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PAGE 37
1.
. . ( , 2 1 3 ) .
1. , 5 , 3 , 3 3 .
( , 2 1 3 )
= 5 x 3 x 3 x 2 = 90
= 5
2. 4 420 7. 5 , 3 .
, 7 .
. = 7 x 5 x x 3 420 = 105 x = 4 .
.
.
1. :
. : , , .
. , -
,
.
. .
:( (
,
(( (
( ((
,
(( ( (
,
:(
,
((
,
:( ((
,
(( ( (
( (( (
,
(( ( ( (
,
. ( ). . .
2.
. . 10% . ( ) , . . . 10% , ( 1) (, ) 90% .
1
10% . . 10% , 10% 10%. 1000 ( ) 90%. ( ) 10% 100 . 100 90% , . 10% 100 , 10 , . 10% . , .
( ) : 10% , . 90% , 10% . , , 90% , 10% 10% , . 10. . 10 . 10 10.
: 90% ( ). 90% , . , ( ) . . ( ) , 10% ( ). , . (, ).
. .. 60% 40% . :
0,6 0,4 . .
( ) 10 , 6 4 40 . 46. : , , ().
. 1. 300 KJ 5 KJ % : 300 KJ 5 KJ 100
=
.. 500 KJ 2 KJ
500 KJ 2 KJ
100
2. ( 1.000 kg ( 200 kg)
1.000 kg 200 kg 100
( 1.000 kg ( 5 kg)
1.000 kg 5 kg 100
3. 500 kg 1 kg , 300 kg 199 kg
500 kg 1 kg 100
500 kg 300 kg 100
500 kg 199 kg 100 1. -
.
1.((
2.( (
3.((
4.((
. 3. , . . 1. (1 ) . 2. 4 .2. :, , , () . , .
( (((
3. . , ;
. , . . . ., . ( . ). .
4. , , .
)
) kg
) KJ ;) (KJ) 1Kg ;)(( (
) () 10% . ( 10). 10% ,
= kg. 10%
= kg. kg.) KJ ( ) 10% KJ. 10% . =
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 = =
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 =KJ . 10. : KJ KJ.
) 1kg :
: kg KJ 1 kg KJ = = KJ/kg
.
5. 40 . , , 400 g 20 g.
)
) ;) ;) KJ , 1 kg 21.000 KJ;) , .
)((
) 40 400 g =16000 g 16 kg. 160 kg ( 10) 1600 kg.
) .
1 20 g
160 kg 160.000 g = = 8.000 ) 1600 kg, 160 kg 16 Kg.
1 kg 21.000 KJ 16 Kg KJ = = 336.000 KJ 3.360.000 KJ 33.600.000 KJ. )
6. 3 . KJ, KJ KJ. , . , . 90% , . 90% . 10% . , , 10% 90% .
: KJ . 10%
= KJ. 90%
=KJ. : KJ. 10% . . 10% . = =
=KJ. 90% , 90% . =
=KJ. : KJ. 90% . 90% . = =
=KJ. 10% . KJ7. : (( ( ( . 5.000 tn, :) , 2,5kg,
) , 40KJ/kg .
) 5.000 tn 10% , 10. 500 tn, 50 tn, 5tn 0,5 tn 500 kg. 1 2,5 kg 500 kg. . 1 2,5 kg 500 kg = = 200 .
) 40 KJ . 10. 40 KJ/kg. 500 kg. 1 kg 40 KJ 500 kg KJ=50040=20.000 KJ. 20.000 KJ . 10 200.000.000 KJ.
8. :
30.000 kg 45 kg 200.000 kg 300 kg 3.000 kg)
)
) , . ) , , ... . 10% . , ... , , , . ( ( ( ( )
) :
: 200.000 kg 30.000 kg 100
=
=10%
=10%
=15%
() 200.000 kg 45 kg 100
=
9. 5 . 5 11.111 KJ.
