Download - Τεχνολογία Υπολογιστών Και Περιφερειακών

Transcript
  • 1 ....................................................................................... 9

    1.1. .............................................................. 10 1.1.1. .............................................................................................. 10 1.1.2. .......................................................................... 11 1.1.3. . 15 1.1.4. ............................................... 17

    1.2. ................................................ 21 1.2.1. .............................................................................................. 22 1.2.2. ............................... 24 1.2.3. . . ............................................................................................................. 27 1.2.4. : Internet ........ 28 1.2.5. . .............................................................................................. 29 1.2.6. . ............... 29

    2 ................................... 33

    2.1. ...................... 34 2.1.1. ........................... 35 2.1.2. .......................................................................... 36

    2.2. .............................................................. 39 2.2.1. .............................................................................................. 39 2.2.2. .......................................................................... 40 2.2.3. . .................... 41 2.2.4. .............................................................................................. 44 2.2.5. ................ 46

    3 ................ 49

    3.1: ..................................................... 50 3.1.1. .............................................................................................. 50 3.1.2. (peripheral units) ..... 50 3.1.3. ......................................................... 53 3.1.4. ...................................................... 54 3.1.5. .............................................................................................. 59 3.1.6. ............................................................................................ 61 3.1.7. ........................................................................ 62

    3.2: .............................................. 66 3.2.1. .............................................................................................. 66 3.2.2. ........................................................................................ 67 3.2.3. ....................................................................... 68 3.2.4. (Bus Unit) ............................................................ 69 3.2.5. (Instruction unit) ...................... 71 3.2.6. (Execution Unit) ................................................... 72 3.2.7. (Arithmetic and Logic Unit - ALU) ... 72 3.2.8. (Registers) ..................................................................... 73 3.2.9. (Control Unit) .......................................................... 73 3.2.10. 8085 ........................................................................................ 75

    3.3: .......................................................... 78 3.3.1. (clock) ................................................................................... 78

  • 10

    3.3.2. bits .................................................................... 80 3.3.3. ............................................................................. 83

    3.4: ................................................................................... 86 3.4.1. .................................................................................... 86 3.4.2. ..................................................... 89 3.4.3. ........................................................................... 91

    3.5: ..................................................................................... 94 3.5.1. .................................................. 94 3.5.2. .............................................................................. 97 3.5.3. ..................................................... 100

    3.6: ............................................................... 103 3.6.1. ............................................................................. 103 3.6.2. ................................................................................. 105 3.6.3. ............................................................................. 106

    3.7: .............................................. 111 3.7.1. ........................................ 111 3.7.2. ........................................................................ 113 3.7.3. ............................................ 117

    3.8: ........................................... 122 3.8.1. ....................................... 122 3.8.2. ............................................................................................. 124 3.8.3. ............................................................... 126

    3.9: .......................................................................... 129 3.9.1. ..................... 129 3.9.2. ................................................................................... 130

    3.10: .............................................................. 134 3.10.1. ............................................................................................ 134 3.10.2. ................................................................................. 134 3.10.3. UART ........................................................... 135 3.10.4. UART ............................................................................................ 137 3.10.5. modem ................................................................. 138 3.10.6. RS232C ......................................... 139 3.10.7. RS232-C .................................. 140 3.10.8. RS-232C .............................................................. 142

    4 .................................... 145

    4.1: ............................ 146 4.1.1. ............................................................................................ 146 4.1.2. .............................................. 148 4.1.3. ................................... 149 4.1.4. ............................................................................. 150

    4.2: .................................................................. 155 4.2.1. ............................................................................................ 155 4.2.2. ......................................... 156 4.2.3. ................................................... 157 4.2.4. ........................................................ 158 4.2.5. ............................ 160

    4.3: ....................................................................... 164 4.3.1. ............................................................................................ 164 4.3.2. ........................................................................ 165 4.3.3. .............................................................. 166 4.3.4. ........................................................... 167 4.3.5. ........................................................... 168

    4.4: .................................................... 171

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    4.4.1. ............................................................................................ 171 4.4.2. 8088 8086 .......................................................... 171 4.4.3. 80286 ....................................................................... 172 4.4.4. 80386 ..................................................... 172 4.4.5. 80486 ..................................................... 173 4.4.6. Pentium Pentium MMX ..................................... 175 4.4.7. Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium II Xeon Celeron ........................................................................................................... 177 4.4.8. ................................................................................. 180

    4.5: ................................................................................... 183 4.5.1. ............................................................................................ 183 4.5.2. .................................................................................. 183 4.5.3. .................................................... 185 4.5.4. ................................. 187

    4.6: ............ 192 4.6.1. ....................................... 192 4.6.2. ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) ........................... 193 4.6.3. EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) ........ 194 4.6.4. ................................................. 195 4.6.5. VL-BUS (VESA Local bus) ........................................... 197 4.6.6. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) .................. 198 4.6.7. AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) ................................. 200 4.6.8. ................................................................................. 201

    4.7: .............................................................. 204 4.7.1. ............................................................................................ 204 4.7.2. ................................................................................. 205 4.7.3. ............................................................................. 207 4.7.4. PS/2 ............................ 209 4.7.5. USB ............................................................................... 211

    4.8: ............................................... 215 4.8.1. ............................................................................................ 215 4.8.2. .............................................................................................. 215 4.8.3. ........................................................ 216 4.8.4. ( ) ....................................... 219 4.8.5. ..................................................... 220

    4.9: ............................................. 224 4.9.1. ............................................................................................ 224 4.9.2. ............................................ 225 4.9.3. ................................................................................ 226 4.9.4. ............................................................................ 227 4.9.5. ................................................................................. 229 4.9.6. ...................... 232 4.9.7. .................. 233 4.9.8. .................................................................................. 233 4.9.9. .............................................................. 235 4.9.10. .................... 235 4.9.11. LS-120........................................................................................... 236 4.9.12. Zip-Drives .......................................................................................... 236 4.9.13. Jaz-Drives .......................................................................................... 236

