UbiquitousComputingFundamentals
Book EditedbyJohnKrumm
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50 () : ()()(). UbiquitousComputingFundamentalsJohnKrumm, 50. J.Krumm, ., , , ,,. 50 201011. ,.,. .
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1:.........................................................................................................................................................11..................................................................................................................11...........................................................................................................................................111. ................................................................................................................112. ........................................................................123. ......................................................................144. .....................................155. .........................................................156. ............................................................167. ..............................................................................................17
2:.........................................................................................................................................................19..................................................................................................................19...........................................................................................................................................191. ................................................................................................................192. ...............................................202.1. ................................................................................................202.2. ............................................................................................212.3. ..........................................................................................212.4. ..........................................................................................222.5. ................................................................................................................222.6. .....................................................................................................23
3. ...................................................................................233.1. ....................................................................233.2. ....................................................................................................................243.3. ...............................................................................................24
4. .............................................................................26
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4.1. .........................................................................264.2. ..................................................................26
5. ..........................................275.1. .....................................................................275.2. ......................................................................................285.3. ................................................................29
8:.........................................................................................................................................................31..................................................................................................................31...........................................................................................................................................311. ................................................................................................................312. ;.............................................................................................................................323. ;............................................................................................................334. ........................................................................................344.1. .......................................................................344.2. ..............................................................35
5. ........................................355.1. ..............................................................................................................355.2. ...................................................................................................................36
6. 376.1. ........................................................376.2. ........................................................................................................376.3. ...................................................................................................................376.4. .......................................................................................376.5. ...............................................................................................................................386.6. .................................................................................................................................386.7. ...........................................................................................................38
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3:.........................................................................................................................................................39..................................................................................................................39...........................................................................................................................................401. ................................................................................................................401.1. ;..............................401.2. ;......................................................................401.3. ;....................................................................................................41
2. ..........................................................................................................412.1. ........................................................................................................412.2. ............................................................................................442.3. .......................................................................................................................452.4. ......................................................................................................45
3. .....................................................................................463.1. .........................................................463.2. .................................................................................48
4. ......................504.1. ()...........................504.2. ()...........................................................................................................................................504.3. ()..........51
7:.........................................................................................................................................................53..................................................................................................................53...........................................................................................................................................531. ................................................................................................................532. ............................................................................................542.1. ................................................................................................................542.2. ................................................................................................55
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2.3. ....................................................................................................552.4. .................................................................................................................57
3. ............................................................................................................573.1. .............................................................................................573.2. ............................................................................................................................583.3. ........................................................................................................................583.4. .......................................................................................................................................583.5. Ubisense......................................................................................................................................593.6. Radar...........................................................................................................................................593.7. PlaceLab......................................................................................................................................593.8. .........................................................................593.9. ...........................................................................................................................593.10. Airbus......................................................................................................................................603.11. .........................................................................................60
9:.........................................................................................................................................................63..................................................................................................................63...........................................................................................................................................631. ................................................................................................................632. .....................................................................................................................643. ..................................................................................................654. Kalman....................................................................................................................................655. ............................................................................................................................666. Markov................................................................................................................677. ...........................................................................................................68
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1RoyWant
(UbiquitousComputing), , , .
:
M.Weiser
, , , , ,
1. () (ubiquitouscomputingubicomp) .mainframe (,
12
). PC(,). , .,., ., (smartphone) ., . 1980XeroxPaloAltoResearchCenter(PARC), IBMResearch,TokyoUniversity,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,OlivettiResearch,HewlettPackardLabs,GeorgiaInstitute of Technology MIT Media Lab. 1990 , AppleNewton(PersonalDigitalAssistantPDA),EOPad,PalmPilot,SharpZaurus.., ,,(),. . 1980 , , ,23., .,6,.
2. MarkWeiser1988XeroxPARC.M.Weiser , , , ,.M.Weiser1991ScientificAmerican:..
13
1.1M.WeiserPARCwww.ubicomp.com/weiser.,M.Weiser . , , M. Weiser; .1.2 200 M. Weiser. ,.M.Weiser (calm technology), ,,,.(informationappliances), () .,!1.3 . .(affordance). 1990, , (pervasivecomputing). , . pervasive ubiquitous computing ., . , (). , , Swissair, .