10% . . . 10% . 10% . = = 10. 10. 100 ( 10, 100), 1.000 10.000. 11.111 KJ. +10+100+1.000+10.000=11.111 11.111=11.111 =1KJ. 10.000 KJ 1000 KJ 100 KJ 10 KJ 1 KJ11. kg. 5 ;
kg kg ( 10% ) . kg kg ( 10) kg , kg
12. 3 , 1.000 kg. 30%, ; ( 8.000 kg)
3 . 4 . ( ) 1.000 kg, 10.000 kg ( 10), 100.000 kg 1.000.000 kg.
30%, 70%, 1.000.000 =700.000 kg 70.000 kg 7.000 kg. . , 8.000 kg. 7.000 kg 8.000 kg . , , 2 , 3.
13. : (((, . :)
) .
) . 90% . , 90% (, ) 10% , .
90% . = =
= KJ. KJ ( 10).
) KJ. 90% 10% .
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 = KJ
14. 4 . 9.999 KJ, . (4 ) 10 ( 9). 10 90%, 9 . 9. 10 ( 10% ). 10 ( 10), 100. 100 10%, 10 90%, 90 . 90. 10 10. 900 9.000.
+9+90+900+9.000=9.999 =1 KJ. 9.000 KJ 900 KJ 90 KJ
9 KJ
:
=
4 5=9 =10
3 4=90 =100
2 3=900 =1.000
1 2=9000 =10.000
15. :
0,1 g
100 g
g
15 g
) .) . ;) .
) .
) . , , . 1 0,1 g , ,
= g.
100 g . 100
= g.
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 = g, 15= g. . . , ... , .
) (((
.
) : g g 100
=
16. :
15.000 kg. . . , 5.000 kg.
5.000 kg . 90% 10%, 500 kg . 5.000 kg 10%, 500 kg . 500 kg 250 kg. 5.000 kg 10%, 500 kg, 250 kg. 500 kg , 250 kg 250 kg , 1.000 kg. 10% , 100 kg . 250 kg. 10% , 25 kg. 100 kg , 250 kg 25 kg 375 kg. , 10% 37,5 kg. 17. 20.000 60% 40% . , ) ) ; 60% 40% , 60% 40% . 0,6 0,4. .
60% 40% 46.
, 20.000 . 46 60% 40% .
) , 46.
46 90% 10% ( ).
20.000
4,6 =
) .
46 , 90% 10%, 4,6. , , 4,6, 90% 10% ( ). 20.000
0,46
=
, 10 . 10% . 10 10 .
2.
.
/ / (.. kg/ / g/km2/6 )
/ / (.. kcal/m2/ Kj/km2/6 ) 1 = 1.000 m21 km2 = 1.000.000 m2 () . . , () . 1% () . 1% () . =
( ) () () .
=
. , . :
= . + + .
. .. 10 kg 5 kg 5 kg ( 1). 5 kg. 20 kg . 20 kg -10 kg, . 20 + (-10) = 10 kg ( 2). 10% ( ) 1 ( ) 2. 10% . 10% ( ..) 90% (, ). , . . , , 10% , ( ). . 10% , ... ( 10% ). () , . ( ) ( ...)
() . =
.
10% = 10% = 10%
:
1% ( ) . . , ( ) . 10% ( ). . ... . 1. () KJ/m2/. :) () 30% .
) 2% .
) = . . 30% . :
= - = - =
= = KJ/m2/.
) 1% 1% . =
( ). , , 2% . =
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ( ), =
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 = = KJ/m2/.2. KJ/m2/. (), 20% . . = 10% . = .
KJ/m2/ =
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 ( 1%). = = KJ/m2/.
= . 20% , . = - = - = = KJ/m2/
= 10% =
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 = KJ/m2/.3. , (( , KJ/m2/, KJ/m2/ KJ/m2/. KJ/m2/ 400 KJ/m2/.
) ().
