γλώσσες
Σελίδες
Νομικός
. B.
:
, 2004
. B.
:
6 2004
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, 2004
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Copyright / . , / . , 2004 . All rights reserved.
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Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IrDA, Dect 10.
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AUTOCAD 2004
, , , , Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, IrDA,
DECT, X10, AUTOCAD, , , ,
Summary
The scope of this thesis was the creation of wireless networks in cases where these
concern an area with smart capabilities. This was achieved with the help of modern
technology and specifically with the choice of mechanisms of (mainly wireless, but also
wired in some cases) aiming at the comfort, safety and quality of life of residents.
In particular, a variety of technologies were studied that use the mechanisms of smart
places/home, such as Bluetooth, Wi - Fi, IrDA, DECT, X10 etc technologies. There was
an effort to understand the operation of the above technologies in order to use certain
mechanisms that are based on them.
In a way of a more practical interest, the ground plan of building (and in specific a
hospital) was selected and a complete study and design of its network was made via smart
equipment so that this meets the needs of each place. Emphasis was given in dealing with
disabled persons and in their accommodation via this equipment.
In the end of the study all of the above equipment was presented in the ground plan of the
building with the help of AUTOCAD drawing program.
Keywords
Wireless Networks, Smart Houses, Technologies, Equipment, Bluetooth, Wi - Fi, IrDA,
DECT, X 10, AUTOCAD, Hospital, Medicine, Ground plan, Disabled
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........................................................................................................... 21 1 ......................................................................................................... 23 23
1.1 ; ..................................................................... 24 1.2 .................................................................................................................................. 24
1.3 ................................................................... 24 1.4 ......................................................................... 25 1.5 ................................................... 25
....................................................................................................... 25 .................................................................................................. 26 ............................................................................................ 27
2 ......................................................................................................... 28 ............................................................................................................ 28
2.1 .................................................... 29 ........................................................................................................... 29 2.1.1 HellasCom .............................................................................................. 29
- .................................................................................. 29 - ..................................................................................... 32
2.1.2 ................................................................................ 32
2.2 ................................................ 33 ........................................................................................................... 33 2.2.1 ...................................................................................................... 33 2.2.2 ................................................................................................ 34 2.2.3 ................................................................................. 36
3 ......................................................................................................... 38 ..................................... 38
3.1 39 3.1.1 ............................................. 39 3.1.2 ............................................................................ 39 3.1.3 ............................................................................................... 40 3.1.4 ....................................................................... 40 3.1.5 .................................................................... 41
10
3.2 ....................................................................... 43 3.2.1 .................................................................. 43 3.2.2 WLAN .............................................................................. 44
3.2.2.1 HIPERLAN .......................................................................................... 44
3.2.2.2 IEEE 802.11 ......................................................................................... 45
3.2.2.3 Bluetooth .............................................................................................. 45
3.3 Bluetooth .......................................................................... 46 3.3.1.................................................................................................. 46
.......................................................................................... 46 .................................................................................................... 47 SIG ............................................................................................... 47 .................................................................................................... 48 .................................................................................................... 49 ............................................................................................. 49
3.3.2 Bluetooth .............................................................. 50 ............................................................................................ 51 ..................................................................................... 52
3.3.3 .............................................................................. 52 3.3.4 Bluetooth ...................................................................... 53 3.3.5 Hardware Bluetooth ......................................... 56 3.3.6 Bluetooth ..................................... 57 3.3.7 T Bluetooth ................................................................. 58
3.4 Wi-Fi ................................................................................... 60 3.4.1 ................................................................................................ 60 3.4.2 ......................................................................... 61 3.4.3 ............................................................................. 64 3.4.4 802.11.................................................................... 65 3.4.5 IEEE 802.11 ........ 66
IEEE 802.11 ..................................................................................................... 66
IEEE 802.11a ................................................................................................... 66
IEEE 802.11c ................................................................................................... 67
IEEE 802.11d ................................................................................................... 67
IEEE 802.11e ................................................................................................... 67
IEEE 802.11f .................................................................................................... 67
IEEE 802.11g ................................................................................................... 67
IEEE 802.11h ................................................................................................... 67
IEEE 802.11i .................................................................................................... 67
3.4.6 802.11 .............................................................. 68 ...................................................................................................... 68 .......................................................................................................... 68 ........................................................................................... 69 .................................................................................... 69 ................................................................ 69 ......................................................................................... 69 Roaming ........................................................................................................... 70
11
......................................................................................................... 71
3.4.7 802.11 ....................................................................... 72 3.4.7.1 ............................................................................. 72 3.4.7.2 ........................................................ 74
