stub (normalized admittance point) to the point y = 0 + jb. (l = 0.146 λ)

P6.36: A load impedance ZL = 25 + j90 Ω is to be matched to a 50 Ω line using a shorted shunt stub tuner. Find the solution that minimizes the length of the shorted stub. Refer to Figure P6.33a for the shunt stub circuit. (1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 0.5 + j1.8). (2) locate the normalized load admittance: yL (point b)

Page 22: Final Practice Problems I

 

Fig P6 37

(3) move from point b to point c, at the y=1+jb circle(0.500λ + 0.198λ -0.423λ = 0.275λ) (4) move from the shorted end of the stub (normalized admittance point) to the point y = 0 – jb. (l = 0.308 λ – 0.250 λ = 0.058 λ.) P6.37: Repeat P6.36 for an open-ended shunt stub tuner. Refer to Figure P6.35a. (1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 0.5 + j1.8). (2) locate the normalized load admittance: yL (point b) (3) move from point b to point c, at the y=1+jb circle(0.500λ + 0.392λ -0.423λ = 0.379λ) (4) move from the open end of the stub (normalized admittance point) to the point y = 0 + jb. (l = 0.191 λ) P6.38: (a) Design an open-ended shunt stub matching network to match a load ZL = 70 + j110 Ω to a 50 Ω impedance T-Line. Choose the solution that minimizes the length of the through line. (b) Now suppose the load turns out to be ZL = 40 + j100 Ω. Determine the reflection coefficient seen looking into the matching network. (a) Refer to Figure P6.35a. (1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 1.4 + 2.2). (2) locate the normalized load admittance: yL (point b) (3) move from point b to point c, at the y=1+jb circle(0.500λ + 0.185λ -0.448λ = 0.237λ) (4) move from the open end of the stub (normalized admittance point) to the point y = 0 - jb. (l = 0.328 λ)

Page 23: Final Practice Problems I

 

Fig. P6.38a 

 

Fig. P6.38b

(b) (1) Normalize the load (point a: zL = 0.8 + j2.0) (2) locate yL (point b) (3) Move a distance 0.237λ to point c (0.434 λ + 0.237 λ = 0.671 λ; or WTG = 0.171 λ) (4) Move from yopen to 0.328 λ (point d) (5) add admittances of point c and d to get ytot = 0.6 – j0.2. (6) locate the corresponding ztot (point f) and read the reflection coefficient as:

340.28 jeΓ =  

Page 24: Final Practice Problems I

1. Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals P7.1: Find the cutoff frequency for the first 8 modes of WR430. a = 4.3 in = 0.1092 m, b = 2.15 in = 0.0546 m For air-filled guide we have:

2 2

2mnc m nfc

a b⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Evaluating all the combination of modes for m = 0,1,2,3 and n = 0,1,2,3 we find Mode fcmn (GHz) TE10 1.374 TE01 2.747 TE20 2.747 TE11 3.07 TM11 3.07 TE21 3.885 TM21 3.885 TE30 4.121 P7.2: Calculate the cutoff frequency for the first 8 modes of a waveguide that has a = 0.900 inches and b = 0.600 inches. a = 0.900 in = 0.02286 m, b = 0.600in = 0.01524 m For air-filled guide we have:

2 2

2mnc m nfc

a b⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Evaluating all the combination of modes for m = 0,1,2,3 and n = 0,1,2,3 we find Mode fcmn (GHz) TE10 6.56 TE01 9.84 TE11 11.83 TM11 11.83 TE20 13.12 TE21 16.40 TM30 19.69 TE02 19.69 P7.3: Calculate the cutoff frequency for the first 8 modes of a waveguide that has a = 0.900 inches and b = 0.300 inches. a = 0.900 in = 0.02286 m, b = 0.300 in = 0.00762 m For air-filled guide we have:

Page 25: Final Practice Problems I

2 2

2mnc m nfc

a b⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Evaluating all the combination of modes for m = 0,1,2,3 and n = 0,1,2,3 we find Mode fcmn (GHz) TE10 6.56 TE20 13.12 TE30 19.68 TE01 19.68 TE11 20.75 TM11 20.75 TE21 23.66 TM21 23.66 P7.4: Calculate uG, the wavelength in the guide and the wave impedance at 10 GHz for WR90. From Table 7.1 for WR90 we have fc10 = 6.56 GHz. So

2 28 86.561 3 10 1 2.26 10

10G Ufc mu u x xf s

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= − = − =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

8 9

2 2

3 10 10 10 0.0397 , 46.561110

U x x m cmfcf

λλ λ= = = =⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞−− ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

Since fc10 = 6.56 GHz, at 10 GHz only TE10 is present and therefore we only have the Z10TE

impedance.

10 2 2

120 5006.561110

TE UZfcf

η πΩ= = = Ω

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞−− ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

P7.5: Consider WR975 is filled with polyethylene. Find (a) uu, (b) up and (c) uG at 600 MHz. From Table 7.1 for WR975 we have a = 9.75 in and b = 4.875 in. Then

8

103 10 1 1 403

9.75 0.02542 2 2.26r

c x m s infc MHzin maε⎛ ⎞= = =⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

2 24031 1 0.741600

fcFf

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= − = − =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

Now,

Page 26: Final Practice Problems I

Fi P7 6

88

8

8

3 10 2 102.26

2.7 10

1.48 10

Ur

UP

G U

c x mu xs

u mu xF s

mu u F xs

ε= = =

= =

= =

P7.6: MATLAB: Plot up and wavelength in the guide as a function of frequency over the cited useful frequency range for WR90. % MLP0706 % % Plot propagation velocity and guide wavelength % over the cited useful freq range of WR90. % % 2/2/03 Wentworth % c=3e8; a=0.900;b=0.450; fc=(c/(2*.0254*a)); flo=8.2e9; fhi=12.4e9; N=100; df=(fhi-flo)/N; f=flo:df:fhi; A=sqrt(1-(fc./f).^2); Lu=c./f; LG=Lu./A; up=c./A; fG=f./1e9; subplot(2,1,1) plot(fG,LG) ylabel('guide wavelength (m)') grid on subplot(2,1,2) plot(fG,up) xlabel('frequency(GHz)') ylabel('propagation velocity (m/s)') grid on P7.7: WR90 waveguide is to be operated at 16 GHz. Tabulate the values of the guide wavelength, phase velocity, group velocity and impedance for each supported mode.

