Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

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Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013 Photon colliders

description

Photon colliders. Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013. Contents. Inroduction ILC CLIC SAPPHIRE and others Super γγ factory Conclusion. GKST 1981. b~ γσ z ~ 1 mm. α c ~ 25 mrad. ω max ~0.8 E 0 W γγ , max ~ 0.8·2E 0 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

Page 1: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

Valery TelnovBudker INP, Novosibirsk

Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

Photon colliders

Page 2: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov2

Contents

InroductionILCCLICSAPPHIRE and othersSuper γγ factoryConclusion

Page 3: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov3

αc ~25 mrad

ωmax~0.8 E0

Wγγ, max ~ 0.8·2E0

Wγe, max ~ 0.9·2E0

b~γσz~1 mm

GKST 1981

Page 4: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov4

The electron polarization increases the number of high energy photons nearly by factor of 2).

Page 5: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov5

Ideal luminosity distributions, monohromatization

(ae is the radius of the electron beam at the IP, b is the CP-IP distance)

Electron polarization increases the γγ luminosity in the high energy peak up to a factor of ~3-4 (at large x).

Page 6: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov6

The electron polarization makes the region with a high polarization at ω~ωm) wider (compare a and b).

Highest energy scattered photonsare polarized evenat λe=0 (see (b))

Page 7: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov7

Linear polarization of photons

σ 1 ± lγ1lγ2 cos 2φ ± for CP=±1

Linear polarization helps to separate H and A Higgs bosons

Page 8: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov8

ξ2≤0.2-0.3 is required

Page 9: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov9

Realistic luminosity spectra ( and e)(with account multiple Compton scattering, beamstrahlung photons

and beam-beam collision effects) (decomposed in two states of Jz)

Usually a luminosity at the photon collider is defined as the luminosityin the high energy peak, z>0.8zm.

Lγγ(z>0.8zm) ~0.1 Le+e-(nom)

For ILC conditions

(but cross sections in γγ are larger by one order!)

(ILC)

Page 10: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov10

Physics at PLC Physics at PLC was discussed so many times

(>1000 papers) that it is difficult to add something essential. Most of examples are connected with production of the Higgs bosons or SUSY particles.

At present only light Higgs boson is discover.

Below I will just remind some gold-plated processes

for PLC and model independent features.

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov11

Some examples of physics at PLC

~5

γ

γ

(previous analyses)

realistic simulation P.Niezurawski et al

For MH=115-250 GeV

ILC

S.Soldner-Rembold(thr first simulation)

At nominal luminosities the number of Higgsin γγ will be similar to that in e+e-

V.Telnov,1999

(is considered for PLC since 1980th)

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov12

unpolarized beams

So, typical cross sections for charged pair production inγγ collisions is larger than in e+e- by one order of magnitude

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov13

Supersymmetry in

For some SUSY parameters H,A can be seen only in γγ(but not in e+e- and LHC)

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov14

Supersymmetry in e

ν

W 'γ

eW '

γ

eχ1

e~

e~

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov15

Physics motivation for PLC(independent on physics scenario)

(shortly)

In , e collisions compared to e+e-

1. the energy is smaller only by 10-20%2. the number of events is similar or even higher3. access to higher particle masses (H,A in γγ, charged

and light neutral SUSY in γe) 4. higher precision for some phenomena5. different type of reactions (different dependence

on theoretical parameters)

It is the unique case when the same collider allows to study new physics in several types of collisions at the cost of rather small additional investments

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov16

Remark on Photon collider Higgs factories

Photon collider is attractive for measurement of Br(H→bb)Г(H→γγ), but can not measure, Br(bb, cc, gg, ττ, μμ, invisible), therefore PLC is the best in combination with e+e-,parallel work or second stage. There were suggestions (H. Sugawara, 2009) to built a PLC Higgs factory as the ILC precursor, but it was not accepted by physics community mainly because e+e- physics case (for Higgs study) is stronger

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov17

Photon collider at ILC

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov18

The photon collider at ILC (TESLA) has been developed in detail at conceptual level, all simulated, all reported and published (TESLA TDR (2001), etc. The conversion region: optimization of conversion, laser scheme. The interaction region: luminosity spectra and their measure-ment, optimization of luminosity, stabilization of collisions, removal of disrupted beams, crossing angle, beam dump, backgrounds. The laser scheme (optical cavity) was considered by experts, there is no stoppers. Required laser technique is developed independently for many other applications based on Compton scattering. Recently LLNL started work on LIFE lasers for thermonuclear plant which seems very attractive (one pass laser).