14
1.4 . , SWOT.H SWOT (Strengths), (Weaknesses), (Opportunities) (Threats) .,.,,,;TRONCooltownHewlettPackard.,KenSakamura , TEngines, . iTRON, , TEngines . Cooltown , , , ,., . , ,.
3. :
1. InfoPad Berkeley. .Pad ,
2. MITMedia Lab. (wearable computers) , . (augmentedreality),Twiddler..
3. Classroom 2000 Aware Home Georgia Tech. Classroom 2000 , . Aware Home ,
15
, . , ,
4.
:1. ActivebadgesOlivetti.
.(activebadges),, () . ,,,., ,
2. SmartItsKarlsruhe. , , , , ,, .., ,
3. EGadgets . ,
4. Guide Lancaster. , . ,
5. 2000, . ..
16
6. , . , . . :,,,,. . . M. Weiser , Communications of the ACM ScientificAmerican. . ., . ,.,(,,).1.5., . , ;1.6 . . ;1.7(),,, , , . . .
17
1.8 .,.;;1.9 (ambient intelligence) .,,.1.10 , (concept map) . / ;;;;
7. , PC1980: . , PC ! M. Weiser Tabs, Pads Liveboards . , .,:!1.11: , .(.32)1.12 (.. , , ,)..
18
1.13M.Weiser;;1.14.(..SWAMI).1.15 . ;;1.1...1.2 .
19
2JakobBardram,Adrian Friday
.
:
, , , ,,
1. .,, . () . , , , , .
20
. . ,,,,,. ( ,tabletPCs),(..,,).,., , . (), (.. ) (.. , ). . .
2. () .,,,. . .
2.1. .,, , , ,,. , /..(resourceaware),
21
( ) .2.1 : (energyharvesting),(powerforaging)cyberforaging.2.2.;;;2.3 . ; ;
2.2. , . (service discovery), ,., ,,.(volatile).2.1..
2.3. , , , . , . , . , ,.
22
2.4 : , .(.45)
2.4. , . , PC (), , , , , , . , , (.. ), .(fluctuating),,, ,.2.2 .;2.5(autonomiccomputing).,. (fluctuation).2.6(locationawaresystems)., .2.7(activitybasedcomputing)..
2.5. (invisible computing) ,.,
23
. , (= ) ,.,(=) , .2.8 (multiagentsystems). ; .
2.6. .,,,.2.9(security),(safety),(privacy),(trust)(dependability).2.3.2.10 ().
3. , . ,,.,,.
3.1. 2.4.
24
3.2. . ., (contextaware), , WizardofOz., , ., , . .
3.3. , , . !.
.. , , / , . .: ...
. , ( , , , ). , , (seamful design), ,.
25
.. . :; , ,.
. , ,.,.
.().,,, !
. ..
;,, ,.
2.5.()()2.11.2.12 (tolerance forignorance) (seamful design). (seamlessdesign)..
26
2.13 Benford.2.14 .2.6.2.7 . .
4. .
4.1. ,. , . .:,( ) . , . , ,.
4.2. . ():!.(participatorydesign).
27
, . , . . .2.8 2.1 (.7071) . .2.158.2.16 (expect theunexpected);..
5.
.
5.1. ,. .:
(simulation). . MANET (Mobile Adhoc NETworks). , .
28
(proofofconcept).,(,) . , ..
. .
.,,.
2.17,;2.9 .2.18.79;.
5.2. . , . , ( ) . , . , . , .2.10.2.19 . .
29
5.3. . , , .: , .2.11.
30
31
8Anind K.Dey
.
:
contextwidgets
, , , Context widgets, ,
1. ,,,(context),().,,,
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,,., . PC ,,. ,.,:
. (contextaware computing) () (),., (contextaware applications) , ,.,,., . . , .8.1.