    4.10: ................................................... 239 4.10.1. CD-ROM ....................................................................................... 239 4.10.2. CD-ROM ............................................................................ 239 4.10.3. , . ........................... 240 4.10.4. laser ......................................................................... 241

  • 12

    4.10.5. CD-ROM .................................................... 242 4.10.6. CD-R (CD- Recordable) .................................................................... 245 4.10.7. DVD ................................................................................................... 246

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    16

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  • 19

    * MB Mega Byte (220 Byte)** GB Giga Byte (230 Byte)*** MPS Million of Instructions per second ( )

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  • 20

    E E X O N E N

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  • 21

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  • 23

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    EIAIKE ENNOIE TOY YOOITE KAI TI EAPMOE TOY MA. 1.2

  • KE. 1 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN

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  • 25

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  • KE. 1 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN

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  • 27

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  • KE. 1 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN

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  • 29

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  • KE. 1 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN

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    http://www.livanis.gr, http://www.papasotiriou.gr/pbs/central.htm,http://www.books.gr, www.startpoint.gr, www.books-in-greek.gr,www.bookstore.gr, www.amazon.com.

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  • 31

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    KE. 2 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN

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  • 37

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    KE. 2 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN

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  • 39

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  • 40

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    40 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPIAKN

  • 16. ( F) 2.2.1.

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    KE. 2 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN

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    2

  • 43

    , 1. :

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    APATAH TH HPOOPIA MA. 2.2

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    KE. 2 TEXNOOIA YOOITN KAI EPIEPEIAKN

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    1

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  • 45

    APATAH TH HPOOPIA MA. 2.2

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    2.2.2 - -

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  • 47

    2 . .

    (4C)16 (4C)16 = 4 fl 16

    1 + C fl 160 = 64 + 13 = 7710 (77)10 = 10011012 : (4C)10 = 10011012

    (32)16 (32)16 = 3 fl 16

    1 + 2 fl 160 = 48 + 2 = 5010 (50)10 = 1100102 : (32)16= 1100102

    1 .

    APATAH TH HPOOPIA MA. 2.2

    1

    2

    ` .

    O

    1. ` 4, 13, 17, 26

    2. ` 111, 10101, 11011, 101010

    3. ` 14, 27, 20, 43

    4. ` 26, 2A, AD, A1F

    5. ` 10111, 1000101, 11001110

    6. ` 11, 1E, D7

    O P O O I A

    E E X O N E N

    T I E M A E

  • 3

  • 3.1:

    :

    .

    -

    3.1.1.

    -

    . -

    .

    3.1.1:

    -

    .

    3.1.2. (peripheral units)

    . -

    :

    , -

    , .

  • . 3.1

    51

    0 1 2 +

    3 4 5 -

    6 7 8 *

    C 9 = \

    12

    3.1.2:

    , -

    5 + 7, -

    . -

    .

    5:

    1 - -

    -

    . -

    5 .

    2 -

    ,

    ,

    5 .

  • . 3

    52

    0 1 2 +

    3 4 5 -

    6 7 8 *

    C 9 = \

    1

    2

    3

    5

    5

    5

    5

    3.1.3:

    3 5 -

    .

    5 .

    +

    7. 7, -

    5+7=12 . -

    ().

    ( 7) ( 5) -

    .

    :

    ,

    .

    1. (,

    ...)

    2. (, ...)

  • . 3.1

    53

    3. ( ,

    ...)

    3.1.3.

    , ,

    ,

    . , :

    (memory),

    () (Central

    Processing Unit CPU),

    (Bus)

    .

    ,

    -

    , . -

    .

    -

    (, , -

    ) . , -

    .

    , -

    -

    . ,

    CD.

  • . 3

    54

    3.1.4:

    3.1.4:

    , ()

    .

    , () -

    .

    ,

    3.1.4.

    -

    (). .

    .

    -

    . -

    .

    .

    3.1.5 .

  • . 3.1

    55

    1

    ,

    2

    3

    4 1

    0 1 2 +

    3 4 5 -

    6 7 8 *

    C 9 = \

    38

    : 38

    : 2

    3.1.5: 1

    , ,

    .

    1.

    .

    . .

    2

    .

    , 3,

    4 .

    ,

    , -

    , .

    3.1.5, 38,

  • . 3

    56

    . ( -

    ). -

    , . 2.

    2, -

    .

    1

    ,

    2

    3

    4 1

    0 1 2 +

    3 4 5 -

    6 7 8 *

    C 9 = \

    38

    : 38

    : 2

    : 40

    +

    3.1.6

    . -

    , -

    ( ) (. 3.1.6).

  • . 3.1

    57

    1

    ,

    2

    3

    4 1

    0 1 2 +

    3 4 5 -

    6 7 8 *

    C 9 = \

    40

    : 38

    : 2

    : 40

    +

    3.1.7

    2

    3, (. 3.1.7).

  • . 3

    58

    1

    ,

    2

    3

    4 1

    0 1 2 +

    3 4 5 -

    6 7 8 *

    C 9 = \

    40

    : 38

    : 2

    : 40

    +

    3.1.8 4

    4.

    , -

    .

    , ,

    . , ,

    , 1 -

    .

    -

    .

    . -

    (ADD), (SUB),

    (MUL) (DIV) . -

    ( (OR), (AND), (NOT))

  • . 3.1

    59

    ( ,

    ...).

    .

    3.1.5.

    , -

    . ,

    -

    KME. , -

    . ,

    .

    , . -

    , (ad-

    dress). .

    -

    .

    -

    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    ..

    0

    37

    28

    125

    19

    0

    ..

    3.1.9:

    ,

    (write) .

    -

    3 59. -

    , 59.

    59 3.

    , -

    .

    -

    2 125

    -

    2 125.

  • . 3

    60

    3

    59

    359

    -

    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    ..

    3

    59

    37

    28

    125

    19 59

    0

    ..

    3.1.10:

    . , (read) -

    .