Further developments need political decisions and finances.

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov19

αc ~25 mrad

ωmax~0.8 E0

Wγγ, max ~ 0.8·2E0

Wγe, max ~ 0.9·2E0

b~γσz~1 mm

Page 20: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov20

Realistic luminosity spectra ( and e)(with account multiple Compton scattering, beamstrahlung photons

and beam-beam collision effects)

For γe it is better to convert only one electron beam, in this case it will be easier to identify γe reactions, to measure its luminosity (and polarization)

and the γe luminosity will be larger.

(decomposed in two states of Jz)

Usually a luminosity at the photon collider is defined as the luminosityin the high energy peak, z>0.8zm.

Lγγ(z>0.8zm) ~ 0.1Lee ~0.15Le+e-

For ILC conditions

(but cross sections in γγ are larger by one order!)

(ILC)

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov21

Properties of the beams after CP,IP

zE /1

Electrons:

Emin~6 GeV,θx max~8 mradθy max~10 mrad

practically same for E0=100 and 250 GeV

An additional vertical deflection, about ±4 mrad, adds the detector field

For low energy particles the deflection in the field of opposing beam

αc= (5/400) (quad) + 12.5 ·10-3(beam) ~ 25 mrad

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2E0=200 GeV 2E0=500 GeV

Disrupted beam with account of the detector field (at the front of the first quad, L~4 m)

With account of tails the save beam sizes are larger by about 20 %.

Ee, min~6 GeV

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov23

Requirements for laser• Wavelength ~1 μm (good for 2E<0.8 TeV)• Time structure Δct~100 m, 3000 bunch/train, 5 Hz• Flash energy ~5-10 J• Pulse length ~1-2 psIf a laser pulse is used only once, the average required power is P~150kW and the power inside one train is 30 MW! Fortunately, only 10-9 part ofthe laser photons is knocked out in one collision with the electron beam, therefore the laser bunch can be used many times. The best is the scheme with accumulation of very powerful laser bunch is an external optical cavity. The pulse structure at ILC (3000 bunches in the train with inter-pulse distance ~100 m) is verygood for such cavity. It allows to decrease the laser power by a factor of100-300.

Page 24: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov24

Laser system

The cavity includes adaptive mirrors and diagnostics. Optimum angular

divergence of the laser beam is ±30 mrad, A≈9 J (k=1), σt ≈ 1.3 ps, σx,L~7 μm

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2

222

222 2 ern

cm

Fe

The figure shows how the conversion efficiency depends on the f# of the laser focusing system for flat top beams in radial and Gaussian in the longitudinal directions The parameter

characterizes the probability of Compton scattering on several laser photons simultaneously, it should be kept below

0.2-0.4, depending on the par. x)

For ILC beams, αc=25 mrad, and θmin=17 mrad (see fig. with the quad)the optimum f# =f/2a ≈ 17, A≈9 J (k=1),

σt ≈ 1.3 ps, σx,L~7 μm.So, the angle of the laser beamis ±1/2f# = ±30 mrad,

The diameter of the focusing mirror at L=15 m from the IP is about 90 cm.

T.V.

f- focal distancea – mirror radius

Nonlinear effects in CS are important for optimization

Page 26: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov26

Layout of the quad, electron and laser beamsat the distance 4 m from the interaction point (IP)

Page 27: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov27

16 Hz, 8.125 kJ/pulse, 130 kW aver. powerProject LIFE, LNNL

Recently new option has appeared, one pass laser system, based on new laser ignition thermonuclear facility

(the pulse can be splited to the ILC train)

Page 28: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov28

Laser diodes cost go down at mass production, that makes one pass laser system for PLC at ILC and CLIC realistic!

Page 29: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov29

Dependence of the γγ luminosity on the energydue to laser parameters

1- k=0.64 at 2E=500, A = const, ξ2 = const, λ = 1.05 μm

2- k=0.64 at all energies, ξ2 A, λ =1.05 μm

3- k=0.64 at all energies, ξ2 A, λ =1.47 μm (to avoid pair creation)

V.Telnov, LCWS04, physics/0411252

Laser system with λ~1.06 μm is suitable for 2E=200-700 GeV

Page 30: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov30

Factors limiting γγ,γe luminosities

At e+e- the luminosity is limitted by collision effects (beamstrahlung, instability),while in γγ collsions only by available beam sizes or geometric e-e- luminosity(for at 2E0<1 TeV).

