Yuri Oganessian

Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

SHE in JINR

109th Session of the JINR Scientific Council Feb.17-

18, 2010, Dubna.

Synthesis of SHE with 48Ca-induced

reactions

10 years

DecaychainsDecaychains

184

244Pu, 248Cm +48Ca Z=116

114

112

110

Talk at the Meeting of RAS, Nov.,2000Talk at the Meeting of RAS, Nov.,2000

170 μs

0.7 ms

114

11s

0.5 min

2.5 s

0.06 s

A/Z Setup Laboratory Publications

283112 SHIP GSI Darmstadt Eur. Phys. A32, 251 (2007)

283112 COLD PSI-FLNR (JINR) NATURE 447, 72 (2007)

286, 287114 BGS LRNL (Berkeley) P.R. Lett. 103, 132502 (2009)

288, 289114

292, 293116

TASCA

SHIP

GSI – Mainz

GSI Darmstadt

P.R. Lett. 104, 252701 (2010)

Eur. Phys. (to be published)

Confirmations 2007-2010

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

2010

6 new superheavy elements

48 new isotopes

Yu.

Oga

nes

sian

20

10118

116

115

114

113

112

111

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

T1/2= 320d

249Bk +48Ca

117

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

105 110 115 120

Cold fusion

100Atomic number

Cross sectionsCross sections

48Ca-inducedreactions

SHE

factor ~300

Technical Achievements& Collaborations

“in flight” separation

chemical separation

1985

GSI, Darmstadt, Germany*LBL, UC Berkeley, CAUniv. of Mainz, GermanyLANL, Los Alamos, NMEIR, Würenlingen, Switzerland

Search for Element 116 in 248Cm + 48Ca reactionSearch for Element 116 in 248Cm + 48Ca reaction

292116

293116

2000

FLNR, DubnaLLNL, Livermore, CA

The neutron-rich isotopes of the Actinides was produced at ORNL (USA) by irradiation: of Cm and Am targets in each

campaine for approximately

250 days

by thermal-neutron flux of

2.5 1015 n/cm²·s

in the HFIR (High Flux Isotope Reactor). 

TARGETS

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500

5

10

15

20

25

30

27 1 10 20 30 40 50

10

20

30

0

Be

am c

urr

ent

(e

mA

)

70 days cont inious ir radiat ion

1 p A

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50268269270271272273274275276277278

27 1 10 20 30 50

+_0

.75

MeV

A ugus tJu ly S ep tem ber

En

erg

y (M

eV

)

2 73

269

277

Tim e (d )

E*=39.2 MeV

4 0

Beam dose: 2.4·1019

0.3%

BEAMS

48C a-ions

ro ta ting entrancew indow

gas-filledcham ber

detec to rs ta tion

reco ils

pos ition sensitives trip de tecto rs

TO F -de tecto rs

“veto ” de tecto rs

22.50

S H reco il

s ide detec to rs

Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil SeparatorDubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator

From the characteristicsof the DGFRS, it follows

that with a 48Са-beam dose of

3∙1017 realized for 1 day

the observation of

one decay event

corresponds to the production cross section of

about 10 pb.

beam48Ca

target

DETECTORS

Decay Properties of SHE:

expected & obtained

12.0

11 .0

10 .0

110112

Z-even

Theory:

114

116

118

108

106

9.0

8.0

7.0260 270 280 2 09 300

A tom ic m ass num ber

Alp

ha d

eca

y en

erg

y (M

eV)

Z-even

Exp:

Alpha-decayAlpha-decay

Trans-actinides

Superheavy nuclei

-6

-8

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Z=112

112

114110

106

106108

104

102

100

98 N 6=1 2

N 5=1 2N 84=1

140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185N eu tron num ber

Log

T

(s)

SF

TheorySpontaneous fission half-livesSpontaneous fission half-lives

Actinides

48Ca-induced reactions

With Z >40% larger than that of Bi, the heaviest stable element, we see an impressive extension in nuclear survival.

Although SHN are at the limits of Coulomb stability,

•shell stabilization lowers ground-state energy,

•creates a fission barrier,

•and thereby enables SHN to exist. .