) () ;
) ;) ( 1%, 1%). KJ/m2/ KJ/m2/. KJ/m2/ KJ/m2/
100
= = 0,93%
) = = = KJ/m2/.
) ( ), . .
4.
) .
) ;) , ;( KJ )
) 56.000 KJ. 800.000 KJ.
800.000 KJ 56.000 KJ
100 =
) 800.000 KJ , 280.000 KJ () 464.000 KJ 56.000 KJ .
) 800.000 KJ . = ( ) ( ...), = 800.000 464.000 = 336.000 KJ = = 336.000 280.000 = 56.000 KJ .
800.000 KJ. , ( ). .5. 1.500 g/m2. 3 1.800 g/m2. 3 .
= + +
, ( ) . ( , ) / .
= = 1.800 1.500 = 300 g/m2 :
- 6. 800 g/m2. 1.000 g/m2, 300 g/m2. .
= + + .
,
= 1.000 800 = 200 g/m2 = 200 + 300 = 500 g/m2
3 . , .
3 500 g/m2 12 = = g/m2/7. 6 700 g/m2, 90 g/m2 500 g/m2. . 6 700 g/m2. . 700 g/m2. 1000 g/m2, 300 g/m2. = = 300 1000 = -700 g/m2. 500 g/m2. , 90 g/m2. . 10% ( 90% , . , . 10% 90 g/m2 ( 10), 900 g/m2. = + + = 900 + (-700) + 500 = 900 700 + 500 = 700 g/m2/. , 1.400 g/m2/
8. 1/1/2003 1.500 g/m2. 1/6/2003 1.000 g/m2. 1000 g/m2, 9,5 g/m2, 250 g/m2. . = + + : = 1.000 1.500 = -500 g/m2
: -
. : 1000 g/m2.
: 9,5 g/m2.
- ( 10), 95 g/m2. 95 g/m2,
90% 9,5 g/m2. 95 g/m2 , 950 g/m2. :
: 1000 + 950 = 1950 g/m2 : 250 g/m2 = 1950 500 + 250 = 1700 g/m2/
9. 20 750 g/m2. 12 450 g/m2. , 250 kg. , . ( ) g/m2, kg. . 1 1.000 g 250 kg 250.000 g. 250.000 g . , 20 , 1 m2. . 750 . 750 . 20 20.000 m2.
1 m2 750 g 20.000 m2 = =15.000.000 g 12
1 m2 450 g 20.000 m2
= = 9.000.000 g 12 .
= = 9.000.000 15.000.000 = -6.000.000
: 250.000 g. ( 10), 2.500.000 g, , 25.000.000 g. 25.000.000 g (, , )
= +
= 25.000.000 6.000.000 = 19.000.000 g 20 (20.000 m2). m2 : 20.000 m2 19.000.000 g 1 m2 = = 950 g/m2/10. 0,5 km ( g/m2), 3 , 15.000 kg 1000 kg.
. , , . . .
15.000 kg. 150.000 kg. 1.000 kg. 10.000 kg 100.000 kg. 250.000 kg ( 250.000 kg).
250.000 kg 3 0,5 . 12 ( ) 1.000.000 kg.
.
1 km2 1.000.000 m2 0,5 km2 m2 = = 500.000 m2 500.000 m2 1.000.000 kg
1 m2 kg
= kg/m2/11. m2, 1.200 g/m2/ 1.300 kg/m2/.( ) 1.200 g/m2/ (m2)
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 g/m2/ kg/m2/. kg/m2/.
kg/m2/ 90% 10%, kg/m2/, ( 10). kg/m2/, 90% 10%, kg/m2/ . kg/m2/ 10% , kg/m2/. kg/m2/ 1.200 kg/m2/ 1.300 kg/m2/ . 4 ( 1 3 ). 12. m2 KJ/m2/. 1% , 40% 0,3 kg/m2/. , 500 kg/. (1kg = 21.000 KJ)( ) KJ/m2/, 1 m2 KJ/.
