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Iliad, Βοοκ Ι, 201-211

καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·“τίπτ᾽ αὖτ᾽, αἰγιόχοιο Διὸς τέκος, εἰλήλουθας;ἦ ἵνα ὕβριν ἴδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονος Ἀτρεΐδαο;ἀλλ᾽ ἔκ τοι ἐρέω, τὸ δὲ καὶ τελέεσθαι ὀΐω·ᾗς ὑπεροπλίῃσι τάχ᾽ ἄν ποτε θυμὸν ὀλέσσῃ.” 205

τὸν δ᾽ αὖτε προσέειπε θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·“ἦλθον ἐγὼ παύσουσα τὸ σὸν μένος, αἴ κε πίθηαι,οὐρανόθεν· πρὸ δέ μ᾽ ἧκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρηἄμφω ὁμῶς θυμῷ φιλέουσά τε κηδομένη τε·ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε λῆγ᾽ ἔριδος, μηδὲ ξίφος ἕλκεο χειρί· 210ἀλλ᾽ ἤτοι ἔπεσιν μὲν ὀνείδισον ὡς ἔσεταί περ·

Vocabulary:

Greek II: Iliad Book Iσὸν ὄνομα:

75

*ἄν = κέ(ν)

αἰγί-οχος, η, ον - aegis-holding

αὖτε – again, in turn, but, further(more), anew (autem, αὖθις)

*γλαυκ-ῶπις, ιδος - gleaming-eyed, flashing-eyed, “owl”-eyed

*ἴνα – in order that, (so) that, where

λήγω, λήξω, ἔληξα – to cease from, refrain, slacken, weaken

*μήδε – and not, but not, nor, not even; *μήδε… μήδε – neither…nor

*ὄλλῡμι, ὀλέσ(σ)ω, ὤλεσ(σ)α – to destroy, kill, ruin, lose; mid. perish, die

ὀνειδίζω, -, ὠνείδισα – to revile, reproach, abuse

προσ-αυδάω, προσαυδήσω, προσηύδησα – to address, speak to, say to

πτεσόεις, εσσα, εν – winged, flying

*τάχα – quickly, swiftly, soon

τέκος, εος, τό – child, offspring, descendant, young

τί-πτε (τί ποτε) – why in the world?

*ὕβρις, ιος, ἡ - hubris, insolence, wantonness, forwardness

ὑπερ-οπλίη, ης, ἡ – arrogance, insulting conduct, deed of insolence

φωνέω, φωνήσω, ἐφρώησα – to speak, lift up the voice

Commentary:

203. ἴδῃ = ἴδη(σ)αι [εἶδω].

204. ἐρέω [εἴρω, ἐρέω, – to say]. τό: object of τελέεσθαι. ὀίω: ironical.

205. ῇς [ὅς, ἥ, ὅ]. ὑπεροπλίῃσι: dat. of cause. ὀλέσσῃ: subjunctive for future.

206. παύσουσα: future indicating purpose. πίθη(σ)αι [πείθομαι].

210. ἔριδος: gen. of separation. ἔλκεο: continue to draw. λῆγ’(ε): imperative.

211. i.e. abuse him roundly, only don’t strike him. ὡς ἔσεταί περ: how it shall be.


ὧδε γὰρ ἐξερέω, τὸ δὲ καὶ τετελεσμένον ἔσται·καί ποτέ τοι τρὶς τόσσα παρέσσεται ἀγλαὰ δῶραὕβριος εἵνεκα τῆσδε· σὺ δ᾽ ἴσχεο, πείθεο δ᾽ ἡμῖν.”τὴν δ᾽ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς· 215“χρὴ μὲν σφωΐτερόν γε, θεὰ, ἔπος εἰρύσσασθαικαὶ μάλα περ θυμῷ κεχολωμένον· ὧς γὰρ ἄμεινον·

ὅς κε θεοῖς ἐπιπείθηται μάλα τ᾽ ἔκλυον αὐτοῦ.”

ἦ καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἀργυρέῃ κώπῃ σχέθε χεῖρα βαρεῖαν,ἂψ δ᾽ ἐς κουλεὸν ὦσε μέγα ξίφος, οὐδ᾽ ἀπίθησε 220μύθῳ Ἀθηναίης· ἣ δ᾽ Οὔλυμπον δὲ βεβήκειδώματ᾽ ἐς αἰγιόχοιο Διὸς μετὰ δαίμονας ἄλλους.

Vocabulary:


ἀ-πιθέω, ἀπιθήσω, ἠπίθησα - + dat. to disobey, fail to obey, distrust

*δαίμον, δαίμονος, ὁ/ἡ - divinity, god(dess)

*δῶρον, ου, τό – gift, present

ε(ἴ)ρῡμαι, ε(ἰ)ρύσ(σ)ομαι, ε(ἰ)ρυσ(σ)άμην – to save, preserve, guard

*ἐξ-είρω, ἐξερέω, ἐξεῑπον -to speak out

*ἐπι-πείθω, ἐπιπείσω, ἐπέπεισα – to pursaude, trust; mid. to obey

ἠμί (ἠγ-) – imperf, ἦν - speak

ἴσχω (ἔχω) - to have, hold, restrain, check

κουλεόν = κολεόν – sheath, scabbord

κώπη, ης, ἡ - hilt, handle

πάρ-ειμι, παρέσ(σ)ομαι - to be present, to be at hand, to be near, to be besides

σφωίτερος, η, ον - of you two, belonging to you two

τρίς – thrice, three times

χρή, ἡ - need, necessity, fate, destiny, due, duty

ὠθέω, ὤσω, ἔωσα - to shove, push, strike

Commentary:

212. καὶ: also.

213. παρέσσεται: neut. pl. subject.

214. ἡμῖν: i.e. Hera and Athena. ἴσχε(σ)ο: middle reflexive. What mood is this verb?

216. χρή (ἐστίν).

217. κεχολωμέον: concessive (although…). καὶ: even though. ἄμεινον (ἐστίν).

218. ἔκλυον: gnomic aorist (expresses general truth).

219. ἦ: he spoke. σχέ-θε = ἔσχε-θε [ἔχω]: keep, hold. The suffix -θε has no special meaning.

220. οὐδ’ἀπίθησεν: litotes.

Notes:


Πηλεΐδης δ᾽ ἐξαῦτις ἀταρτηροῖς ἐπέεσσινἈτρεΐδην προσέειπε, καὶ οὔ πω λῆγε χόλοιο·“οἰνοβαρές, κυνὸς ὄμματ᾽ ἔχων, κραδίην δ᾽ ἐλάφοιο, 225οὔτέ ποτ᾽ ἐς πόλεμον ἅμα λαῷ θωρηχθῆναιοὔτε λόχον δ᾽ ἰέναι σὺν ἀριστήεσσιν Ἀχαιῶντέτληκας θυμῷ· τὸ δέ τοι κὴρ εἴδεται εἶναι.ἦ πολὺ λώϊόν ἐστι κατὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶνδῶρ᾽ ἀποαιρεῖσθαι ὅς τις σέθεν ἀντίον εἴπῃ· 230δημοβόρος βασιλεὺς ἐπεὶ οὐτιδανοῖσιν ἀνάσσεις·ἦ γὰρ ἂν Ἀτρεΐδη νῦν ὕστατα λωβήσαιο.

Vocabulary:


ἀντίος, η, ον – in opposition, opposing, facing, meeting, to meet

ἀριστεύς, ῆος, ὁ - chief, leader

ἀταρτηρός, ή, όν - harsh, bitter

δημο-βόρος, η, ον – devouring the (goods of the) people

ἔλαφος, ου, ὁ/ἡ - deer, stag, hind

ἐξ-αῦτις - again, anew, then

θωρήσσω, θωρήξομαι, ἐθώρηξα, ἐθωρήχθην – to arm, don the breast plate

κήρ, κηρός, ἡ – death, fate

κραδίη, ης, ἡ - heart

λόχος, ου, ὁ - ambush

λωβάομαι, λωβήσομαι, ἐλωβησάμην - to insult, revile, act arrogantly, outrage, ruin, wrong

οἰνο-βαρής, ές – drunken, wine-heavy

ὄμμα, ατος, τό – eye; pl. face

οὐ-τιδανός, ή, όν – worthless, of no account, cowardly, feeble

τλάω, τλήσομαι, ἔλην, τέτληκα – to have the heart, have courage, endure ὕστατος, η, ον – latest, last, uppermost, hindmost

Commentary:

223. ἐπέεσσιν: dat. means.

224. χόλοιο: gen. of separation.

225. ἐλάφοιο: a type of timid cowardice. κυνὸς ὄμματ’: equivalent of κυνῶπα from line 159.

227. λόχονδ’(ε): -δε shows place to which.

228. θῡμῷ: dat. place where. εἴδεται [εἴδω]: middle – seem, appear, resemble.

230. ἀποαιρεῖσθαι = ἀποαιρέεσθαι. δῶρ’ (ἀνδρός).

231. δημοβόρος βασιλεύς: nom. used as voc. οὐτιδανοῖσι: dat. of disadvantage or with verb; perhaps a pun, i.e. they were not worthy of the name of Danaans.

228. ὕστατα: adverbial


ἀλλ᾽ ἔκ τοι ἐρέω καὶ ἐπὶ μέγαν ὅρκον ὀμοῦμαι·ναὶ μὰ τόδε σκῆπτρον, τὸ μὲν οὔ ποτε φύλλα καὶ ὄζουςφύσει, ἐπεὶ δὴ πρῶτα τομὴν ἐν ὄρεσσι λέλοιπεν, 235οὐδ᾽ ἀναθηλήσει· περὶ γάρ ῥά ἑ χαλκὸς ἔλεψεφύλλά τε καὶ φλοιόν· νῦν αὖτέ μιν υἷες Ἀχαιῶνἐν παλάμῃς φορέουσι δικασπόλοι, οἵ τε θέμισταςπρὸς Διὸς εἰρύαται· ὃ δέ τοι μέγας ἔσσεται ὅρκος·

Vocabulary:


ἀνα-θηλέω, ἀναθηλήσω, ἀνεθήλησα – to sprout, bloom (forth/anew), bud (again)

δικασ-πόλος, ου, ὁ - judge, arbiter

θέμις, ιστος, ἡ - custom, law, decree, justice, oracle, rule

*λείπω, λείψω, ἔλιπον, λέλοιπα, λέλλειμμαι, ἐλείφθην - to leave, forsake, abandon

λέπω, λέψω, ἔλεψα, λέλαμμαι, ἐλάπην – to strip, peel, scale, hull

ναί - yes, yea, verily

ὄζος, ου, ὁ - branch, shoot, limb

*ὄρος (οὖρος), εος, τό – mountain

ὅρκος, ου, ὁ - oath, that by which one swears (as witness)

παλάμη, ης, ἡ - palm, hand, fist

τομή, ῆς, ἡ - cut(ting), stump

φλοιός οῦ, ὁ - bark, peel, rind

φορέω, φορήσω, ἐφόρησα - to bear, carry, bring

φύλλον, ου, τό - leaf, foliage

φύω, φύσω, ἔφῡσα (ἔφῡν) - to bear, produce, bring forth, cause to grow

χαλκός, οῦ, ὁ - bronze, implement of bronze

Commentary:

233. ἐκ, ἐπί: adverbial, not tmesis. ὀμοῦμαι = ὀμόσομαι [ὄμνυμι].

234. μὰ τόδε σκῆπτρον: like the conch in Lord of the Flies, the Greeks had a talking stick. μὰ: used in swearing

235. πρῶτα: adverbial.