3.5 IrDA- ....................................................... 77 3.5.1 ................................................................................................ 77 3.5.2 IrDA ................................................................ 77 3.5.3 IrDA ..................................................... 78 3.5.4 ................................................................. 78 3.5.5 IrDA .................................................................. 80 3.5.6 IrDA ..................... 80
IrDA ........................................................................ 81 IrDA ............................................ 81
3.5.7 ...................................................................... 82 3.5.8 IrDA ......... 82
2400bps 115.200bps ........................................................... 83 115.200bps ................................................................ 83 4Mbps (4) ............................................................................... 83
3.5.9 IrDA .......................................... 83 3.5.10 -Ir Link Access Protocol (IrLAP) ............................................................................... 84
3.5.11 rDA ............................................ 84 3.5.12 rDA ...................................................... 85 3.5.13 (Sniffing Device) ............................................................................................................... 85
........................................................................................... 86 ............................................................................... 86 IrLAP ............................................................................................ 86 IrLMP-Link Management Protocol ................................................................. 88
3.5.14 IrLMP ................................................................................ 89 3.5.15 IrLMP ............................................................................... 89
..................................................................... 90
3.5.16 ............................................................. 91 PDA .................................................................................................................. 91
IR Modem ........................................................................................................ 91
........................................................................................................ 91
3.6 DECT ................................................................................ 92 3.6.1 ................................................................................................ 92
.......................................................................................... 92
3.6.2 - DECT ................ 93 3.6.3 ...................................................................................... 96 3.6.4 DECT ..................................................................... 96 3.6.5 .......................................... 102 3.6.6 DECT GSM ...................................... 103
12
3.7 10 ........................................................................... 104 3.7.1................................................................................................ 104 3.7.2 10........................................................................ 104 3.7.3 10 .......................................................... 105
4 ....................................................................................................... 108 & ................................................................................................... 108
4.1 .............. 109 ......................................................................................................... 109 4.1.1 ............................................................................... 110 4.1.2 ................................................................................ 112 4.1.3 ................................................................. 114 4.1.4 .............................................................. 115 4.1.5 ................................................................... 116
4.2 ............................................ 117 ......................................................................................................... 117 4.2.1 ......................................................... 117
4.2.1.1 ..................................................................... 118 4.2.1.2 ................................................................................. 119 4.2.1.3 (, , ) ...... 120 4.2.1.4 .............................................. 123 4.2.1.5 ........................................................................ 124 4.2.1.6 ................................................................................. 124 4.2.1.7 (Monitoring) ......................................... 127 4.2.1.8 & .................................................................. 128 4.2.1.9 ......................................................................... 128 4.2.1.10 ........................................................................................................ 128 4.2.1.11 ............................................................ 129 4.2.1.12 ................................................. 129
5 ....................................................................................................... 130 .................................................................................................................................... 130
......................................................................................................... 131
5.1 ......................................... 131 5.1.1 ................................................................................................. 131
E ............................................................... 131 A ............................................................. 131 ......................................................................................................... 132 ..................................................................................... 132 ......................................................................... 133 WC ................................................................................................................. 133
WC (): ................................................................................................. 134
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.................................................................................... 134
5.1.2 ................................................................................................... 134 .......................................................................................... 134 ......................................................................................................... 135 ......................................................................................................... 135 ................................................................................................. 136 ..................................................................................... 136 WC ................................................................................................................. 137
WC (): ................................................................................................. 137 & ............................................................ 137 ...................................................................................... 138 ......................................................................................... 138 ........................................................................... 139 ..................................................................................... 140 ...................................................................................... 140 / ................................................................................ 141
5.1.3 .................................................................................. 141 .......................................................................................... 141 ......................................................................................................... 141 ....................................................................... 142 ................................................................................... 142 WC ................................................................................................................. 143
WC () .................................................................................................. 143 ................................................................................... 144 .................................................. 144 / ............................................................................... 145