300ILC

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Photon collider at CLIC

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CLIC main parameters

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Comparison of ILC and CLIC parameters (important for PLC)

Laser wave length λ E for ILC(250-500) λ~1μm, for CLIC(250-3000) λ~ 1 - 4.5 μmDisruption angle θd~(N/σzEmin)1/2

For CLIC angles θd is larger on 20%, not important difference.Laser flash energy A~10 J for ILC, A~5J for CLICDuration of laser pulse τ~1.5 ps for ILC, τ~1.5 ps for CLIC Pulse structure ILC Δct~100 m, 3000 bunch/train, 5 Hz (fcol~15 kH) CLIC Δct~0.15 m, ~300 bunch/train, 50 Hz (fcol~15 kH)Laser system ILC – a ring optical cavity with Q>100 CLIC –one pass system (or short linear cavity?)

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Laser system for CLIC

Requirements to a laser system for a photon collider at CLIC

Laser wavelength ~ 1 μmFlash energy A~5 JNumber of bunches in one train 354Length of the train 177 ns=53 mDistance between bunches 0.5 ncRepetition rate 50 Hz

The train is too short for the optical cavity, so one pass laser should be used.

The average power of one laser is 90 kW (two lasers 180 kW).

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov35

Possible approaches to CLIC laser system

•FELs based on CLIC drive beams. There were suggestions to use CLIC drive beams to generate light flashes (FEL), but they have not enough energy to produce the required flashes energy. In addition, the laser pulse should be several times shorter than the CLIC drive bunch. For any FEL, the laser power inside 177 ns train should be about 20 GW! While the average power 200 kW. The problem is due to very non uniform pulse structure.

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov36

Solid state lasers pumped by diodes. One can use solid state lasers pumped by diodes. There are laser media with a storage time of about 1 ms. One laser train contains the energy about 5x534=2000 J. Efficiency of the diode pumping about 20%, therefore the total power of diodes should be P~2*2000/0.001/0.20~20 MW.

LLNL system LIFE based on diode pumping, page 27, is very close to CLIC requirements and can be reconfigured for CLIC (and ILC) (talk at HF2012, see Gronberg’s at this meeting)

diodes

amplifire

Page 37: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov37

Another suggestion (Telnov,2010):

to use FELs with the energy recuperation instead of diodes for pumping the solid state laser medium.

The electron beam energy can be recuperated using SC linac. Only 3% of energy is lost to photons and not recuperated.

With recuperation and 10% wall plug RF efficiency the total power consumption of the electron accelerator from the plug will be about 200 kW/ 0.1 = 2 MW only. The rest past of the laser system is the same as with solid state lasers with diode pumping.

The FEL pumped solid state laser with recuperation of electron beam energy is very attractive approach for short train linear colliders, such as CLIC.

Page 38: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov38

Storage of the pumping energy inside solid-state laser materials reduces the required FEL power inside the CLIC train by a factor 1 ms/ 177 ns=5600!

Such FEL can be built already now.

Page 39: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov39

Luminosity

At energies 2E<1 TeV there no collision effects in γγ collisions and luminosity is just proportional to the geometric e-e- luminosity, which can be, in principle, higher than e+e- luminosity.

Lγγ(z>0.8zm) ~0.1L(e-e-,geom) (this is not valid for multi-TeV colliders

with short beams(CLIC) due to coherent e+e- creation)

For CLIC(500) Lγγ(z>0.8zm) ~ 3·1033 for beams from DR

Usually a luminosity at the photon collider is defined as the luminosityin the high energy peak, z>0.8zm.

Page 40: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov40

Luminosity spectra for CLIC(3000)

Here the γγ luminosity is limitted by coherent pair creation (the photon is converted to e+e- pair in the field of the opposing beam). The horizontalbeam size can be only 2 times smaller than in e+e- collisions.

Lγγ(z>0.8zm) ~8·1033

Page 41: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov41

Photon collider Higgs factory

SAPPHiRE

Page 42: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov42

Aug. 2012

Page 43: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov43

The scheme is based on LHeC electron ring, but shorter beams (σz = 30μm) ) and somewhat higher energy, 80 GeV

Page 44: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov44

!!!

200 kHz!!!

!