236. περί: adverbial. χαλκός: refers to an axe (made of bronze).

236-7. ἑ ...φύλλα, φλοιόν: double acc.; one is acc of respect.

234-9. τὸ μὲν οὔ...εἰρύαται: forms a parenthesis, describing the scepter.

239. εἰρύαται: 3rd pl. = εἰρυνται. ὁ: masc., where neut. is expected. It takes gender of the predicate (ὅρκος) by what is known as “attraction”. πρὸς Δίος: under the supervision of Zeus, from Zeus.

Notes:


ἦ ποτ᾽ Ἀχιλλῆος ποθὴ ἵξεται υἷας Ἀχαιῶν 240σύμπαντας· τότε δ᾽ οὔ τι δυνήσεαι ἀχνύμενός περχραισμεῖν, εὖτ᾽ ἂν πολλοὶ ὑφ᾽ Ἕκτορος ἀνδροφόνοιοθνήσκοντες πίπτωσι· σὺ δ᾽ ἔνδοθι θυμὸν ἀμύξειςχωόμενος ὅ τ᾽ ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδὲν ἔτισας.”

Vocabulary:


ἀμύσσω, ἀμύξω, ἤμυξα – to gnaw, tear, bite, scratch

ἀνδρο-φόνος, η, ον – man-slaying, murderous

*δύναμαι, δυνήσομαι, δεδύνημαι – to be able, can, have power

Ἕκτωρ, ορος, ὁ - Hector

ἔν-δοθι – within, inside, at home

εὖτε – when, as

*οὐδ-είς, οὐδε-μία, οὐδ-έν – no on, not any, non, nothing

*πίπτω, πεσέομαι, ἔπεσον, πέπτη(κ)α - to fall, drop, die, perish, sink

ποθή, ῆς, ἡ – yearning, longing, regret

τίω, τίσω, ἔτῑσα, τέτῑμαι – honor, esteem

*ὑπό – adv. and prep – under, beneath, by, at the hands of, by means of; adv. under, secretly, behind, beneath, by, gradually; + gen. (from) under, by; + dat. (down) under; + acc. (down) under, during, towards

χραισμέω, χραισμήσω, ἐχραίσημα – to assist, help, avail

Commentary:

240. Ἀχιλλῆος: objective gen. with a feeling. υἷας: goal is expressed in accusative with verbs of motion.

241. σύμπαντας: modifies υἷας. τι: adverbial. ἀχνύμενος: concessive.

242. χραισμεῖν =χραισμέειν (Ἀχαιοῖσιν).

243. ἀμύξεις: cf. Eng. “gnaw one’s heart, eat out one’s heart.”

244. ὅ τ’(ε): because, in that. (Ἀχιλλῆα) ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν. οὐδέν: adverbial, not at all; lit. in respect to nothing, in no wise.

Notes:


ὧς φάτο Πηλεΐδης, ποτὶ δὲ σκῆπτρον βάλε γαίῃ 245

χρυσείοις ἥλοισι πεπαρμένον, ἕξετο δ’αὐτός·

Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἑτέρωθεν ἐμήνιε. τοῖσι δὲ Νέστωρ

ἡδυεπὴς ἀνόρουσε, λιγὺς Πυλίων ἀγορητής,

τοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ γλώσσης μέλιτος γλυκίων ῥέεν αὐδή. 249

Vocabulary:


ἀγορητής, ᾶο, ὁ – orator

ἀν-ορούω, -, ἀνώρουσα - to jump up, spring up, start up

αὐδή, ῆς, ἡ - voice, speech, discourse, language, sound, cry

*γαῖα, ης, ἡ – earth, land, country

γλυκύς, εῖα, ύ - sweet

γλῶσσα, ης, ἡ – longue, language, speech

ἑτέρωθεν – from the other side

ἡδυ-επής, ές – sweek-speaking, sweet-toned

ἧλος, ου, ὁ - nail, rivet, stud

λιγύς, εῖα, ύ – shrill, clear-toned

μέλι, ιτος, τό – honey

*μηνίω, μηνίσω, ἐμήνῑσα – to rage, fume, be furious

Νέστωρ, ορος, ὁ - Nestor, chieftan of Pylos

πείρω, -, ἔπειρα, πέπαρμαι, ἐπάρην – to pierce, stud, rivet

Πύλιος, η, ον – of Pylos, Pylian

ῥέω, ῥεύσομαι, ἔρρευσα, ἐρρύηκα, ἐρρύην -to run, flow, stream, pour

Commentary:

245. ποτί [πρός]: with γαίῃ.

246. ἥλοισι: dat. of means. χρῡσείοις ἥλοισι πεπαρμένον: this addition by way of description in the moment of greatest suspense is charactaristic of the objectivitiy of the poet’s art. He is so little touched personally by the content that he, undisturbed by the strife of kings, still has an eye for detail.

248. ἀνόρουσε = ἀνώρουσε: Nestor is in a hurry to show these young upstarts how foolish and childish they are.

249. τοῦ: rel. pron. referring to Nestor. (ἔ)ῥεεν: imperfect of customary or repeated action. μέλιτος: what case and reason is this?

Notes:


τῷ δ᾽ ἤδη δύο μὲν γενεαὶ μερόπων ἀνθρώπων 250ἐφθίαθ᾽, οἵ οἱ πρόσθεν ἅμα τράφεν ἠδ᾽ ἐγένοντοἐν Πύλῳ ἠγαθέῃ, μετὰ δὲ τριτάτοισιν ἄνασσεν:ὅ σφιν ἐὺ φρονέων ἀγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπεν:“ὦ πόποι ἦ μέγα πένθος Ἀχαιΐδα γαῖαν ἱκάνει:ἦ κεν γηθήσαι Πρίαμος Πριάμοιό τε παῖδες 255ἄλλοι τε Τρῶες μέγα κεν κεχαροίατο θυμῷεἰ σφῶϊν τάδε πάντα πυθοίατο μαρναμένοιϊν,οἳ περὶ μὲν βουλὴν Δαναῶν, περὶ δ᾽ ἐστὲ μάχεσθαι.ἀλλὰ πίθεσθ᾽: ἄμφω δὲ νεωτέρω ἐστὸν ἐμεῖο:

Vocabulary:


*Ἀχαιίς, ιδος – Achaean (fem.)

*γενεή, ῆς, ἡ – generation, family, stock

γηθέω, γηθήσω, ἐγήθησα - to be glad, rejoice

ἠγά-θεος, η, ον – holy, sacred

μάρναμαι – to fight

μέρoψ, οπος - mortal, human

*νέος, η, ον – young, new, recent

πένθος, εος, τό – grief, woe, sadness

πεύθομαι, πεύσομαι, ἐπύθην – to learn by inquiry

*πόποι - alas! ah me! good gracious!

*τρέφω, θρέψω, ἔθεψα (ἔτραφον) - to nourish, feed, breed, grow up

*τρίτ(ατ)ος, η, ον - third

φθίνω, φθίσω, ἔφθῑσα– to destroy, perish, die, consume, waste away

Commentary:

250. τῷ: dat. of interest.

251. ἐφθίαθ’=ἐφθίατο, 3rd pl., = ἐφθιντο. οἵ, οἱ: first is a rel. pron. referring to ἀνθρώπων in 250; the second is an enclitic and dat. of accompaniment with ἁμά. τράφεν (=ἐτράφησαν) ἠδὲ γένοντο: hysteron proteron, i.e. the time represented by ἐγένοντο happens before that of τράφεν, although τράφεν preceeds ἐγένοντο. This device indicates priority of interest, the main ideas is contained in the first expression, the second is added as an afterthought for greater accuracy.

252. τριτάτοισιν: referers to the general idea of men, implied in γενεαί.

255. γηθήσαι: optative. sing. i.e. your quarrel would be a source of rejoicing for your enemy.

258. βουλή, μάχεσθαι: acc. and infin. of respect/specification; the two prime characteristics of a leader. Δαναῶν: comparison implied in περί taken with ἐστέ [εἶμι] to surpass, be suprior.

259. ἐμεῖο: why is this word in the genitive?


ἤδη γάρ ποτ᾽ ἐγὼ καὶ ἀρείοσιν ἠέ περ ὑμῖν 260ἀνδράσιν ὡμίλησα, καὶ οὔ ποτέ μ᾽ οἵ γ᾽ ἀθέριζον.οὐ γάρ πω τοίους ἴδον ἀνέρας οὐδὲ ἴδωμαι,οἷον Πειρίθοόν τε Δρύαντά τε ποιμένα λαῶνΚαινέα τ᾽ Ἐξάδιόν τε καὶ ἀντίθεον Πολύφημον[Θησέα τ᾽ Αἰγεΐδην, ἐπιείκελον ἀθανάτοισιν·] 265κάρτιστοι δὴ κεῖνοι ἐπιχθονίων τράφεν ἀνδρῶν·κάρτιστοι μὲν ἔσαν καὶ καρτίστοις ἐμάχοντοφηρσὶν ὀρεσκῴοισι καὶ ἐκπάγλως ἀπόλεσσαν.

Vocabulary:


*ἀ-θάνατος, η, ον – immortal, deathless

ἀ-θερίζω – + gen. to despise, disregard, slight

Αϊγεΐδης, ᾱο, ὁ - son of Aegeus

ἀντί-θεος, η, ον – equal ot the gods, god-like

*ἀρείων, ον - comparative of ἀγαθός

Δρύᾱς, αντος, ὁ – Dryas

ἐκ-πάγλως - terribly, horribly, dreadfully, awefully

Ἐξάδιος, ου, ὁ – Exadius

ἐπι-είκελος, η, ον – like, resembling

ἐπι-χθόνιος, η, ον – earthly, earth-born

Θησεύς, ῆος, ὁ - Theseus

Καινεύς, ῆος, ὁ - Caeneus

*κάρτιστος = κράτιστος, η, ον – mightiest

κεῖνος, η, ον = ἐκεῖνος, η, ον – that

*οἶος, η, ον – such (as), of what sort, what

ὁμιλέω, ὁμιλήσω, ὡμίλησα – to associate with, collect

ὀρέσ-κῳος, η, ον – living in the mountains, lying in mountain lairs

Πειρίθοος, ου, ὁ - Pirithous

*ποιμήν, μένος, ὁ – shepherd, guardian, protector

Πολύφημος, ου, ὁ – Polyphemus

*τοῖος, η, ον – such (as), of the sort that

*φήρ, φηρός, ὁ/ἡ – wild beast (feral)

Commentary:

260. καί: even.

262. ἴδον, ἴδωμαι [εἴδω]: aor. act. indic and aor. mid. subj. with the idea of yearning for something past and gone.

