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Page 1: Αξιολόγηση πανεπιστημίων

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Η έννοια της σύγκρισης πανεπιστημίωνΆρχισε κατά τον ΜεσαίωναΟ ανταγωνισμός για φοιτητές και

χρηματοδότηση έφερε τη σύγκριση Αλλά δεν υπήρχε κατάταξη όπως τη ξέρουμε

σήμερα

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University of Modena, Modena, Ιταλία, 1175 University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Αγγλία, γύρω στο 1208 Salamanca University, Salamanca, Ισπανία, 1218 University of Padua, Padua, Ιταλία, 1222 University of Naples, Naples, Ιταλία, 1224 University of Siena, Siena, Ιταλία, 1240 University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Πορτογαλία, 1290 στη ΛισαβόναUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, Μαδρίτη, 1293

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•University of Rome La Sapienza, Ρώμη, Ιταλία, 1303 •University of Pisa, Pisa, Ιταλία, 1343 •University of Prague, Prague, Czech Republic, 1348 •University of Pavia, Pavia, Ιταλία, 1361 •Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland, 1364 •University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 1365 •University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, 1367 •Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Γερμανία, 1386 •University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Ιταλία, 1391 •University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Γερμανία, 1409 •St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, Σκωτία, 1412 •University of Rostock, Rostock, Γερμανία, 1419

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Παλαιότερα πανεπιστήμια ανά περιοχή

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•Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic το παλαιότερο στην Αμερική, 1538 •University of Leiden, το παλαιότερο στην Ολανδία, 1575 •University of Santo Tomas, στις Φιλιππίνες, 1611 •Harvard University στις Η.Π.Α., 1636 •Ivan Franko National University of L'viv στην Ουκρανία, 1661 •Université Laval στον Καναδά 1663 •University of Oslo στη Νορβηγία 1811

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•Serampore College το παλαιότερο στην Ασια για θεολογικές σπουδές, 1818 •University of Sydney το παλαιότερο στην Αυστραλία, 1850 •University of Calcutta στη Νότια Ασία, 1857 •University of Otago το παλαιότερο στη Νέα Ζηλανδία 1863 •University of Tokyo το παλαιότερο στην Ιαπωνία 1877

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1088 University of Bologna

1096 University of Oxford

1150 University of Paris

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Το Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, το οποίο συνήθως αναφέρεται απλά ως Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, αποτελεί λειτουργεί αδιαλείπτως από την ίδρυσή του στις 3 Μαΐου 1837. Σήμερα είναι το δεύτερο μεγαλύτερο Πανεπιστήμιο της Ελλάδας σε αριθμό φοιτητών (μετά το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης), με περισσότερους από 50.000 προπτυχιακούς φοιτητές. Το 2009 κατατάχθηκε στην 177η θέση των 200 καλύτερων πανεπιστημίων στο κόσμο (2008: 200η), σύμφωνα με τον δείκτη του περιοδικού Times Higher Education, ενώ ο δείκτης Academic Ranking of World Universities το κατατάσσει στις θέσεις 200-300 για το 2008

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Κατάταξη πανεπιστημίωνΣχετικά νέα (ξεκίνησε το 2002)

Times Higher Education-QS RankingAcademic Ranking of World UniversitiesWebometrics RankingProfessional Ranking of World UniversitiesNewsweek RankingPerformance Ranking of Scientific Papers for

World Universities

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ΕυρώπηGermany (B&C, C), Italy (C), Netherlands (A), Portugal (C), Spain (B, C, IC), Sweden (C), Switzerland (B&C), United Kingdom (A, B, IC) Eastern Europe and Kazakhstan (A, B), Poland (C), Slovakia (B), Romania (B&C)

ΑσίαRussia (B), Ukraine (B&C) Asia and Pacific Australia (B), China (B, C, IB), Hong Kong (C), India (C&D), Japan (B, C), Korea (A), Malaysia (A), Pakistan (A), New Zealand (A), Thailand (A). Taiwan (IA, B)

Λατινική ΑμερικήArgentina (D), Brazil (A), Chile (C, D), Mexico (B), Peru (B)

ΑφρικήNigeria (A), Tunisia (A)

Βόρειος ΑμερικήCanada (B, C, B&C), United States (C, IC) Key: A= government agency; B= independent organization/university C=newspaper/magazine/media; D= accrediting agency; I = international rankingSource: Updated version of table 2 in J. Salmi and A. Saroyan (2007) 10

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Times Higher Education-QS World Ranking of Universities

Times Higher Education (THE) σε συνεργασία με την Quacquarelli Symonds δημοσιοποιεί από το 2002, τη λίστα των καλύτερων 500 πανεπιστημίων στον κόσμο.