Page 45: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov45

Main critical remarks on SAPPHIRE1. The emittance dilution in arcs is too optimistic, compared to

LHeC it was suggested to decrease the dipole section length by a factor of 4 and thus to decrease the dilution by a factor of 64! However, in this case the quads gradient should be 42=16 times larger! (May be OK?)

2. The initial beam normalized emittances, 5 and 0.5 mm mrad in X and Y directions corresponds to best emittances of unpolarized RF guns. PLC needs polarized electrons. Present polarized DC guns (polarized RF guns do not exist yet) have emittances > 20 times larger! It means that the luminosity will be 20 times smaller. That is why PLC at ILC assumes D However, F.Zimmernann collected information from several centers that low emittance polarized RF guns makes good progress and will appear soon. That would be great for any PLC!

3. Conservation of polarization in rings is a problem (due to the energy spread).

4. The bunch length (σz = 30 μm) is very close to condition of coherent radiation in arcs.

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov46

4. The length of the ring 9 km (2.2 km linac, 30 km arcs). The LC with G=30 MeV/m would have L=6 km total length (with the final focus) and can work with smaller emittances and thus can have a higher luminosity. Where is profit?

5. The PLC with E=80 GeV and λ=1.06/3 μm have very low

energy final electrons with energies down to E=2 GeV. Besides the electron bunch length is very short. This courses very large disruption angles (θ~1/(Eσz)1/2 in the field of opposing beam and due to deflection in the solenoid field (due to crab crossing). It makes unacceptable background situation and increase minimum angle for laser optics. Namely due to this reason TESLA (ILC) always considered the Higgs factory with E>100 GeV and λ=1.06/3 μm.

Higgs factory with λ=1.06/2 μm is may be possible, but this requires higher Sapphire energy, which is not possible due do to unacceptable emittance dilution and energy spread.

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov47

6. Ring colliders (Sapphire) have no possibility for increasing energy.

7. The repetition rate 200000 is very uncomfortable for laser system, optical cavity can help, but it is much more demandedthan for ILC.

7. It is obvious that e+e- is better for the Higgs study, there is no chance to get support of physics community, if this collider is instead of e+e-(worse that precursor).

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov48

option: self-generated FEL beams (instead of laser)?

opticalcavity mirrors

wigglerconverting somee- energy into photons (≈350 nm)

e- (80 GeV) e-

(80 GeV)

Comptonconversionpoint

IP

e- bende- bend

example: u=200 cm, B=0.625 T, Lu=100 m, U0,SR=0.16 GeV, 0.1%Pbeam≈25 kW

“intracavity powers at MW levels are perfectly reasonable” – D. Douglas, 23 August 2012

scheme developed with Z. Huang

(I do not believe, there is no space near IP!)

Page 49: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov49

Below are several examples of Sapphirefollowers, stimulated by the need of someHiggs factory.

Page 50: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

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SAPPHiRE “fits” on the SLAC site

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HERA Tunnel Filler

3.6 GeVLinac(1.3 GHz)

3.6 GeVlinac

2x1.5 GeVlinac

IP

laser or auto-driven FEL

2x8+1 arcs

0.5 GeV injector

real-estatelinacGradient~ 10 MV/m

totalSC RF =10.2 GV

20-MV deflectingcavity (1.3 GHz)

5.6 GeV15.826.036.246.055.363.871.171.163.855.246.036.226.015.85.6

75.8 GeV

arc magnets -17 passes!

20-MV deflectingcavity

beam 1

beam 2

=564 m for arc dipoles (probably pessimistic; value assumed in the following)

F. Zimmermann, R. Assmann, E. Elsen,DESY Beschleuniger-Ideenmarkt, 18 Sept. 2012

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Possible Configurations at JLAB

85 GeV Electron energyγ c.o.m. 141 GeV

103 GeV Electron energyγ c.o.m. 170 GeV

Edward Nissen

Town Hall meeting Dec 19 2011

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Possible Configurations at FNALTevatron Tunnel Filler Options

5 Linacs

IP

IP

2 Linacs

Top Energy 80 GeV 80 GeV

Turns 3 4

Magnet ρ 644.75 m 706.65 m

Linacs (5) 5.59GeV 4.23GeV

δp/p 6.99x10-4 7.2x10-4

ϵnx Growth 1.7μm 1.8μm

Top Energy 80 GeV 80 GeV

Turns 4 5

Avg. Mag. ρ 661.9 m 701.1 m

Linacs (2) 10.68GeV 8.64GeV

δp/p 8.84x10-4 8.95x10-4

ϵnx Growth 2.8μm 2.85μm

1)

2)

• Both versions assume an effective accelerating gradient of 23.5 MeV/m

• Option 1: would require more civil construction, but would only require two sets of spreader /recombiner magnets, and only two linacs, for greater simplicity.