Notes:


καὶ μὲν τοῖσιν ἐγὼ μεθομίλεον ἐκ Πύλου ἐλθὼντηλόθεν ἐξ ἀπίης γαίης· καλέσαντο γὰρ αὐτοί· 270καὶ μαχόμην κατ᾽ ἔμ᾽ αὐτὸν ἐγώ· κείνοισι δ᾽ ἂν οὔ τιςτῶν οἳ νῦν βροτοί εἰσιν ἐπιχθόνιοι μαχέοιτο·καὶ μέν μευ βουλέων ξύνιεν πείθοντό τε μύθῳ·ἀλλὰ πίθεσθε καὶ ὔμμες, ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον·μήτε σὺ τόνδ᾽ ἀγαθός περ ἐὼν ἀποαίρεο κούρην, 275ἀλλ᾽ ἔα, ὥς οἱ πρῶτα δόσαν γέρας υἷες Ἀχαιῶν·μήτε σὺ, Πηλεΐδη, ἔθελ᾽ ἐριζέμεναι βασιλῆϊἀντιβίην, ἐπεὶ οὔ ποθ᾽ ὁμοίης ἔμμορε τιμῆςσκηπτοῦχος βασιλεύς, ᾧ τε Ζεὺς κῦδος ἔδωκεν.εἰ δὲ σὺ καρτερός ἐσσι, θεὰ δέ σε γείνατο μήτηρ, 280ἀλλ᾽ ὅ γε φέρτερός ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ πλεόνεσσιν ἀνάσσει.Ἀτρεΐδη, σὺ δὲ παῦε τεὸν μένος· αὐτὰρ ἔγωγελίσσομ᾽ Ἀχιλλῆϊ μεθέμεν χόλον, ὃς μέγα πᾶσινἕρκος Ἀχαιοῖσιν πέλεται πολέμοιο κακοῖο.”τὸν δ᾽ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων· 285“ναὶ δὴ ταῦτά γε πάντα, γέρον, κατὰ μοῖραν ἔειπες·ἀλλ᾽ ὅδ᾽ ἀνὴρ ἐθέλει περὶ πάντων ἔμμεναι ἄλλων,πάντων μὲν κρατέειν ἐθέλει, πάντεσσι δ᾽ ἀνάσσειν,πᾶσι δὲ σημαίνειν, ἅ τιν᾽ οὐ πείσεσθαι ὀΐω·

Vocabulary:


ἀντι-βίην – opposing might, antagonistically

ἄπιος, η, ον – far, distant

βροτός, οῦ, ὁ - mortal man

γείνομαι, -, ἐγεινάμην – to beget, bear, produce, be born

ἐάω, ἐάσω, εἴασα – to allow

ἕρκος, εος, τό – hedge, fence, bulkwark, barrier

*κῦδος, εος, τό – glory

μεθ-ίημι, μεθήσω, μεθῆκα – to let go, dismiss, forego

μείρομαι, -, ἔμμορα – to divide, share, receive as a lot

*μοῖρα, ης, ἡ – fate, lot, portion, suitability

πέλω,-, ἔπελον, ἐπελόμην (ἔπλε) – to turn; mid. to become

σημαίνω, σημανέω, ἐσήμηνα – to order, command

τηλόθε(ν) – far, from afar

269. τοῖσιν: refers to the Lapithae. αὐτοί: they themselves.

270. καλέσαντο: observe force of the middle “for their own sakes”.

271. κατ΄ἔμ αὐτόν: by myself alone.

272. μαχέοιτο: potential optative might, could, would.

273. βουλέων = βουλάων. ξύνιεν [ξυνίημι]: imperf. 3rd pl.

274. καί: also. ἐπεὶ πείθεσθαι ἄμεινον (ἐστί).

275. ἐών: concessive.

275-7. μήτε σύ...μήτε σύ: first refers to Agamemnon, the second to Achilles.

280. εἰ: concessive, even if.

281. πλεόνεσσιν: dat. with verb of ruling. ὅδε: Agamemnon, of course.

283. Νέστωρ λίσσεται Ἀγαμέμνονα μεθέμεναι χόλον Ἀχιλλῆι: dat. of advantage.

284. Ἀχαιοῖσιν: dat. of advantage or possession. πολέμοιο: objective gen.

286. κατὰ μοῖραν: fittingly.

287. πάντων: what kind of genitive is this?

288. πάντων: gen. with verbs of ruling. πάντεσσι: dat. with command.

289. ἅ: accusative of respect. τιν’(α): accusative subject of infin. Who does this refer to?

Notes:


εἰ δέ μιν αἰχμητὴν ἔθεσαν θεοὶ αἰὲν ἐόντες 290τοὔνεκά οἱ προθέουσιν ὀνείδεα μυθήσασθαι;”τὸν δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὑποβλήδην ἠμείβετο δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς·“ἦ γάρ κεν δειλός τε καὶ οὐτιδανὸς καλεοίμηνεἰ δὴ σοὶ πᾶν ἔργον ὑπείξομαι ὅττί κεν εἴπῃς·ἄλλοισιν δὴ ταῦτ᾽ ἐπιτέλλεο, μὴ γὰρ ἔμοιγε 295σήμαιν᾽· οὐ γὰρ ἔγωγ᾽ ἔτι σοὶ πείσεσθαι ὀΐω.ἄλλο δέ τοι ἐρέω, σὺ δ᾽ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσι·χερσὶ μὲν οὔ τοι ἔγωγε μαχήσομαι εἵνεκα κούρηςοὔτε σοὶ οὔτέ τῳ ἄλλῳ, ἐπεί μ᾽ ἀφέλεσθέ γε δόντες·τῶν δ᾽ ἄλλων ἅ μοί ἐστι θοῇ παρὰ νηῒ μελαίνῃ 300τῶν οὐκ ἄν τι φέροις ἀνελὼν ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖο·εἰ δ᾽ ἄγε μὴν πείρησαι ἵνα γνώωσι καὶ οἵδε·αἶψά τοι αἷμα κελαινὸν ἐρωήσει περὶ δουρί.”

Vocabulary:


ἀ-έκων, ουσα, ον – unwilling

*αἰέν = αἰέι - always

αἶμα, ατος, τό – blood, gore

αἶψα – immediately, quickly

* ἀν -αιρέω, ἀναιρήσω, ἀνέελον – to take (up), seize

δειλός, ή, όν - cowardly, cringing, miserable, pitiable

δόρυ, δουρ(ατ)ός, τό – spear

εἰ – (interj.) go to! up! come!

*ἐπι-τέλλω, -, ἐπέτειλα, ἐπιτέταλμαι – to accomplish, command

ἐχε-πευκής, ές – sharp, biting

ἐρωέω, ἐρωήσω, ἠρώησα – to flow, dask, spurt

κελαινός, ή, ον – black, dark, dusky

μήν (μέν, μά) – truly, indeed, to be sure

ὄνειδος, εος, τό – abuse, insult, reviling

*πειράω, πειρήσα, ἐπείρησα (ἐπειρησάμην) – to try, attempt

*προ-τίθημι, προθήσω, προέθηκα – to add, grant (in addition)

ὑπ-είκω, ὑπείξω (ὑπείξομαι), ὕπειξα – to yield, submit, weaken

ὑπο-βλήδην – interrupting, breaking in

Commentary:

290-1. A rhetorical question. ἔθεσαν, προθέουσιν: a pun.

294. πᾶν ἔργον: The words ἔργον, ἔπος, and μῦθος with pronouns or adjectives are at times practically equivalent to the neuter of the pronoun or adjective without these words: in every matter.

296. This line is a sneering parody of line 289.

299. τῳ = τινι. a pun. 300. μοι: dat. of poss.

301. τῶν: assumes τῶν ἄλλων: a pun. ἀέκοντος ἐμεῖος: What case and reason?

302. πείρησαι: issued in form of a challenge: “just try it”. 303. δουρί (ἐμῷ).


ὣς τώ γ᾽ ἀντιβίοισι μαχεσσαμένω ἐπέεσσινἀνστήτην, λῦσαν δ᾽ ἀγορὴν παρὰ νηυσὶν Ἀχαιῶν· 305Πηλεΐδης μὲν ἐπὶ κλισίας καὶ νῆας ἐΐσαςἤϊε σύν τε Μενοιτιάδῃ καὶ οἷς ἑτάροισιν·Ἀτρεΐδης δ᾽ ἄρα νῆα θοὴν ἅλα δὲ προέρυσσεν,ἐν δ᾽ ἐρέτας ἔκρινεν ἐείκοσιν, ἐς δ᾽ ἑκατόμβηνβῆσε θεῷ, ἀνὰ δὲ Χρυσηΐδα καλλιπάρῃον 310εἷσεν ἄγων· ἐν δ᾽ ἀρχὸς ἔβη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς.

οἳ μὲν ἔπειτ᾽ ἀναβάντες ἐπέπλεον ὑγρὰ κέλευθα,λαοὺς δ᾽ Ἀτρεΐδης ἀπολυμαίνεσθαι ἄνωγεν·οἳ δ᾽ ἀπελυμαίνοντο καὶ εἰς ἅλα λύματα βάλλον,

Vocabulary:


ἀντί-βιος, η, ον – opposing, hostile

ἀνώγω, ἀνώξω, ἤνωξα, ἄνωγα - to command, order, bid

ἀπο-λῡμαίνομαι (λῡμαν-) – to purify (oneself), clean(se)

ἐείκοσι (εἴκοσι) – twenty

ἐίση [ἶσος] – equal, equivalent, symestrical

*ἐπι-πλέω, ἐπιπλεύσομαι, ἐπέπλευσα – to sail (upon, over), navigate

κέλευθος, ου, ἡ – road, way, path, journey, route

κρίνω, κρινέω, ἔκρινα – to pick out, choose, select, discern, judge

λῦμα, ματος, τό – filth

Μενοιτιάδης, ᾱο, ὁ – son of Menoetius, Patroclus

*πολύ-μητις, ιος - wily, rich in counsel

προ-ερύω, προερύω, προείρυσ(σ)α – to draw forward, drag forward, launch

ὑγρός, ή, όν – wet, moist, damp, watery

Commentary:

305. ἀνστήτην = ἀνεστήτην.

308. προέρυσσεν: augment missing and has causative sense. ὁρᾶτο = ὡράετο – middle of interest

309. ἐς, ἐς: adverbial, removed from word it modifies.

310. βῆσι: causative. ἀνά: adverbial, removed from word it modifies.

311. εἶσεν: causative. ἄγων: temporal (time before).

312. κέλευθα: cognate accusative.

Notes:


ἔρδον δ᾽ Ἀπόλλωνι τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας315ταύρων ἠδ᾽ αἰγῶν παρὰ θῖν᾽ ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο·κνίση δ᾽ οὐρανὸν ἷκεν ἑλισσομένη περὶ καπνῷ. ὣς οἳ μὲν τὰ πένοντο κατὰ στρατόν· οὐδ᾽ Ἀγαμέμνωνλῆγ᾽ ἔριδος τὴν πρῶτον ἐπηπείλησ᾽ Ἀχιλῆϊ,ἀλλ᾽ ὅ γε Ταλθύβιόν τε καὶ Εὐρυβάτην προσέειπε, 320τώ οἱ ἔσαν κήρυκε καὶ ὀτρηρὼ θεράποντε·ἔρχεσθον κλισίην Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος·χειρὸς ἑλόντ᾽ ἀγέμεν Βρισηΐδα καλλιπάρῃον·εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαιἐλθὼν σὺν πλεόνεσσι· τό οἱ καὶ ῥίγιον ἔσται. 325ὣς εἰπὼν προΐει, κρατερὸν δ᾽ ἐπὶ μῦθον ἔτελλε·τὼ δ᾽ ἀέκοντε βάτην παρὰ θῖν᾽ ἁλὸς ἀτρυγέτοιο,Μυρμιδόνων δ᾽ ἐπί τε κλισίας καὶ νῆας ἱκέσθην,τὸν δ᾽ εὗρον παρά τε κλισίῃ καὶ νηῒ μελαίνῃἥμενον· οὐδ᾽ ἄρα τώ γε ἰδὼν γήθησεν Ἀχιλλεύς. 330τὼ μὲν ταρβήσαντε καὶ αἰδομένω βασιλῆαστήτην, οὐδέ τί μιν προσεφώνεον οὐδ᾽ ἐρέοντο·αὐτὰρ ὃ ἔγνω ᾗσιν ἐνὶ φρεσὶ φώνησέν τε·

Vocabulary:


αἴδομαι (αἰδέομαι) – to reverence

ἀτρύγετος, ον – barren, restless

ἐλίσσω, ἐλίξω, εἴλιξα – to twirl, twist, curl, turn, roll

ἐπ-απειλέω, ἐπαπειλήσω, ἐπηπείλησα– to threaten (against), boast

ἔρδω, ἔρξω, ἔρξα – to do, perform, sacrifice, work, accomplish

*εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω, ηὕρόν – to come upon, find

Εὐρυ-βάτης, ᾱο, ὁ – Eurybates

θεράπων, οντος, ὁ – attendant, squire

*ἵκω, ¯ , ἷξον - to come, go

καπνός, οῦ, ὁ – smoke, vaper, mist, fume

*κῆρυξ, κήρυκος, ὁ – herald

ὀτρηρός, ή, όν – ready, eager, nimble, swift

πέν-ομαι – to work, be busy, labor

ῥῑγίων, ον – worse, more horrible

Ταλθύ-βιος, ου, ὁ – Talthybius

τεληέσσεις, εσσα, εν – complete, perfect, finished, unblemished

προσ-φωνέω, προσφωνήσω, προσεφώνησα – to address, accost, speak to

ταρβέω, ταρβήσω, ἐτάρβησα – to frighten, be in terror, be frightened

Commentary:

318. τά: cognate accusative.

