Unix-Linux Usage - Ver. 1.18(2)

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Unix/Linux

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Unix/Linux

Unix/Linux i

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

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2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

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Unix/Linux 1.18

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iv Unix/Linux

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

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Richard Lacroix,

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Rami El Sabeh, .

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, 2008

Unix/Linux v

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

1. ............................................................................................. 13 2. ............................................. 19 3. ...................................................... 27 4. bash ................................................................. 31 5. , ..................................................... 39 6. vi ......................................................... 47 7. .......................................................................................... 53 8. ....................................................... 55 9. GNOME, KDE ............... 66 10. bash .............................................. 71 11. , ..... 81 12. vi & vim ................. 87 13. - ......................... 91 14. ................................ 97 15. .......... 103 16. .............................................................. 115 17. scripts bash ............................................ 123 18. .................................................. 135 19. ................................................................................. 137 20. ................................................................................... 147 21. Internet................................................................... 159 22. ..................................................................... 163 23. ......................................................................... 165 24. .............................................. 167

vi Unix/Linux

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

1. ............................................................................................. 13 1.1. ........................................................................................................................................ 13 1.2. ................................................................................. 13

1.2.1. ..................................................................................................... 13 1.2.2. (..) ........................................................................................... 13 1.2.3. .. ......................................................................................................... 13 1.2.4. .. ................................................................................................. 13 1.2.5. Unix ............................................................................................... 14

1.3. Unix/Linux ......................................................................................................... 14 1.3.1. Unix ............................................................................................ 14 1.3.2. Unix ................................................................................................................. 14 1.3.3. GNU & FSF ..................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.4. Linux .......................................................................................... 15

1.4. ........................................................................................... 15 1.4.1. ................................................................................................................. 15 1.4.2. ........................................................................................................... 16 1.4.3. ............................................................................................................. 16 1.4.4. ...................................................................................................... 17 1.4.5. ..................................................................................... 17

2. ............................................. 19 2.1. ........................................................................................................................................ 19 2.2. Unix ........................................................................ 19 2.3. pwd ..................................................................... 19 2.4. cd ........................................................................................ 19 2.5. ls ............................................................ 20 2.6. (Home directory) ................................................................................... 20 2.7. ...................................................... 21

2.7.1. ............................................................................................................ 21 2.7.2. .............................................................................................................. 21

2.8. ..................................................................................................................... 22 2.9. cp ............................................................. 22 2.10. mv ................................................................................... 23 2.11. touch mkdir ....................... 23 2.12. rm ....................................................................................... 23 2.13. rmdir .......................................................................... 23 2.14. file ............................................... 23 2.15. cat, more less ........................ 23 2.16. locate slocate ............................................. 24 2.17. man ...................................................................................................... 24

2.17.1. man ..................................................................................................... 24 2.17.2. man ........................................................................................... 25 2.17.3. utilities .............................................................................................. 25

2.18. : ....................................... 25 3. ....................................................... 27

3.1. ........................................................................................................................................ 27 3.2. X-Window ............................................................... 27 3.3. GNOME ................................................................................................................................... 27 3.4. KDE .......................................................................................................................................... 27

Unix/Linux vii

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

3.5. ......................................................................................... 27 3.6. GNOME & KDE .................................................................................... 28 3.7. nautilus ................................................................. 28 3.8. ......................................................................................... 28 3.9. .................................................................... 28 3.10. Web browsers ......................................................................................................................... 28 3.11. OpenOffice .................................................................. 29 3.12. ................................................................... 29 3.13. ..................................................................................... 29 3.14. .................................................................................................... 29 3.15. : .................................................. 30 4. bash ................................................................. 31

4.1. ........................................................................................................................................ 31 4.2. (shell) ............................................................................................................ 31 4.3. bash ............................................................................................... 31 4.4. ...................................................................................................... 31

4.4.1. (File globbing) ......................................................... 31 4.4.2. Tab ................................................................................................................ 32 4.4.3. history ....................................................................... 33

4.5. ........................................................................................... 33 4.5.1. ~ ............................................................................................................... 33 4.5.2. set .......................................................................................... 33 4.5.3. {} ......................................................................................................................... 34 4.5.4. ..................................................................................................... 35 4.5.5. ........................................................................................................ 35

4.6. ................................................................. 35 4.6.1. backslash (\) ........................................................................................... 35 4.6.2. .............................................................................................. 36

4.7. ..................................................................... 36 4.8. : bash .............................................................. 37 5. , ..................................................... 39

5.1. ........................................................................................................................................ 39 5.2. ..................................................................................................................................... 39 5.3. ...................................................................................................................................... 39 5.4. root ........................................................................................................................ 39 5.5. Unix/Linux ................................................................................ 40 5.6. ..................................................................................................................... 40 5.7. ............................................................................................ 40 5.8. ......................................................................................... 40