5.1.4. ............................................................................... 145 .......................................................................................... 145 : ........................................................................................................ 145 ......................................................................................................... 146 ................................................................................................. 146 : ............................................................................................... 147 ............................................................................................. 148 ...................................................................................... 148 .............................................................. 148 WC ................................................................................................................. 149
WC () .................................................................................................. 149
5.1.5 .................................................................................... 150 .......................................................................................... 150 ...................................................................................................... 150 .................................................................................... 150 WC ................................................................................................................. 151
WC () .................................................................................................. 151 ..................................................................................................... 151 ....................................................................................................... 151 / ................................................................................ 151
5.2 ......................... 152 ......................................................................................................... 152
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5.2.1 ................................................................. 152 ............................................................................ 152 ................................................................................ 152 .................................................................................... 153
5.2.2 .......................................................... 154 ................................................ 154 ................................................................................. 154 ................................................................................................ 154 ................................................................................................ 155 ....................................................................... 155 .................................................................................... 155
5.2.3 ........................................... 156 ................................................................................................ 156
5.2.4 .............................................. 157 ........................................................ 157 ............................................................................................ 157 ..................................................................................... 158 ................................................................ 158
5.2.5 ....................................................................... 159 ........................................................................... 159
5.2.6 ......................................................... 160 ................................................................... 160 (VoIP) ................................................ 161 ........................................ 165
5.2.7 ............................................... 167 DSL modem- - ................................................. 167 Access Points ( ) ............................................................... 169 (diversity) 5.2 dBi ... 170 6dBi ........................................................... 171 ......................................................................................................... 172 -Ethernet ............................................... 172 ( ) ................................... 173 USB ....................................................................................... 174 ( PDA) ........................................................... 175 ( ) ................................... 175 ..................................................................................... 176 Bluetooth .......................................................................... 177 Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) ............................................................... 178
Tablet PCs ...................................................................................................... 178
luetooth PC-card .......................................................................................... 179 ..................................................................... 179 Dongle USB ................................................................................................... 179
RS232 dongle ................................................................................................. 180
( Bluetooth) ..... 180 .............................. 186 laser ................................................................................................. 187 ......................................... 187
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5.2.8 (Monitoring) ...... 189 ............................................................................ 189 Switcher ( ) .............................................. 190 ......................................................................................... 191 ................................................................ 192
5.2.9 & ....................................... 193 ................................................................................................. 193 ............................................................................................. 193
5.2.10 ........................ 194 5.2.11 ................................ 196 5.2.12 ............................................. 197
................................................................................................... 199 ................................................................................. 201
6 ....................................................................................................... 202 ..... 202
6.1 .................................................................................................. 203 6.2 ........................................ 203 6.3 ............... 204 6.4 ............. 205 6.5 Bluetooth .............................................................................. 206 6.6 ..... 207
7 ....................................................................................................... 208 , & Wi-Fi ............................... 208
7.1 ................................................................................................................. 209
7.1.1 .................................................. 209 7.1.2 .................................................... 210 7.1.3 ................................................................................................ 210 7.1.4 ......................................................................... 211
7.2 Wi-Fi ................................................. 213 ......................................................................................................... 213 7.2.1 802.11b: ...... 214 7.2.2 : ............................................................................. 215 7.2.3 ......................................... 215
7.2.3.1 WLAN .......................................................... 216 7.2.3.2 WLAN ............ 218 7.2.3.3 WLAN ............................. 218 7.2.3.4 WLAN ............... 219
16
7.2.4 ................................................................................ 220
7.3 ...................................................................... 222 7.2.6.1 .......................................... 223 7.2.6.2 ................................................... 225
7.4 .................................................................. 226 7.5 Wi-Fi ................................................................... 228
............................................................................................... 229
............................................................................................... 230
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3.1.1 ............................................ 39 3.1.2 ..................................................................... 39 3.1.3 ....................................................... 40 3.1.4 41 3.2.1 802.11 ............................................................ 45 3.3.1 () Piconet Slave,(b)Piconet