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Δείκτες για το THE-QS World Ranking of Universities

Δείκτης Εξήγηση Βαρύτητα

ΠανεπιστημιακοίΑπό απόψεις πανεπιστημιακών (6.354 απόψεις για το έτος 2008).

40%

ΕργαζόμενοιΑπόψεις εργαζομένων στα πανεπιστήμια (2.339 γνώμες για το 2008).

10%

Λόγος φοιτητών προς μέλη ΔΕΠ

Score based on student faculty ratio 20%

Ξένα μέλη ΔΕΠ Το ποσοστό των ξένων καθηγητών 20%

Ξένοι φοιτητές Το ποσοστό των ξένων φοιτητών 5%

Ετεροαναφορές για κάθε μέλος ΔΕΠ

Συνολικά για όλα τα μέλη ΔΕΠ του πανεπιστημίου

5%

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Academic Ranking of World UniversitiesBegan June 2003Compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s

Institute of Higher Education

IndicatorsAlumni and staff winning Nobel Prizes and Fields

MedalsHighly Cited Researchers in twenty-one broad

subject categoriesArticles published in Nature and Science, articles

indexed in Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCIE) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI)

Academic performance with respect to the size of an institution

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Selection of Universities

Any university that has any Nobel Laureates, Fields

Medals, Highly Cited Researchers, or papers published

in Nature or Science.

Major universities of every country with significant

amount of papers indexed by Thomson.

Number of universities scanned: >2000

Number of universities actually ranked: >1000

Number of ranked universities on our web: 500

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Ranking Criteria and Weights

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Definition of Indicator: Alumni

The total number of the alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals.

Alumni are defined as those who obtain bachelor, Master’s or doctoral degrees from the institution.

Different weights are set according to the periods of obtaining degrees. The weight is 100% for alumni of 1991-2000, 90% for alumni of 1981-1990, 80% for alumni of 1971-1980, and so on.

If a person obtains more than one degrees from an institution, the institution is considered once only.

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Definition of Indicator: Award The total number of the staff of an institution winning Nobel

prizes in physics, chemistry, medicine and economics and Fields Medal in Mathematics.

Staff is defined as those who work at an institution at the time of winning the prize.

Different weights are set according to the periods of winning the prizes. The weight is 100% for winners since 2001, 90% for winners in 1991-2000, 80% for winners in 1981-1990, 70% for winners in 1971-1980, and so on.

If a winner is affiliated with more than one institution, each institution is assigned the reciprocal of the number of institutions.

For Nobel prizes, if a prize is shared by more than one person,

weights are set for winners according to their proportion of prize. OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP21/04/23

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Definition of Indicator: HiCi

The number of highly cited researchers in 21 broad subject categories in life sciences, medicine, physical sciences, engineering and social sciences.

The definition of categories and detailed procedures can be found at the website of Institute of Scientific Information.

The total number of HiCi is about 5000, about 4000 of which is university staff.

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Definition of Indicator: N&S

The annual average number of articles published in Nature and Science in the past five years.

To distinguish the order of author affiliation, a weight of 100% is assigned for corresponding author, 50% for first author (second author if the first author is the same as corresponding author), 25% for the next author, and 10% for other authors.

Only publications of article type are considered.

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Definition of Indicator: PUB

Total number of articles indexed in Science Citation

Index-expanded (SCIE) and Social Science Citation

Index (SSCI) in the past year.

A weight of 2 is assigned to articles indexed in SSCI

to compensate the bias against humanities and social

sciences.

Only publications of article type are considered.

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Definition of Indicator: PCP

The sub-total scores of the above five indicators divided by the number of full-time equivalent academic staff.

If the number of academic staff for institutions of a country cannot be obtained, the total scores of the above five indicators is used.

For ranking 2005, the number of full-time equivalent academic staff is obtained for institutions in USA, China, Australia, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, and Belgium etc.

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Main Sources of Data

Nobel laureates:

http://www.nobel.se

Fields Medals:

http://www.mathunion.org/medals/

Highly-cited researchers:

http://www.isihighlycited.com

Articles published in Nature and Science:

http://www.isiknowledge.com

Articles indexed in SCIE and SSCI:

http://www.isiknowledge.com

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Results of ARWU

http://www.arwu.org/

Top 500 universities in the world

Top 100 universities in North and Latin America

Top 100 universities in Asia/Oceania

Top 100 universities in Europe

Statistics of top universities by region and country

Percentage distribution of top universities by country as compared with the share of global population and GDP

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Webometrics Ranking

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Importance of Web Presence

The new Academic global market• Increased mobility of professors and alumni• International competition for human resources and funding• Getting prestige and visibility in the digital world

Web is the best showcase for Universities• All missions covered: teaching+research+transfer• Intangibles and the web contents