• Option 2: would require 10 sets of spreader /recombiner magnets and 5 linacs but would achieve better beam parameters

Edward Nissen

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54

SLC-ILC-Style (SILC) Higgs Factor (T. Raubenheimer)

•Some challenges with 2-pass design!

1 km radius

45 GeV, 1.5 km

or 85 GeV, 3 km

Final focii ~ 300 meters in lengthLaser beam from fiber laser or FEL2 x 85 GeV is sufficient for γγ colliderUpgrade with plasma afterburners to reach 2 x 120 GeV. Then final ring should have R=3.5 km (to preserve emittance).

250 m

Page 55: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

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Main idea: smaller conversion coefficient e→γ, but higher beam current due to recuperation of unscattered electrons energy. It does not work: a) electrons experience strong beamstrahlung and are not suited for recuperation due to the energy spread, b) there is no improvement of luminosity, only decrease, because emittance increases with the increase of N. Maximum L for k~1.

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Dreams of γγ factories

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov57

Factors limiting γγ,γe luminosities

So, one needs: εnx, εny as small as possible and βx , βy ~ σz

Collision effects:•Coherent pair creation (γγ)•Beamstrahlung (γe)•Beam-beam repulsion (γe)

On the right figure:the dependence of γγ and γe luminosities in the high energy peak vs the horizontal beam size (σy is fixed).

At the ILC nominal parameters of electron beams σx ~ 300 nm is available at 2E0=500 GeV.

Telnov,1998

(ILC)

Page 58: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov58

Having electron beams with smaller emittances one could dream on photon colliders with the γγ-luminosity up to L~5x1034 in the high energy peak. Collision effects do not restrict the luminosity at 2E<1 TeV. The cross section for the Higgs in γγ is higher than in e+e- by a factor of 5, for any charged pair by a factor of 5-10, so the number of interesting events could be higher by a factor of 20-50 times. The problem – transverse emittances. Damping rings emittances are already near physics limits (due to SR). RF guns give larger product of horizontal and vertical emittances than DRs (determined by the space charge). Moreover, polarized RF guns do not exist yet (but may be appear soon). Are there ways to small emittances without damping rings?

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov59

Comparizon of transverse emittances in damping rings and photo-guns

The ILC DR (polarized): εnx=10-3 cm, εny=3.6·10-6 cm, βx~4 mm

RF guns (3 nC, unpolarized): εnx=3·10-4 cm, εny=3·10-4 cm, βx~2 mm DC guns (polarized): εnx=7·10-3 cm, εny=7·10-3 cm, βx~4 mm

Lgeom~ F(pol.ench.)/(εnxεnyβxβy)1/2 Fpol.ench ~2-3.5 (depends on the energy)

Very approximately with account of βx variation (chromo-geom.aberrations):

L(DR)/ L(RFguns,unpol)~ 7-12L(DR)/ L(DCguns,pol) ~ 100

Therefore until now DRs were considered as a preferable source of electrons for the PLC. Let us assume further that we have polarized guns with emittances similar to that for unpolarized guns. What can be done in this case?

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov60

Method based on longitudinal emittances V.Telnov, LWLC10, CERN

Let us compare longitudinal emittances needed for ILC with those in RF guns.

At the ILC σE/E~0.3% at the IP (needed for focusing to the IP), the bunch length σz~0.03 cm, Emin ~75 GeV that gives the required normalized emittance

εnz(σE/mc2)σz~15 cm

In RF guns σz~0.1 cm (example) and σE~ 10 keV, that gives

εnz~2·10-3 cm, or 7500 times smaller than required for ILC!

So, photoguns have much smaller longitudinal emittances than it is needed for linear collider (both e+e- or γγ). How can we use this fact?

Page 61: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov61

Let us combine many low charge, low emittance beams from photo-guns to one bunch using some differences in their energies. The longitudinal emittance increases approximately proportionally to the number of combined bunches while the transverse emittance (which is most important) remains almost constant.

