Water yield studies in Otago’s -...
Transcript of Water yield studies in Otago’s -...
Water yield studies in Otago’s
upland snow tussock
grasslands.
Alan Mark,PhD, ΦBK (Duke), Hon DSc (Otago), FRSNZ, KNZM,
Department of Botany,
University of Otago,
Dunedin.
Chair, Wise Response Society.
Pastoral leases in altitudinal corridors:304 leases on 2.6 mill. ha: = 8.553 ha. avge.Old Man Range, Central Otago. 400-1682 m.
1616 0.2
1034 3.8
1061 5.0
774 5.9
498 7.2
335 10.4
Pptn
mm
MAT
deg C
Montane Short tussock grassland
Subalpine Mixed short-tall tuss. grassland
Low-alpine tall tussock grassland
High-alpine mixed grassland -cushionfield
Alexandra
Snow tussock management and water yield.
Garvie Mountains, 1600m.
Localised loss of snow tussock
cover due to early pastoral
farming. Reduced water yield
is an inevitable consequence
Snow tuss.water yield = 63-80% of
ann. pptn of 1250-1600 mm.
All alternative cover yields sig. less.
Lammerlaw lysimeter siteLysimeter profile
Snow tussock features explaining high
water yields:
Lammerlaw Ra., 1000 m
Fog interception Snow
accumulation
Leaf anatomy
Snow accumulation
Snow retention
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: Maximising water yield and
trade-offs with exotic afforest.: C storage-sequestration
Pinus radiata
Snow tussock grassland
Differential yield:
Steady reduction:
41% at yr 22.
Pinus radiata
Ref. Mark & Dickinson 2008.
Frontiers in Ecology and the
Environment 6: 25-34.
Glendhu paired catchments
Nov 1998
Dec 2004
May 2015
Mid Dome Upper Tomogalak
Catchment.Wilding Tree Spread from
1998- 2015.
Duncan MJ, Thomas MB. 2004. Hydrological effects of burning tall tussock grassland on the Lammermoor Range, East Otago, New Zealand. J. Hydrology (NZ) 43: 125-39.
Fahey, B, Davie, T, Stewart, M. 2011. The application of a water balance model to assess the role of fog in water
yields from catchments in the east Otago uplands, South Island, New Zealand. J. Hydrol. (NZ) 50: 279-292.
Fahey B, Ekanayake J, Jackson R, Fenemor A, Davie T, Rowe L. 2000. Using the WATYIELD water balance model
to predict catchment water yields and low flows. Journal of Hydrology (NZ) 49: 35-58.
Holdsworth DK, Mark AF. 1990. Water and nutrient input:output budgets: effects of plant cover at seven sites in upland snow tussock grasslands of eastern and central Otago. J. Royal Soc. N.Z. 20: 1-24.
Ingraham NL, Mark AF. 2000. Isotopic assessment of the hydrological importance of fog deposition on tall snow tussock grass on southern New Zealand uplands. Austral Ecology 25: 402-8.
Ingraham NL, Mark AF, Frew RD. 2008: Fog deposition by snow tussock grassland on the Otago uplands: responses to a recent review of the evidence. J. Hydrology (NZ): 47: 107-22.
Mager SM, Trevelyan AM, Wilson PG, Kingston DG. 2016. Quantifying the amount and incidence of fog at a mid-altitude site in the Saint Marys Range, Otago, New Zealand. J.Hydrol (NZ) 55: 107-20.
Mark AF. 1994. Effects of burning and grazing on sustainable utilisation of upland snow tussock (Chionochloa spp.) rangelands for pastoralism in South Island, New Zealand. Aust. J. Bot. 42: 149-61.
Mark AF, Dickinson KJM. 2008. Maximizing water yield with indigenous non-forest vegetation: a New Zealand perspective. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6: 25-34.
Mark AF, Michel P, Dickinson KJM, McLennan B. 2009. The conservation (protected area) status of New Zealand’s indigenous grasslands: an update. N. Z. J. Botany 47: 53-60.
Mark, AF, Rowley J, Holdsworth DK. 1980. Water yield from high-altitude snow tussock grassland in Central Otago.
Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands Review 38: 21-33.
Martorell C, Ezcurra E. 2007. The narrow-leaf syndrome: a functional and evolutionary approach to the form of fog-
harvesting rosette plants. Oecologia 151: 561-573.
Pearce AJ, Rowe LK, O’Loughlin CL. 1984. Hydrology of mid-altitude tussock grasslands, upper Waipori
Catchment, Otago. II. Water balance, flow duration and storm runoff. Journal of Hydrology (NZ) 23: 60-72.
Rowley J. 1970. Lysimeter and interception studies in narrow-leaved snow tussock grassland. N Z J Bot. 8: 478-93.
Tussock Grassland Research Committee. 1954. The high-altitude snow tussock grassland in South Island, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Sci. Technol. A36: 335-64.
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