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  • UbiquitousComputingFundamentals

    Book EditedbyJohnKrumm

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    50 () : ()()(). UbiquitousComputingFundamentalsJohnKrumm, 50. J.Krumm, ., , , ,,. 50 201011. ,.,. .

    .

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    1:.........................................................................................................................................................11..................................................................................................................11...........................................................................................................................................111. ................................................................................................................112. ........................................................................123. ......................................................................144. .....................................155. .........................................................156. ............................................................167. ..............................................................................................17

    2:.........................................................................................................................................................19..................................................................................................................19...........................................................................................................................................191. ................................................................................................................192. ...............................................202.1. ................................................................................................202.2. ............................................................................................212.3. ..........................................................................................212.4. ..........................................................................................222.5. ................................................................................................................222.6. .....................................................................................................23

    3. ...................................................................................233.1. ....................................................................233.2. ....................................................................................................................243.3. ...............................................................................................24

    4. .............................................................................26

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    4.1. .........................................................................264.2. ..................................................................26

    5. ..........................................275.1. .....................................................................275.2. ......................................................................................285.3. ................................................................29

    8:.........................................................................................................................................................31..................................................................................................................31...........................................................................................................................................311. ................................................................................................................312. ;.............................................................................................................................323. ;............................................................................................................334. ........................................................................................344.1. .......................................................................344.2. ..............................................................35

    5. ........................................355.1. ..............................................................................................................355.2. ...................................................................................................................36

    6. 376.1. ........................................................376.2. ........................................................................................................376.3. ...................................................................................................................376.4. .......................................................................................376.5. ...............................................................................................................................386.6. .................................................................................................................................386.7. ...........................................................................................................38

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    3:.........................................................................................................................................................39..................................................................................................................39...........................................................................................................................................401. ................................................................................................................401.1. ;..............................401.2. ;......................................................................401.3. ;....................................................................................................41

    2. ..........................................................................................................412.1. ........................................................................................................412.2. ............................................................................................442.3. .......................................................................................................................452.4. ......................................................................................................45

    3. .....................................................................................463.1. .........................................................463.2. .................................................................................48

    4. ......................504.1. ()...........................504.2. ()...........................................................................................................................................504.3. ()..........51

    7:.........................................................................................................................................................53..................................................................................................................53...........................................................................................................................................531. ................................................................................................................532. ............................................................................................542.1. ................................................................................................................542.2. ................................................................................................55

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    2.3. ....................................................................................................552.4. .................................................................................................................57

    3. ............................................................................................................573.1. .............................................................................................573.2. ............................................................................................................................583.3. ........................................................................................................................583.4. .......................................................................................................................................583.5. Ubisense......................................................................................................................................593.6. Radar...........................................................................................................................................593.7. PlaceLab......................................................................................................................................593.8. .........................................................................593.9. ...........................................................................................................................593.10. Airbus......................................................................................................................................603.11. .........................................................................................60

    9:.........................................................................................................................................................63..................................................................................................................63...........................................................................................................................................631. ................................................................................................................632. .....................................................................................................................643. ..................................................................................................654. Kalman....................................................................................................................................655. ............................................................................................................................666. Markov................................................................................................................677. ...........................................................................................................68

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    1RoyWant

    (UbiquitousComputing), , , .

    :

    M.Weiser

    , , , , ,

    1. () (ubiquitouscomputingubicomp) .mainframe (,

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    ). PC(,). , .,., ., (smartphone) ., . 1980XeroxPaloAltoResearchCenter(PARC), IBMResearch,TokyoUniversity,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,OlivettiResearch,HewlettPackardLabs,GeorgiaInstitute of Technology MIT Media Lab. 1990 , AppleNewton(PersonalDigitalAssistantPDA),EOPad,PalmPilot,SharpZaurus.., ,,(),. . 1980 , , ,23., .,6,.

    2. MarkWeiser1988XeroxPARC.M.Weiser , , , ,.M.Weiser1991ScientificAmerican:..

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    1.1M.WeiserPARCwww.ubicomp.com/weiser.,M.Weiser . , , M. Weiser; .1.2 200 M. Weiser. ,.M.Weiser (calm technology), ,,,.(informationappliances), () .,!1.3 . .(affordance). 1990, , (pervasivecomputing). , . pervasive ubiquitous computing ., . , (). , , Swissair, .