Page 27: Final Practice Problems I

Fig. P7.8

For the TE10 mode we have

10 10, where a = 0.900 in = .02286m, so 6.562 .2cfc fc GHza

= =

Then

( )8

92

3 10, where 1.8816 10

1

uu

c x cmf xfc

f

λλ λ= = = =

( )2

.0188 0.02066.5621 16

m mλ = =−

( ) ( ) ( )8

8

2 2 2

3 10 3.3 106.56211 1 16

up

u c x mu xsfc fc

f f

= = = =−− −

( ) ( )2 2

8 86.5621 3 10 1 2.74 1016G umfcu u x xf s

= − = − =

( ) ( )2 2

120 4136.56211 16

TE umnZ

fcf

η πΩ= = = Ω

−−

Likewise values are found for the TE20 and TE11 mode. For the TM11 mode, a different expression for impedance is used:

( )2

1TMmn u

fcZ fη= −

Mode fc(GHz) λ(m) up(m/s) uG(m/s) Z(Ω) TE10 6.56 0.0206 3.3x108 2.7x108 413 TE20 13.1 0.0328 5.2x108 1.7x108 659 TE11 14.7 0.0470 7.5x108 1.2x108 945 TM11 14.7 0.0470 7.5x108 1.2x108 150

P7.8: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 7.1 by plotting uG and up versus frequency for the same guide over the same frequency range. % M-File: MLP0708 % % Waveguide Velocity Plot % Plots uG and uP for TE11 and TM11 % vs freq. for air-filled waveguide % (modifies ML0701) % % Wentworth, 11/26/02

Page 28: Final Practice Problems I

Fi P7 9

% clc %clears command window clear%clears variables % Initialize variables c=2.998e8; %speed of light Zo=120*pi; ainches=0.900; binches=0.450; % convert to metric a=ainches*0.0254; b=binches*0.0254; % calc fc11 fc=c*sqrt((1/a)^2+(1/b)^2)/2; % Perform calculations f=15e9:.1e9:25e9; fghz=f/1e9; Factor=sqrt(1-(fc./f).^2); uu=c.*Factor./Factor; %just filling array with c up=c./Factor; ug=c.*Factor; % Display results plot(fghz,up,'-.k',fghz,uu,'--k',fghz,ug,'-k') legend('up','c','uG') xlabel('frequency, (GHz)') ylabel('velocity (m/s)') grid on P7.9: MATLAB: Plot the TE10 wave impedance for WR430 waveguide versus frequency if the guide is filled with Teflon. Choose a suitable frequency range for your plot. % MLP0709 % % Plot TE10 wave impedance for teflon filled % WR430 guide over a suitable frequency range. % % 2/2/03 Wentworth % c=3e8; er=2.1; uu=c/sqrt(er);

Page 29: Final Practice Problems I

a=4.30;b=2.150; fc=(uu/(2*.0254*a)); flo=1.7e9/sqrt(er); fhi=2.6e9/sqrt(er); N=100; df=(fhi-flo)/N; f=flo:df:fhi; A=sqrt(1-(fc./f).^2); ZTE=(120*pi/sqrt(er))./A; fG=f./1e9; plot(fG,ZTE) xlabel('frequency(GHz)') ylabel('TE10 mode impedance (ohms)') grid on P7.10: Suppose a length of WR137 waveguide operated at 7.0 GHz is terminated in a short circuit. At what distance from this short circuit does the input impedance appear infinite? From our study of T-Lines, we know that looking into a quarter guide-wavelength section of waveguide terminated in a short circuit, the input impedance appears infinite. The cutoff frequency for the TE10 mode is 4.29 GHz. Then,

( ) ( ) ( )8 9

2 2 2

3 10 7 10 0.05424.2911 1 7

U c f x x mfc fc

f f

λλ = = = =−− −

So the quarter wave length is 0.0542m/4 = 0.0136 m. Therefore a distance 1.4 cm away from the short circuit, the input impedance appears infinite. 2. Waveguide Field Equations P7.11: Manipulate (7.41) to get (7.1). Rearranging (7.41), we have

2 22 2 , u

m na bπ πβ β ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞− = +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Also from (7.41) we have

( )2

1ufc

fβ β= − .

So

( ) ( )2 22 2 2 2, 1-1+ =u u u

fc fcf fβ β β β

⎛ ⎞− = ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

and

Page 30: Final Practice Problems I

2 2 22 2 , u

fc m nf a b

π πβ π⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

2 2 2 222

u

fc m nf a b

π πλ

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= +⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦

2 22

u

fc m nf a bλ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Solving for fc, where we have uu = λuf, 2 2 2 21 1

2 2um n m nfc ua b a bμε

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞= + = +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

P7.12: Find expressions for the phasor field components of the TE01 mode. With m = 0 and n = 1, the nonzero field components in equations (7.67) - (7.71)are

2 2

2 2

cos

sin

sin

j zzs o

j zxs o

u

j zys o

u

yH H eb

j yE H eb b

j yH H eb b

β

β

β

π

ωμ π πβ β

β π πβ β

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟− ⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞= ⎜ ⎟− ⎝ ⎠