319. ἔριδος: gen. of separation.

321. οἱ: dative.

322. ἔρχεσθον: imperative. κλισίην: place to which.

323. ἀγέμεν: infinitive used as imperative.

329. τόν: no need to say his name.

330. Litotes in latter part.

331. Observe the different participles and their effect. βασιλῆα (Ἀχιλλῆα).

333. ὁ: no need to say his name.

Notes:


χαίρετε κήρυκες Διὸς ἄγγελοι ἠδὲ καὶ ἀνδρῶν,ἆσσον ἴτ᾽· οὔ τί μοι ὔμμες ἐπαίτιοι ἀλλ᾽ Ἀγαμέμνων, 335ὃ σφῶϊ προΐει Βρισηΐδος εἵνεκα κούρης.ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε διογενὲς Πατρόκλεες ἔξαγε κούρηνκαί σφωϊν δὸς ἄγειν· τὼ δ᾽ αὐτὼ μάρτυροι ἔστωνπρός τε θεῶν μακάρων πρός τε θνητῶν ἀνθρώπωνκαὶ πρὸς τοῦ βασιλῆος ἀπηνέος εἴ ποτε δ᾽ αὖτε340χρειὼ ἐμεῖο γένηται ἀεικέα λοιγὸν ἀμῦναιτοῖς ἄλλοις· ἦ γὰρ ὅ γ᾽ ὀλοιῇσι φρεσὶ θύει,οὐδέ τι οἶδε νοῆσαι ἅμα πρόσσω καὶ ὀπίσσω,ὅππως οἱ παρὰ νηυσὶ σόοι μαχέοιντο Ἀχαιοί.ὣς φάτο, Πάτροκλος δὲ φίλῳ ἐπεπείθεθ᾽ ἑταίρῳ, 345ἐκ δ᾽ ἄγαγε κλισίης Βρισηΐδα καλλιπάρῃον,δῶκε δ᾽ ἄγειν· τὼ δ᾽ αὖτις ἴτην παρὰ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν·

Vocabulary:


*ἄγγελος, ου, ὁ – messanger

ἀπηνής, ές – harsh, cruel, rude

ἆσσον – nearer, closer

*δῑο-γενής, ές – Zeus-born

*ἐξ-άγω, ἐξάξω, ἐξήγαγον – to lead out, forth, bring forth

*ἐπ-αίτιος, η, ον – blameworthy, blameable

*θνητός, ή, όν – mortal, human

θύω, -, ἔθυσα – to dash, rush, be rash, rage

μάκαρ, αρος – blessed, happy, fortunate

μάρτυρος, ου, ὁ - witness

νοέω, νοήσω, ἐνόησα – to preceive, consider, think, plan

ὀλοιός, ή, όν – accursed, baneful, destructive

ὀπίσσω – back(ward), behind

Πάτροκλος, ου, ὁ – Patroclus

πρόσσω – forward, in front

χρείω (χρέω, χρή) – it is necessary

Commentary:

337. Πατρόκλεις: irreg. vocative.

338. ἔστων[εἰμί]: imperative.

340. δὴ αὖτε: synizesis, does not mean “again” to denote repetition, but denotes a situation other than the present.

341. ἐμεῖο: objective.

342. τοῖς ἄλλοις: dat. of advantage/disadvantage, contempuously.

343. i.e. to consider wisely and carefully

344. οἱ: dat. of advantange. μαχεοίτ’(ο): optative 3rd pl


ἣ δ᾽ ἀέκουσ᾽ ἅμα τοῖσι γυνὴ κίεν· αὐτὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺςδακρύσας ἑτάρων ἄφαρ ἕζετο νόσφι λιασθείς,θῖν᾽ ἔφ᾽ ἁλὸς πολιῆς, ὁρόων ἐπ᾽ ἀπείρονα πόντον· 350πολλὰ δὲ μητρὶ φίλῃ ἠρήσατο χεῖρας ὀρεγνύς·“μῆτερ, ἐπεί μ᾽ ἔτεκές γε μινυνθάδιόν περ ἐόντα,τιμήν πέρ μοι ὄφελλεν Ὀλύμπιος ἐγγυαλίξαιΖεὺς ὑψιβρεμέτης· νῦν δ᾽ οὐδέ με τυτθὸν ἔτισεν·ἦ γάρ μ᾽ Ἀτρεΐδης εὐρὺ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων355ἠτίμησεν· ἑλὼν γὰρ ἔχει γέρας, αὐτὸς ἀπούρας.”

ὣς φάτο δάκρυ χέων, τοῦ δ᾽ ἔκλυε πότνια μήτηρἡμένη ἐν βένθεσσιν ἁλὸς παρὰ πατρὶ γέροντι·

Vocabulary:


ἀ-πείρων, ον – boundless, limitles

ἀπ-αυράω, (imper. ἀπηύρων with aor. sence), ἀπουρήσω, ἀπούρᾱς (aor. part) – to take away, deprive, snatch away

ἄφαρ – immediately, forthwith

βένθος, εος, τό – depth

ἐγγυαλίζω, ἐγγυαλίξω, ἠγγυάλιξα – to grant, present with

λιάζομαι, -, ἐλίασσα, ἐλιάσθην – to bend, turn aside, sink, fall

μινυνθάδιος, η, ον – short(lived), ephemeral, brief

νόσφι(ν) – apart, away, separate

ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνυμι), ὀρέξω, ὤρεξα – to reach forth, stretch out, extend

ὀφείλω, ὀφειλήσω, ὤφελον – to owe, ought, be obligated; aor in wishes, would that!

πάροιθε(ν) – before, formerly

πολιός, ή, όν – gray, hoary

πόντος, ου, ὁ – sea

πότνια, ης, ἡ – revered, honored (lady)

τυτθός, ή, όν – small, little, young, brief

ὐψι-βρεμέτης, ες – thundering, growling

χέω, χεύω, ἔχε(υ)σα – to pour, shed (tears)

Commentary:

348. ἀέκουσ’(α).

349. δακρύσας: inceptive aorist he fell into weeping.

350. ἔφ’ = ἐπί. ὁρόων= ὁράων.

351. ματρί: Thetis, but no need to say it.

356. αὐτός: of his own arbitrary free will.

358. πατρὶ γέροντι: Nereus, also well known.

Notes:


καρπαλίμως δ᾽ ἀνέδυ πολιῆς ἁλὸς ἠΰτ᾽ ὀμίχλη,καί ῥα πάροιθ᾽ αὐτοῖο καθέζετο δάκρυ χέοντος, 360χειρί τέ μιν κατέρεξεν ἔπος τ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζε·“τέκνον τί κλαίεις; τί δέ σε φρένας ἵκετο πένθος;ἐξαύδα, μὴ κεῦθε νόῳ, ἵνα εἴδομεν ἄμφω.”τὴν δὲ βαρὺ στενάχων προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς·“οἶσθα· τί ἤ τοι ταῦτα ἰδυίῃ πάντ᾽ ἀγορεύω; 365ᾠχόμεθ᾽ ἐς Θήβην ἱερὴν πόλιν Ἠετίωνος,τὴν δὲ διεπράθομέν τε καὶ ἤγομεν ἐνθάδε πάντα·καὶ τὰ μὲν εὖ δάσσαντο μετὰ σφίσιν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν,ἐκ δ᾽ ἕλον Ἀτρεΐδῃ Χρυσηΐδα καλλιπάρῃον.Χρύσης δ᾽ αὖθ᾽ ἱερεὺς ἑκατηβόλου Ἀπόλλωνος370ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνωνλυσόμενός τε θύγατρα φέρων τ᾽ ἀπερείσι᾽ ἄποινα,στέμματ᾽ ἔχων ἐν χερσὶν ἑκηβόλου Ἀπόλλωνοςχρυσέῳ ἀνὰ σκήπτρῳ, καὶ λίσσετο πάντας Ἀχαιούς,Ἀτρεΐδα δὲ μάλιστα δύω κοσμήτορε λαῶν. 375ἔνθ᾽ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες ἐπευφήμησαν Ἀχαιοὶαἰδεῖσθαί θ᾽ ἱερῆα καὶ ἀγλαὰ δέχθαι ἄποινα·ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ Ἀτρεΐδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι ἥνδανε θυμῷ,ἀλλὰ κακῶς ἀφίει, κρατερὸν δ᾽ ἐπὶ μῦθον ἔτελλεν.

Vocabulary:


ἀνα-δύω, ἀναδύσω, ἀνέδυσα – to rise, emerge

δια-πέρθω, διαπέρσω, διέπερσα – to sack (utterly), sack thoroughly

ἑκατη-βόλος, ου, ὁ – free-shooter

ἐξ-αυδάω, ἐξαυδήσω, ἐξηύδησα – to speak out, tell, say, declare

Ἠετίων, ωνος, ὁ – Eёtion, father of Andromache

ἠύτε – as, just as, like

Θήβη, ης, ἡ –Thebe, city in Asia Minor

*καθ-έζομαι, καθέσσομαι, καθεῖσα – to sit down

καρπαλίμως – quickly, suddenly, swiftly

κατα-ρέζω, καταρέξω, κατέρ(ρ)εξα – to caress, stroke

κεύθω, κεύσω, ἔκευσα – to hide, conceal

κλαίω, κλαύσομαι, ἔκλαυσα – to cry, weep

ὀμίχλη, ης, ἡ – mist, fog

ὀνομά-ζω, ὀνομάσω, ὠνόμασα – to call, address

πάροιθε(ν) – + gen. in front of, before

στενάχω – to groan, sob, sigh

τέκνον, ου, τό – child

χαλκο-χίτων, ωνος – bronze tunics

Commentary:

359. ἁλός: gen. of separation.

360. αὐτοῖο: take with prep.

362. σε φρένας: double acc or the second one is accusative of particular part affected.

363. εἴδομαι: subjunctive with short vowel.

364. βαρύ: adverbial.

365. τί: why? ταῦτα: these things, object of ἀγορεύω. πάντ’(α): object of ἰδυίῃ.

