Electrostatic Interactionsk =1/lDD is Debye-Hckel lengthns is the ionic strength in mol/LThe Bjerrum length, lb = e2/40rkbTs :surface potential z : the charge of the solvated ionTwo spherical particles of the same size separated by a distance, h (the shortest distance between two spherical particles, each having a radius of a and a center-to-center distance of r, where h = r-2a)Effect of Charge Screening: Effect of Surface Charges: Higher k h, lower Ee Lower s , lower Ee