Slave,(c) Scatternet .............. 53 3.3.2 hardware Bluetooth .................................................. 57 3.3.3 Bluetooth ............................................... 58 3.3.4 Bluetooth ..................................... 59 3.4.1 ............................................................... 60 3.4.2 ad-hoc .......................................................................................... 61 3.4.3 Hardware Access Point ........................................................................... 62 3.4.4 Software Access Point ............................................................................. 62 3.4.5 Access Points ........................................................ 63 3.4.6 Access Points 2 .................... 64 3.4.7 Access Points
................................................................................................................... 64 3.4.8. Roaming access point .......................................................... 71 3.5.1 IrDA .............................................................................. 78 3.5.2 ..... 80 3.5.3 ........................................................................ 80 3.5.4 ..................................................... 81 3.5.5 ........................... 82 3.5.6 IrLAP .................................................................................... 87 3.5.7 IrLAP .................................................................................... 88 3.5.8 IrLMP ................................................................... 90 3.6.2 DECT ..................................................... 95 3.6.2
DECT ................................................................................................................... 97
3.6.3 DECT ................................................................. 98
3.6.4 ntracell ................................................................................. 99 3.6.5 ntercell ................................................................................. 99 3.7.1 10, 1 ......................................................... 106 3.7.2 10, 2 .......................................................... 106 3.7.3 10, 3 ......................................................... 106 4.2.1 ....................................................................... 129 5.2.1 .................................................................... 152 5.2.2 ....................................................................... 153 5.2.3 ............................................................................ 153 5.2.4 .......................................................................... 154 5.2.5 ....................................................................................... 155 5.2.6 ........................................................................................ 155 5.2.7 .............................................................. 155
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5.2.8 ........................................................................... 156 5.2.9 ................... 156 5.2.10 ............................................. 157 5.2.11 ............... 158 5.2.12 ........................................................................... 158 5.2.13 ............................................................................ 159 5.2.14 ................................................................ 159 5.2.15 ............................................................ 160 5.2.16 .............. 163 5.2.17 ............................. 163 5.2.18 ........................................................ 165 5.2.19 odem . router, switch ....................................................................... 167 5.2.20 Access point ........................................................................................ 169 5.2.21 5.2 dBi ............................ 170 5.2.22 5.2dBi .......................... 170 5.2.23 6dBi ................................................ 171 5.2.24 ....................................................... 171 5.2.25 ................................................... 171 5.2.26 ..................................... 172 5.2.27 PCI Card .............................................................................................. 173 5.2.28 USB ............................................................................. 174 5.2.29 PDA ................................................... 175 5.2.30 ( ........................... 176 5.2.31 ........................................................................... 177 5.2.32 Bluetooth ................................. 177 5.2.33 Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)..................................................... 178 5.2.34 Tablet PCs ........................................................................................... 179 5.2.35 luetooth PC-card ............................................................................... 179 5.2.36 .......................................................... 179 5.2.37 Dongle USB ........................................................................................ 180 5.2.38 RS232 dongle ...................................................................................... 180 5.2.39 Bluetooth ... 181 5.2.40 .............................................................. 184 5.2.41 ................... 186 5.2.42 laser Bluetooth ......................................... 187 5.2.43 .............................. 188 5.2.44 ................................................................. 189 5.2.45 Switcher ...................................... 190 5.2.46 ............................................................................... 191 5.2.47 ............................... 193 5.2.48 ...................................................................................... 193 5.2.49 ............................................................... 194 5.2.50 (.. ) ........ 194 5.2.51 ..................................................... 196 5.2.52 , ,
. .......................................................... 197 5.2.53 ......................................................................................... 199 5.2.54 ................ 200 5.2.55 .............................................. 200
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5.2.56 ................................................................. 201 7.1.1 ............................................................. 210 7.2.1 WLAN ............................................. 217 7.2.2 WLAN ................................ 219 7.2.3 ........................................... 220 7.2.4 .................................................... 221 7.4.1
(switch) LAN/WAN Modem/ . ............... 227
20
3.6.1 DECT .................................................. 101 4.1.1 ............................................................... 111 4.1.2 ................................................................ 113 4.1.3 .................................................... 114 4.1.4 .................................................. 115 4.1.5 ...................................................... 116 5.2.1 DSL modem- -
......................................................................................................... 168 5.2.2 , 5.2
dBi ...................................................................................................................... 171
5.2.3 6dBi .... 172 5.2.4 ..................................... 173 5.2.5
............................................................................................... 182 5.2.6 . 183 5.2.7
.............................................................................................................. 184 5.2.8 ............................................... 185 5.2.9 .. 185 5.2.10
...................................................................................................... 189 5.2.11 Switcher (
......................................................................................................... 191 5.2.12 .......................... 192 7.1.1 .......... 212 7.2.1 ......... 224 7.2.2
.................................. 225 7.2.3
........................................... 226
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LM Link
Manager Protocol (LMP)
3
57
3.3.2 hardware Bluetooth
3.3.6 Bluetooth
Bluetooth
.
, Bluetooth
Host Controller Interface (HCI).
Bluetooth host,
, Bluetooth.
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP),
RFCOMM ( ) Telephony Control
protocol (TCS) (baseband)
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP).
L2CAP
Bluetooth.
To SDP
, ,
.
3
58
Ericsson Technology Licensing
(software stack) HCI Driver,
L2CAP, RFCOMM SDP, GAP, SDAP, and SPP (Generic
Access Profile, Service Discovery Application Profile, Serial Port Profile)
.
3.3.3 Bluetooth
3.3.7 T Bluetooth
Bluetooth
,
.
,
.
,
3
59
. Bluetooth
.
(.. ),
. ,
,
,
, .
,
. To Bluetooth
, .
