6 Kingdoms

• Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia

These four kingdomsare believed to have

evolved from the Archaebacteria.

Formerly grouped as one kingdom known

as the Monerans.

Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes• No nucleus• No membrane-bound

organelles• Most cells are

1 -10 μm in size• Evolved 3.5 billion

years ago• Found only in

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms

• Has nucleus• Many organelles• Cells can be between

2 - 1,000 μm in size• Evolved 1.5 billion

years ago• Includes Protista,

Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

Types of Nutrition• Autotrophs: (able to make own food)

1.) Photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food2.) Chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron are consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food

• Heterotrophs: (unable to make own food)1.) Ingestion: organism eats other organisms or their organic byproducts2.) Absorption: produces enzymes that break down food particles outside the body, then absorb the digested molecules

Kingdom Archaebacteria• Cell Type: prokaryotes (original life form on

earth; gave rise to eukaryotes)

• Body Forms: unicellular

• Cell Structure: have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism; have genetic material but lack nuclear membrane or other membrane-bound organelles.

• Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs

• Habitat: extreme environments such as ddeep sea volcanic vents, hot springs

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaOther Important Information: fewer than 100

species are believed to exist

Sketches of Cellular Examples:

Examples: methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria, anaerobic bacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria• Cell Type: Prokaryotes - considered the

“true bacteria”• Body Forms: unicellular• Cell Structure: cell walls made of

peptidoglycans; have genetic material but lack nuclear membrane and membrane- bound organelles

• Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs;

heterotrophic forms too• Habitat: Common environments – land,

water and air; live in and on organisms

Kingdom EubacteriaOther Important Information: extremely

diverse – more than 5000 species exist. Ecologically important as decomposers. Symbiotic relationships with humans – mutualistic in gut; parasitic when they cause disease.

Sketches of Cellular Examples:

Examples: Anthrax, E. coli, Salmonella, Gonorrhea

Kingdom Protista• Cell Type: Eukaryotes• Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some

multicellular, some colonial • Cell Structure: have a nucleus with

genetic material and other membrane-bound organelles; some have cell walls made of cellulose, pectin or silica

• Nutrition: photosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs that use ingestion or

absorption• Habitat: freshwater and ocean water, in

and on organisms

Kingdom Protista

Other Important Information: the “catch-all kingdom”; range from microscopic to 150

feet long in size; some are animal-like, some are plant-like; some cause disease.

Sketches of Cellular Examples:

Examples: kelp, algae, slime mold, Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena, diatoms

Kingdom Fungi• Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Body Forms: some unicellular, most

multicellular• Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic

material and other membrane-bound organelles but lack chloroplasts; cell

walls made of chitin; some have more than one nucleus and some have openings

between adjacent cells• Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption)• Habitat: most are terrestrial, some live on or

in organisms

Kingdom Fungi

Other Important Information: Ecological importance as decomposers. Many have relationships with other organisms. In humans-parasitic fungus cause athlete’s foot and ringworm. Mutualistic examples too: mychorrizae in plants and lichens with algae.

Sketches of Cellular Examples:

Examples: bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, mildew, mold, truffles

Kingdom Plantae• Cell Type: Eukaryotes

• Body Forms: multicellular

• Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membrane-bound organelles; have chloroplasts; cell walls made of cellulose; have large central vacuoles; vascular plants have advanced tissues and organs

• Nutrition: photosynthetic autotrophs

• Habitat: mostly terrestrial

Kingdom PlantaeOther Important Information: plants are the

base of terrestrial food chains; more than 262,000 species exist

Sketches of Cellular Examples:

Examples: moss, ferns, pine trees, oak trees, shrubs, flowers, grass

Kingdom Animalia

• Cell Type: Eukaryotes

• Body Forms: multicellular

• Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membrane-bound organelles; but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; most have advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs

• Nutrition: heterotrophic

• Habitat: land, water, air

Kingdom AnimaliaOther Important Information: the most

diverse of all kingdoms in appearance; most are motile (they can move)

Sketches of Cellular Examples

Examples: sponges, worms, snails, insects (ants, grasshoppers), birds, snake, fish, elephant, human