• Freedom of teaching• Self-organisation and maturity• Access to resources

Scholarly (formal and informal) communication• Universal target groups

• Colleagues all over the world• Prospective students worldwide• Economic interested stakeholders• General (huge) audiences

• Richer and diversified contents at cheaper costs

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Webometrics Ranking Model

IMPACT ACTIVITY

VISIBILITY USAGE

PAGES

PAPERSDOCUMENTS

MOTIVATIONS

RESEARCH

TEACHING

TRANSFER

MISSIONS

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Metrics of the Web

Contents size•Correlated with the knowledge production capabilities of the institution

number of potential authors (faculty members, staff, alumni)

available (access to) resourcesinternal and external policies

Quality resources•Difficult criteria

authoritativeness of the scholars (university)peer review 2.0formats (file types), language (lingua franca)

Visibility•Hypertext links networks

• New motivations, many linkers (siters)•Open versus Closed (international) impactPopularity•Users, visits, behavior, evolution, referrers•Methodological problems (global comparison no feasible)

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Methodology

Normalization

log (na+1) N: search engine (Google, Yahoo, Live, Exalead) Na= ----------------------------- a: web domain

log (max(ni)+1)

Median method (Size)

Sa= ½ * ((Ga + Ya + La +Ea) – max (Ga,Ya,La,Ea) - min (Ga,Ya,La,Ea))

Rich files

Ra= PDFa + DOCa + PPTa + Psa

Ranking

Sa -> Ra(S)Ra -> Ra(R)Va -> Ra(V) 1:1 WR= (50%*V) + (20%*S+15%*R+15%*Sc)Sca -> Ra(Sc)

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Expected Results

North America• MIT (1st region & world), Stanford University (2nd), Harvard University (3rd)• University of Toronto (25th world)

Europe• Cambridge (1st region), Oxford (2nd), ETH Zurich (3rd)

Asia• Tokyo (61th world), National Taiwan (73th) and Beijing (133th) universities

Oceania• Australian National University (47th)

Latin America• Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (59th world)• Universidade de Sao Paulo (114th world)

Africa• University of Cape Town (349th world)

WR (January 2008)

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Unexpected Results

Up• Pennsylvania State University (4th world)

• CiteSeer, index of computer and information science papers• University of Wisconsin, Madison (7th world)

• Internet Scout Project • Linkoping University (14th Europe, 79th world)

• Lysator, the Academic Computer Society• Universitat Trier (50th Europe, 171th world)

• DBLP, Computer Science BibliographyDown• Cornell University (10th world)

• Arxiv (www.arxiv.org, not under cornell.edu)• California Institute of Technology (31th world)

• Jet Propulsion Laboratory (jpl.nasa.gov, not under caltech.edu)• Princeton University (36th world)• Yale University (41st world)• Johns Hopkins University (42nd world)

• School of Medicine (hopkinsmedicine.org, not under jhu.edu)WR (January

2008)

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (I)

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(2007)

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (II)

33(2007)

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (III)

(2007)

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Top 200 universities in the Webometrics Ranking (July 2007)

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UNIVERSITIES BY COUNTRY

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ACADEMIC DIGITAL DIVIDE

WR (January 2008)36

100 200 500 1000 TOTALEUROPE 52 20 64 224 418 4,216 Germany 1 14 48 66 377 United Kingdom 5 13 39 68 228 France 1 14 50 630NORTH AMERICA 6 76 119 215 408 3,545 USA 68 103 189 369 3,348 Canada 8 16 26 39 196ASIA 44 2 8 34 103 3,692 Japan 1 3 10 35 671 China & HK 3 10 23 906 Taiwan 1 1 7 17 158LATINAMERICA 33 1 3 9 31 2,806 Brazil 2 5 14 1,576 Mexico 1 1 2 4 341OCEANIA 9 1 6 17 35 101AFRICA 47 1 5 516WORLD 191 14,876

REGIONS/COUNTRIES

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Regional distribution

Number of universities by region in the Webometrics Ranking (July 2007)

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Professional Ranking of World UniversitiesStarted in 2007 by École nationale

supérieure des mines de Paris based on a single indicator- the number of

alumni holding a post of chief executive officer or equivalent in one of the 500 leading international companies as reported in Fortune Global 500.

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Newsweek Ranking

Started August 2006 by Newsweek, the American weekly newsmagazine

Called the “Top 100 Global Universities”combined selected indicators from two

rankings (Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and The Times Higher Education), with the additional criterion of library holdings (number of volumes).

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Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities Began in 2007 Produced by the Higher Education Evaluation

and Accreditation Council of TaiwanEmploys bibliometric methods to analyse and

rank the scientific papers of the top 500 universities in the world.

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Non-Global (Regional and National) RankingCanadaIndiaIrelandUKUS….

