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, 1910-1920 -

, 1910-1920 25

1910-1920

2014-2015

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1821 1824 . 1835 , . 1845, - .

1855 , , . . 1857 . , - . , 14 . , . . [footnoteRef:1] (1863 - 1867) , , . . 1876, , . [1: Juan B. Rojo, The Meaning of the Mexican Revolution, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 69, (Jan., 1917), . 28]

, . , , 1910 . , , . [footnoteRef:2]. [2: Luis Cabrera, The Mexican Revolution: Its Causes, Purposes and Results, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 69, (1917), . 10]

, . 1869 205 1880 1910 19.205 , [footnoteRef:3]. . , , , .. [3: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , .32-50]

. . , , . . , , .

- - -

, . 1880 20 1910 165.000 . , [footnoteRef:4]. [4: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .58]

. . 24 . 1880 310 1910[footnoteRef:5], . [5: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .56]

. A 1880 9,9 . , 1910 15,1 . , 9,2% 1895 11% 1910 , , , , .

151911 [footnoteRef:6] [6: - , , (, 1997) .172]

16501.2

17933.7

18406.7

18608.2

18809.9

190013.6

191015.1[footnoteRef:7] [7: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .38-39 http://www.populstat.info/Americas/mexicoc.htm]

1910%

3.592.100 .68,1

(, , , , )850.000 .16,1

-15,8

( 1910, 168 834 [footnoteRef:8]). [footnoteRef:9]- . [8: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .60] [9: Luis Cabrera, The Mexican Revolution: Its Causes, Purposes and Results, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 69, (1917), . 6]

1910 81% . 13 57 . . 541 97. ( [footnoteRef:10] ) (hacienda, -). ( ) . [10: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .81]

-[footnoteRef:11] . [footnoteRef:12]. [11: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .43] [12: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .82]

19 . , , . . - (peones ), , [footnoteRef:13]. [13: Friedrich Katz, Labor Conditions on Haciendas in Porfirian Mexico: Some Trends and Tendencies, The Hispanic American Historical Review,54, No. 1 (1974), . 4]

. . . , ( ) , . , , , . , . , , , , Mexico Barbaro, John Kenneth Turner [footnoteRef:14]. . [14: Friedrich Katz, Labor Conditions on Haciendas in Porfirian Mexico: Some Trends and Tendencies, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 54, No. 1 (1974), . 18]

, [footnoteRef:15]. , . . [15: Friedrich Katz, Labor Conditions on Haciendas in Porfirian Mexico: Some Trends and Tendencies, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 54, No. 1 (1974), . 13]

Mexico Barbaro, 1914 , . (rurales) .

, , . hacendados, , . . . . [footnoteRef:16]. [16: Max Sylvius Handman, The Mexican revolution and the standard of living, The Southwestern Political Science Quarterly, 1, No. 3 (1920), .214]

19 20 haciendas. , , , . , , . , ( cochineal ). [footnoteRef:17]. [17: Ronald Waterbury, Non-Revolutionary Peasants: Oaxaca Compared to Morelos in the Mexican Revolution, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17, No. 4, (1975), . 410-442]

, , . Rockefellers, Guggenheim[footnoteRef:18], Hearst, Braniffs[footnoteRef:19] [footnoteRef:20]. [18: John W. Sloan, United States Policy Responses to the Mexican Revolution: A Partial Application of the Bureaucratic Politics Model, Journal of Latin American Studies, 10, No. 2 (1978), . 286] [19: Maria del Carmen Collado, Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses during the Mexican Revolution, Business History Review, 86, 04, (2012)] [20: Maria del Carmen Collado, Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses during the Mexican Revolution, Business History Review, 86, 04, (2012), . 729]

. . [footnoteRef:21]. [21: Max Sylvius Handman, The Mexican revolution and the standard of living, The Southwestern Political Science Quarterly, 1, No. 3 (1920), .210]

. (, , , , ) . (cientificos) -mestizo, , , . [footnoteRef:22]. [22: Max Sylvius Handman, The Mexican revolution and the standard of living, The Southwestern Political Science Quarterly, 1, No. 3 (1920), .209]

[footnoteRef:23]. [23: Max Sylvius Handman, The Mexican revolution and the standard of living, The Southwestern Political Science Quarterly, 1, No. 3 (1920), .216]

, . Instituto de Ciencias y Artes de Oaxaca [footnoteRef:24] . [24: Ronald Waterbury, Non-Revolutionary Peasants: Oaxaca Compared to Morelos in the Mexican Revolution, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17, No. 4, (1975), . 422]

1860, . 1920 1967 . 1872 1874 , , 1884 . . 1872 . . , ..[footnoteRef:25] [25: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .70-71]

. , ( 1900 50.000 [footnoteRef:26]). . . . . [26: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .62]

.