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    1.4 . , SWOT.H SWOT (Strengths), (Weaknesses), (Opportunities) (Threats) .,.,,,;TRONCooltownHewlettPackard.,KenSakamura , TEngines, . iTRON, , TEngines . Cooltown , , , ,., . , ,.

    3. :

    1. InfoPad Berkeley. .Pad ,

    2. MITMedia Lab. (wearable computers) , . (augmentedreality),Twiddler..

    3. Classroom 2000 Aware Home Georgia Tech. Classroom 2000 , . Aware Home ,

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    , . , ,

    4.

    :1. ActivebadgesOlivetti.

    .(activebadges),, () . ,,,., ,

    2. SmartItsKarlsruhe. , , , , ,, .., ,

    3. EGadgets . ,

    4. Guide Lancaster. , . ,

    5. 2000, . ..

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    6. , . , . . :,,,,. . . M. Weiser , Communications of the ACM ScientificAmerican. . ., . ,.,(,,).1.5., . , ;1.6 . . ;1.7(),,, , , . . .

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    1.8 .,.;;1.9 (ambient intelligence) .,,.1.10 , (concept map) . / ;;;;

    7. , PC1980: . , PC ! M. Weiser Tabs, Pads Liveboards . , .,:!1.11: , .(.32)1.12 (.. , , ,)..

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    1.13M.Weiser;;1.14.(..SWAMI).1.15 . ;;1.1...1.2 .

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    2JakobBardram,Adrian Friday

    .

    :

    , , , ,,

    1. .,, . () . , , , , .

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    . . ,,,,,. ( ,tabletPCs),(..,,).,., , . (), (.. ) (.. , ). . .

    2. () .,,,. . .

    2.1. .,, , , ,,. , /..(resourceaware),

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    ( ) .2.1 : (energyharvesting),(powerforaging)cyberforaging.2.2.;;;2.3 . ; ;

    2.2. , . (service discovery), ,., ,,.(volatile).2.1..

    2.3. , , , . , . , . , ,.

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    2.4 : , .(.45)

    2.4. , . , PC (), , , , , , . , , (.. ), .(fluctuating),,, ,.2.2 .;2.5(autonomiccomputing).,. (fluctuation).2.6(locationawaresystems)., .2.7(activitybasedcomputing)..

    2.5. (invisible computing) ,.,

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    . , (= ) ,.,(=) , .2.8 (multiagentsystems). ; .

    2.6. .,,,.2.9(security),(safety),(privacy),(trust)(dependability).2.3.2.10 ().

    3. , . ,,.,,.

    3.1. 2.4.

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    3.2. . ., (contextaware), , WizardofOz., , ., , . .

    3.3. , , . !.

    .. , , / , . .: ...

    . , ( , , , ). , , (seamful design), ,.

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    .. . :; , ,.

    . , ,.,.

    .().,,, !

    . ..

    ;,, ,.

    2.5.()()2.11.2.12 (tolerance forignorance) (seamful design). (seamlessdesign)..

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    2.13 Benford.2.14 .2.6.2.7 . .

    4. .

    4.1. ,. , . .:,( ) . , . , ,.

    4.2. . ():!.(participatorydesign).

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    , . , . . .2.8 2.1 (.7071) . .2.158.2.16 (expect theunexpected);..

    5.

    .

    5.1. ,. .:

    (simulation). . MANET (Mobile Adhoc NETworks). , .

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    (proofofconcept).,(,) . , ..

    . .

    .,,.

    2.17,;2.9 .2.18.79;.

    5.2. . , . , ( ) . , . , . , .2.10.2.19 . .

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    5.3. . , , .: , .2.11.

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    8Anind K.Dey

    .

    :

    contextwidgets

    , , , Context widgets, ,

    1. ,,,(context),().,,,

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    ,,., . PC ,,. ,.,:

    . (contextaware computing) () (),., (contextaware applications) , ,.,,., . . , .8.1.

    2. ; , ., . , .