    .

    -

    , .

    -

    .

  • . 3.1

    61

    4

    0

    4 0

    -

    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    ..

    37

    28

    125

    59

    0

    ..

    3.1.11:

    . , ,

    , -

    , . ,

    .

    .

    (fetch) .

    3.1.6.

    ,

    -

    , .

    .

    .

    KME .

  • . 3

    62

    .

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    KME . -

    -

    . -

    (Direct Memory Access - DMA). -

    , -

    , .

    KME

    92

    -

    ..

    148

    149

    150

    151

    ..

    90 150

    ..

    41

    23

    145 92

    111

    ..

    3.1.12: DMA

    3.1.7.

    ,

    ,

    .

  • . 3.1

    63

    .

    , ,

    :

    (, , ,

    )

    ( ,

    - LCD, led)

    ( , ).

    .

    .

    . ,

    .

    :

    .

    , -

    .

    (KME)

    , .

    , , -

    .

  • . 3

    64

    ()

    .

    .

    -

    .

    :

    (DMA)

    .

    (Peripheral Units)

    , ,

    (Central Processing Unit)

    (Instruction Fetch)

    (Instruction Execution)

    (Memory)

    (Memory Address)

    (Bus)

    (Direct Memory Access)

    1. _________ _______. -

    _________ .

    2. : _______

  • . 3.1

    65

    __________ .

    3. ________ ________

    _________ , _________ _________.

    4. ________.

    5. _______ -

    _________ .

    6. _______

    .

    7. ______ .

    8. ________

    .

    9. _________ .

    10. _________ __________ -

    .

    :

  • 3.2:

    :

    . ( ,

    , -

    )

    . ( ,

    )

    3.2.1.

    ,

    . , -

    , -

    ().

    ,

    .

    -

    . ,

    , ,

    . -

    (processor) -

    (microprocessor).

    3.2.1 486 DX

    , -

    ,

    .

    .

    , ... ,

  • . 3.2

    67

    (fetch cycle) -

    . (execution cycle) -

    .

    , , -

    .

    3.2.2.

    (. 3.1.4),

    .

    -

    .

    ;

    ;

    ;

    , -

    (registers).

    ,

    .

    .

    A

    B

    1022 32C

    1350PC

    3.2.2:

    3.2.2 . -

    A, B, C PC .

    .

    1016=1610.

    ,

    .

    -

    . -

  • . 3

    68

    -

    .

    (gen-

    eral purpose registers - GPR) (special pur-

    pose registers - SPR).

    -

    .

    , ,

    . ,

    , PC. -

    .

    .

    3.2.3.

    H , .

    . -

    .

    10

    2

    22

    A

    B

    C

    350PC

    0000

    0349

    0350

    0351

    ..

    1008

    1009

    1010

    37

    (1010)

  • . 3.2

    69

    1010. , (1010),

    (1010) 1010,

    .

    1010. -

    , PC,

    -

    , .

    3.2.4. (Bus Unit)

    ,

    (fetch) .

    350, -

    .

    , , -

    .

    , 350, -

    -

    .

    .

    , .

  • . 3

    70

    10

    2

    22

    A

    B

    C

    350PC

    350

    0000

    0349

    0350

    0351

    ..

    1008

    1009

    1010

    37

    (1010)

  • . 3.2

    71

    3.2.5. (Instruction unit)

    -

    .

    .

    (1010) -

    -

    . -

    . -

    , (-

    ),

    -

    (, ) , -

    .

    350

    0000

    0349

    0350

    0351

    ..

    1008

    1009

    1010

    37

    (1010)

  • . 3

    72

    .

    ((.)12)

    2. :

    , (1=, 2=).

    3. :

    .

    101016. (.=1010)

    , -

    .

    3.2.6. (Execution Unit)

    : -

    , .

    350

    0000

    0349

    0350

    0351

    ..

    1008

    1009

    1010

    37

    (1010)

  • . 3.2

    73

    , ,

    (OR),

    (AND), (NOT).

    ALU ,

    ,

    () ()

    . (flags). -

    .

    248-254.

    6 -

    .

    .

    -6

    F8-FF

    F8 FF

    >0

  • . 3

    74

    350

    0000

    0349

    0350

    0351

    ..

    1008

    1009

    1010

    37

    (1010)

  • . 3.2

    75

    .

    1010.

    -

    .

    ( 351 -

    ).

    3.2.10. 8085

    -

    , 8085 Intel.

    3.2.11, KME

    8085.

    ( )

    A

    8-bit

    C

    D E

    H L

    (PC)

    (SP)

    Latch /

    HOLD HOLDARDWRALE

    8085 , -

    (, latch).

    ,

    . , -

    , -

    .

    8085,

  • . 3

    76

    .

    8085 7 , (A,B,C,D,E,H,L)

    (PC, SP, -

    , ..). -

    .

    ,

    , .

    ,

    .

    :

    (Registers)

    (Bus Unit)

    (Instruction Decode Unit)

    (Instruction Execution Unit)

    (Control Unit)

    (Arithmetic and Logical Unit ALU)

    (Flags)

    1. __________ .

    2. _________ .

    3.

    . -

    _________ _________.

  • . 3.2

    77

    4. , , ________ -

    , _________ .

    5. , ________

    _________ .

    6. ________,

    _________ ________ _______.

    7. __________ _______

    . _______

    .

    :

  • 3.3:

    :

    bits

    3.3.1. (clock)

    , -

    .

    , -

    (1010),

    .

    . , -

    .

    .

    -

    , -

    .

    =10 ns

    5V

    0V0 ns 5 ns 10 ns 15 ns 20 ns 25 ns 30 ns 35 ns

    = 5 ns

    = 10 ns

    = 5 ns

    , F, , T. :F=1/ F=1/10ns=1/0.00000001 s= 100.000.000 Hz = 100 MHz

    3.3.1: 100 MHz

    ,

  • . 3.3

    79

    5 V 0V.

    .

    , 0V 5V

    0V . -

    . .

