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Page 1: Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for CCS Monitoring

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for CCS Monitoring

Barry Freifeld CCS Technical Workshop

Tokyo, Japan 23 January 2018

Page 2: Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for CCS Monitoring

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Why fiber-optic sensing?

• Robust – multi-decadal time-scale monitoring – temperature tolerant (150 C acrylate 300 C

polyimide) – immune to EMI

• Minimal size (125μm cladding) • Low loss/High bandwidth • Cost effective

www.ni.com/white-paper/12953/en/

Page 3: Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for CCS Monitoring

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Fiber-Optic Sensing Technologies

• Temperature • Strain με • Acoustic • Strain nε • Chemical Sensing • Distributed Pressure

More Mature

Less Mature

Focus of today’s presentation

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Distributed Sensing Theory

From Zou et al., “Advances in Optical Fiber Technology, 2015

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Fiber-Optic Sensors in Wellbores Can be Installed on casing or tubing

Control lines including fiber-optic cables are strapped onto tubing or casing and lowered into the wells. “Spooling operations” are performed during run-in-hole to install the sensing fibers

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Sensing scCO2 in the Subsurface

• To identify where CO2 is we need time-lapse changes of observable parameters

• For example scCO2 exhibits lower thermal conductivity and higher seismic attenuation than brine

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

CO2SINK – GFZ Distributed Temperature Sensing Heat Pulse Collaboration with Dr. Jan Henninges

Heat-Pulse DTS Cable

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Temperature profiles Ktzi200 b.t. CO2

GMS data:

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Baseline DTPS: thermal conductivities Results of baseline before CO2 injection: Similar characteristics, e.g. K2 marker horizon. Ktzi201: Good correlation with measurements on cores. Ktzi202: similar values as for Ktzi201. Ktzi200: apparently higher values, but no indications from geology or other measurements (?).

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Thermal conductivity repeat DTPS Ktzi201 (after start of CO2 injection)

Good overall fit to baseline results (e.g. K2 marker horizon). Distinct zone with decrease in thermal conductivity: main zone of CO2 injection.

No clear indications for CO2 below „main“ injection interval.

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Monitoring Well Completion Using DTS Janggi Well – Pohang, Korea

JG-M

JG-6 JG-7-1 Janggi

Pohang

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Janggi Field Site

Image Courtesy Dasom Sharon Lee, KIGAM

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

DTS/DAS Fiber-Optic Cable

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Gravel Packing Process

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DTS Data for Gravel Packing

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Curing of Cement

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PTRC Aquistore Project – DAS VSP • Integrated CCS:

– Capture from SaskPower’s Boundary Dam Coal-Fired Power Station

– Transported via pipeline to an injection well at the storage site; over 90% of CO2 for EOR

– Captured CO2 stored in a deep (3.2 km) saline aquifer in the Williston Basin

• ~1 Mt/year CO2 capture started in 2014

• Over 100,000 T Injected at Aquistore

• Monitoring Timeline: Initial installations 2012 First Baseline 2013 Injection 2015 Monitor Surveys Feb. 2016; Nov 2016

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Seismic Monitoring: 3D surface and VSP Dedicated Monitoring Well with Fiber Cable on Well Casing (Cemented)

1 km

Baseline 3D/VSP surveys in 2013, 2014 and 2015: DAS and Geophone Fiber cable cemented behind casing is a key component of our DAS testing/development program. Note: Many other non-seismic monitoring activities, not discussed here.

Instrumented Observation Well

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Harris, et al, Geophysics, in press

Shot gathers from the baseline and monitor surveys exhibiting good (A) and poor (B) repeatability. Values of nRMS were computed by selecting 70 ms windows around direct waves (box delineated by a dotted lines). Baseline and monitor data are scaled by the same shot-based factor for display.

4D DAS VSP Repeatability

DAS is Repeatable; Variability in Explosive Source Affects Repeatability

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4D DAS VSP; Harris et al., Geophysics 2017

Plan view of nRMS difference images for the reservoir caprock (Ice Box formation and 3 intervals where CO2 is injected. nRMS values within a 20 m thick window

Aquistore 4D Feb 2016

nRMS of monitor-baseline differences for a 75 m window in cross-sections through observation (left) and injection (right) wells. In both difference sections, a nRMS ≈ 0.9 anomaly is present at a depth of ~3275 m (in dashed circle).

Amplitude cross-section of baseline (left) and monitor (right) depth-migrated volumes intersecting the observation well. Key reservoir formations labeled on left.

OBS INJ

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DAS VSP and Surface Seismic for the Upper Deadwood – Agreement!

DAS VSP Surface Seismic

Plan view of nRMS difference images in the upper Deadwood showing VSP result (left) and surface-based result (right).

Harris, et al, 2017 Roach, et al, 2016.