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World Rankings

Webometrics RankFirst published in 2004. From 2006, two editions (January and July)

Higher education Institutions (mostly universities): +15,000 (Jan’08)

R&D related institutions (mostly research centers): +4,800 (Jan’08)

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Ranking for Whom?Ranking is for all stakeholders in university

educationinclude university administrators notably the

Vice-Chancellor and his/her management, staff, students, parents, the proprietor, employers of labour, the media, the civil society especially what is popularly called the “common man”, the international community and funding agencies.

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What Purpose Does Ranking Serve?-1It provides information on relative standing of

courses or programmes in a university relative to similar programmes in other universities

It provides information on overall standing of one university relative to others

Guidance for potential students on which institutions to go for particular course

University administrators are able to detect weaknesses in their programme delivery that needs to corrected

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What Purpose Does Ranking Serve?- 2Publicity for institutions that are well ranked. For

instance, the Vice-Chancellor can make a boast that his/her university is among the top 10 in a programme. The Head of Department can flaunt the information that his/her medical programme is the best in the country

Fuel for the advocacy machinery of student and staff unions for improved funding for the system

Excuse for employers to deny employment to graduatesSupporting evidence for critics that graduates are half-

baked if universities earn low ranking on league tables

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What Purpose Does Ranking Serve?- 3

Indication of the quality of delivery in the university system

Stimulus for university administrators to buckle up to avoid the ridicule of being low down in the league table

Salmi and Saroyan (2007) report that in some countries authorities restrict scholarships for studies abroad to students admitted to highly ranked institutions; donor agencies and foundations also look at international rankings to inform their decision making

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What Purpose Does Ranking Serve?- 4League tables play an important role in

deciding international collaborations. The VC of Ilorin has indicated desire to revive international linkages. It is not in doubt that he will steer Senate in the direction of collaborating with globally well-ranked universities.

It encourages institutions to re-examine their mission statements

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University Ranking: The Nigerian Experience

2001200220032004

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University Ranking: The Nigerian Experience- Indicators (1)Percentage of academic programmes of the

university with full accreditation status: Compliance with carrying capacity (measured by

the degree of deviation from carrying capacity)Proportion of the academic staff of the university

at professorial levelForeign content (staff): proportion of the

academic staff of the university who are non-Nigerians

Foreign content (students): proportion of the students of the university who are non-Nigerians

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University Ranking: The Nigerian Experience- Indicators (2)Proportion of staff of the university with

outstanding academic achievementsResearch outputStudent completion ratePh.D. graduate output for the yearStability of university calendarStudent-to-PC Ratio

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Up, Up, UNILORIN…1st in Arts2nd in PhD Graduate Output3rd in Law3rd in Health Sciences;3rd in Science;5th in Education6th in Engineering/Technology6th in Research;6th in Quality of Academic Staff8th in Agriculture.

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Revised NUC Ranking Scheme for National, Regional and Global Application

Common1. Academic Peer Review 2. Employer Review3. Faculty /Student Ratio4. Citations per Faculty5. Retention: six-year graduation rate and first-year student retention rate6. Graduation rate performance: difference between expected and actual graduation rate7. Proportion of international staff8. Proportion of international students9. Web impact factor10. Alumni holding a post of chief executive officer or equivalent in one of the 500 leading

international companiesUnique1. Percentage of academic programmes of the university with full accreditation status2. Proportion of academic staff of the university at full professorial level

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What the Critics say about Ranking

“I imagine that all university heads broadly share my own view of these [league] tables. They are terrific and unquestioned when you score well and better than last time. They are fatally flawed and fundamentally unfair when you move in the opposite direction.”

…Howard Davies, Director, London School of Economics

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Controversy of Ranking

• Any ranking is controversial and no ranking is

absolutely objective.

• University rankings become popular in many

countries. Whether we agree or not, ranking

systems clearly are here to stay.

• The key issue then becomes how to improve

ranking systems for the benefits of higher

education (IREG).

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How Nigerian Universities can Attain Respectable Ranking on

Global League Tables (Project 2-2020)

Recommendations on Webometric Ranking

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Seven Imperatives for the Nigerian University SystemMaintenance of a stable academic calendarStimulating a vibrant research cultureImprovement of facilities for teaching and

researchCompliance with carrying capacity standards and

avoidance of over-enrolmentExtermination of cultismEncouraging universities to focus on

programmes where they have strength and not duplicate courses offered elsewhere

Strong international linkage with foreign universities

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Cost of Elevating Nigerian Universities to Top Positions in Global Ranking

Webometrics Ranking THE and ARWU TOTALMean Annual

10-year Aggregate

Mean Annual

10-year Aggregate

Mean Annual

10-year Aggregate

N0.35 billion N3.5 billion N5.3 billion N53 billion N5.65 billion

N56.5 billion

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Concluding Remarks

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Thank you and God bless

OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP21/04/23