3 1910

606.000 (11,5%)

104.100 (2%)

()74.700 (1,4%)

55.100 (1%)

10.600 (0,2%)

20 , . [footnoteRef:27] , . [27: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .94]

. 1876 [footnoteRef:28] . [28: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .72]

. , - , . , , . , , . , , . , [footnoteRef:29]. . , . [footnoteRef:30]. [29: Alan Knight, The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution, 1900-1920, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (May, 1984), . 63] [30: Alan Knight, The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution, 1900-1920, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (May, 1984), . 54]

, , , , . , . . , . , , . [footnoteRef:31] , - , , 1916 . [31: Alan Knight, The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution, 1900-1920, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (May, 1984), . 65]

, , . 1907-1908[footnoteRef:32]. , , . , . [32: , 1910-1920, (, 2006), .101]

, - ( ) , . . . , , , . ... [footnoteRef:33] - . [33: Juan B. Rojo, The Meaning of the Mexican Revolution, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 69, (Jan., 1917), . 27-29]

1910 ( 26 1910) , ! . . , . . .. ![footnoteRef:34] [34: - , , (, 1997) . 34]

, [footnoteRef:35] . [35: Francisco Madero: The Plan of San Luis Potosi, November 20, 1910http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1910potosi.html]

, , , . , , . . . .

. 43,9% [footnoteRef:36]( 13,8%) . , 1/3 [footnoteRef:37]. 1909 . [footnoteRef:38] 1879 . . 1911 . . . . [36: Ronald Waterbury, Non-Revolutionary Peasants: Oaxaca Compared to Morelos in the Mexican Revolution, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17, No. 4, (1975), .425] [37: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , . 112] [38: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , . 114]

, . . . .

, , . , , 19 . , , 1828. . 1901 1890 (Partido Liberal Mexicano) . PLM [footnoteRef:39] , PLM , . [39: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , .100]

1908[footnoteRef:40]. . . , . . [40: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , . 99]

, Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)[footnoteRef:41] . . [footnoteRef:42]. - , . [41: Roger C.Owen, Indians and Revolution. The 1911 Invasion of Baja California, Mexico, Ethnohistory, 10, No. 4 (1963), . 373] [42: Roger C.Owen, Indians and Revolution. The 1911 Invasion of Baja California, Mexico, Ethnohistory, 10, No. 4 (1963), . 381]

. , , . [footnoteRef:43] . [43: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , .107]

[footnoteRef:44]. 31 1911 ( ) . , . , . . [footnoteRef:45]. [44: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , .141] [45: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , .141]

. . , 57 , , . . , . . , , . . . : , , , , , , , , , , . . , . . . [footnoteRef:46]. - . . . [46: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , . 130-131]

9 1913 , , . ( . ) , . 18 1913 ( ). , 22 . [footnoteRef:47] [47: - , , (, 1997) .73]

Constitutionalistas- . . 26 1913 . , , . 1910 . . O 8 1914, . [footnoteRef:48], . , ., [] , , , . , ( - , [footnoteRef:49]) . [48: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , . 187] [49: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , .237]

- - [footnoteRef:50] 1914 . [50: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , .210]

. 1914 , 24 , . . [footnoteRef:51] , , , , , . 12 - - . . [51: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , .259]

1914 . , , . ( , ) , , , , , , , 1914 . , . . . - . . [footnoteRef:52]. [footnoteRef:53]. ( ) .[footnoteRef:54] ; ; [52: John M. Hart, The Urban Working Class and the Mexican Revolution: The Case of the Casa del Obrero Mundial, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 58, No. 1 (1978), . 12] [53: John M. Hart, The Urban Working Class and the Mexican Revolution: The Case of the Casa del Obrero Mundial, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 58, No. 1 (1978), . 13] [54: John M. Hart, The Urban Working Class and the Mexican Revolution: The Case of the Casa del Obrero Mundial, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 58, No. 1 (1978), . 13]

, , . . , [footnoteRef:55] . [footnoteRef:56]. , . . [55: - , , (, 1997) .117-118] [56: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , . 247]

, .. . . , , . . 4 [footnoteRef:57] [57: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , . 242]

. , ( ) - . 1914 . . , , . . . 1915 . . .