5.8.1. ........................................................................................................ 41 5.8.2. ............................................................................................. 41

5.9. (), ..................................... 41 5.10. .............................................................................................................. 43

5.10.1. ................................................................... 43 5.10.2. ..................................................................... 43

5.11. : , ................................................ 44 6. vi ......................................................... 47

6.1. ........................................................................................................................................ 47 6.2. vi vim ......................................................................... 47 6.3. vi vim ...................................................................................................... 47

viii Unix/Linux

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

6.4. vi ............................................................................................ 47 6.5. .................................................................................................................. 48 6.6. .......................................................................... 48 6.7. .................................................................. 49 6.8. , ........................................................................................... 49 6.9. ............................................................................................................................... 49 6.10. .................................................................................................................. 50 6.11. ............................................................................................................... 50 6.12. ......................................................................................................... 50 6.13. ........................................................................................................................... 50 6.14. : vi.................................................... 51 7. .......................................................................................... 53

7.1. ........................................................................................................................................ 53 7.2. Unix/Linux ..................................................................................................... 53 7.3. ................................................................................................................. 53 7.4. Utilities ................................................................................................................. 53 8. ....................................................... 55

8.1. ........................................................................................................................................ 55 8.2. (filesystems) ............................................................ 55 8.3. Inodes ........................................................................................................................................ 55 8.4. .................................................................................................................. 56 8.5. cp inodes .......................................................................................................... 56 8.6. mv inodes .......................................................................................................... 56 8.7. rm inodes .......................................................................................................... 56 8.8. ................................................................................................................... 57

8.8.1. ...................................................................................................... 57 8.8.2. .......................................................................................................................... 58

8.9. ........................................................................................................................... 59 8.10. ......................................................................................................................... 59

8.10.1. df ................................................................................................................... 59 8.10.2. H du ................................................................................................................... 59

8.11. find ...................................................................................................................... 60 8.12. ......................................................................................... 60 8.13. ...................................................................... 60

8.13.1. mount umount .............................................................................. 60 8.13.2. ................................................................................................. 61

8.14. tar ........................................................................................... 61 8.15. .................................................................................................................. 62

8.15.1. .................................................................................................... 62 8.16. : .............................................. 63 8.17. : ................................................................................ 63 8.18. : find ........................................................... 64 8.19. : ........................................................ 64 9. GNOME, KDE ............... 66

9.1. ........................................................................................................................................ 66 9.2. X-Window .................................................................................... 66 9.3. (Window managers) ..................................................................... 66 9.4. GNOME ...................................................................................................... 66 9.5. KDE ............................................................................................................. 67 9.6. panel ............................................................................................................... 67

Unix/Linux ix

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

9.7. nautilus ............................................................................................. 67 9.8. gnome-terminal ............................................................................ 67 9.9. ......................................................................... 67 9.10. email clients ............................................................................................................ 68 9.11. evolution ........................................................................................ 68 9.12. : GNOME ...................................................... 68 9.13. : gnome-terminal ................................. 69 9.14. : evolution .............................................. 69 10. bash .............................................. 71

10.1. ...................................................................................................................................... 71 10.2. () bash ........................................................ 71 10.3. ............................................................................................................................. 71 10.4. ................................................................................................................ 72

10.4.1. ......................................................................................... 72 10.4.2. PS1 ........................................................................................................... 72

10.5. (aliases) ............................................................................................................... 73 10.6. set shopt ................................................................................................. 73 10.7. : .................................................. 74 10.8. .................................................................................... 74

10.8.1. TERM ............................................................................ 74 10.8.2. PATH ............................................................................ 74

10.9. ............................................................... 75 10.10. ..................................................................................................... 75 10.11. login ......................................................................................................................... 76 10.12. : ............................................................................. 76 10.13. /etc/profile ........................................................................................................ 77 10.14. /etc/profile.d................................................................................................ 77 10.15. ~/.bash_profile ~/.bashrc ....................................................................... 77 10.16. ~/.bash_logout ................................................................................................. 77 10.17. : .................................................................... 78 10.18. : bash prompt ........................................................ 78 10.19. : .............................................................. 79 11. , ..... 81

11.1. ...................................................................................................................................... 81 11.2. & ............................................................................................... 81 11.3. /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow & /etc/group ...................................................... 81 11.4. .............................................................................. 81 11.5. su ................................................................. 82 11.6. ........................................................................... 82 11.7. umask ............................................. 82 11.8. ................................................................................................... 83