2. ; , ., . , .
33
, .DeyAbowd: .,, , .,, . , . , .8.2.8.3 (explicit) (implicit) . .8.4 ;.
3. ; : . , , . , . , .DeyAbowd: .
34
:
: .8.5 .;8.6 .;;8.7 : : . (.331)
4. .
4.1. . active badges, . XeroxPaloAltoResearchCenter(PARC)Schilit( ). (..,..), .,.:
35
(tour guides). . (.. ) (.. ), ,
(reminders).
(environmental controls). (..,)
4.2. ., .:
8.8 .8.9 : .(.335)
5. 5.1.
:,,.,
36
,., .,.()., ( ) . : .
5.2. , . , : ( ), widgets(,ContextToolkit, 1990) , (blackboardbased systems, ).8.1 ..8.10 ( !) 1. , .8.11 contextwidgets. . .
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8.12.contextwidgets.;
6.
,..
6.1. . , . , !,.
6.2. . , (contextinferencing).
6.3. ,(ambiguity)(error) . . , . (sensor fusion). , .
6.4. (ifthenrules):, .
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(machine learning), ,.
6.5. . ., ,,.
6.6. , . , ,.
6.7. , .(intelligibility):. (control) , ,.8.2 .8.13 : .(.343)8.3 ;8.14 : , . (.346).;;.
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3Marc Langheinrich
.
:
BrandeisWarren Westin Altman Marx
RFID
40
, , , , , , , , , ,,,,,,
1. . 1991, M.Weiser., , . , , , (privacysafe).,. ;;.
1.1. ;
! . ., (, ,, ) , , . .
1.2. ; . , , . , (..), (.. ).
41
1.3. ;.,, . ,,,.3.1;1520.3.2 : (privacysafe);(.96)3.3 .;(.96)1015.3.4 (. 97). 1015 . , .3.1.
2. , ,.,.
2.1. . .(..JusticesofthePeaceAct1361),.SamuelWarren LouisBrandeis, 1890 Harvard Law Review
42
, , . ,Kodak,., .,.,,. .1967 Alan Westin, Columbia University. A. Westin (informationprivacy),,.A.Westin , .3.5 (, ) .,.19,(territorialprivacy),, . (bodily privacy), . . , 19 , (communicationprivacy),.3.2 ..1520.3.6,;.1520.
43
Warren/BrandeisWestin . , .,,,,: , , ,.GaryT.Marx,MIT,(bordercrossing) . :
(naturalborders). (.. ,,)
(naturalborders). (.. , ,)
/(spatial/temporalborders).(..)
(bordersduetoephemeralortransitoryeffects).
,.3.3..1520.3.7,,.2.;3.4 Solove..1520.
44
2.2. .,. , :
. , , ,
. , ,
..
,,A. Westin :
(fundamentalists). .25%30%.
(pragmatists). ,,.55%60%.
(unconcerned). .10%20%.
3.8;, .3.9;. Cranor.111.
45
3.10, , ; ;3.5(selfdetermination).;
2.3. (Fair InformationPrinciples),1980. .3.6 . (www.oecd.org). 1015 .3.11 , , . ;
2.4. 1970, Irwin Altman , . Altman, . . . , Altman, (openness) (closedness) ,.DourishAnderson, . ,.
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3.12Altman.3.7.
3. , .
3.1. (bits),,. , . . :
(collectionscale). , . , .,. , .,,,,
(collectionmanner). , , , . , . , . , , .
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, ,
(data types). . ( ), . ,,,,, . , ( ), (, , ). , ,
(collection motivation). , . , . ., . , ,,
(dataaccessibility). . . , , ( ) ., . , ,.,,
3.8(, , ) ( ).
48
.3.13;;3.14 . , .3.15 ( ).;
3.2. . (PrivacyEnhancingTechnologiesPETs)., . (transparency tools) (opacity tools). . ,.3.9().10.3.10 () . 10.3.16Paws.2030.3.17Confab.2030.