    MHz. MHz

    .

    -

    . , -

    -

    .

    .

    8088 4.77, 8, 10, 12 MHz

    80286 6, 8, 12 ,16, 20 MHz

    80386 16, 20, 25, 33, 40 MHz

    80486 25, 33, 50,75,100,120 MHz

    3.3.1:

    3.3.1

    .

    KME,

    -

    .

    -

    ,

    .

    -

    .

    .

    100 MHz (100.000.000 )

    100.000.000 -

  • . 3

    80

    .

    .

    .

    5

    100 MHz,

    10 ns, 5*10

    ns=50 ns . 20.000.000

    .

    .

    (benchmarks) -

    .

    MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second),

    . -

    100 MHz , -

    5 ,

    100.000.000/5=20.000.000 = 20 MIPS.

    .

    .

    3.3.2. bits

    -

    . -

    .

    bits -

    (), .

    bits -

    .

    1230+

    2243 , A, B, C.

  • . 3.3

    81

    . 123010 4CE16=

    100110011102 11 bits -

    . 16 bits -

    ,

    . 224310=8C316=

    1000110000112 , -

    .

    0000010011001110

    0000100011000011

    0000110110010001

    C

    123010

    224310

    347310

    + +

    3.3.2: 16 bit

    , CA+B

    16 bit.

    .

    8 bits -

    .

    0000010011001110

    0000100011000011

    0000110110010001

    11001110

    11000011

    10010001

    +1

    +

    C

    +

    3.3.3: 8-bit . 1

    . -

    8 bit

    123010=100110011102. B

    8 bit 224310=

    1000110000112.

    C.

    ,

  • . 3

    82

    1.

    .

    , -

    , bit

    123010=100110011102 224310= 1000110000112 -

    .

    0000010011001110

    0000100011000011

    0000110110010001

    00000100

    00001000

    00001101

    +1

    +

    C

    +

    3.3.4: 8-bit . 2

    -

    -

    . -

    ,

    -

    .

    C.

    -

    .

    bits

    KME KME.

    KME

    . -

    KME.

    bits

    KME,

    .

    . 16 bit 8 bit -

    ,

    .

  • . 3.3

    83

    3.3.2 -

    . -

    n bit

    0 2n-1.

    bits

    8 28-1= 255

    16 216-1= 65.535

    32 232-1= 4.294.967.295

    64 264-1= 18.446.744.073.709.551.615

    3.3.2

    bits

    3.3.3, bits

    KME. 8 bit

    16 bit 16 bit

    . , 16 bit,

    , 16 bit.

    , Z80, 16

    bit 16 bit. -

    16 bit 8 bit ( 16 bit

    ). KME 80 8 bit.

    bit

    Z80 8 bit

    8085 8 bit

    8086 16 bit

    8088 16 bit

    80386 32 bit

    80486 32 bit

    Pentium 32 bit

    3.3.3 bit

    3.3.3.

    ,

    , ,

    .

    (8086, 68000, 80 ...)

  • . 3

    84

    .

    . , -

    ,

    . ,

    , -

    .

    -

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    , -

    . , -

    , -

    . -

    .

    :

    (Clock)

    (Clock Cycle)

  • . 3.3

    85

    MIPS

    8. 4 -

    . 500 .

    -

    .

    1 MHz,

    ;

    MIPS.

    9. . ,

    5 , 8 . -

    150 300 -

    .

    -

    .

    4 MHz,

    ;

    MIPS.

    1 ,

    ;

    10.

    123.456.78910 = 1110101101111001101000101012

    ) 32-bit : _____________

    ) 16-bit KME: _____________

    ) 8-bit : _____________

    : ,

    , .

    ( LSB

    MSB).

  • 3.4:

    -

    3.4.1.

    , ,

    , , . -

    .

    3.4.1. -

    . -

    .

    .

  • . 3.4

    87

    CD

    3.4.1

    -

    -

    ,

    3.4.2.

    .

    CD

    -

    .

    3.4.2.

    , ,

    -

    .

    -

    .

  • . 3

    88

    .

    . -

    , ,

    , .

    .

    -

    .

    , (

    ) -

    .

    . -

    . .

    -

    .

    (Data bus) -

    . -

    ,

    . bit .

    ASCII 8 bit.

    ASCII , , -

    8 bit. 16 bit

    (2) ASCII .

    (Address bus)

    -

    .

    . -

    -

    .

    -

    -

    .

  • . 3.4

    89

    .

    .

    .

    .

    8 64 bit.

    16 bit

    byte , 64 bit

    8 bytes.

    . -

    .

    32 10

    10x32 = 320 -

    (bit) 40 bytes .

    3.4.2.

    ,

    , , .

    -

    , .

    -

    :

    .

    .

    RE (Read Enable) , -

    .

    WE (Write Enable) ,

    .

    . ,

    RE WE.

  • . 3

    90

    .

    .

    RE (Read Enable).

    WE.

    RE,

    .

    RE

    WE

    RE WE

    WERE

    WERE

    3.4.3

    3.4.3

    (RE, WE) .

    -

    .

    .

    .

    200. , , -

    200. -

    RE (Read Enable). ,

    ,

  • . 3.4

    91

    .

    . 100.

    , 100.

    .

    100

    , ,

    . , WE (Write Enable) ,

    , .

    3.4.3.

    ,

    . -

    .

    .

    .

    -

    .

    . -

    -

    . ,

    , .

    , .

    -

    .

    . -

    .

    , ,

    .

    .

  • . 3

    92

    , -

    .

    -

    .

    .

    . -

    . -

    -

    . -

    -

    . , ,

    .

    ,

    .

    -

    , .

    ,

    .

    -

    ,

    , .

  • . 3.4

    93

    RE (Read Enable)

    WE (Write Enable)

    1. -

    ;

    2. ;

    ;

    3. -

    ;

    4. ;

    5.

    ;

  • 3.5:

    3.5.1.

    ,

    100

    .