The fundamentals of the modern theory concerning the mass limits of nuclear matter have obtained experimental verification

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

Consequences

-2-2

-3

-3

-6

-5

-5

-7

-4

-4

-4

-14

SHE

U

Pb Bi

Th -2-2

-3

-3

-6

-5

-5

-7

-4

-4

-4

-14

120 130 160140 170150 18080

90

100

110

120

190

SHE

U

Pb Bi

Th

neutrons →

prot

ons

→

Nuclear structure and decay properties of the

SHNNuclear Physics

Chemical properties of the SHEChemistry

Search fornew shells

Nuclear theory

Search for SHE in Nature

Astrophysics

Electronic structure of SHE-atomsAtomic Physics

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

Decays & Spectroscopyof Super heavy Nuclei

118

116

115

114

113

112

111

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

6 new superheavy elements 117

48 new isotopes

Previously known nuclei from cold Fusion reactions

It is questionable that “filling in empty spaces” would give us significantinformation aboutnuclear structure of SHE

neutrons

pro

ton

s

No

Rf

22 N e26 M g34 S (5n)

Db

Sg

Hs

Bh

Ds

10-30

10-32

10-34

10-36

10-38

4n

-cro

ss

sect

ion

(c

m2

)

Projectiles

48Ca

112112

114116

140 150

152 162

180160 190170N eutron num ber

184

σxn ~ (Γn / Γf)x;

х – number of evaporated neutrons

(Γn / Γf) ~ exp (Bf – Bn) / T

Bf = BfLD + ΔEShell

0

Cross sectionsCross sectionsHot fusion

Ex=45-50 MeV

SHN

118

116

115

114

113

112

111

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

117

Z=110-114N=170-172

TSF= 0.001-10s

Z=104-106 very neutron-rich nucleiN=162-166

T1/2 = 104-105s

Spontaneous fissionof heavy and super heavy elements

268104268104

Yie

ld (

rel.

un

its

)

rel.

un

its

E. K. Hulet, et al., P.R. C40, 770 (1989)

QF = 268 MeV

Z1 ≈ Z2 = 50-54

N1 = N2 = 82

155

Neutron num ber

Hal

f-lif

e,

T

(s)

160 165 170 175

118

117

116114

112

112

113

113

110

110

111

111115

1801 0 -6

1 0 -4

1 0 -2

1 0 -4

1 0 0 1 s

1 m in

1 m s

102

Act. + 48Ca

N=162

“on

lin

e”

“gas

cat

cher

”

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

48Ca-ions

rotating entrancewindow

gas-filledcham ber

detectorstation

recoils

SH recoils

beam48Ca

target

ε=0.5 mm·mradΔE=0.5 eV

Experimental l techniqueposition sensitive

strip detectors

TOF-detectors

“veto” detectors

side detectorsFLNR / ANL

Superheavy Atoms

Chemistry of the SHE

50

100

-100

200

-200

300

-300

400

-400

511

-511

0100 150

positive energy continium

negative energy continium

En

erg

y (

keV

)

Z

e+e+

m c02-

m c02

R=0

e-e-

200

(point charge)

Zmax=1/α=137where α is fine-structure constant

Heaviest atoms in QED

SHE Hg

(finite size)R=r A01/3

Zmax≈173

Zmax

rmax - principal maximum of the wave function of the outermost orbital

chemical compound (Au·Hg)

(Au·112)

R. Eichler et al., Nature 447 (2007) 72

FLNR / PSI

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

SHE ion charge exchange in the gas-target

Beam of SHEwith variable energy

Theoretical Models

Nuclear forces

Macro – Microscopic Model (MMM)Hartry – Fock – Bogolubov (HFB)Relativistic Mean Field (RMF)

178176174172170168166164162160 180 182 184 186N eutron num ber

Pro

ton

num

ber

118118

116116

114114

112

110

108

106

120120

122122

MMM

MMM

HFB

+48Ca

251Cf

+50Ti

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

Strategy

U-400 & DGFRS

New type DGFRS

New Accelerator

Upgrade of U-400

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Experimental hall

Z=117

2.5p A

10-20 p A

new target / gas catcher

new physics

1

2.5

3.0

20

Gain factors for production of Super-heavy nuclei

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

Current experiments 2.5pμA

Dear Yuri

We have received authorization from DOE for production of Bk-249 for the upcoming experiments at Dubna and at GSI.