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3.11RFID;;;3.12.5.3.18 .3.13RFID;5.3.14 RFID.2030.3.19 ActiveBadge.2030.3.15.10.3.20 .3.16.
50
4.
; ;,., ,,.
4.1. ( )
, , . : ! .
4.2. ( )
,, .,;Hong Landay :
, ,
,,
51
4.3. ( )
, ,,.3.21 (Interaction Design); .3.22510(valuesensitivedesign).3.23 1015 (threat/attackermodel).3.24 1015 (riskmodel).3.17.
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7AlexanderVarshavsky,ShwetakPatel
.
:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , GPS, , Ubisense,Radar,
1. (locationtechnologies) . . (location aware applications) .
54
. ,,,.,:
(absolute) ,.
(relative) .
(symbolic) , ,
,, , . , ,, . , ., ., . , .
2. .
2.1. , ,. . ,. , . ,
55
. !(.. ). , ( ).,(..,,).
2.2. :
(clientbased), .GPS.
(networkbased),.ActiveBadge.
(networkassisted), . GPS,GPS.
7.1 .
2.3. :
(proximity)..,., . ,, , . , .
(trilateration). . ., (2D) .
56
(timeofflight) (signal attenuation). . .
(hyperbolic lateration). . .
(triangulation)..,.
(RFfingerprinting).: . , . . , , ., .
(deadreckoning).,,, . , . .
7.1 .15.7.2 .: , ,(..).
57
7.2.7.3.
2.4. , :
. .
. .
. .
. , , (multipatheffect).
. .
. ,.
3. ,,,..7.4..
3.1. (Global Positioning System GPS) .
58
10,,,GPS.,GPS. 24 , .,,, . .GPS.
3.2. . (active badge), ( 1015) . , , . 6. , .
3.3. ActiveBat , , . , ..
3.4. (tags)(crickets).,,.,.,.,. , , , ,.
59
3.5. Ubisense,(ultrawideband UWB) ( 15 ). UbiTags. . ,.
3.6. Radar802.11WiFi ( RSSI) (access point AP) ().. . ,,.
3.7. PlaceLab PlaceLab Intel , Notebooks, PDAs .802.11, APs, GSM Bluetooth, .,,,, .
3.8. ( ) ()(PowerLinePositioningPLP). 1000 , 3001600 KHz . . , , . , .
3.9. ,..
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3.10. Airbus . ,HVAC(heating,ventilation,airconditioning) . HVAC. .,.HVAC,,. .
3.11. . (.. ,CCTVs,). , .7.3 .15.7.4 : , ,.7.5,.7.6 ,;7.7 , .
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7.8:.(.317)
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9 JohnKrumm
.
:
Kalman Markov
,,,Kalman,, Markov, , , ,,,
1. ,. , (Global Positioning System GPS) . , . ,
64
( ) ( , GPS ,,). . .,,KalmanMarkov. , . . , . , ,, , . . . .
2. (x,y)(x,y)1sec.9.1()()1m.. , GPS. 1000,,. , Gaussian0.3m.,10 (outliers) ,Gaussian 15m. O Gaussian (probabilitydensityfunction,PDF)(normaldistribution),Gaussian.
65
3. (mean average) . , x n z n. z,x. . : , . :.:. (median), .,xnz. .,,,.
4. Kalman Kalman . ( Gaussian) . Kalman.x,,.,Kalman . , zx.() ( , ).,H,.,Kalman . , x i x i1Gaussian0..
66
Kalman.Kalman. . .Kalman . , . . .. .,., Kalman , .,Kalman.. Kalman . Kalman , . ,.
5. Kalman. , . ,Gaussian.., . ..
67
, . , Kalman, x z. p(z|x),x z. Kalman. , p(xi|xi1), xixi1, . , p(x0) ,. . , , , . , . . .
6. MarkovMarkov(KMM),Kalman,. , z X. . , z. j k . 1.,(0).,.9.1 . , , , ,.
68
9.2,.9.1.1.
7. ..,...9.3 ..9.2 ; ; ;9.4;
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