    ,

    .

    (100) .

    .

    00

    96

    97

    98

    99

    04

    03

    01

    02

    3

    92

    937

    3.5.1

  • . 3.5

    95

    , 3.5.1,

    100 . -

    . -

    -

    . 93

    37. -

    . ,

    , .

    -

    .

    3.5.1 -

    .

    100 ( 0 99). 3 -

    , -

    1000, 000 999. -

    .

    . -

    . 3

    23=8 -

    .

    000=0

    111=7

    110=6

    101=5

    0010 0101=37

    0010 1000=40

    0011 0110=54

    100=4 0001 0111=23

    011=3 0010 0001=33

    0101 0101=85

    0100 0011=67

    0011 0101=53

    010=2

    001=1

    8

    8

    b

    =2b

    .

  • . 3

    96

    (b)

    ( )

    3 23=8

    8 28=256

    10 210=1024 1 Kbyte

    16 216=65536 64 Kbyte

    20 220=1048576 1 Mbyte

    3.5.1 -

    93 37.

    3.5.2 -

    .

    .

    8 .

    , 00110111, 8 , -

    93

    00110111.

    100

    00

    04

    03

    02

    01

    96

    95

    97

    98

    99

    92

    93

    94

    0010 0100

    0000 0001

    0111 1000

    0110 0111

    0100 1001

    0001 0101

    0010 0001

    0010 0100

    1001 1000

    0111 0101

    0100 0110

    0011 0111

    1000 1001

    3.5.2

    .

    8 -

    , 1 0. -

    , 2.

  • . 3.5

    97

    3.5.2.

    -

    . -

    -

    .

    . -

    -

    . , -

    , :

    , , -

    RAM ( Random ccess emory ).

    , -

    , ROM (Read Only Memory ).

    , ,

    .

    RAM -

    . -

    RAM ,

    .

    Flip-Flop -

    . 3.5.3

    .

    . -

    1, 0

    1. -

    .

    1

    0

    0

    1

    3.5.3

    RAM ROM

    RAM ROM

  • . 3

    98

    0, -

    1 0.

    .

    - -

    , -

    . , .

    .

    .

    . ,

    , .

    3.5.4. -

    1 -

    0 . -

    -

    .

    -

    +

    -5 0 volt

    3.5.4

    . -

    . ,

    .

    . -

    . -

    .

    . -

    -

  • . 3.5

    99

    , -

    .

    - ROM -

    ROM, PROM, EPROM,

    EEPROM, Flash. -

    .

    ROM -

    . -

    ,

    .

    , .

    ROM

    PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory).

    -

    , . PROM

    , .

    EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) EEPROM (Elec-

    trically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory). -

    EPROM EEPROM RAM.

    EPROM EEPROM

    ,

    RAM.

    EPROM EEPROM -

    . EPROM ,

    EEPROM .

    ,

    FLASH EEPROM.

    , EEPROM -

    , FLASH .

    ROM PROM EPROM Flash EEPROM

  • . 3

    100

    RAM

    -

    ROM

    PROM

    EEPROM Flash

    ROM

    EPROM

    3.5.5

    3.5.3.

    -

    . 1024

    byte= 1Kbyte. 3.5.6, , -

    :

    A0

    D0

    A9A8

    A2A1

    D7

    D6

    D2

    D1

    WE

    CE

    RE

    D3

    D5

    D4

    A3

    A5A4

    A7A6

    3.5.6

    (0-9).

    .

    bit .

    0 bit

    (LSB-least significant bit ) 9 bit -

    (MSB-most significant bit ).

    (D0-D7)

    . T D

    bit

  • . 3.5

    101

    .

    .

    ( WE,CE,RE ).

    -

    . -

    , CE

    (Chip Enable). -

    , CE , -

    CE .

    CS (Chip Select).

    RAM

    WE (Write Enable). WE

    ,

    WE

    .

    RAM -

    RE (Read Enable). RE

    , RE

    .

    -

    . .

    .

    -

    .

    -

    . -

    (ROM)

    (RAM).

    ROM PROM

    EPROM EEPROM.

  • . 3

    102

    RAM -

    .

    .

    RAM ROM EPROM EEPROM FLASH

    Read enable, Write enable, Chip Enable

    ;

    ;

    ;

    RAM;

    -

    ;

    ; -

    ;

    ;

  • 3.6:

    .

    -

    .

    .

    .

    3.6.1.

    , -

    ,

    .

    .

    -

    :

    1.

    .

    2. CS (chip select).

    3. , , -

    .

    4.

    3.6.1 -

    ,

    .

    -

    . -

  • . 3

    104

    -

    . , (Chip Select (CS)

    .

    , -

    .

    ( )

    CS

    E CS

    E

    1

    2

    3

    4

    3.6.1

    chip select.

    -

    -

    .

    .

    , -

    . -

    . 10 nsec

    1 sec 100 .

  • . 3.6

    105

    3.6.2.

    -

    :

    1. .

    2. chip select.

    3. -

    .

    4. WE (write enable)

    5.

    .

    3.6.2

    .

    write enable (WE).

    -

    .

    (tAW).

    chip

    select.

    . -

    tDW.

  • . 3

    106

    ( )

    CS WE

    CS

    1

    2

    3

    WE

    54

    3.6.2

    -

    .

    . (tWCY). -

    .

    3.6.3.

    -

    .

    .

    .

    -

    ,

    . -

    .

    (cache memory) -

    , 3.6.3.

  • . 3.6

    107

    3.6.3

    -

    (cache line). -

    16 . 16 -

    3.6.4.

    1

    2

    3

    4

    16

    0-15

    15-31

    32-47

    48-63

    64-79

    80-95

    96-111

    3.6.4

    -

    37.

    :

    37 .

    4 ,

    . -

    .

    , . -

    15 , -

  • . 3

    108

    , .

    -

    . -

    , .

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    (FIFO first in - first out).

    -

    .

    .

    (LRU - least recently used).

    . -

    -

    .