Your letter and your trip to DOE were very helpful in securing approval. Thank you for your support.

We anticipate that the material will be ready for shipment later this year in the December-January timeframe. A more detailed schedule will be forthcoming.We look forward to working with you on these exciting experiments.

With best regards,Jim

Feb.17, 2011, 1:59 AM. From ORNL, USA

Thank you

•New basis Type / parameters

New multi-charge ion sources or its combinations PIG-type / ECR-type

New accelerator with high beam intensity and projectile energy ≤ 10 MeV·A

10-20 pμA of 48Ca-ions (beam power ~5 kW)

New experimental hall 2500 m2

New separation setups, fast transport systems and sophisticated detector arrays

Thick target + Gas-Field Separator + Gas Catcher

New production of 248Cm, 249Bk, 251Cf. Development of the target technologies and constructions of new target station

Programs for HIFR and RIAR (Dimitrovgrad)

2011 - 2017

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

Task The state of things

Completion of the synthesis of SHE Z= 113-117 (now Z=115-113)

IUPAC approval and giving the names to SHE

Upgrade of U-400 cyclotron 2.0-2.5 pμA of 48Ca and 50Ti beams (ready / on demand)

Gas-catcher transport system (collaboration with ANL and Cycl. Inst. of the Texas A&M University)

transport time ≥ 5ms, transmission ≥ 50% (production began)

Separation of 251Cf and 247Cm-isotopes. Target preparation

New separator. (find solution: possibly new separator at ORNL)

Synthesis of element Z=118 reaction 251Cf(48Ca,3-4n) 296,295118

Synthesis of element Z=120

New detectors: X-rays and γ-rays to study of SHE and fast detector for synthesis Z=118, 120 as well as charge particles to study α-decay & SF

reaction 251Cf+50Ti, (production of 50Ti-beam at U400 cyclotron)

Under construction in ORNL and JINR

2011 - 2016

100

110

120

160 170 180 190Neutron num ber N

Pro

ton

nu

mbe

r Z

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Bf (MeV)

P. Moller et al., Phys. Rev., C79, 064304 (2009)

spherical

deformed

▼

▼▼

▼▼

▼

▼▼

▼

▼▼▼

▼

▼

▼

Z=117

Z=112▼

▼

▼

~8pb

≤0.6pb

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

more and more inert?

H

1

Li

3

Be

4

Na

11

M g

12

K

19

Ca

20

Sc

21

104

Ti

22

V

23

Cr

24

M n

25

Fe

26

Co

27

Ni

28

Cu

29

Zn

30

1

2

3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17

18

1

2

3

4

5

6

He

B

Al Si P S

ONC F

Cl Ar

Ne

7105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 115114 116 117 118

72 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 8655 56

87 88

37 38 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

31 32 33 34 35 36

Rf Db Sg Bh Hs M t

Rb Sr Y Zr M oNb Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Tc I Xe

Cs Ba Hf WTa Re O s Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra

G a G e As Se Br Kr

Dar

ms-

tad

tiu

m

Ds Rg

5

73

41

?

Periodic Table of ElementsPeriodic Table of Elements

114 115112 113

Yu. Oganessian. Colloquium at MIT, Feb.10, 2011

243Am , 249Bk237Np ,From reactions: 48Ca +

N=162 164 166

Z=104SF SF

M. Bender et al., PRC60 & PLB515

251Cf + 48Ca → 296(118) +3n →Z=114 / N=184

114114114

120 120 120

114 114 114

120 120 120

251Cf + 50Ti → 298(120) +3n →

Yu. Oganessian “SHE in JINR” 109-th Session of the SC of JINR, Feb. 17-18, 2011, Dubna

Oganessian, ENAM (2008)

Neutron number100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

120

110

100

90

80

70

Pro

ton

nu

mb

er

Island of Island of StabilityStability

ShoalShoal

PeninsulaPeninsula

ContinentContinentSea of InstabilitySea of Instability

1µs 1s 1h 1y 1My

Opportunities for future research

• New targets

• New beams

• New elements

• New isotopes

• Higher neutron numbers

• New physics

• New chemistry