B

B

X

: 0-22-0217

ISBN 978-960-06-4819-5

OIO II I

22-0211-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 1 23/5/2014 9:46:05

& , - / & / .

.

:

: , . , . , . , , / , / , /

: , , , ,

: , /

:

:

: , , M.Ed, Ph.D, ..

22-0211-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 2 23/5/2014 9:46:05

. , .

, - , .

, -, , .

, .

, . , : . . - , , , . . . -

, .

, , , - . , , .

22-0211-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 3 23/5/2014 9:46:05

1 1.1 91.2 - 111.3 151.4 191.5 22

A - - - - 27

2 - : O -

37

2.1 - . . - 392.2 - 442.3 - , , 452.4 - 512.5 - 532.6 - 602.7 - 642.8 - - 67

: CFCs Greenpeace 72 - - - - 73

3 3.1 883.2 - 903.3 97

: 100 : 101 : 102 - - - - 103

4 o4.1 - 1124.2 2 - 1164.3 118

: 120 : 121 - - - - 123

22-0217-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 4 4/6/2014 5:05:03

5 5.1 1015.2 1065.3 1105.4 - 1155 .5 120

: H 122 - - - - 123 133 145

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22-0211-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 6 23/5/2014 9:46:05

: . ,

.

: ) ) ) ) .

, IUPAC, , , , , , .

, (, ) . .

, .

( ) .

1

1.1

1.2

- -

1.3

1.4 1.5 -

-

22-0217-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 7 4/6/2014 6:02:06

8 1828. Whler , . , , . Whler , . , . , . 300.000 . O Whler . : . , , .

22-0211-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 8 23/5/2014 9:46:06

. (CO), (CO2) (.. CaCO3), ( C).

18 , , , . O , Scheele (1742-1786), , .. .

18 , , , (vis vitalis), . , , , . To 1828 Whler , . , , NH

4OCN ( ).

, , .

, - .

. , ,

TO

H Fredrch Whler , 1828, - . 19o , - - , Brande , 1848, - ... ... - . H . . To . , - , ... .

John McMurry

-

1.1

1

NH4OCN C=ONH2

NH2

22-0217-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 9 4/6/2014 5:14:15

10

, , - .

C Si

6C (2,4)

14Si (2,8,4)

, , , , , , .

. , . .

, . , , .

, , . , , , , , , , ..

12.000.000, 1.000.000, . ; ; ;O : ()

, , ( ). ( H, O, N, S, ) . , (.. ) (.. ).

( - , ).

, , :

22-0217-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 10 4/6/2014 6:05:20

11

. .

H-C-C-O-H

H-C-C=O

, , , . O . , , .

H-C=C-Cl :

-

, , . H :1. . .

1.2

, , .

. C C H H-C-C-H

. C C C=C

. C C H H-C C-H

H H

H H

H H

H H

H H

H H

H H

H } K

H H

22-0217-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 11 4/6/2014 5:15:49

12

2. ( ) :

1.1

. ( ), . ..

, . .

=

To .

1.1 ( ), -

H-C-C-C-C-H , H-C-C_____C CH H H H

H H H H

H H

H H H-C-HH

H

H

22-0217-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 12 4/6/2014 5:16:31

13

, , O, N.

() .O ( ) , .

1.2 H ( ) , .

.

3. , , . :

, .

H2C CH2

CH2

CH2

H2C

H2C CH2

CH2

N H

H2C

22-0217-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 13 4/6/2014 5:16:51

14

4.

, . , ( ) :

1. .2.

.3. ,

o.

4. (M

r )

.5. .6.

-CH2-.

.

1.2

vo

-OH -CH=O

-COOH -C-O-C- -COOC-

C H

C=O-C-C

TN

(). . . .

H -CH2- o .

22-0217-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 14 4/6/2014 5:19:46

15

IUPAC, . H , . To

1.3

1.3

..

CvH2v+2

CvH2

CvH2v-2

CvH2v+1X

CvH2v+2O

CvH2vO

CvH2vO2

1

2

2

3

1

(R-OH) 1

(R-O-R) 2

(RCHO) 1

(R-CO-R) 3

(RCOOH) 1

(RCOOR) 2

/

CH3CH2CH3

CH3CH=CHCH32-

CH3CH2CH2C CH1-

CH2=CHCH=CH21,3-

CH3CH2CH2I1-

CH3CH2CH(OH)CH32-

CH3-O-CH2CH3

CH3CHO

CH3CH2COCH2CH33-

CH3CH2COOH

CH3COOCH3

H R- (Radical) - C

H

2+1- ( 18).

:RCOOR - - .

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16

, . .

1. ME

O , , , ( ). H : 3 C: - : -- : -, .

4 C: - 1 : -- : -

IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) 1947. - , IUPAC. To (IUPAC) , - (.. ).

: .

, .

1.4

1 C: - : -- : -

2 C: - 1 ..: -- : -

3 C: - 1 ..: -- : -

4 C: - 2 ..: -- : -

5 C: - :

6 C: - -

...

.-C-C-C- CH3CH2CH3

H H

H H

4CH33CH2

2CH3=1CH2.

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17

O : 1, : 1-.

H .

5 C: - : -- : -.H -OH 2. : 2-.

H , .

3 C: - : -- : -. : . , (XO) , -CHO -COOH, ( 1). XO.

H 3--2-.H .

H 3- . -COOH, , 1. IUPAC:

Av ,

.

.

.

.

5CH3-4CH2-

3CH2-2CH-1CH3OH

CH3CH2CHO

CH2=CHCHCH3OH

CH CCH2COOH

22-0217-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 17 4/6/2014 5:21:18

18

.1CH3-

2CH-3CH2-4CH3

CH3

2-

2. ME

, IU-PAC:

H . , , (C

2+2)

. T CvH2+1-, R-. T CH3- CH3CH2- . T , , ( ). Av , (-, -, ..) .

.

H CH3- . H () . , ,

Av (XO) () (), XO. Av XO XO, . , XO, .

: XO > > . ,

. CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3CH3

2,4-

CH3

H CH3-

CH3CH2-

CH3CH2CH2-

CH3-CH-

.

CH3

, , . -COOH -CH=O 1

, .

22-0217-XHMEIA_B_LYKEIOY_IEP.indd 18 4/6/2014 5:21:53

19

CH3

.CH3CHCH2CH2

CH3

.CH3CHCH2CH3

Cl

.6CH3

5C=4C-3CH22CH=1CH2

CH3 Cl

3--1-

2-

T (Cl-, Br-, F-, -) , .

4--5--1,4