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Surface Reflection Monitoring with DAS

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Shot Gather w/o NMO

From Kustowski et al., SPE FO Workshop 2017

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

DAS in a horizontal trench recording explosive sources

• Overall higher amplitudes

• P-wave reflections more noisy in receiver gathers and not visible in raw shot gathers or a stack

• Overall lower amplitudes

• P-wave reflections more coherent and visible in both source and receiver gathers and in a stack

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Emerging Technologies

• Permanent Source Monitoring • Engineered High Sensitivity Fiber

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

DAS Monitoring - CO2CRC Otway Project (Victoria, Australia)

Paaratte

Stage I injection

Stage II injection

STAGE I: An 80/20 % of CO2/CH4 stream produced from Buttress, transported and injected into CRC-1 well (previous CH4 production well) -65 Kt.

STAGE II: CO2/CH4 stream injected into CRC-2 well – up to 15 Kt.

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Otway Stage 2C field area

Naylor-1

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Geophone and fiber array installation: Trenches 80 cm deep, PVC cased boreholes 4 m deep

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38 km FO cable installed along geohone lines and in CRC-2 borehole

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FAT Helical Wound Cable • Anderson and Shapiro – HWC on soft mandrel 1980 US Patent 4375313 • Hornman et al. (2013 75th EAGE) introduced a helical wound FO cable • LBNL trialed multiple designs with varying physical properties • Line 5 installed one length of HWC for comparison to straight fiber

30° spiral wound on 58 Shore A rubber mandrel.

Normal Telecom Cable used in all trenches

Lessons learned – acoustic impedance of cable and surrounding soil is important

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Surface Orbital Vibrator – VFD Controlled AC Induction Motor

Max Frequency 80 Hz, Force (@80Hz) 10 T-f Phase stability is not maintained. Operate 2.5 hr/d

Force is adjustable F=mω2r

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Deconvolved SOV Data

• Helical Cable shows good sensitivity to reflected P. • Straight telecom less sensitivity

Freifeld et al., EAGE 2016

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

VSP Using Silixa Engineered Optical Fiber Cemented in CRC-3

Image Courtesy Roman Pevzner, Curtin University

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Fiber Optic Cable Bored at approximately 20 feet.

Rotary Source

ROTARY SEISMIC SOURCE GENERATOR (NOTE 1)

INJECTION AND MONITORING WELLS (EXISTING)

DAS FIBER OPTIC LINE (BORED TO 20 FT)

NOTE 1: DISTANCES ARE MEASURED FROM CCS#2

VW#2 2,600 ft.

CCS#2 GM#2

SS#3 4,250 ft.

SS#2 2,150 ft.

SS#1 350 ft.

SS#4 2,705 ft.

SS#5 5,475 ft.

Plume Overlay

ADM IMS Fiber Optic and CASSM Layout

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

IMS data acquisition and processing equipment

iDAS Units

IMS Server

SOV#2 & 3 Ethernet Switch

iDAS Unit #1

iDAS Unit #2

Setup of the IMS Server & iDAS units in the CCS#2 building and SOV#2 & 3’s Ethernet switch inside the VW#2 building.

Page 36: Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for CCS Monitoring

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Installation of IMS DAS surface cable

DAS Cable Pulling Clamp

Horizontal Directional Drilling Location and Depth Monitoring

Prep for DAS cable and grouting conduit pull back

Cable and Conduit pull back

Grouting DAS Cable

Cable reels feeding DAS cable and grouting conduit into bore hole

Page 37: Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for CCS Monitoring

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Installation of rotary sources CASSM

Setup of the IMS Server & iDAS units in the CCS#2 building and SOV#2 & 3’s Ethernet switch inside the VW#2 building.

Foundation excavation Structural SOV Anchor Assembly

Drilling boreholes for the SOV Geophones Final installation showing SOV, SOV

Control and DAS cable Splice Panels

SOV Installation

Page 38: Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for CCS Monitoring

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

SOV4 sweep recorded by the northeast DAS surface array.

Software Design and Development

SOV sweep recorded by the permanent N/E DAS surface array.

SOV5 sweep recorded by the northeast DAS surface array.

Page 39: Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for CCS Monitoring

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Conclusions & Future developments

• Fiber-optic sensors will continue to see increasing application in reservoir monitoring and management

• Continued Improvements in DTS, DAS, and DSS will rely upon both advancements in interrogation technology and the development of specialized sensing fibers.

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Acknowledgmenets • Funding for LBNL was provided through the Carbon Storage

Program, U.S. DOE, Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office of Clean Coal and Carbon Management through the NETL.

• The Otway Project is led by the Australian CO2CRC. We would like to acknowledge the funding provided by the Australian government, ANLEC R&D and the National Geosequestration Laboratory (NGL) for providing the seismic sources (INOVA Vibrators).

• The Aquistore Project is managed and operated by the Petroleum Technology Research Council with support from National Resources Canada, Geologic Survey of Canada and additional funding from Chevron and ExxonMobil.

• The CO2SINK Project was managed by GFZ, Potsdam. Special thanks to Jan Henninges and the rest of the monitoring team.

• The ADM ISM Project is led by Scott McDonald, ADM with support from U.S. DOE, Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office of Clean Coal and Carbon Management through the NETL.

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EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Questions?