3.3.4 Bluetooth
3
60
3.4 Wi-Fi
3.4.1
,
. ,
, internet.
, /
, /.
.
,
: (
GSM, GPRS), .
, .
3.4.1
3
61
3.4.2
(.. 802.11) .
Ad-hoc peer-to-peer
/, (interface) . /
' ,
. /
/ bridge
(bridging).
3.4.2 ad-hoc
access point base station. '
access point hub,
. access point
/, /
, file servers & Internet
access point:
hardware access point (HAP),
3
62
3.4.3 Hardware Access Point
software access points /
.
3.4.4 Software Access Point
access point 2 .
. access points 10 /,
, ( ), 100 .
/
.
3
63
O access points .
access point
/ . access points
' ,
access point ( 5).
2 access points . 6
7
.
access points
, file servers .
3.4.5 Access Points
3
64
3.4.6 Access Points 2
3.4.7 Access Points
3.4.3
3
65
802.3 Ethernet
802.5 Token Ring
802.3z Ethernet 100Base-T Fast Ethernet
Bluetooth
HomeRF
IEEE 802.11
,
. Bluetooth HomeRF
, 802.11
.
3.4.4 802.11
.
802.11, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE)
802.11
, WLAN .
OSI, (PHY, Physical Layer)
(MAC, Medium Access Control).
.
,
802.11
3
66
Ethernet.
.
3.4.5 IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11
1997 IEEE , .
1 2 Mbps.
, connectionless .
FHSS (Frequency
Hopping Spread Spectrum) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
915MHz , 2.4GHz , 5.2GHz 850nm
900nm.
,
.
IEEE 802.11a
OFDM 6 54 Mbps , 5.7GHz. OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing)
.
IEEE 802.11b
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity),
1999.
802.11 ,
5.5Mbps 11Mbps DSSS.
2,4GHz.
.
3
67
, .
802.11b 802.11 ,
.
IEEE 802.11c
(bridging) 802.11
IEEE 802.11d
(
).
IEEE 802.11e
QoS (Quality of Service) MAC (EDCF, Enhanced DCF
HCF, Hybrid Coordination Function).
IEEE 802.11f
IAPP, Inter Access Point Protocol.
IEEE 802.11g
802.11b .
IEEE 802.11h
802.11a (DCS, Dynamic Channel Selection TPC,
Transmit Power Control).
IEEE 802.11i
MAC .
3
68
3.4.6 802.11
2.4GHz . '
.
LAN 2.4GHz
.
. ( )
.
( ,
, ,
.).
.
.
.
,
.
.
access points.
3
69
, ,
,
, , , ,
.
.
(, , , )
, .
.
.
.
WLAN
.
.
:
)
FHSS
DSSS.
)
3
70
802.11a 5.7GHz
802.11b/g 2.4GHz.
)
.
chipsets Texas Instruments
22Mbps.
.
Wi-fi .
,
.
, 1999 WECA ,
Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance.
,
WLAN, ,
. 3Com, Aironet, Apple,
Breezecom, Cabletron, Compaq, Dell, Fujitsu, IBM, Intersil, Lucent Technologies,
No Wires Needed, Nokia, Samsung, Symbol Technologies, Wayport, Zoom.
IEEE 802.b .
, Wi-Fi .
.
Roaming
/
access point, .
access point
.
3
71
3.4.8. Roaming access point
.
802.11 (
) .
,
. 802.11
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), ,
. ,
, WEP
.
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
..
access point ()
SSID (Service Set Identifier). K SSID
. .
, MAC (Access Control List)
MAC
. ,
.
3
72
3.4.7 802.11
802.11 ,
. ,
,
. MAC
:.
(SS, Station Service)
Authentication
Deauthenticaton
Privacy
Data Delivery
Y (DSS, Distribution System Service)
. DS ( Distribution System)
( )
.
Association
Disassociation
Distribution
Integration
Reassociation
3.4.7.1
Authentication
3
73
WLAN.
LAN.
.
WLAN. 802.11
.
authentication
Open system authentication
' , .
.
.
Shared key authentication
,
802.11 .
.
WEP, Wired Equivalent Privacy.
De-authentication
.
. -
.
AP.
Privacy
40-bit. . RC4 PRNG
3
74
RSA Data Security.
AP ,
. AP,
AP
,
Data Delivery
IEEE 802.
MAC
MAC , .
.
, .
3.4.7.2
Association
AP. AP,
AP DS.
DS .
. AP AP
.
Disassociation
AP AP
DS. ,
AP. AP
, AP
3
75
.
AP,
AP .
.
..
Re-association
AP.
AP .