-

. . - [footnoteRef:58]. , . [footnoteRef:59] . [58: Alan Knight, The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution, 1900-1920, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (May, 1984), . 74] [59: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , .273]

. : . obreristas () agrazistas (). , .[footnoteRef:60] [60: - , , (, 1997) . 120]

17 . . . , [footnoteRef:61]. [61: Alan Knight, The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution, 1900-1920, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (May, 1984), . 75]

. . . 1915 2 . . , , , . [footnoteRef:62] 1915 . , . 1917 . [62: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , .403]

1915 . . , , - - . . 2016 . 31 . ( ) - - [footnoteRef:63]. . 1918 (CROM) . [63: John M. Hart, The Urban Working Class and the Mexican Revolution: The Case of the Casa del Obrero Mundial, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 58, No. 1 (1978), . 17]

17

. , , . . , , , . [footnoteRef:64]. [64: William K. Meyers, Pancho Villa and the Multinationals: United States Mining Interests in Villista Mexico, 1913-1915, Journal of Latin American Studies, 23, No. 2 (1991), . 339-363]

, . . 1917 1910 , . , , , , , [footnoteRef:65]. [65: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , . 330-333]

- - , 1930 . 1919 , [footnoteRef:66] . . , . [66: , 1910-1920, (, 2006) , . 404]

10 1919 . 1920 , , 20 1923.

-

. : . , , , . 1907-1908

;

. . o . . , , . , . H . . , . , , . , .[]. , . ; ; , . , , , , , .[] .. - - , , , [] , , , , , , , . . .[] [] ![] [] .. : , . , , , .

:

[]. , , , , , [] [] : , , . ; , . , , , , , [] . . , , , , . . , . . . . , , . . - , . . , , , .

. , . . Casa del Obrero Mundial 1916. . Casa. . . 1920 1930 . . . . , , , , . . 1910 1929 1918. 1910. . . . 1910 . . . . 1910-1920. , 1930.

, , 1910-1920, (, 1994)

, -, , , (, 1997)

Carr, Barry, Marxism and Anarchism in the Formation of the Mexican Communist Party, 1910-19, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 63, No. 2 (May, 1983), . 277-305

Collado, Maria del Carmen, Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses during the Mexican Revolution, Business History Review,86, (Winter 2012), . 719-744

Handman, Sylvius Max, The Mexican Revolution and the standard of living, The Southwestern Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 3 (December, 1920), . 207-218

Katz, Friedrich, Labor Conditions on Haciendas in Porfirian Mexico. Some Trends and Tendencies, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 54, No. 1 (Feb., 1974), . 1-47

Knight, Alan, The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution c. 1900-1920, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (May, 1984), . 51-79

Knight, Alan, The myth of the Mexican Revolution, Past & Present, No. 209 (November 2010), . 223-273

Ruiz F. Luis, Where Have All the Marxists Gone? Marxism and the Historiography of the Mexican Revolution, A Journal on Social History and Literature in Latin America,, Vol. 5, No. 2, (Winter 2008), . 196-219

Hart, John M., The Urban Working Class and the Mexican Revolution. The Case of the Casa del Obrero Mundial, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 58, No. 1 (1978), . 1-20

Waterbury, Ronald, Non-Revolutionary Peasants: Oaxaca Compared to Morelos in the Mexican Revolution, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17, No. 4, (1975), . 410-442

Owen, Roger C., Indians and Revolution. The 1911 Invasion of Baja California, Mexico, Ethnohistory, 10, No. 4 (1963), . 373-395

Sloan, John W., United States Policy Responses to the Mexican Revolution: A Partial Application of the Bureaucratic Politics Model, Journal of Latin American Studies, 10, No. 2 (1978), . 283-308

William K. Meyers, Pancho Villa and the Multinationals. United States Mining Interests in Villista Mexico, 1913-1915, Journal of Latin American Studies, 23, No. 2 (1991), . 339-363

Cabrera, Luis, The Mexican Revolution: Its Causes, Purposes and Results, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 69, : The Purposes and Ideals of the Mexican Revolution (Jan., 1917), . 1-17

Madero, Francisco, The Plan of San Luis Potosi, http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1910potosi.html, : United States Congress, Senate Subcommittee on Foreign Relations, Revolutions in Mexico, 62nd Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913), . 730-736

Rojo, B. Juan, The Meaning of the Mexican Revolution, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 69, : The Purposes and Ideals of the Mexican Revolution (Jan., 1917), . 27-29

Zapata Emiliano -Montao, Otilio Snchez - John Womack, Plan of Ayala, : John Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution, (New York: Knopf, 1969), . 400-404