    -

    :

    , .

    , -

    .

    , :

    (write through). -

    .

    -

    .

    (write on). -

    . -

    ,

    .

    -

  • . 3.6

    109

    ,

    -

    . -

    .

    .

    -

    -

    .

    (level 1)

    . .

    (level 2) -

    . -

    , -

    . -

    ( ) .

    -

    .

    -

    ,

    .

    5

    -

    .

    .

    .

    . -

    .

  • . 3

    110

    1. ;

    2. ;

    3.

    ;

    4. ;

    5. -

    ;

    6.

    ;

    7.

  • 3.7:

    .

    3.7.1.

    .

    ,

    . -

    .

    -

    , , -

    bit .

    -

    16-bit 216=65536

    64Bytes. ROM

    32Kbytes RAM 32Kbytes. ROM

    0 32767 RAM -

    32768 65535.

    RAM

    ROM 32bytes, . 3.7.1 -

    .

  • . 3

    112

    ROM

    32Kbytes

    KME

    RAM

    32Kbytes

    3.7.1

    32bytes.

    32bytes (215=32) 15 -

    (0-14). 16 -

    , -

    .

    -

    64Kbytes, ,

    . , -

    , .

    ,

    , -

    . -

    . -

    , -

    .

    . 3.7.1, -

    bit (MSB) 0 -

    0 32767 1 32768 65535.

    -

    .

  • . 3.7

    113

    3.7.1

    A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

    0

    1

    2

    32767

    0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

    0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

    0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

    ROM

    32768

    32769

    32770

    65535

    1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

    1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

    RAM

    3.7.2 15 CS

    (Chip Select) ROM

    CS RAM.

    ROM

    32Kbytes

    RAM

    32KbytesCPU

    A15

    CSCS

    A0-A

    14

    A0-A

    14

    3.7.2

    CS -

    . 15 0 CS ROM 0

    RAM 1 ROM. 15

    1 CS ROM 1 CS RAM 0 -

    RAM.

    3.7.2.

    -

  • . 3

    114

    :

    N , -

    CS

    ,

    (three state buffers). -

    .

    , 0,

    1

    .

    3.7.3

    . ,

    -

    three state.

    , , -

    . three state ,

    control ,

    in -

    . -

    ,

    .

    (1, 0, ).

    3.7.3 (three state buffer)

    ,

    ,

    3.7.4. -

    -

    .

  • . 3.7

    115

    3.7.4

    in

    . -

    -

    .

    .

    -

    .

    CS

    .

    . , n

    . n2 .

    3 . 8 .

    3.7.5 .

  • . 3

    116

    decoder

    3->8

    i0

    d5

    d6

    d4

    d7

    d3

    d2

    d1

    d0

    i2

    i1

    3.7.5

    ,

    . .

    3.7.2 3 8.

    3.7.2 3 8

    I2 i1 I0 d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7

    0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

    0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

    0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

    1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

    1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

    1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

    1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

    d0-d7 -

    i0-i2.

    1, . -

    i2i1i0=000 d0 1. i2i1i0=101 -

    d5 1 i2i1i0=111 d7=1

    , d0-d7 -

    . 70 dd .

    CS

  • . 3.7

    117

    .

    3.7.3.

    -

    16. -

    64 bytes. ROM

    RAM. ROM

    16Kbytes RAM 32 bytes. 3.7.3

    .

    3.7.3

    () ()

    0000-1FFF 0000-8191 RAM

    2000-5FFF 8192-24575 ROM

    8000-9FFF 32768-40959 RAM

    C000-FFFF 49152-65535 RAM

    8bytes. ROM RAM.

    ,

    . 3.7.4 64Kbytes -

    8 Kbytes.

    3.7.4

    () ()

    0000-1FFF 0000-8191 RAM 1

    2000-3FFF 8192-16383 ROM 1

    4000-5FFF 16384-24575 ROM 2

    6000-7FFF 24576-32767

    8000-9FFF 32768-40959 RAM 2

    A000-BFFF 40960-49151

    C000-EFFF 49152-57343 RAM 3

    E000-FFFF 57344-65535 RAM 4

    -

    .

    13.

  • . 3

    118

    , ,

    213=8192=8*1024=8bytes.

    6 -

    .

    , -

    , .

    000016 1FFF16 3

    0 13 -

    . 400016 5FFF16 -

    bits 010. -

    8

    bits, 3.7.5, -

    13 -

    .

    3.7.5

    15 14 13 12-0

    0000-1FFF 0 0 0 RAM 1

    2000-3FFF 0 0 1 ROM 1

    4000-5FFF 0 1 0 ROM 2

    8000-9FFF 1 0 0 RAM 2

    C000-DFFF 1 1 0 RAM 3

    E000-FFFF 1 1 1 RAM 4

    -

    (15-14-

    13). (Chip Select)

    3 8.

    3.7.6 .

    ,

    . 3 8.

    . 13

    13 .

  • . 3.7

    119

    8196 , .

    .

    .

    , .

    D0

    000. -

    0000 1FFF.

    -

    3.7.6.

    3.7.6

    0000-1FFF D0 RAM 1

    2000-3FFF D1 ROM 1

    4000-5FFF D2 ROM 2

    6000-7FFF D3 X

    8000-9FFF D4 RAM 2

    A000-BFFF D5 X

    C000-DFFF D6 RAM 3

    E000-FFFF D7 RAM 4

    3.7.6 D3 D5 -

    -

    .

  • . 3

    120

    RAM 1

    8Kbytes

    RAM 2

    8Kbytes

    RAM 3

    8Kbytes

    RAM 4

    8Kbytes

    ROM 1

    8Kbytes

    ROM 2

    8Kbytes

    KME

    Decoder

    3->8

    CS

    CS

    CS

    CS

    CS

    CS

    A15

    A13

    A14

    A0-A12

    A0-A15

    A0-A12

    D7

    D6

    D5

    D4

    D3

    D2

    D1

    D0

    3.7.6

    -

    -

    -

    .