,
AP
.
AP , AP
.
.
Distribution
802.11 .
MAC
DS. DS
.
AP .
Integration
802.11 WLAN LANs
. AP,
.
802.11
.
3
76
( )
:
Mobility
AP,
AP , .
2(MAC), AP ,
3(), .
. ,
AP AP. WECA (Wireless
Ethernet Compatibility Alliance) IEEE
.
, Mobile
IP RFC2002. AP, "home
agent". , AP
"home agent".
AP , IP
.
,
.
DHCP ,
.
3
77
3.5 IrDA-
3.5.1
, Infrared Data
Association (IrDA)
. ,
,
. IrDA,
,
, IrDA,
.
Infrared Data Association (IrDA),
150 :
, , -- (point-to-point)
. ,
. ,
IrDA, ISO.
3.5.2 IrDA
. ,
.
, ,
. IrDA ,
.
IrDA.
3
78
3.5.1 IrDA
3.5.3 IrDA
IrDA,
:
(Physical Layer): ,
, .
IrLAP: Link Access Protocol. .
IrLMP: Link Management Protocol.
LAP.
IAS: Information Access Service.
.
3.5.4
.
.
:
TinyTP: Tiny Transport Protocol. , ,
.
.
3
79
IrOBEX: T Object Exchange protocol.
.
IrCOMM: . .
IR .
IrLAN: (Local Area Network
access). , , IR LAN
.
,
.
3
80
3.5.2
3.5.5 IrDA
IrDA,
. ,
IrLAP.
, . ,
bits [1],
[3]. [2] [3].
3.5.3
,
. :
, , , format.
3.5.6 IrDA
. ,
3
81
.
, .
IrDA
IrDA, ,
. ,
20-30 . ,
10
.
IrDA
,
.
15 30 .
. 15 .
3.5.4
3
82
3.5.5
3.5.7
IrDA
.
10-
.
3.5.8 IrDA
IrDA,
: 2400bps 115.200bps, 1.152Mbps 4Mbps.
9600bps,
.
.
.
.
3
83
2400bps 115.200bps
( 2400bps
115.200bps)
, CRC
.
.
115.200bps
115.200bps, , o
CRC
. 1.152Mbps
.
, CRC
.
.
4Mbps (4)
1.152Mbps, , o CRC
. (Pulse Position
Modulation), .
3.5.9 IrDA
background light
.
. .
1. : 3 V/m
2. : 10 kilolux
3
84
3. : 1000 lux
4. : 1000 lux
Bit (Bit Error
Ratio-BER), o
bit. BER
10-8.
3.5.10 -Ir Link
Access Protocol (IrLAP)
O IrLAP IrDA
. IrLAP
,
. IrLAP,
.
IrLAP: (master)
(slave). To master
. , master
.
3.5.11 rDA
: ,
.
.
. ,
.
3
85
3.5.12 rDA
.
.
.
.
.
3.5.13 (Sniffing
Device)
1.
.
.
2.
(XID) ,
. XID
slave.
3.
. ,
.
4. ,
( 2-3 sec)
. ,
.
3
86
IrLAP ,
. : ( Normal Disconnect
Mode-NMD) (Normal Response Mode).
O D
. ,
500 msec.
,
.
NRM .
, ,
frames
.
.
,
IrLAP.
. IrLAP 32-bit .
.
IrLAP
, IrLAP
. ,
:
1. :
.
3
87
2. : IrLAP
.
3. : IrLAP
4. : IrLAP
.
.
Frame
Frame
3.5.6 IrLAP
IrLAP
IrLAP
3
88
3.5.7 IrLAP
IrLMP-Link Management Protocol
IrLMP
IrLAP. IrLMP
IrDA, :
: LMP (clients)
IrLAP .
, :
IrLAP.
IrLAP
(Information Access Service IAS).
.
3
89
3.5.14 IrLMP
IrLMP IrL ,
.
LSAP (Logical Service Access Point):
IrLMP ( ).
LSAP-SEL (LSAP Selector): byte
LSAP.
LMP . byte 0x00 IAS,
0x01 0x06F LMP , 0x70
, .
LSAP-SEL ,
TCP/IP. ,
.
3.5.15 IrLMP
IrLMP.
, (
IrDA Lite) .
:
IR.
:
LMP.
: .
: LMP .
3
90
IrLMP 2 bytes
:
3.5.8 IrLMP
:
C:
r: reserved
DLSAP-SEL: LSAP-SEL (service address):
SLSAP-SEL: LSAP-SEL
. .
IrTran-P,
Tiny TP
IrCOMM. IrLMP , .
