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Mooring forces and ship behaviourin navigation locks

Tom De Mulder

Flemish AuthoritiesMobility and Public Works Department

Flanders Hydraulics ResearchAntwerp, Belgium

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Hydraulic design of F/E system

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• Limit F/E time

• Respect hawser force criterion

a.o.:

�limit ‘turbulence’

�prevent line damage/break

�limit ship motion

� safety and comfort

� objective and subjective

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Hawser force criterion

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Water

Vessel

Lock

Positioning system

Objective:displacements,forces,slopes,…

Subjective:captain,pilot,lockmaster,…

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Hawser force criterion

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DEFINITION

VERIFICATION

VALIDATION

CRITERION

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Hawser force criterion

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Water

Vessel

Lock

Positioning system

Classical approach

Definition: hydrodyn. force < threshold

Verification: scale modelValidation: operational

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Hawser force criterion

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Innovative approaches ?

Pandora opening the box (J.W. Waterhouse, 1896)

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Hawser force criterion

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ftion (ship size)

Innovative definitionsof threshold ?

ftion (bollard type)

ftion (mooring line characteristics)

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Hawser force criterion

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Water

Vessel

Lock

Positioning system

Innovative approachThreshold=f tion ( positioning system )

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Hawser force criterion

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Threshold for hydrodynamic force

norientatio line,

factorion magnificat dynamic

.t.factor w.rsafety

strength tensileminimum

.

)cos()cos(threshold

lines mooring

====

= ∑

ii

m

us

u

ms

iiu

f

Tf

T

ff

T

φθ

φθ

massspring

shiphawser

cf. H.-W. Partenscky (1986) ; A. Vrijburcht (1994) ; T. De Mulder (2007)

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Hawser force criterion

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Threshold for longitudinal hydrodynamic force

A. Vrijburcht (1994) ; Rijkswaterstaat (2000)

inland navigation

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Hawser force criterion

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Thresholds for hydrodynamic forces/moments

A. Vrijburcht (1977)

long. forces of 0.10 à 0.20‰

ocean-goingvessels120,000 DWT

pre-tension

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Hawser force criterion

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Validation: Hydrostatic force ~ water surface slope

Measurements (FHR/APA, 2007) in Berendrecht lock (L x W=500m x 68m)

-0.60

-0.50

-0.40

-0.30

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

+0.10

+0.20

+0.30

+0.40

+0.50

+0.60

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080

time [s]

long

itudi

nal w

ater

sur

face

slo

pe [‰

]

0.0

+0.5

+1.0

+1.5

+2.0

+2.5

+3.0

+3.5

+4.0

+4.5

+5.0

+5.5

+6.0

wat

er le

vel [

m T

AW

]

water surface slope north 1-5

water surface slope south 1-5

water surface slope north 2-4

water surface slope south 2-4

water level

long. slope of +0.50 ‰

long. slope of -0.35 ‰

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Hawser force criterion

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SCALE MODELS

NUMERICAL MODELS

IN SITU MEASUREMENTS

Innovativeverification tools ?

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Hawser force criterion

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Numerical tools for verification of criterion

1D/2D Shallow Water Equations

3D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (Computational Fluid Dynamics)

+ Fluid Structure Interaction (optional)

CPP/CNR/FHR/Modelys (2007)

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Hawser force criterion

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Numerical tools for verification of criterion

1D/2D Shallow Water Equations

3D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (Computational Fluid Dynamics)

+ Fluid Structure Interaction (optional)

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Hawser force criterion

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Numerical tools for verification of criterion

• Longitudinal forces / slopes = ±OK

• Transversal forces / slopes ?!

Comparison hydrostatic force numerical model - scal e model

-5.0

-4.5

-4.0

-3.5

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800 1920 2040 2160 2280 2400

Time [s]

Hyd

rost

atic

For

ce [‰

]

0.0

1.5

3.0

4.5

6.0

7.5

9.0

10.5

12.0

13.5

15.0

Wat

er le

vel [

m T

AW

]

Hydrostatic force - Scale model

Hydrostatic Force - Numerical model (parametrisatio n 1)

Hydrostatic Force - Numerical model (parametrisatio n 2)

Water level - Scale model

Water level - Numerical model

parametrisation of direct effect filling jets ?

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Mooring forces and ship behaviour

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Water

Vessel

Lock

Positioning system

Numerical modeling ofwhole system ?:

•Hydrodynamic forces•Mooring line forces•Ship motion

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Mooring forces and ship behaviour

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Daidalos and Ikaros (C.P. Landon, 1799)

Numerical modeling of whole system ?

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Mooring forces and ship behaviour

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• Ship at (off-shore or port) terminal exposed to wind waves

Numerical modeling of whole system ?

• Application to ship moored in (shallow and confined)

navigation lock !?

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Mooring forces and ship behaviour

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Numerical modeling of whole system ?

CPP/FHR/Univ.Gent (2007)

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Mooring forces and ship behaviour

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Numerical modeling of whole system

• Large number of (often uncertain) parameters !?

• Results sensitive to choice of (some) parameters !?

• Computational effort !?

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Ship behaviour sailing in/out lock

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numerical modeling (without/with density currents)!?

CPP/FHR (2008)

integration in ship manoeuvrability simulator !?

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Mooring forces and ship behaviour

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• Notwithstanding numerous innovations…

• …still not fully understood

• More efforts needed for in situ observations/measurements:

� validation data for (more or less sophisticated) models

� above all for gaining insight !!!

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Mooring forces and ship behaviour

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