A proposed method

It is assumed that at the ILC initial micro bunches with small emittances are produced as trains by one photo gun.

Each gun is followed by round-to-flat transformer (RFT). RFT does not change the product of transverse emittances, but it is easier to conserve emittances manipulating with flat beams in the horizontal plane.

Below the scheme for the ILC case is considered.

Page 62: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov62

In 1998 Ya. Derbenev has found that using the RF gun inside the solenoid and following skew quadrupoles one can transform a round beam (from an electron gun) to a flat beam with an arbitrary aspect ratio.

Round to flat transformer (RFT)

After such transformation εnxεny=ε0nxε0

ny=(εGn)2=const

The ratio R=100 was demonstrated at FNAL and this is not the limit.The initial goal of the R-F-transformer was the e+e- linear collider, but now there are much wider applications.

Page 63: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov63

Scheme of combining one bunch from the bunch train (for ILC)

(64→1)

Page 64: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov64

Page 65: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov65

After the gun and RFT the train passes several stages of deflectors-combiners. Each two adjacent bunches are redirected by the deflector (D) (transverse RF-cavity) into two beamlines which have difference in length equal to distance between bunches. One of these beamlines contains a weak RF-cavity which adds ΔE to the beam energy. Further these two beams are combined in a dispersion region of the combiner (C) using the difference in beam energies. In order to combine the whole train to one bunch the procedure is repeated m=log2 nb times. The scheme shown above assumes nb=64, that needs 6 stages. The energy between stages is increased by linacs in order to avoid emittance dilution due to the space charge effects. At the end, the final bunch is compressed down to required bunch length by a standard bunch compressor. For more details see the talk at LWLC10.

Description of the scheme

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April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov66

Emittances in RF-guns

There are two main contribution to transverse emittances in RF guns:1. Space charge induced normalize emittance;2. Thermal emittance.

The space charge emittance εsc~10-4 Q[nC] cm

The thermal emittance εth~0.5·10-4 R[mm], cm (for polarized different) Assuming R2Q and R=1 mm at 1 nC, we get for Q=3/64 nC

εsc~0.5·10-5 cm, εth~10-5

→ εn, tot ~10-5 cm

After RFT with the ratio 100 εnx~10-4 cm, εny~10-6 cm.

Page 67: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov67

Beam parameters: N=2·1010 (Q~3 nC), σz=0.4 mm

Damping rings(RDR): εnx=10-3 cm, εny=3.6·10-6 cm, βx=0.4 cm, βy=0.04 cm,

RF-gun (Q=3/64 nC) εnx~10-4 cm, εny=10-6 cm, βx=0.1 cm, βy=0.04 cm,

The ratio of geometric luminosities

LRFgun/LDR=12~10

Luminosities

So, with polarized RF-guns one can get the luminosity ~10 times higher than with DR.

Page 68: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov68

Summary on low emittances with guns

Polarized RF-gunsHaving polarized RF guns with emittances similar to existing unpolarizedguns we could obtain the γγ luminosity ~10 times higher than that

with ILCDRs (all polarization characteristics are similar).

Possible technical problems in suggested technique1. Dilution of the emittance due to wakefields in combiner sections.2. All parameters of beamlines should be continuously adjusted in order to

perfectly combine all 64 bunches.

The above ideas should be proved by realistic consideration-optimization.

There is even more effective method of obtaining very low emittance electron beams, laser cooling (Telnov, 1997), but it need a laser systemmuch more powerful than for PLC. This is next-to-next step.

Page 69: Valery Telnov Budker INP, Novosibirsk Lepton collider workshop, MIT, US, April 10, 2013

April 10, 2013 Lept.col., MIT Valery Telnov69

Conclusion• Photon colliders have sense as a very cost effective addition for e+e-

colliders: as the LC second stage or as the second IP (preferable).

• PLC at ILC is conceptually clear, the next step is the design and construction of the laser system prototype. Now, due to LIFE project it seems that one pass scheme becomes very attractive.

• PLC at CLIC is more difficult due to much shorter trains. However LIFE help here as well.

• PLC SAPPHIRE proposal is does not look realistic due to technical problems, restriction on energy and absence of e+e- collisions.

The PLC for Higgs without e+e- has not sufficient physics case.

• PLC without damping rings is possible, could have even higher (or much higher) luminosity, needs further study. That could open the way to γγ factories, to precision measurement of the Higgs self coupling etc (if there is any new physics in the sub-TeV region).