    -

    -

    .

    (Three state buffer)

    (active-low signal)

  • . 3.7

    121

    ;

    ;

    ;

    2 4 4

    16.

    ROM RAM -

    8Kbytes 0000-7FFF(ROM) 8000-

    FFFF(RAM).

  • 3.8:

    (Polling)

    DMA (Direct Memory Access)

    Polling

    DMA

    3.8.1.

    .

    .

    -

    . .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    -

    (poll-

    ing). ,

    . ( 3.8.1) -

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    - -

  • . 3.8

    123

    .

    3.8.1 1

    . 1, -

    2.

    . . -

    10 . -

    100

    msec.

    20MHz 100.000 -

    100 msec. -

    , .

    100 msec 100.000 .

    (~10 ) .

    .

    1

    4

    3

    2

    3.8.1 Polling

    -

    -

    .

    .

    .

    -

  • . 3

    124

    . -

    . ,

    .

    3.8.2.

    -

    (interrupt).

    .

    . -

    . -

    ( ), -

    () .

    -

    ,

    .

    .

    INTR (interrupt request ).

    . -

    , -

    , (interrupt ack). -

    INTA -

    .

    Interrupt request

    Interrupt Ack

    Interrupt Name

    3.8.2

    , -

  • . 3.8

    125

    . -

    -

    (PIC).

    .

    , -

    .

    .

    . -

    , -

    ( 255) -

    .

    INTR

    INTA

    INT Name

    PIC

    Programmable Intrerupt

    Controller

    2

    /

    1

    /

    4

    /

    3

    /

    INTR

    INTA

    3.8.3 PIC

    3.8.3 -

    .

    (IR - ) -

    . To (INTR) .

    (INTA) INTR -

    .

    .

    ( ) , -

    ,

    .

  • . 3

    126

    polling. -

    .

    -

    , -

    .

    3.8.3.

    (DMA - (Direct Memory

    Access) -

    .

    . -

    DMA. -

    .

    DMA

    .

    ,

    - -

    , DMA .

    DMA

    . -

    , ,

    .

    DMA

    /

    DMA

    3.8.4 DMA

  • . 3.8

    127

    DMA .

    . -

    -

    . bytes

    . -

    - . , -

    .

    .

    DMA -

    DMA. ,

    DMA -

    . -

    (Burst Mode).

    DMA

    .

    -

    . -

    (Cycle Stealing) -

    -

    DMA .

    DMA,

    , -

    .

    , .

    . -

    -

    .

    ,

    .

    . ,

    DMA -

    -

    .

  • . 3

    128

    -

    .

    Polling -

    .

    DMA

    - -

    .

    DMA. burst mode o cycle

    stealing.

    (Polling)

    (Burst Mode)

    (Cycle Stealing)

    (DMA)

    (Interrupt)

    polling;

    polling;

    ;

    -

    ; ;

    DMA ;

  • 3.9:

    -

    3.9.1.

    -

    .

    .

    .

    . ,

    , -

    . ,

    ,

    .

    -

    -

    .

    .

    -

    .

    , -

    . -

    . -

    .

  • . 3

    130

    .

    3.9.2.

    . -

    .

    . -

    , -

    -

    . ,

    strobe. (

    3.9.1)

    .

    -

    .

    Strobe

    * *

    3.9.1

    -

    -

  • . 3.9

    131

    .

    . Strobe -

    (CK). ( 3.9.2) , -

    , , -

    , strobe

    .

    ACK .

    ACK

    .

    Strobe

    Ack

    3.9.2

    , -

    , ACK strobe .

    STROBE -

    ACK.

  • . 3

    132

    Strobe

    Ack

    Strobe

    Ack

    3.9.3

    -

    .

    strobe ACK ().

    .

    .

    strobe

    . ( 3.9.4)

    , .

    ACK -

    .

    strobe. -

    .

    ACK -

    .

  • . 3.9

    133

    ;

    STROBE

    ACK

    3.9.4

    .

    ,

    .

    -

    (strobe ACK).

    ;

    ;

    ;

  • . 3

    134

    3.10:

    :

    baud

    byte

    UART

    modem

    null-modem

    3.10.1.

    . H -

    . -

    , ,

    (modem),

    .

    -

    .

    RS-232C. , -

    , , -

    RS-232, -

    ( )

    .

    3.10.2.

    bits, 3.10.1.

  • . 3.10

    135

    = 1ms

    0 0 0 0

    1 1 1 1

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    0

    1

    3.10.1:

    bit

    , .

    , 0 1.

    0 1.

    bit .

    bit

    , .

    3.10.1 10 bit bit

    =1ms.

    1/=1000 bit. bit

    baud (baud rate).

    baud baud bits bps (bits

    per second). bps bits

    Mbps bits . -

    3.10.1, 1 bps.

    3.10.3. UART

    -

    , .

    .

  • . 3

    136

    TD

    G

    G

    RD

    +12V

    -12V

    =0,1042ms

    Start

    Stop

    0

    11 1 1

    000

    'G'

    3.10.2: .

    -

    bytes, 1 byte (8 bits) 2 byte

    (16 bits) ... .

    G.

    G. ASCII

    G 4716=010010112 (.

    2.1.2). G bit

    bit (Start bit). ,

    G

    (TD) bit G

    1. baud,

    bit G, bit

    1,0,1,0,0,1,0 ( bit bit). -

    bit

    1, bit (Stop bit).

    , -

    bit (Receive

    Data - RD) . , -

    byte, KME byte -

    . .

    (bit)

    .

    0 -

    +12V 1

    12V.

  • . 3.10

    137

    TD RD

    +12V

    -12V

    Start

    Stop

    0

    11

    000 0

    010000112=69

    10

    E

    E

    1

    'E'

    3.10.3

    -

    . O ASCII

    6910 010000112.

    bit , KME

    . E

    .

    3.10.4. UART

    UART. To UART -

    , ,

    .

    KME

    G -

    .

    bits

    .