IrLAP,
Primary Capability.
.
3
91
3.5.16
. Tiny TP
IrLMP
PDA
: Palm OS Palm, EPOC
Symbian Windows CE Microsoft.
IrDA (stack)
host PC link.
IR Modem
IrCOMM TinyTP
IrLMP.
de facto IrLPT.
IrTran-P, IrCOMM
TinyTP.
3
92
3.6 DECT
3.6.1
,
.
DECT,
(Digital European Cordless Telecommunications). To European ,
, Enhanced.
(CTO)
, . telephone-by-the-pool,
.
1980,
.
, . 1985-1990
. , ,
, .
, (
, ),
(eavesdropping),
.
To 1986 - -
. CT1 (Cordless
Telephone 1), , , ,
.
.
.
3
93
, .
CT1 .
1989 ,
, ,
.
, ,
CT2, DECT CT3. To
CT2 ,
DECT. 864,150
868,050z 40 100kHz.
,
.
CT2 ,
,
telepoints ( ).
telepoints . ,
,
, .
. 1991,
,
,
, ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
,
DECT.
3.6.2 - DECT
DECT
,
, ,
3
94
(
, )
. , ,
DECT
.
To DECT
, (cellular)
(, picocells).
, .
. , ,
WLL (Wireless Local Loop applications),
(last mile of the line).
DECT ISDN GSM,
(PABX),
(CTM), (LAN)
, , , , Internet, .25
. 1
DECT.
GSM, DECT
, .
( MHz km2
,) ( MHz
km2), .
, ,
, , .
10.000 km2 , 1000
km2 .
3
95
3.6.2 DECT
3
96
3.6.3
(Wireless Local Loop, WLL)
(PSTN),
, , ,
.
,
.
WLL. .
To DECT WLL.
DECT/GSM
.
, ,
2005, 200 . 2003,
50% , ,
2006 15%
WLL .
1998 32% WLL, ,
DECT. 75%.
,
.
3.6.4 DECT
DECT
, (Time Division
Duplex, TDD) (Time Division Multiple
Access, TDMA). ,
. DECT
(DECT physical layer) (),
3
97
1880 1900MHz, 1728kHz. TDD/TDMA
(time-slots)
. (carrier)
12 12 ,
(frame). 10
(msec) (sub-frames)
5 msec 5 msec ( 2).
12 416,67
(sec) 480bits.
, (bit-rate) 480bit /
416,67sec = 1152kbps (kilobits / sec) ( 3).
3.6.2 DECT
3
98
3.6.3
DECT
.
. DECT 12
(Tx/Rx channels), /
10 .
,
. 10
( )
(dynamic channel
allocation).
DECT, (Portable Parts)
- -
- (intracell
4) (intercell
3
99
5). -
.
(Fixed Part) -
.
3.6.4 ntracell
3.6.5 ntercell
DECT
Gauss (Gaussian-shaped Frequency Shift Keying, GFSK).
, :
,
,
3
100
,
,
.
Gauss
.
.
+288kHz
1, -288kHz 0. GFSK
GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift
Keying), GSM. GFSK
(bit rate)
1152kbps, 270,8kbps
GSM.
,
(multiple path, fading).
, .
, ' bitrate. To
DECT . ,
, ,
.
ADPCM (speech codec)
(ADPCM,
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation).
32kbps.
.
1881,792 MHz 01 1883,520 MHz 02
3
101
(, number of carriers)
1885,248 MHz 03 1886,976 MHz 04 1888,704 MHz 05 1890,456 MHz 06 1892,342 MHz 07 1893,561 MHz 08 1895,888 MHz 09 1897,616 MHz 10
(frames per carrier)
1
10msec
(time slots/frame)
24
2 ( )
/
12/12
(frequency deviation)
288KHz
1734KHz
(bit rate)
1152Kbps
TDMA/TD0
GPSK,BT-0,5 (Gaussian)
+/- 50 KHz
12
(speech codec)
32Kbps(ADPCM)
250mw (24dbm)
3.6.1 DECT
DECT
.
, . ,
, .
, , , ,
. ETSI
- (Non-Disclosure
Agreement). , , ,
,
3
102
.
, , , ,
,
.
(cipher machine) DECT,
burst mode controller.
.
A (40bits) -,
. (40bits) -
. , , DECT
.
.
, ,
DECT, ,
.
3.6.5
DECT
DECT
. DECT
(profiles).
:
- DECT
.
- ( 2 Mbs)
"" - DECT .
(dual-mode) DECT
GSM DECT DCS1800 ( triple-mode ).