Notes:


χωόμενος δ᾽ ὁ γέρων πάλιν ᾤχετο· τοῖο δ᾽ Ἀπόλλων380εὐξαμένου ἤκουσεν, ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν,ἧκε δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ Ἀργείοισι κακὸν βέλος· οἳ δέ νυ λαοὶθνῇσκον ἐπασσύτεροι, τὰ δ᾽ ἐπῴχετο κῆλα θεοῖοπάντῃ ἀνὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶν· ἄμμι δὲ μάντιςεὖ εἰδὼς ἀγόρευε θεοπροπίας ἑκάτοιο. 385 αὐτίκ᾽ ἐγὼ πρῶτος κελόμην θεὸν ἱλάσκεσθαι·Ἀτρεΐωνα δ᾽ ἔπειτα χόλος λάβεν, αἶψα δ᾽ ἀναστὰςἠπείλησεν μῦθον ὃ δὴ τετελεσμένος ἐστί·τὴν μὲν γὰρ σὺν νηῒ θοῇ ἑλίκωπες Ἀχαιοὶἐς Χρύσην πέμπουσιν, ἄγουσι δὲ δῶρα ἄνακτι· 390τὴν δὲ νέον κλισίηθεν ἔβαν κήρυκες ἄγοντεςκούρην Βρισῆος τήν μοι δόσαν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν.ἀλλὰ σὺ εἰ δύνασαί γε περίσχεο παιδὸς ἑῆος·ἐλθοῦσ᾽ Οὔλυμπον δὲ Δία λίσαι, εἴ ποτε δή τιἢ ἔπει ὤνησας κραδίην Διὸς ἠὲ καὶ ἔργῳ. 395πολλάκι γάρ σεο πατρὸς ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἄκουσαεὐχομένης ὅτ᾽ ἔφησθα κελαινεφέϊ Κρονίωνιοἴη ἐν ἀθανάτοισιν ἀεικέα λοιγὸν ἀμῦναι,ὁππότε μιν ξυνδῆσαι Ὀλύμπιοι ἤθελον ἄλλοιἭρη τ᾽ ἠδὲ Ποσειδάων καὶ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη. 400

Vocabulary:


Ἀτρεΐων, ωνος, ὁ – son of Atreus

βρῑσεύς, ῆος, ὁ – Briseus, father of Briseis

ἕκατος, ου, ὁ – free-shooter

ἐπ-ασσύτερος, η, ον – thick, in quick succession

ἐύς, ἐῆος – mighty, valient

κελαινεφής, ές – wrapped in black clouds

Κρονίων, ωνος ὁ – son of Kronos

*λαμανω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον – to seize,

μέγαρον, ου, ὁ – great hall (pl. palace)

ξυν-δέω (συν-δέω), ξυνδήσω, ξυνέδησα – to bind (hand and foot), hog-tie

ὀνίνημι, ὀνήσω, ὤνησα – to help, benefit, assist, profit, be useful

πάτνῃ – everywhere, throughout

περι-έχω, περιέξω, περίεσχον – to protect, defend, encompass, embrace

*πολλάκι(ς) – often

Ποσειδάων, ωνος, ὁ – Poseidon

Commentary:

380. τοῖο: gen. with verb. ὁ: emphasizes γέρων.

381. ἐπεὶ μάλα οἱ φίλος ἦεν:

382. βέλος is used collectively.

383. ἐπῴχετο κῆλα: neut. pl with sing. verb. τά: serves to emphasize and visualize the arrows.

389-391. τὴν μὲν...τὴν δέ: the one (Chryseis) …the other (Briseis). νέον: adverbial.

390. ἄνακτι: king, lord, referring to Apollo. πέμπουσι, ἄγουσι: actions are still going on at time Achilles was speaking (Homer does not use the historic present).

393. περίσχεο: hold about, protect. παιδός: gen. with compound verb.

394. Δία λίσαι: short syllable can becomes long when followed by λ,μ,ω,ρ, and occasionally σ. λίσαι: imperat.

395. ἔπει (ἔπος), ἔργῳ: What kind of dative is this?

396. σεο: dat. with verb. πατρὸς (ἐμοῦ). ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν: short syllable can becomes long when followed by λ,μ,ω,ρ, and occasionally σ

397. ἔφησθα: imperfect, kept... κελαινεφέι Κρονίωνι: dat. of dis/advantage.

Notes:


ἀλλὰ σὺ τόν γ᾽ ἐλθοῦσα θεὰ ὑπελύσαο δεσμῶν,ὦχ᾽ ἑκατόγχειρον καλέσασ᾽ ἐς μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον,ὃν Βριάρεων καλέουσι θεοί, ἄνδρες δέ τε πάντεςΑἰγαίων᾽· ὃ γὰρ αὖτε βίην οὗ πατρὸς ἀμείνων ·ὅς ῥα παρὰ Κρονίωνι καθέζετο κύδεϊ γαίων · 405τὸν καὶ ὑπέδεισαν μάκαρες θεοὶ οὐδ᾽ ἔτ᾽ ἔδησαν.τῶν νῦν μιν μνήσασα παρέζεο καὶ λαβὲ γούνωναἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι,τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ᾽ ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιοὺςκτεινομένους, ἵνα πάντες ἐπαύρωνται βασιλῆος, 410γνῷ δὲ καὶ Ἀτρεΐδης εὐρὺ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνωνἣν ἄτην, ὅ τ᾽ ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδὲν ἔτισεν.”

Vocabulary:


Αίγαίων, ωνος, ὁ – Aegaeon

*ἀμφί – adv and prep. about, around; adv. around, about, on both sides; + gen. around, about, concerning, for (the sake of); + dat. around, about, because of, concerning, at, by; + acc. around, about.

ἄτη, ης, ἡ – blind infatuation, folly, ruin, misfortune, hurt

βριάρεως, ω, ὁ – Briareiis

βίη, ης, ἡ – strength, might, violence

γαίω – to rejoice, exult, glory

γόνυ, γουν(ατ)ός, τό – knee

δεσμός, οῦ, ὁ – bond, band, fetter

δέω, δήσω, ἔδησα, δέδεκα, δέδεμαι – to bind, tie

εἴλω (εἴλομαι), ἔελσα, ἔελμαι, ἐάλην – to crowd, drive

*ἑκατόγ-χειρος, η, ον – hundred-handed, hundred-armed

ἐπ-αυρίσκω (ἐπαυρέω), ἐπαυρήσομαι, ἐπαῦρον – to enjoy, reap, the benefit of + gen.

*κτείνω, κτενέω, ἔκτεινα, ἔκτονα, ἐκτάθην – to kill, slay, murder

*μι-μνήσκω, μνήσω, ἔμνησα, μέμνημαι – to remind, call to mind, remember

*παρ-έζομαι – to sit beside, sit near

πρύμνη, ης, ἡ – stern of a ship

ὑπο-δείδω, ὑποδείσομαι, ὑπέδεισα, ὑποδείδοικα – to fear, shrink before, cringe before

ὑπο-λύω, ὑπολύσω, ὑπέλυσα – to loose

ὦκα (ὠκύς) – quickly, swiftly, suddenly

Commentary:

401. δεσμῶν: What kind of genitive is it? θεά: nominative or vocative

403. βριάρεων =βριάρηον: quantitative metathesis, synsizesis.

404. αὖτε: on the other side, for his side, as the others were previously stronger on theirs. οὖ πατρός: What kind of gen is this? Poseidon. βίῃ: dat. of respect.

405. κύδεϊ: What kind of dative is this?

406. ὑπέδεισαν: observer how this is echoed by οὐδέ τ’ἔδησαν, a pun.

407. τῶν: with verb. γούνων: what kind of genitive is this? μιν: object of μνήσᾱσα. λαβὲ γούνων: a regular custom of a suppliant among ancient Greeks.

408. ἐπί: adverbial and separated from object.

409. τούς: subject of infinitive. κατὰ πρύμνᾱς: because ships were drawn up on the shore with their sterns toward the land.

410. κτεινομένους: modifies Ἀχαιούς as passive, but taken as middle and construed with τοὐς, referring to the Trojans. βασιλῆος: gen. with verb of sharing. ἑπαύρωνται: with bitter irony: that all may reap the benefit of their king.

411. καί: even. ἄτην: henceforth an important word. Agamemnon later confesses his blind infatuation (ἄτη) in this matter.

Notes:


τὸν δ᾽ ἠμείβετ᾽ ἔπειτα Θέτις κατὰ δάκρυ χέουσα·“ὤ μοι τέκνον ἐμόν, τί νύ σ᾽ ἔτρεφον αἰνὰ τεκοῦσα;αἴθ᾽ ὄφελες παρὰ νηυσὶν ἀδάκρυτος καὶ ἀπήμων415ἧσθαι, ἐπεί νύ τοι αἶσα μίνυνθά περ οὔ τι μάλα δήν·νῦν δ᾽ ἅμα τ᾽ ὠκύμορος καὶ ὀϊζυρὸς περὶ πάντωνἔπλεο· τώ σε κακῇ αἴσῃ τέκον ἐν μεγάροισι.τοῦτο δέ τοι ἐρέουσα ἔπος Διὶ τερπικεραύνῳεἶμ᾽ αὐτὴ πρὸς Ὄλυμπον ἀγάννιφον αἴ κε πίθηται. 420ἀλλὰ σὺ μὲν νῦν νηυσὶ παρήμενος ὠκυπόροισιμήνι᾽ Ἀχαιοῖσιν, πολέμου δ᾽ ἀποπαύεο πάμπαν·Ζεὺς γὰρ ἐς Ὠκεανὸν μετ᾽ ἀμύμονας Αἰθιοπῆαςχθιζὸς ἔβη κατὰ δαῖτα, θεοὶ δ᾽ ἅμα πάντες ἕποντο·

Vocabulary:


ἀγάν-νιφος, ον – snow-clad, very snowy

*ἀ-δάκρῡτος, η, ον – tearless

αἴθε – (used to introduce a wish)

Αἰθιοπεύς, ῆος, ὁ – Ethiopian

αἰνός, ή, όν – dread, terrible, awful, painful, sorrowful

αἶσα, ης, ἡ – fate, lot, portion

ἀ-πήμων, ον – unharmed, painless

*ἀπο-παύω, ἀποπαύσω, ἀπέπαυσα – to cease (from), refrain (from), stop (from), restrain

δήν – long, for a long time

Θέτις, ιδος, ἡ – Thetis, a sea goddess

μίνυνθος, η, ον – short, brief

πάμ-παν – completely, altogether

ὀιζῡρός, ή, όν – piteous, woeful, miserable

πάρ-ημαι (ἡσ-) – sit beside

τερπι-κέραυνος, η, ον – hurling the thunderbolt, rejoicing in the thunderbolt

τῶ – therefore, for this (reason)

χθιζός, ή, όν – yesterday(s)

Ὠκεανός, οῦ, ὁ – ocean, Oceanus

ὠκύ-μορος, η, ον – swift-fated

ὠκύ-πορος, ον – swift-sailing, swift-going, crossing quickly

Commentary:

414. τί, αἰνά: adverbial. αἰνὰ τέκουσα.

416. τοι: What kind of dative is this? μίνυνθά περ (ἐστίν).

418. αἴσῃ: What kind of dative is this?

419. τοι: What kind of dative is this? ἐρέουσα: participle indicating purpose

420. αὐτή: Thetis is indicating personal interest.

421. νηυσί: dat. with verb.

422. Ἀχαιοῖσιν: What kind of dative is this? πολέμου: What kind of genitive is this?


