. .

.............................................................1

1.1 ...........................................................................11

1.2 -

...........................................................................36

1.3 ...............................................................64

2.1 ...........86

2.2 ..........................................................................................117

2.3 ..........................................................................129

3.1 ..........................................................................154

3.2

......................................................................................172

4.1 ............................215

4.2

LE CHATELIER.235

4.3 ..........................................................261

5.1 .......................................................................................341

1

: pi pi .

: H2, O2, N2, F2,Cl2, Br2, I2.

: K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg,

Ag, Pt, Au.

: , ,

, pi

().

: H2, O2, N2, F2,Cl2 , Br2, I2, C, S, P.

: Br pi ,

,

pi ().

pi : pi pi

. pi

pi pi .

pi : pi

.

2 pipi

pi pi

pi

1. pi

( ).

1. pi

(

)

.

2.

pi

(pi

pi ).

2.

, pi

.

3.

(Coulomb).

3.

.

4. pi

pi pi pi .

4. .

pi pi

pi

1. pi pi

( pi pi

pi

).

1. pi pi (

).

2.

.

2. ,

.

3.

.

3.

.

4. 4.

( 2

pi pi ).

3

5. ,

,

.

5. pi

: ,

, pi

NH3.

:

pi pi .

: , , ,F O N Cl Br I S C P H> > > > > > .

pi: pi

pi pi pi .

pi pi: pi

pi pi.

: pi pi .

pi pi

pi .

4 pipi

, , ,K Na Li Ag +1 F -1

, , ,Ba Ca Mg Zn +2 H +1, (-1 )

Al +3 O -2, (-1 pi, +2 F2O)

,Cu Hg +1, +2 , ,Cl Br I -1, +1, +3, +5, +7

,Fe Ni +2, +3 S -2, +4, +6

,Pb Sn +2, +4 N -3, +3, +5

Mn +2, +4, +7 ,C Si -4, +4

Cr +3, +6

5

pi

pi- - - pi- -

4Cl

pi

3ClO

2ClO

ClO

pi

4BrO

pi

3BrO

2BrO

BrO

pi

4IO

pi

3IO

2IO

IO

pi

3NO

2NO

24SO

23SO

4HSO

3HSO

23CO

3HCO

34PO

24HPO

2 4H PO

6 pipi

....

4MnO

pi

22 7Cr O

OH

CN

,

,

24CrO

4NH+

: pi +. x

:

) :

pi.. H Cl :

pi.. H CN :

- .

pi.. H Cl : .

) :

pi.. 3HNO :

2 3H SO : .

: pi -. :

()y.

:

pi.. : .

: MxAy.

:

) : .

7

pi.. Na Cl

2Fe Br

) .

pi.. 3K NO

3Cu CO

: .

: 2x pi x .. .

: .

pi.. 2K O .

CO .

2 3Fe O ()

pi :

: K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb,

H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au.

: F2, Cl2, Br2, 2, I2, S.

: i) Me(1) + (1) (2) + Me(2)

Me(1) Me(2)

Ba + ZnCl2 BaCl2 + Zn

Mg + CaCl2 x

ii) Me + + H2

Me 2

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

Ag + HBr x

8 pipi

iii) ) e + H2O Me + H2

Me: (K, Na, Ba, Ca)

+ 22 ()2 + 2

) Me + H2O Me + H2

Me: pipi 2 , , , Ca

Mg + H2O MgO + H2

iv) Ame(1) + (1) (2) + Ame(2)

Ame(1) Ame(2)

Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2

pi

i) (1) + (2) (3) + (4)

pi : (3) (4)

AgNO3 + NaBr AgBr + NaNO3

ii) (1) + (1) (2) + (2)

pi (2):

! H2CO3 CO2 + H2O

H2SO3 SO2 + H2O

(2):

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Ba(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 2NaNO3 + BaCO3

iii) (1) + (1) (2) + (2)

pi : (2):

