XHMEIA B LYCHEUM
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Transcript of XHMEIA B LYCHEUM
. .
.............................................................1
1.1 ...........................................................................11
1.2 -
...........................................................................36
1.3 ...............................................................64
2.1 ...........86
2.2 ..........................................................................................117
2.3 ..........................................................................129
3.1 ..........................................................................154
3.2
......................................................................................172
4.1 ............................215
4.2
LE CHATELIER.235
4.3 ..........................................................261
5.1 .......................................................................................341
1
: pi pi .
: H2, O2, N2, F2,Cl2, Br2, I2.
: K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg,
Ag, Pt, Au.
: , ,
, pi
().
: H2, O2, N2, F2,Cl2 , Br2, I2, C, S, P.
: Br pi ,
,
pi ().
pi : pi pi
. pi
pi pi .
pi : pi
.
2 pipi
pi pi
pi
1. pi
( ).
1. pi
(
)
.
2.
pi
(pi
pi ).
2.
, pi
.
3.
(Coulomb).
3.
.
4. pi
pi pi pi .
4. .
pi pi
pi
1. pi pi
( pi pi
pi
).
1. pi pi (
).
2.
.
2. ,
.
3.
.
3.
.
4. 4.
( 2
pi pi ).
3
5. ,
,
.
5. pi
: ,
, pi
NH3.
:
pi pi .
: , , ,F O N Cl Br I S C P H> > > > > > .
pi: pi
pi pi pi .
pi pi: pi
pi pi.
: pi pi .
pi pi
pi .
4 pipi
, , ,K Na Li Ag +1 F -1
, , ,Ba Ca Mg Zn +2 H +1, (-1 )
Al +3 O -2, (-1 pi, +2 F2O)
,Cu Hg +1, +2 , ,Cl Br I -1, +1, +3, +5, +7
,Fe Ni +2, +3 S -2, +4, +6
,Pb Sn +2, +4 N -3, +3, +5
Mn +2, +4, +7 ,C Si -4, +4
Cr +3, +6
5
pi
pi- - - pi- -
4Cl
pi
3ClO
2ClO
ClO
pi
4BrO
pi
3BrO
2BrO
BrO
pi
4IO
pi
3IO
2IO
IO
pi
3NO
2NO
24SO
23SO
4HSO
3HSO
23CO
3HCO
34PO
24HPO
2 4H PO
6 pipi
....
4MnO
pi
22 7Cr O
OH
CN
,
,
24CrO
4NH+
: pi +. x
:
) :
pi.. H Cl :
pi.. H CN :
- .
pi.. H Cl : .
) :
pi.. 3HNO :
2 3H SO : .
: pi -. :
()y.
:
pi.. : .
: MxAy.
:
) : .
7
pi.. Na Cl
2Fe Br
) .
pi.. 3K NO
3Cu CO
: .
: 2x pi x .. .
: .
pi.. 2K O .
CO .
2 3Fe O ()
pi :
: K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb,
H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au.
: F2, Cl2, Br2, 2, I2, S.
: i) Me(1) + (1) (2) + Me(2)
Me(1) Me(2)
Ba + ZnCl2 BaCl2 + Zn
Mg + CaCl2 x
ii) Me + + H2
Me 2
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Ag + HBr x
8 pipi
iii) ) e + H2O Me + H2
Me: (K, Na, Ba, Ca)
+ 22 ()2 + 2
) Me + H2O Me + H2
Me: pipi 2 , , , Ca
Mg + H2O MgO + H2
iv) Ame(1) + (1) (2) + Ame(2)
Ame(1) Ame(2)
Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2
pi
i) (1) + (2) (3) + (4)
pi : (3) (4)
AgNO3 + NaBr AgBr + NaNO3
ii) (1) + (1) (2) + (2)
pi (2):
! H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
H2SO3 SO2 + H2O
(2):
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Ba(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 2NaNO3 + BaCO3
iii) (1) + (1) (2) + (2)
pi : (2):
(2): 3
! 4 3 + 2
Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH
9
2NaOH + MgCl2 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2
NH4Cl + KOH KCl + NH3 + H2O
i) + + 2
2HCl + Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 + H2O
ii) + + 2
N2O5 + 2NH3 2NH4NO3
iii) + + 2
2H3PO4 + 3MgO Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2O
iv) +
P2O5 + 3K2O 2K3PO4
! 3: 2
Mole
1 Mole Mr g
( 22, 4 )Vm L STP=
pi 236,02 10AN =
A m
m N Vn n n
Mr N V= = =
: P V n RT =
0,082 L atmRmol K
=
V: (1L=1000cm3) n: mol
P: pi (1 atm=760 mmHg) =+273 (: C)
: pi pi pi
mpV
= .