δωδεκάτῃ δέ τοι αὖτις ἐλεύσεται Οὔλυμπον δέ, 425καὶ τότ᾽ ἔπειτά τοι εἶμι Διὸς ποτὶ χαλκοβατὲς δῶ,καί μιν γουνάσομαι καί μιν πείσεσθαι ὀΐω.”ὣς ἄρα φωνήσασ᾽ ἀπεβήσετο, τὸν δὲ λίπ᾽ αὐτοῦχωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸςτήν ῥα βίῃ ἀέκοντος ἀπηύρων· αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς430ἐς Χρύσην ἵκανεν ἄγων ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβην.οἳ δ᾽ ὅτε δὴ λιμένος πολυβενθέος ἐντὸς ἵκοντοἱστία μὲν στείλαντο, θέσαν δ᾽ ἐν νηῒ μελαίνῃ,ἱστὸν δ᾽ ἱστοδόκῃ πέλασαν προτόνοισιν ὑφέντεςκαρπαλίμως, τὴν δ᾽ εἰς ὅρμον προέρεσσαν ἐρετμοῖς. 435

Vocabulary:


*ἀπο-βαίνω, ἀποβήσω, ἀπέβησα – to depart, go away

αὐτοῦ – there, at that place

γουνάζομαι, νουνάσομαι – to embrace the knees, entreet, implore

δῶ – (neut. indecl.) house, home

δ(υ)ω-δέκατος, η, ον – twelfth

ἐντός – + gen. within, inside

ἐρετμόν, οῦ, ὁ – oar

ἐύ-ζωνος, ον – well-girded, beautifully waisted

*ίστίον, ου, τό – sail

ὅρμος, ου, ὁ – anchorage

πελάζω, πελάσω, ἐπέλασ(σ)α – to bring near, draw near, apporach

πολυ-βενθής, ές – very deep

προ-ερέσσω, -, προήρεσ(σ)α – to row forward

πρό-τονος, ου, ὁ – fore-stay, cordage (rigging on a ship)

στέλλω, στελέω, ἔστειλα – to put, place, arrange, furl

ὑφ-ίημι, ὑφήσω, ὑφῆκα – to let down, lower

χαλκο-βατής, ές – with bronze threshold, with bronze pavement

Commentary:

425. δωδεκάτῃ (ἡμέρῃ).

426. τοι: dat. of dis/advantage.

427. ὀίω: not ironic here but rather conveys the confidence of Thetis in the outcome.

428. ἀπεβήσετο: a mixed aorist.

429. γυναικός: why is it in the genitive case?

430. ἀπ-ηύρων [ἀπαυράω]: imperf. as aor. ἀέκοντος: gen. of separation or abs (referring to Achilles).

432. ἱστία: pl. even though the ancient ship had but one sail (helps reading visualize its parts).

434. ἱστοδόκῃ: what kind of dative is this? προτόνοισιν: what kind of dative is this?

435. ἐρετμοῖς: what kind of dative is this?

Notes:


ἐκ δ᾽ εὐνὰς ἔβαλον, κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσι᾽ ἔδησαν·ἐκ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ βαῖνον ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης,ἐκ δ᾽ ἑκατόμβην βῆσαν ἑκηβόλῳ Ἀπόλλωνι·ἐκ δὲ Χρυσηῒς νηὸς βῆ ποντοπόροιο.τὴν μὲν ἔπειτ᾽ ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεὺς440πατρὶ φίλῳ ἐν χερσὶ τίθει καί μιν προσέειπεν·“ὦ Χρύση, πρό μ᾽ ἔπεμψεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνωνπαῖδά τε σοὶ ἀγέμεν, Φοίβῳ θ᾽ ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβηνῥέξαι ὑπὲρ Δαναῶν ὄφρ᾽ ἱλασόμεσθα ἄνακτα,ὃς νῦν Ἀργείοισι πολύστονα κήδε᾽ ἐφῆκεν.” 445ὣς εἰπὼν ἐν χερσὶ τίθει, ὃ δὲ δέξατο χαίρωνπαῖδα φίλην· τοὶ δ᾽ ὦκα θεῷ ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβηνἑξείης ἔστησαν ἐΰδμητον περὶ βωμόν,χερνίψαντο δ᾽ ἔπειτα καὶ οὐλοχύτας ἀνέλοντο.

Vocabulary:


*βωμός, οῦ, ὁ – altar, base, foundation

ἑξείης – in order, in turn

ἐύ-δμητος, η, ον – well-built

εὐνή, ῆς, ἡ – bed, sleeper, anchorstone, lair, den

κῆδος, εος, τό – woe, grief, suffering

οὐλο-χύτη, ης, ἡ – poured-out barley corn

πολύ-στονος, η, ον – causing many a groan, rich in groans

ποντο-πόρος, ον – sea-going, sea-traversing, corssing the sea

πρυμνήσιον, ου, τό – stern-cable

ῥηγμίν, ῖνος, ἡ – beach, strand, shore

*ὑπέρ, ὑπείρ – over, beyond, on behalf of, concerning, above; adv. above; + gen (from) over, for (the sake of); + acc. over, beyond

χερνίπτω (χερνίπτομαι), χερνίψω, ἐχέρνιψα – to wash the hands, pour lustral water, purify with lustral water

Commentary:

436. κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσι’ἔδησαν: i.e. the ship was rowed in close to land, then turned around so that the stern pointed land-ward.

438. βήσαν: causative.

439. νηός: what case and reason is this word?

440. ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων: to make the god a witness fo the transaction.

441. ἐν χερσὶ τίθει: may mean no more than “gave x(acc) into the charge of”.

443. ἀγέμεν: infin. to denote purpose

444. ῥέξαι: infin. to denote purpose. ἱλασόμεσθα: short-voweled subjunctive.

447. τοί [ὁ, ἡ, τό]: nom. masc. pl.


τοῖσιν δὲ Χρύσης μεγάλ᾽ εὔχετο χεῖρας ἀνασχών· 450“κλῦθί μευ ἀργυρότοξ᾽, ὃς Χρύσην ἀμφιβέβηκαςΚίλλαν τε ζαθέην, Τενέδοιό τε ἶφι ἀνάσσεις·ἦ μὲν δή ποτ᾽ ἐμεῦ πάρος ἔκλυες εὐξαμένοιο,τίμησας μὲν ἐμέ, μέγα δ᾽ ἴψαο λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν·ἠδ᾽ ἔτι καὶ νῦν μοι τόδ᾽ ἐπικρήηνον ἐέλδωρ· 455ἤδη νῦν Δαναοῖσιν ἀεικέα λοιγὸν ἄμυνον.” ὣς ἔφατ᾽ εὐχόμενος, τοῦ δ᾽ ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων.αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥ᾽ εὔξαντο καὶ οὐλοχύτας προβάλοντο,αὐέρυσαν μὲν πρῶτα καὶ ἔσφαξαν καὶ ἔδειραν,μηρούς τ᾽ ἐξέταμον κατά τε κνίσῃ ἐκάλυψαν460δίπτυχα ποιήσαντες, ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν δ᾽ ὠμοθέτησαν·

Vocabulary:


*ἀν-έχω, ἀνέξω (ἀνασχήσω), ἀνέσχ(εθ)ον – to hold up, raise, suffer, endure

αὐερύω, -, αὐέρυσα – to draw up

δέρω, δερέω, ἐδειρα – to skin, flay

δί-πτυξ, υχος – double, twofold

ἐκ-τάμνω, ἐξέταμον – cut out

ἐπι-κραιαίνω, -, ἐπεκρήηωα – to accomplish, perform, fulfill (in addition)

ἠμέν – surly, truly, on the one hand (correlative with ἠδέ)

ἴπ-τομαι, ἴψομαι, ἰψάημν – to crush, overwelm, punish, afflict

καλύπτω, καλύψω, ἐκάλυψα – to cover, conceal, hide

πάρος – formerly, of old, before this

*ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα – to do, make, perform, execute, cause, effect, fashion, build

*προ-βάλλω, προβαλέω, προέβαλον – to cast, throw forward

σφάζω, σφάξω, ἔσφαξα – to cut the throat, slaughter, slay

ὠμο-θετέω,-, ὠμοθέτησα – to place raw meat upon

Commentary:

450. μεγάλα: adverbial.

451. μευ: gen. with verb.

452. Τενέδοιο: What is the reason for its case?

453. ἐμεῦ: gen. with verb.

454. ἐμέ: short syllable can becomes long when followed by λ,μ,ω,ρ, and occasionally σ

μέγα: adverbial.

455. μοι: dat. of dis/advantage.

456. Δαναοῖσιν: dat. of dis/advantage.

457. τοῦ: gen. with verb. Observe that the priest used the exact same words in the opening of his prayer to curse the Greeks in lines 37 and following. Moreover, his prayer is followed by this exact same phrase: τοῦ δ’ ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων. This is the first example of a palinode, a retraction, in Eurpopean literature.

Notes:


καῖε δ᾽ ἐπὶ σχίζῃς ὁ γέρων, ἐπὶ δ᾽ αἴθοπα οἶνονλεῖβε· νέοι δὲ παρ᾽ αὐτὸν ἔχον πεμπώβολα χερσίν.αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατὰ μῆρε κάη καὶ σπλάγχνα πάσαντο,μίστυλλόν τ᾽ ἄρα τἆλλα καὶ ἀμφ᾽ ὀβελοῖσιν ἔπειραν, 465ὤπτησάν τε περιφραδέως, ἐρύσαντό τε πάντα.αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ παύσαντο πόνου τετύκοντό τε δαῖταδαίνυντ᾽, οὐδέ τι θυμὸς ἐδεύετο δαιτὸς ἐΐσης.αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πόσιος καὶ ἐδητύος ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο,κοῦροι μὲν κρητῆρας ἐπεστέψαντο ποτοῖο, 470

Vocabulary:


αἶθ-οψ, οπος – bright, shining

δαί-νυμι, δαίσω, ἔδαισα – to feast, entertain, banquet

ἐδητύς, ύος, ἡ – food, eating, feed

ἐπι-στέφω, ἐπιστέψω, ἐπέστεψα – to surround, encircle, fill brimming full

*ἔρος, ου, ὁ – love, desire, passion

*κοῦρος, ου, ὁ – young man, noble

κρητήρ, ῆρος, ὁ – mixing bowl, punch bowl

λείβω, -, ἔλειψα – pour a libation

μῆρος, ου, τό – thigh piece, thigh-bone

μιστύλλω – to slice, cut into bits

ὀβελός, οῦ, ὁ – spit

ὀπτάω, -, ὤπτησα, ὠπτήθην – to cook, roast, bake

πατέομαι, -, ἐπασ(σ)άμην, πέπασμαι – to eat, feed

πεμπ-ώβολον, ου, τό – five-pronged

περι-φραδέως – carefully

*πόνος, ου, ὁ – work, labor, toil, trouble

πόσις, ιος, ἡ – drink(ing)

ποτόν, οῦ, τό – drink(ing) (potable)

σπλάγχνον, ου, τό – vitals

σχίζη, ης, ἡ – split wood

Commentary:

464. κατὰ μῆρα κάη: were consumed

465. τἆλλα: crasis – a vowel or diphthong which ends one word may be contracted or combined into a single syllable with the vowel which begins the following word.

467. πόνου: what case and reason is this word?

468. δαιτός: gen. with verb of fullness.

469. πόσιος, ἐδητύος: objective genitives.

470. ποτοῖο: gen. with verb of fullness.