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    , .DeyAbowd: .,, , .,, . , . , .8.2.8.3 (explicit) (implicit) . .8.4 ;.

    3. ; : . , , . , . , .DeyAbowd: .

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    :

    : .8.5 .;8.6 .;;8.7 : : . (.331)

    4. .

    4.1. . active badges, . XeroxPaloAltoResearchCenter(PARC)Schilit( ). (..,..), .,.:

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    (tour guides). . (.. ) (.. ), ,

    (reminders).

    (environmental controls). (..,)

    4.2. ., .:

    8.8 .8.9 : .(.335)

    5. 5.1.

    :,,.,

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    ,., .,.()., ( ) . : .

    5.2. , . , : ( ), widgets(,ContextToolkit, 1990) , (blackboardbased systems, ).8.1 ..8.10 ( !) 1. , .8.11 contextwidgets. . .

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    8.12.contextwidgets.;

    6.

    ,..

    6.1. . , . , !,.

    6.2. . , (contextinferencing).

    6.3. ,(ambiguity)(error) . . , . (sensor fusion). , .

    6.4. (ifthenrules):, .

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    (machine learning), ,.

    6.5. . ., ,,.

    6.6. , . , ,.

    6.7. , .(intelligibility):. (control) , ,.8.2 .8.13 : .(.343)8.3 ;8.14 : , . (.346).;;.

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    3Marc Langheinrich

    .

    :

    BrandeisWarren Westin Altman Marx

    RFID

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    , , , , , , , , , ,,,,,,

    1. . 1991, M.Weiser., , . , , , (privacysafe).,. ;;.

    1.1. ;

    ! . ., (, ,, ) , , . .

    1.2. ; . , , . , (..), (.. ).

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    1.3. ;.,, . ,,,.3.1;1520.3.2 : (privacysafe);(.96)3.3 .;(.96)1015.3.4 (. 97). 1015 . , .3.1.

    2. , ,.,.

    2.1. . .(..JusticesofthePeaceAct1361),.SamuelWarren LouisBrandeis, 1890 Harvard Law Review

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    , , . ,Kodak,., .,.,,. .1967 Alan Westin, Columbia University. A. Westin (informationprivacy),,.A.Westin , .3.5 (, ) .,.19,(territorialprivacy),, . (bodily privacy), . . , 19 , (communicationprivacy),.3.2 ..1520.3.6,;.1520.

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    Warren/BrandeisWestin . , .,,,,: , , ,.GaryT.Marx,MIT,(bordercrossing) . :

    (naturalborders). (.. ,,)

    (naturalborders). (.. , ,)

    /(spatial/temporalborders).(..)

    (bordersduetoephemeralortransitoryeffects).

    ,.3.3..1520.3.7,,.2.;3.4 Solove..1520.

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    2.2. .,. , :

    . , , ,

    . , ,

    ..

    ,,A. Westin :

    (fundamentalists). .25%30%.

    (pragmatists). ,,.55%60%.

    (unconcerned). .10%20%.

    3.8;, .3.9;. Cranor.111.

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    3.10, , ; ;3.5(selfdetermination).;

    2.3. (Fair InformationPrinciples),1980. .3.6 . (www.oecd.org). 1015 .3.11 , , . ;

    2.4. 1970, Irwin Altman , . Altman, . . . , Altman, (openness) (closedness) ,.DourishAnderson, . ,.

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    3.12Altman.3.7.

    3. , .

    3.1. (bits),,. , . . :

    (collectionscale). , . , .,. , .,,,,

    (collectionmanner). , , , . , . , . , , .

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    , ,

    (data types). . ( ), . ,,,,, . , ( ), (, , ). , ,

    (collection motivation). , . , . ., . , ,,

    (dataaccessibility). . . , , ( ) ., . , ,.,,

    3.8(, , ) ( ).

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    .3.13;;3.14 . , .3.15 ( ).;

    3.2. . (PrivacyEnhancingTechnologiesPETs)., . (transparency tools) (opacity tools). . ,.3.9().10.3.10 () . 10.3.16Paws.2030.3.17Confab.2030.