x% w/w: 100 g x g .
10 pipi
x% w/v: 100 mL x g .
x% v/v: 100 mL x mL .
x molM
L
: 1000 mL x mol .
! m / = m / + m .
///
mpV
=
. .
1 1 2 2n n C V C V = =
pi
. .
1 1 2 2n n C V C V = =
pi pi
. . .
1 1 2 2n n n C V n C V pi + = + =
. (1) . (2) . ( ) 1 1 2 2 T Tn n n C V C V C V + = + =
pi
.
' ( )A A A A BC V C V V= +
' ( )B B B A BC V C V V= +
pi
pi pi mol.
mol /
pi.
pi mol pi .
11
1.1
: pi
.
: .
:
: pi
pi .
: pi , , ,
pi .
: pi pi .
:
. pi - pi
. London
. , pi pi pipi pi - pi.
: pi pi
.
: =r
+ Cl- r
12 pipi
pi :
r: pi
: pi pi (+) pi pi (-)
pi.
: pi pi pi (
=0).
:
pi pi pi , pi.. H2 F2, ..
pi , , ..
: pi pi pi
pi pi (0).
:
pi pi pi (
), pi.. HF, HCl, NO .. ( pi)
pi (H2O), (NH3).
pi pi pi .
pi pi pi .
pi
pipi pipi pi 8
4 pi
pi. .
13
. CH4 pi
pi pi .
. NH3 pi .
pi pi .
. H2O pi .
pi pi .
3CHCl 4CCl pi
pi ;
pi
pipi pi pipi
pi.. O C O= = pi .
pi pi .
C C= pi .
pi pi .
H H
C C= pi .
Cl H
pi pi .
14 pipi
pi
pipi pi
pi.. H C C H pi .
pi pi .
H C N pi .
pi pi .
VAN DER WAALS
1.
: pi .
: , .
:
:
a. pi Mr. pi Mr pi
.
. pi pi pi ( pipi
pipi ).
pi pi
: . ,
, .
, , ,
.
: pi ..
Mr /D pipi, CH3CH2CH3 44 0,1 , CH3Cl 50 1,9 , CH3OCH3 46 1,3
15
, CH3CN 41 3,9 , CH3CHO 44 2,7
2. LONDON
: :
. pi pi pi pi pi.
pi ( pi )
pi.
. pi pi .
:
1. pi , Mr.
, pi
pi. ,
.
2. pi . pi
pi pi (),
pi - pi
. pi pi (
pi ).
pi: pi pi pi.. .
:
1. .. pi CH CH CH CH CH3 2 2 2 3 2,2
pipi
CH3|CH - C - CH CH3 2 3|
CH3
.
2. 2 77,34 121,39 .
pi ;
16 pipi
3. 2 121,39 90,19 ,
. pi ;
: pi pi ,
, F. , pi , pi
pi pi
F, O, N.
: .
: .
: pi Van der Waals (pi pi,
London).
: 2 , F, NH3, ..
pi:
pi pi pi..
( ..), pi, pi pi pi
pipi .
pi ,
,
. pi pi
pipi ,