Notes:


νώμησαν δ᾽ ἄρα πᾶσιν ἐπαρξάμενοι δεπάεσσιν·οἳ δὲ πανημέριοι μολπῇ θεὸν ἱλάσκοντοκαλὸν ἀείδοντες παιήονα κοῦροι Ἀχαιῶνμέλποντες ἑκάεργον· ὃ δὲ φρένα τέρπετ᾽ ἀκούων. ἦμος δ᾽ ἠέλιος κατέδυ καὶ ἐπὶ κνέφας ἦλθε, 475δὴ τότε κοιμήσαντο παρὰ πρυμνήσια νηός·ἦμος δ᾽ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,καὶ τότ᾽ ἔπειτ᾽ ἀνάγοντο μετὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶν·τοῖσιν δ᾽ ἴκμενον οὖρον ἵει ἑκάεργος Ἀπόλλων·

Vocabulary:


*ἀν-άγω, ἀνάξω, ἀνήγαγον – to lead forth, set out, go forth, drive, carry

δέπας, αος, τό – cup, goblet

*ἐπ-άρχω, ἐπάρξω, ἐπῆρξα – to begin, perform initiation rites

*ἡέλιος, ου, ὁ – sun

ἦμος – when

ἠρι-γένειος, η, ον – early-born

Ἠώς, Ἠόος, ἡ – Eos, dawn

ἴκμενος, η, ον – favorable, welcome

*κατα-δύω, καταδύσω, κατέδυσα – to go down, sink, set

κνέφας, αος, τό – darkness, night, gloom

κοιμάω, κοιμήσω, ἐκοίμησα – (lull) to sleep, slumber, lie down

μέλπω, μέλψω, ἔμελψα – to sing, dance, chant

μολπή, ῆς, ἡ – song, dance, singing

νωμάω, νωμήσω, ἐνώμησα – to distribute, apportion, handle easily, brandish

οὖρος, ου, ὁ – breeze, wind

παιήων, ονος, ὁ – paean, song of praise

παν-ημέριος, η, ον – all day long

ῥοδο-δάκτυλος, ον – rosy-fingered

*τέρπω, τέρψω, ἔτερψα – to please, delight, satisfy, sate, charm, rejoice

Commentary:

471. Which words are dative and why are they in that case?

472. μολπῇ: with song and dance

473. παιήονα: cognate accusative, originally an epithet of Apollo, “striker,” “beater.”

474. φρένα: What is the reason for this accusative?

Notes:


οἳ δ᾽ ἱστὸν στήσαντ᾽ ἀνά θ᾽ ἱστία λευκὰ πέτασσαν· 480ἐν δ᾽ ἄνεμος πρῆσεν μέσον ἱστίον, ἀμφὶ δὲ κῦμαστείρῃ πορφύρεον μεγάλ᾽ ἴαχε νηὸς ἰούσης·ἣ δ᾽ ἔθεεν κατὰ κῦμα διαπρήσσουσα κέλευθον.αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥ᾽ ἵκοντο κατὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶν,νῆα μὲν οἵ γε μέλαιναν ἐπ᾽ ἠπείροιο ἔρυσσαν485ὑψοῦ ἐπὶ ψαμάθοις, ὑπὸ δ᾽ ἕρματα μακρὰ τάνυσσαν·αὐτοὶ δ᾽ ἐσκίδναντο κατὰ κλισίας τε νέας τε. αὐτὰρ ὃ μήνιε νηυσὶ παρήμενος ὠκυπόροισιδιογενὴς Πηλῆος υἱὸς, πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς.

Vocabulary:


*ἄνεμος, ου, ὁ – wind, breeze

δια-πρήσσω, διαπρήξω, διέπρηξα – to go across, pass through, traverse, pass over

ἕρμα, ματος, τό – beam, prop, support

ἤπειρος, ου, ἡ – (main)land, continent

θέω, θεύσομαι – to run, speed

ἰάχω, -, ἰάχα, – to shout, roar, howl

*κῦμα, ματος, τό – wave, billow

*λευκός, ή, ον – white, shining

*μέσος, η, ον – middle, mid, midst, medium

πετάννῡμι, πετάσω, ἐπέτασ(σ)α – to stretch, spread

Πελεύς, ῆος, ὁ – Peleus

πορ-φύρεος, η, ον – purple

πρήθω, πρήσω, ἔπρησα – blow, burn, inflate

σκίδ-ναμαι – to scatter, disperse

στεῖρα, ης, ἡ – cut-water, stem

*τα-νύω, τανύσω, ἐτάνυσ(σ)α – to stretch, place along

ὑψοῦ – high

ψάμαθος, ου, ἡ – sand (of the beach), dune

Commentary:

478. κατά: over against, off.

482. νηὸς ἰούσης: in the transitional stage between a dependent gen. (of possession in this case) and absolute.

483. κέλευθον: cognate acc.

485-6. Observe the rhyme at the end of these verses.

489. υἱός: the diphthong is short. This verse is describing the ὁ in verse 488.

Notes:


οὔτέ ποτ᾽ εἰς ἀγορὴν πωλέσκετο κυδιάνειραν490οὔτέ ποτ᾽ ἐς πόλεμον, ἀλλὰ φθινύθεσκε φίλον κῆραὖθι μένων, ποθέεσκε δ᾽ ἀϋτήν τε πτόλεμόν τε. ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε δή ῥ᾽ ἐκ τοῖο δυωδεκάτη γένετ᾽ ἠώς,καὶ τότε δὴ πρὸς Ὄλυμπον ἴσαν θεοὶ αἰὲν ἐόντεςπάντες ἅμα, Ζεὺς δ᾽ ἦρχε. Θέτις δ᾽ οὐ λήθετ᾽ ἐφετμέων495παιδὸς ἑοῦ, ἀλλ᾽ ἥ γ᾽ ἀνεδύσετο κῦμα θαλάσσης,ἠερίη δ᾽ ἀνέβη μέγαν οὐρανὸν Οὔλυμπόν τε.εὗρεν δ᾽ εὐρύοπα Κρονίδην ἄτερ ἥμενον ἄλλωνἀκροτάτῃ κορυφῇ πολυδειράδος Οὐλύμποιο·

Vocabulary:


*ἄκρος, η, ον – sharp, high, utter

*ἄρχω, ἄρξω, ἦρξα – to begin, lead, rule, be first

αὖθι – here, there, in the same place

ἀῡτή, ῆς, ἡ – battle cry, war-whoop

εὐρύ-οψ, οπος – far-thundering

ἐφετμή, ῆς, ἡ – command, request, behest

ἠέριος, η, ον – early (in the morning)

κορυφή, ῆς, ἡ – peak, summit, crest

Κρονίδης, ᾶο, ὁ – son of Kronos, Zeus

κῡδι-άνειρα – bringing glory to men (fem. adj)

λήθω – + gen. escape the notice of, be hidden; mid. to forget

ποθέω, ποθήσω, ἐπόθηεσα – to yearn, to long for (what is lacking), desire, lack, miss

πολυ-δειράς, άδος – many ridged, with many clifts

πωλέομαι, πωλήσομαι – to go, attend, frequent, come, return

φθι-νύθω – to destroy, perish, waste away, pine

Commentary:

490. What does the epithet, κῡδιάνειραν, tell us about ancient Greek society? πωλέσκετο: iterative.

491. ἀῡτήν: notice the accent marks on this word, which shows it is is three syllables, and do not confuse with the two syllable: αὐτήν.

491-2. φθινύθσκε, ποθέεσκε: iteratives.

493. ἐκ τοῖο: from that (most important) time

495. ἐφετμέων: gen. with verb. ἦρχε: as lord, he led the way.

498. ἄλλων: take with adverb.

Notes:


καί ῥα πάροιθ᾽ αὐτοῖο καθέζετο, καὶ λάβε γούνων500σκαιῇ, δεξιτερῇ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὑπ᾽ ἀνθερεῶνος ἑλοῦσαλισσομένη προσέειπε Δία Κρονίωνα ἄνακτα·“Ζεῦ πάτερ, εἴ ποτε δή σε μετ᾽ ἀθανάτοισιν ὄνησαἢ ἔπει ἢ ἔργῳ, τόδε μοι κρήηνον ἐέλδωρ·τίμησόν μοι υἱὸν ὃς ὠκυμορώτατος ἄλλων505ἔπλετ᾽· ἀτάρ μιν νῦν γε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνωνἠτίμησεν· ἑλὼν γὰρ ἔχει γέρας αὐτὸς ἀπούρας.ἀλλὰ σύ πέρ μιν τῖσον Ὀλύμπιε μητίετα Ζεῦ·τόφρα δ᾽ ἐπὶ Τρώεσσι τίθει κράτος ὄφρ᾽ ἂν Ἀχαιοὶυἱὸν ἐμὸν τίσωσιν ὀφέλλωσίν τέ ἑ τιμῇ.” 510ὣς φάτο· τὴν δ᾽ οὔ τι προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς,ἀλλ᾽ ἀκέων δὴν ἧστο· Θέτις δ᾽ ὡς ἥψατο γούνωνὣς ἔχετ᾽ ἐμπεφυυῖα, καὶ εἴρετο δεύτερον αὖτις·“νημερτὲς μὲν δή μοι ὑπόσχεο καὶ κατάνευσονἢ ἀπόειπ᾽, ἐπεὶ οὔ τοι ἔπι δέος, ὄφρ᾽ ἐῢ εἰδέω515ὅσσον ἐγὼ μετὰ πᾶσιν ἀτιμοτάτη θεός εἰμι.”

Vocabulary:


ἀνθερεών, ῶνος, ὁ – beard, chin

*ἀπο-εῖπον – to speak out

ἄπτω, ἅψω, ἧψα – + gen. to touch, lay hold of, attach, attach

*δεξιτερός, ή, όν – right(hand), lucky

*δεύτερος, η, ον – second, succeeding, later

*εἴρομαι, εἰρήσομαι – to ask, inquire, question, seek

ἐμ-φύω, ἐμφύσω, ἐνέφῡσα, ἐμπέφυκα – to grow into, to cling very closely

κατα-νεύω, κατανεύσω, κατένευσα – to nod (down), assent

*κράτος, κράτεος, τό – power, might, rule, victory, strength

νεφελ-ηγερέτα, ᾱο, ὁ – cloud-gatherer, wrapped in cloud

νημερτής, ές – unerring, true, truthful, reliable, infalliable, certain

ὀφέλλω – to increase, magnify, exalt, swell

σκαιός, ή, όν – left(hand), unlucky

τόφρα – so long, meanwhile

πτολίεθρον, ου, τό – city

ὑπ-ίσχομαι, ὑποσχήσομαι, ὑπεσχόμην – to undertake, promise, assure

Commentary:

500. αὐτοῖο: gen. with adverb. γούνων: gen. with verb.

501. σκαιῇ (χειρί), δεξιτερῇ (χειρί).

505. ἄλλων: ablatival genitive.

505-7. τίμησον, ἠτίμησεν: emphatic and in strong contrast.

509. τίθει: imperative.

512-3. ὡς...ὡς: as…so.

514. κατανεῦσον: negation was indicated in ancient Greece (and the custome prevails today) with an upward motion of the head, while affirmation was denoted by downward motion.

515. ἔπι = ἔπεστι: ablatival genitive.