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    3.11RFID;;;3.12.5.3.18 .3.13RFID;5.3.14 RFID.2030.3.19 ActiveBadge.2030.3.15.10.3.20 .3.16.

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    4.

    ; ;,., ,,.

    4.1. ( )

    , , . : ! .

    4.2. ( )

    ,, .,;Hong Landay :

    , ,

    ,,

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    4.3. ( )

    , ,,.3.21 (Interaction Design); .3.22510(valuesensitivedesign).3.23 1015 (threat/attackermodel).3.24 1015 (riskmodel).3.17.

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    7AlexanderVarshavsky,ShwetakPatel

    .

    :

    , , , , , , , , , , , , , GPS, , Ubisense,Radar,

    1. (locationtechnologies) . . (location aware applications) .

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    . ,,,.,:

    (absolute) ,.

    (relative) .

    (symbolic) , ,

    ,, , . , ,, . , ., ., . , .

    2. .

    2.1. , ,. . ,. , . ,

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    . !(.. ). , ( ).,(..,,).

    2.2. :

    (clientbased), .GPS.

    (networkbased),.ActiveBadge.

    (networkassisted), . GPS,GPS.

    7.1 .

    2.3. :

    (proximity)..,., . ,, , . , .

    (trilateration). . ., (2D) .

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    (timeofflight) (signal attenuation). . .

    (hyperbolic lateration). . .

    (triangulation)..,.

    (RFfingerprinting).: . , . . , , ., .

    (deadreckoning).,,, . , . .

    7.1 .15.7.2 .: , ,(..).

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    7.2.7.3.

    2.4. , :

    . .

    . .

    . .

    . , , (multipatheffect).

    . .

    . ,.

    3. ,,,..7.4..

    3.1. (Global Positioning System GPS) .

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    10,,,GPS.,GPS. 24 , .,,, . .GPS.

    3.2. . (active badge), ( 1015) . , , . 6. , .

    3.3. ActiveBat , , . , ..

    3.4. (tags)(crickets).,,.,.,.,. , , , ,.

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    3.5. Ubisense,(ultrawideband UWB) ( 15 ). UbiTags. . ,.

    3.6. Radar802.11WiFi ( RSSI) (access point AP) ().. . ,,.

    3.7. PlaceLab PlaceLab Intel , Notebooks, PDAs .802.11, APs, GSM Bluetooth, .,,,, .

    3.8. ( ) ()(PowerLinePositioningPLP). 1000 , 3001600 KHz . . , , . , .

    3.9. ,..

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    3.10. Airbus . ,HVAC(heating,ventilation,airconditioning) . HVAC. .,.HVAC,,. .

    3.11. . (.. ,CCTVs,). , .7.3 .15.7.4 : , ,.7.5,.7.6 ,;7.7 , .

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    7.8:.(.317)

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    9 JohnKrumm

    .

    :

    Kalman Markov

    ,,,Kalman,, Markov, , , ,,,

    1. ,. , (Global Positioning System GPS) . , . ,

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    ( ) ( , GPS ,,). . .,,KalmanMarkov. , . . , . , ,, , . . . .

    2. (x,y)(x,y)1sec.9.1()()1m.. , GPS. 1000,,. , Gaussian0.3m.,10 (outliers) ,Gaussian 15m. O Gaussian (probabilitydensityfunction,PDF)(normaldistribution),Gaussian.

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    3. (mean average) . , x n z n. z,x. . : , . :.:. (median), .,xnz. .,,,.

    4. Kalman Kalman . ( Gaussian) . Kalman.x,,.,Kalman . , zx.() ( , ).,H,.,Kalman . , x i x i1Gaussian0..

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    Kalman.Kalman. . .Kalman . , . . .. .,., Kalman , .,Kalman.. Kalman . Kalman , . ,.

    5. Kalman. , . ,Gaussian.., . ..

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    , . , Kalman, x z. p(z|x),x z. Kalman. , p(xi|xi1), xixi1, . , p(x0) ,. . , , , . , . . .

    6. MarkovMarkov(KMM),Kalman,. , z X. . , z. j k . 1.,(0).,.9.1 . , , , ,.

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    9.2,.9.1.1.

    7. ..,...9.3 ..9.2 ; ; ;9.4;

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