(2): 3

! 4 3 + 2

Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH

9

2NaOH + MgCl2 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2

NH4Cl + KOH KCl + NH3 + H2O

i) + + 2

2HCl + Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 + H2O

ii) + + 2

N2O5 + 2NH3 2NH4NO3

iii) + + 2

2H3PO4 + 3MgO Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2O

iv) +

P2O5 + 3K2O 2K3PO4

! 3: 2

Mole

1 Mole Mr g

( 22, 4 )Vm L STP=

pi 236,02 10AN =

A m

m N Vn n n

Mr N V= = =

: P V n RT =

0,082 L atmRmol K

=

V: (1L=1000cm3) n: mol

P: pi (1 atm=760 mmHg) =+273 (: C)

: pi pi pi

mpV

= .

x% w/w: 100 g x g .

10 pipi

x% w/v: 100 mL x g .

x% v/v: 100 mL x mL .

x molM

L

: 1000 mL x mol .

! m / = m / + m .

///

mpV

=

. .

1 1 2 2n n C V C V = =

pi

. .

1 1 2 2n n C V C V = =

pi pi

. . .

1 1 2 2n n n C V n C V pi + = + =

. (1) . (2) . ( ) 1 1 2 2 T Tn n n C V C V C V + = + =

pi

.

' ( )A A A A BC V C V V= +

' ( )B B B A BC V C V V= +

pi

pi pi mol.

mol /

pi.

pi mol pi .

11

1.1

: pi

.

: .

:

: pi

pi .

: pi , , ,

pi .

: pi pi .

:

. pi - pi

. London

. , pi pi pipi pi - pi.

: pi pi

.

: =r

+ Cl- r

12 pipi

pi :

r: pi

: pi pi (+) pi pi (-)

pi.

: pi pi pi (

=0).

:

pi pi pi , pi.. H2 F2, ..

pi , , ..

: pi pi pi

pi pi (0).

:

pi pi pi (

), pi.. HF, HCl, NO .. ( pi)

pi (H2O), (NH3).

pi pi pi .

pi pi pi .

pi

pipi pipi pi 8

4 pi

pi. .

13

. CH4 pi

pi pi .

. NH3 pi .

pi pi .

. H2O pi .

pi pi .

3CHCl 4CCl pi

pi ;

pi

pipi pi pipi

pi.. O C O= = pi .

pi pi .

C C= pi .

pi pi .

H H

C C= pi .

Cl H

pi pi .

14 pipi

pi

pipi pi

pi.. H C C H pi .

pi pi .

H C N pi .

pi pi .

VAN DER WAALS

1.

: pi .

: , .

:

:

a. pi Mr. pi Mr pi

.

. pi pi pi ( pipi

pipi ).

pi pi

: . ,

, .

, , ,

.

: pi ..

Mr /D pipi, CH3CH2CH3 44 0,1 , CH3Cl 50 1,9 , CH3OCH3 46 1,3

15

, CH3CN 41 3,9 , CH3CHO 44 2,7

2. LONDON

: :

. pi pi pi pi pi.

pi ( pi )

pi.

. pi pi .

:

1. pi , Mr.

, pi

pi. ,

.

2. pi . pi

pi pi (),

pi - pi

. pi pi (

pi ).

pi: pi pi pi.. .

:

1. .. pi CH CH CH CH CH3 2 2 2 3 2,2

pipi

CH3|CH - C - CH CH3 2 3|

CH3

.

2. 2 77,34 121,39 .

pi ;

16 pipi

3. 2 121,39 90,19 ,

. pi ;

: pi pi ,

, F. , pi , pi

pi pi

F, O, N.

: .

: .

: pi Van der Waals (pi pi,

London).

: 2 , F, NH3, ..

pi:

pi pi pi..

( ..), pi, pi pi pi

pipi .

pi ,

,

. pi pi

pipi ,