3
103
DECT
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services),
.
ISDN
(broadband) ISDN.
3.6.6 DECT GSM
DECT , GSM.
( )
, ,
GSM. DECT GS ,
. , ,
, ,
, ,
, 2004.
,
.
, ,
. , ,
DC
GS , (dual mode DC/GS),
. , marketing
(.. SMS) . ,
DECT,
GSM DECT
3
.
3
104
, ,
DECT GSM.
3.7 10
3.7.1
-10
, ,
, . 220-230V .
.
,
. X-10
.
X-10
,
,
.
. ,
.
3.7.2 10
( )
220V.
X10 ( )
220V . ,
. 256
.
, .
3
105
X10 3 :
(2 X10)
.
ON, OFF, DIM ( ), BRIGHT
(), OPEN, CLOSE .
/ IR RF ,
, , .
ON, OFF, DIM, BRIGHT, OPEN, CLOSE
, , .
,
, ,
, , , , .
3.7.3 10
:
/
.
220V.
3
106
3.7.1 10, 1
(house code dials) (unit code dials)
. 256
"" .
3.7.2 10, 2
220V.
3.7.3 10, 3
.
3
107
/ .
/ ,
X10 .
, , ,
, .
.
X10 .
4 &
108
4
&
4 &
109
4.1
,
.
.
.
AUTOCAD 2004.
, .
.
:
-1.
( ,
)
( , .)
0.
( , , )
1.
4 &
110
( ,
)
2.
( )
( )
3.
( , )
4.1.1
.
, :
, ,
.
. ,
.
,
.
.
4 &
111
, ,
.
. :
.0 E
.1, .3, .6, .7, .8 A
.9
.10, .11, .12, .13, .14
.15
.2,Y.4, .5, .15, .15 WC
Y.16
Y.A
.
4.1.1
4 &
112
4.1.2
. ,
.
, :
I.0
I.1
I.2
I.3
I.4
I.5, .12, .18, .20, .31 WC
I.6 &
I.7, .8
I.10, I.12, I.13, I.14
I.15, I.16, I.17, I.19, I.21, I.23, I.24, I.25,
I.26, I.27, I.28
I.29
4 &
113
.30
.9, .22
4.1.2
.
. ,
. ,
.
.
4 &
114
4.1.3
.
,
.
, . ,
. :
1.0
1.1
1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8
1.10, 1.11, 1.13, 1.14
1.5, 1.12, 1.18, 1.20, 1.24, 1.31 WC
1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.30, 1.31
1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.19, 1.21
1.9, 1.22 /
4.1.3
.
4 &
115
4.1.4
,
. ,
:
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4, 2.7, 2.8
2.9, 2.22
2.10, 2.11, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17,
2.19, 2.21, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28
2.5, 2.12, 2.18, 2.20, 2.31 WC
2.29
4.1.4
4 &
116
4.1.5
.
.
:
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3, 3.5, 3.8 WC
3.4
3.6, 3.7, 3.9, 3.10
3.11
4.1.5
4 &
117
4.2
.
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
.
. , ,
.
4.2.1
, :
4 &
118
, ,
.
. :
4.2.1.1
,
,
.
,
(.. )
.
,
.
.
. . ,
.
.
.
4 &
119
.
.
:
,
,
.
,
.
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.
.
,
, , .
, .
:
1.
4 &
120
2.
,
3.
4.
,
..
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
(springlers), ...
,
.
, , .
4.2.1.3 (, , )
,
,
, .... , ,
,
4 &
121
, . ,
/
.
;
, ,
.
( ,
,
),
. ,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
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,
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,
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, , o
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.
.
, .
, ,
.
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,
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.
:
.
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),
.
,
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4 &
123
.
, .
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.
.
.
.
,
( ,
)
.
,
.
4 &
124
..
.
.
.
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.
.
, (dimming) .
,
.
.
.
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.
.
DECT.
DECT ,
.
4 &
125
.
. , ,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
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,
.
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.
,
(smart cards)
, , , ,
.
4 &
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.
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.
( EDMIS).
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( , ).
,
.
.
4 &
127
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
( ).
EUROCARDS
.
.
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. , :
:
.
.
:
4 &
128
.
.
: ,
,
.
4.2.1.8 &
.
4.2.1.9
.
, ,
(, ).
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
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,
,
4 &
129
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.
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.
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.
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5 &
130
5
5 &
131
.
.
,
.
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, ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
.
5.1
5.1.1
E
1.
2.
3. -
4.
A
1.
2.
5 &
132
3.
4.
5. -
6.
7. &
8.
9.
10.
1.
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