Notes:


τὴν δὲ μέγ᾽ ὀχθήσας προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς·‘ἦ δὴ λοίγια ἔργ᾽ ὅ τέ μ᾽ ἐχθοδοπῆσαι ἐφήσειςἭρῃ ὅτ᾽ ἄν μ᾽ ἐρέθῃσιν ὀνειδείοις ἐπέεσσιν·ἣ δὲ καὶ αὔτως μ᾽ αἰεὶ ἐν ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσι520νεικεῖ, καί τέ μέ φησι μάχῃ Τρώεσσιν ἀρήγειν.ἀλλὰ σὺ μὲν νῦν αὖτις ἀπόστιχε μή τι νοήσῃἭρη· ἐμοὶ δέ κε ταῦτα μελήσεται ὄφρα τελέσσω·εἰ δ᾽ ἄγε τοι κεφαλῇ κατανεύσομαι ὄφρα πεποίθῃς·τοῦτο γὰρ ἐξ ἐμέθεν γε μετ᾽ ἀθανάτοισι μέγιστον525τέκμωρ· οὐ γὰρ ἐμὸν παλινάγρετον οὐδ᾽ ἀπατηλὸνοὐδ᾽ ἀτελεύτητον ὅ τί κεν κεφαλῇ κατανεύσω.

Vocabulary:


ἀπατηλός, ή, όν –deceitful, false

ἀποστ(ε)ίχω, -, ἀπέστιχον – to depart, step off, march away

ἀρήγω, ἀρήξω, ἤρηξα –to help, assist, succor

*ἐφίημι, ἐφήσω, ἐφέηκα – to send upon, shoot against, hurl upon

ἐχθο-δοπέω, -, ἠχθοδόπησα – to engage in hostility with, be hateful

κατα-νεύω, κατακνεύσω, κατένευσα – to nod (down, assent)

λοίγιος, η, ον – dreadful, accursed, horrible, nasty, deadly

νεικέω, νεικέσ(σ)ω, ἐνείκεσ(σ)α– to struggle, cotnend, revile, quarrel, fight

*νοέω, νοήσω, ἐνοήσα, νενόηκα – to preceive, consider, plan, think

ὀνείδειος, ον – reviling, abusive, slanderous

ὀχθέω,-, ὤχθησα – to be vexed, to be displeassed, to be worried

παλιν-άγρετος, ον – revocable, to be taken back

τέκμωρ, τό – (indecl.) surety, pledge, sign, goal, limit

Commentary:

518. λοίγια ἔργα (ἐσται).

520. καὶ αὔτως: “even as it is,” without special occasion.

526. τέκμωρ (ἐστί). παλινάγρετον (ἐστίν).

527. κατανεύσω: aorist subjunctive.

Notes:


ἦ καὶ κυανέῃσιν ἐπ᾽ ὀφρύσι νεῦσε Κρονίων·ἀμβρόσιαι δ᾽ ἄρα χαῖται ἐπερρώσαντο ἄνακτοςκρατὸς ἀπ᾽ ἀθανάτοιο· μέγαν δ᾽ ἐλέλιξεν Ὄλυμπον. 530τώ γ᾽ ὣς βουλεύσαντε διέτμαγεν· ἣ μὲν ἔπειταεἰς ἅλα ἆλτο βαθεῖαν ἀπ᾽ αἰγλήεντος Ὀλύμπου,Ζεὺς δὲ ἑὸν πρὸς δῶμα· θεοὶ δ᾽ ἅμα πάντες ἀνέστανἐξ ἑδέων σφοῦ πατρὸς ἐναντίον· οὐδέ τις ἔτλημεῖναι ἐπερχόμενον, ἀλλ᾽ ἀντίοι ἔσταν ἅπαντες. 535

Vocabulary:


αἰγλήεις, εσσα, εν – bright, shining, gleaming

ἅλλομαι, ἁλέομαι, ἄλμην – to jump, leap

*ἀμβρόσιος, η, ον – ambrosial, immortal, divine, deathless, heavenly

ἅπας, ἅπασα, ἅπαν – all, whole, entire

βαθύς, εῖα, ύ – deep, profound

*βουλεύω, βουλεύσω, ἐβούλευσα – to plan, counsel, advise

δια-τμήγω, διατμήξω, διέτμηξα (διέτμαγον) – to separate, part, divide, cut apart

ἕδος, εος, τό – seat, abode, home

ἐλ-ελίζω, -, ἐλέλιξα – to shake, twist, coil, tremble, drandish

ἐν-αντίος, η, ον – opposite, facing, before

*ἐπ-έρχομαι, ἐπελεύσομαι, ἐπῆλθον – to come upon, attack

ἐπι-ρρώ-ομαι, -, ἐπερρωσάμην – to flow down, to fall down

ἐν-αντίος, η, ον – opposite, facing, before

κάρη, κρᾱτός (κάρητος), τό – head, peak, summit

κῡάνεος, η, ον – dark (blue), black, dusky

νεύω, νεύσω, ἔνευσα – to nod

ὀφρύς, ύος, ἡ – (eye)brow

σφός, ή, όν – one’s own, their(own)

‘χαίτη, ης, ἡ – hair, lock, tresses, mane

Commentary:

528. ἦ [ἠμί]: he spoke

531. διέταγεν = διετάγησαν. ἡ μὲν...Ζεὺς δέ: Zeugma.

534. πατρός: take with adverb.

Notes:


ὣς ὃ μὲν ἔνθα καθέζετ᾽ ἐπὶ θρόνου· οὐδέ μιν Ἥρηἠγνοίησεν ἰδοῦσ᾽ ὅτι οἱ συμφράσσατο βουλὰςἀργυρόπεζα Θέτις, θυγάτηρ ἁλίοιο γέροντος.αὐτίκα κερτομίοισι Δία Κρονίωνα προσηύδα·τίς δ᾽ αὖ τοι, δολομῆτα, θεῶν συμφράσσατο βουλάς; 540αἰεί τοι φίλον ἐστὶν ἐμεῦ ἀπὸ νόσφιν ἐόντακρυπτάδια φρονέοντα δικαζέμεν· οὐδέ τί πώ μοιπρόφρων τέτληκας εἰπεῖν ἔπος, ὅττι νοήσῃς.”τὴν δ᾽ ἠμείβετ᾽ ἔπειτα πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε·“Ἥρη, μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους545εἰδήσειν· χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ·ἀλλ᾽ ὃν μέν κ᾽ ἐπιεικὲς ἀκουέμεν οὔ τις ἔπειταοὔτε θεῶν πρότερος τὸν εἴσεται οὔτ᾽ ἀνθρώπων·ὃν δέ κ᾽ ἐγὼν ἀπάνευθε θεῶν ἐθέλωμι νοῆσαιμή τι σὺ ταῦτα ἕκαστα διείρεο μηδὲ μετάλλα.” 550

Vocabulary:


*ἀ-γνοιέω, -, ἠγνοίησα – to not know

ἅλιος, η, ον – of the sea, marine

ἀπο-πόσφι(ν) – apart, away (from)

*ἀγρυρό-πεζος, α, ον – silver-footed

*αὖ – again, anew, a second time, but now

δι-είρομαι, διειρήσομαι – to inquire into, ask about item by item

δικάζω, δικάσω, ἐδίκασα – to judge, decide

δολο-μήτης, ᾱο, ὁ – deceiver, crafty-minded

*ἕκαστος, η, ον – each, every

ἐπι-εικής, ές – suitable, proper, becoming, decent, fitting

ἐπι-έλκω,-, ἐπέολπα – to hope for, desire, expect, wish for

θρόνος, ου, ὁ – thrown, seat, armchair

κερτόμιος, η, ον – biting, cutting, sharp

μετ-αλλάω, μεταλλήσω, μετάλλησα – to inquire after, seek to know, search after

*μηδέ – and…not, neither…nor

*πρότερος, η, ον – earlier, former, older, before

συμ-φράζομαι, συμφράσ(σ)ομαι, συνεφρασ(σ)άμην – to devise plans with, counsel together

*χαλεπός, ή, όν – difficult, hard, harsh, severe, stern, cruel

Commentary:

537. οἱ: dat. of with compound.

538. i.e. Nereus, “the old man of the sea”.

539. κερτομίοισι (μυθοισιν).

540. τοι: What kind of dative is this? αὖ: may indicate impatience, what now but means more again, once more.

541. ἐμεῦ: gen. with adverb. ἐόντα: accusative to agree with subject of infin. δικαζέμεν.

546. ἐούσῃ: concessive. χαλεποί: positive degree may imply that the quality indicated may not in proper porportion for the purpose under consideration, e.g. μὴ δὴ πάντας ἐμοὺς ἐπιέλπεο μύθους, εἰδήσειν· χαλεποί τοι ἔσοντ᾽ ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ: do not hope to know all my plans; they will be too hard for you to understand.

547. θεῶν: gen. with adverb. ἐθέλω(μι): subjunctive.


τὸν δ᾽ ἠμείβετ᾽ ἔπειτα βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη·“αἰνότατε Κρονίδη ποῖον τὸν μῦθον ἔειπες;καὶ λίην σε πάρος γ᾽ οὔτ᾽ εἴρομαι οὔτε μεταλλῶ,ἀλλὰ μάλ᾽ εὔκηλος τὰ φράζεαι ἅσσ᾽ ἐθέλῃσθα·νῦν δ᾽ αἰνῶς δείδοικα κατὰ φρένα μή σε παρείπῃ555ἀργυρόπεζα Θέτις, θυγάτηρ ἁλίοιο γέροντος·ἠερίη γὰρ σοί γε παρέζετο καὶ λάβε γούνων·τῇ σ᾽ ὀΐω κατανεῦσαι ἐτήτυμον ὡς Ἀχιλῆατιμήσῃς, ὀλέσῃς δὲ πολέας ἐπὶ νηυσὶν Ἀχαιῶν.” τὴν δ᾽ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς· 560“δαιμονίη, αἰεὶ μὲν ὀΐεαι, οὐδέ σε λήθω·πρῆξαι δ᾽ ἔμπης οὔ τι δυνήσεαι, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ θυμοῦμᾶλλον ἐμοὶ ἔσεαι· τὸ δέ τοι καὶ ῥίγιον ἔσται.εἰ δ᾽ οὕτω τοῦτ᾽ ἐστὶν, ἐμοὶ μέλλει φίλον εἶναι·ἀλλ᾽ ἀκέουσα κάθησο, ἐμῷ δ᾽ ἐπιπείθεο μύθῳ, 565μή νύ τοι οὐ χραίσμωσιν, ὅσοι θεοί εἰσ᾽ ἐν Ὀλύμπῳ,ἆσσον ἰόνθ᾽, ὅτε κέν τοι ἀάπτους χεῖρας ἐφείω.”ὣς ἔφατ᾽ ἔδεισεν δὲ βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη,καί ῥ᾽ ἀκέουσα καθῆστο, ἐπιγνάμψασα φίλον κῆρ·ὄχθησαν δ᾽ ἀνὰ δῶμα Διὸς θεοὶ Οὐρανίωνες· 570τοῖσιν δ᾽ Ἥφαιστος κλυτοτέχνης ἦρχ᾽ ἀγορεύειν,μητρὶ φίλῃ ἐπίηρα φέρων, λευκωλένῳ Ἥρῃ·

Vocabulary:


ἄαπτος, ον – untouchable, invincible

αἰνῶς – terribly, awefully, dreadfully

*βο-ῶπις, ιδος – ox-eyed, large-eyed

δαιμόνιος, η, ον – possessed by a daemon, good friend; crazy, foolish, wretch

ἔμ-πης– nevertheless, for all that, by all means, absolutely, completely

ἐπι-γνάμπτω, ἐπιγνάμψω,

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