1 m2 KJ/ m2 KJ/
= KJ/ 1% , = KJ/
40% , .
- =
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
KJ/
kg/m2/ kg/ . 21.000 KJ 1 kg KJ kg = kg/ 0,3 kg/m2/.
1 m2 0,3 kg/
m2 kg/
= kg/
,
- = kg/
. 10% ( 10) , kg/. kg/ 10%, kg/. 10%, kg/ kg/, 4.500 kg/. 450 kg/ . 6 (1 5 ). 13. , , 500 kg , : 250 kg 250 kg . 5 kg/m2/, ;
5 kg/m2/ . . .
250 kg. 2.500 kg. 250 kg. 2.500 kg 25.000 kg. 275.000 kg . .
1 m2 5 kg/
m2 275.000 kg/
= m214. 50% 50% . . , .
: . 50% 50% 0,5 0,5 . .
55 . 55.: . ( 10). 10.
: . 10 100 . 100.
. 10% . 10% 10% 10%, 1% . . 10 10 . , , 100 10. 16. (KJ/m2/) :
:) .
) .
) .
) .
) . ) =
KJ/m2/ : KJ/m2/ KJ/m2/
100
=
) = = ( ) =
- 35.000 = 65.000 KJ/m2/
= = +
65.000 = + 15.000
= 65.000 15.000 = 50.000 KJ/m2/
) = = = 15.000 5.000 = 10.000 KJ/m2/ = = 10.000 7.500 = 2.500 KJ/m2/
) = = = 4.000 1.000 = 3.000 KJ/m2/
= = 1.000 250 = 750 KJ/m2/
) = + + + () = 50.000 + 5.000 + 3.500 + 3.000 = 61.500 KJ/m2/ 1. : , . :) ) ()
)
:1) (, , ..)
2)
3)
4)
. , , 10% . 3 1000 kg 1 kg, :
1000 Kg1 kg1/1000
100 kg1 kg1/100
10 kg1 kg1/10
1 kg1 kg1/1
, , .
= /
, . : .
1 mg g 1 g kg 1 mg kg 1. 1/1.000 (1/1.000 g/kg), 10.000 tn. , , .) , ;
) 1 kg ;
) : 1 kg 1/1.000 g
10.000.000 kg g = g .
) 100.000 kg (10%). : = / = 10.000 g / 100.000 kg =1/10 g/kg 0,1 g/kg2. , , . : (((, . 30 kg 600.000 kg. g g ;
600.000 kg 600 kg (10%). , 30 kg. 600.000 kg 600.000.000 g 30 kg 30.000 g.
30.000 g 600.000 g
g 1 g = g /g 3. :
g g/kg
B
g g/kg
10
100
1000
. , , .
4. 4 kg. 1 mg/kg , . 1 mg/kg . . . kg, kg. 1 kg 1 mg
kg X mg
= mg5. m2 1,4 kg/ m2. 10 kg , 70% . ;
: = / .
: 1,4 kg/m2 m2 1 m2 1,4 kg m2 kg = kg . kg. : 10 kg 70%. kg. . 7 kg.
= / = kg /kg
()
()
()
()
( )
( )
1 , 2 3 90% 4 10%
1
2
3
4
,6
6
,4
4
40
1
8000
40
33.600.000
3.360.000
336.000
16
160
1600
45 kg
300 kg
3.000 kg
30.000 kg
200.000 kg
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 g
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 g
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 g
EMBED Equation.DSMT4 g
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
0,6
6
0,4
4
40
46
4,6
46
4,6
0,46
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
99%
= EMBED Equation.DSMT4
= EMBED Equation.DSMT4
280.000 KJ ( )
56.000 KJ
( )
800.000 KJ
( )
464.000 KJ
( )
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
15.000
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
50
5
0,5
5
0,5
950 g/m2
95 g/m2
9,5 g/m2
35.000
5.000
()
3.500
()
250
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