    +12V (Space)

    12V (Mark).

    byte , UART bits:

    bit 0 ( +12V) bit (Start

    bit) ( -12V) bit

    (Stop bit).

  • . 3

    138

    3.10.2 3.10.3 bit

    0,1042ms.

    1/0,00010429600 bits baud 9600 bps.

    8 bits

    bit , bits

    10 1,0420 ms -

    .

    1/0,0010420=960 bytes/sec.

    baud 3.10.1.

    baud

    110 bps

    300 bps

    1200 bps

    2400 bps

    4800 bps

    9600 bps

    19200 bps

    38400 bps

    57600 bps

    115200 bps

    230400 bps

    3.10.1

    UART

    .

    baud -

    .

    baud .

    baud UART

    .

    bit UART, baud, KME.

    3.10.5. modem

    .

    ,

    , -

    , -

    .

  • . 3.10

    139

    .

    .

    -

    .

    .

    -

    modem (MOdulator/DEModulator - -

    /). modem

    , -

    .

    modem

    . modem -

    .

    3.10.6. RS232C

    -

    , , RS-232. RS-232 -

    mo-

    dem.

    RS-232, -

    :

    ) DTE (Data Terminal

    Equipment), .

    .

    ) DCE (Data communication

    Equipment)

    , Mo-

    dem.

    RS-232-

    C D: 25

    9 (pins).

  • . 3

    140

    3.4.4: D-9 D-25.

    25 , -

    ,

    9 (pins). ,

    PC.

    3.10.7. RS232-C

    3.10.2.

    D25 D9

    Modem

    2 3 TD (Transmit Data) PC Modem

    3 2 RD (Receive Data) PC Modem

    4 7 RTS (Request To Send) PC Modem

    5 8 CTS (Clear To Send) PC Modem

    6 6 DSR Data Set Ready PC Modem

    7 5 SG (Signal Ground)

    8 1 CD (Carrier Detect) PC Modem

    20 4 DTR Data Terminal Ready PC Modem

    22 9 RI (Ring Indicator) PC Modem

    12, 13, 14, 16, 19 - 2

    15, 17, 21, 25 -

    3.10.2 D 9 D 25

    .

    TD (Transmit Data):

    RD (Receive Data): , -

    .

  • . 3.10

    141

    RTS (Request to Send): .

    , modem -

    .

    CTS (Clear to Send): . modem

    CTS -

    .

    -

    RTS. modem

    , .

    CD (Carrier Detect): modem -

    modem, -

    .

    modem

    .

    DSR (Data Set Ready): modem

    . modem -

    .

    DTR (Data Terminal Ready): .

    modem

    .

    .

    RI (Ring Indicator): . modem

    .

    SG (Signal ground): .

    25 pin 7 -

    ( pin 1).

    2

    .

    12, 13, 14, 16 19 25

    pins modem -

    .

    .

    15, 17, 21 25 -

    .

    RX, TX

    (handshaking) DTR, DSR , CD, CTS, RTS.

  • . 3

    142

    3.10.8. RS-232C

    -

    (DTE) RS-232-C (.. ) -

    ,

    modems. null

    modem .

    , 2 TD/RD

    (SG).

    3.10.4.

    3

    2

    5

    TD

    RD

    SG

    3

    2

    5

    TD

    RD

    SG

    3.10.5: H null modem

    :

    bits. bit -

    byte bit: bit

    bit .

    bit .

    bit

    baud. baud

    baud bps. -

    baud.

    TD

    RD.

    D-9

    D-25.

    To modem -

    . modem -

    .

    modem

    null modem.

  • . 3.10

    143

    baud (baud rate)

    1.

    _________ bits.

    2. bit . -

    bit ____ 12 V bit

    ____ +12 V.

    3. byte bit. bit ___ -

    bit ______ (Start bit) -

    bit _____ (Stop bit) ____.

    4. , ___

    ____.

    5. ____ -

    .

    6. RD, _____

    7. modem modem -

    _____ .

    8. modem -

    ____. modem -

    _____.

    :

    1. ASCII 7210=010010002.

    TD

    H baud 300 bps. -

    ;

    baud 9600 bps.

    2. Null-

    modem.

    400 k

    , 57600 bps.

    - :

  • . 3

    144

    Hyper-

    Terminal Windows.

    TD

    .

  • 4

  • 4.1:

    -

    -

    -

    -

    :

    4.1.1.

    -

    IBM 1980 8088

    Intel. 4,77 MHz.

    , 16 KB RAM

    160 .

    :

    .

  • 147

    4.1.1:

    ,

    .

    , -

    IBM.

    , modem

    .

    ( ), - . - -.

    -

    .

    . -

    -

    IBM. , , -

    -

    .

  • . 4

    148

    . -

    . -

    3000 .

    , , -

    -

    .

    4.1.2.

    4.1.2.

    4.1.2:

    , -

    (),

    .

    . -

    .

    (expansion

    slots)

    .

    .

    , -

    .

    ,

    .

  • 149

    . -

    -

    . , ,

    4.1.3, -

    : -

    -

    .

    , -

    ,

    . , -

    , , .

    KME

    4.1.3:

    4.1.3.

  • . 4

    150

    4.1.1 :

    -

    ,

    4.1.4.

    -

    . .

    , ,

    (.. , -

    , CD-ROM) (.. -

    , , USB) ,

    .

    -

    -

    . , -

    . 4.1.4

    .

  • 151

    4.1.4:

    :

    (motherboard)

    -

    -

    . -

    ,

    , . ,

    -

    .

  • . 4

    152

    Watt. ,

    .

    200

    W.

    (motherboard)

    .

    , -

    . -

    4.2.1.

    .

    -

    ,

    , CD-ROM .

    : 3,5" 5,25" (1 =

    1" = 2,54 cm). -

    .

    (CD-ROM ). , : 5,25" (5,25" ) 3,5".

    -

    .

    : (desktop) -

    (tower) -

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    156

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    162

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    163

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