11.8.1. ................................................................... 83 11.8.2. ............................................................................... 84

11.9. : ............................................................................ 84 11.10. : .............................................. 84 11.11. : umask ......................... 85 11.12. : umask ..................................................................... 85 12. vi & vim ................. 87

12.1. ...................................................................................................................................... 87 12.2. ............................................................................................................ 87

x Unix/Linux

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

12.3. ........................................................................................................... 87 12.4. ex: ................................................. 87 12.5. .......................................................................... 88 13. - ......................... 91

13.1. ..................................................................................................................................... 91 13.2. (standard input & output) ..................................................... 91 13.3. - ........................................................................................... 92

13.3.1. .................................................................................................. 92 13.3.2. .................................................................................................... 93 13.3.3. ................................................................................ 93 13.3.4. ................................................................................................. 93

13.4. ........................................................................ 93 13.4.1. tee ................................................................................................................. 94 13.4.2. mail ...................................................................................... 94

13.5. : - .................................................. 94 13.6. : .................................................................................... 95 14. ................................ 97

14.1. ..................................................................................................................................... 97 14.2. head ...................................................................................................................... 97 14.3. tail ...................................................................................................................... 97 14.4. wc ........................................................................................................................... 97 14.5. sort ...................................................................................................................... 98 14.6. cut ........................................................................................................................ 99 14.7. uniq ...................................................................................................................... 99 14.8. ..................................................................... 100 14.9. - diff ................................................................................. 101 14.10. aspell ............................................................... 101 14.11. ..................................................................................................... 102 14.12. : ...................................... 102 15. .......... 103

15.1. ................................................................................................................................... 103 15.2. (regular expressions) .................................................................. 103 15.3. (wildcards) ................................................................................... 104 15.4. Modifiers ............................................................................................................................... 104 15.5. Anchors ................................................................................................................................. 105 15.6. ................................................................................ 106 15.7. ............................................................................ 106 15.8. .............................................................................................................. 107 15.9. grep .................................................................................................................... 107 15.10. H sed ............................................................................................................... 108 15.11. less slocate - .......................................... 109 15.12. vi ...................................................................................... 109 15.13. ................................................................................ 110 15.14. awk ............................................................................................................... 110 15.15. : grep .......................... 111 15.16. : .... 111 15.17. : sed ........... 111 16. .............................................................. 115

16.1. ................................................................................................................................... 115 16.2. . ......................................................................................... 115

Unix/Linux xi

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

16.3. ...................................................................................................... 115 16.4. ....................................................................................................... 116 16.5. ...................................................................................... 116 16.6. ...................................................................................................... 116 16.7. ................................................................................... 117 16.8. .................................................................................. 117 16.9. ................................................................................ 118 16.10. ....................................................................................... 118 16.11. ............................................. 118 16.12. ............................................................................ 119 16.13. ................................................................................................................. 119 16.14. ................................................................... 119 16.15. ..................................................................... 120 16.16. crontab crontab ................................................................... 120 16.17. : .................................................................. 121 17. scripts bash ............................................ 123

17.1. .................................................................................................................................... 123 17.2. shell script ........................................................................... 123 17.3. shell script ........................................................................................................ 123 17.4. ........................................................................................................ 124 17.5. ........................................................................................................ 125 17.6. ................................................................................................................ 125 17.7. shell scripts .................................................................................. 126 17.8. ............................................................................................................... 127 17.9. ....................................................................................................................... 127

17.9.1. ................................................................................................. 128 17.9.2. - if .................................................................................... 129 17.9.3. ........................................................................................................... 129 17.9.4. .............................................................................................. 130 17.9.5. if/else ...................................................................... 131 17.9.6. case .............................................................................. 131 17.9.7. for ........................................................................ 132 17.9.8. while until .......................... 132 17.9.9. continue & break ............................................................................ 133

17.10. script ..................................................................................... 133 18. .................................................. 135

18.1. .................................................................................................................................... 135 18.2. ssh ....................................................................................................................... 135 18.3. scp ....................................................................................................................... 135 18.4. telnet r ................................................................................... 135 18.5. ftp ...................................................................................................................... 135 18.6. mutt .............................................................................................................. 135 18.7. rsync ................................................................................................................. 136 18.8. wget .................................................................................................................... 136 18.9. ............................................................................................................ 136 19. ................................................................................. 137

19.1. .......................................................................................................... 137 19.1.1. 2-1 ........................................................................................................ 137 19.1.2. 2-2 ........................................................................................................ 137 19.1.3. 2-3 ........................................................................................................ 137

xii Unix/Linux

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Unix/Linux 1.18

19.1.4. 2-4 ........................................................................................................ 137 19.1.5. 4-8 ........................................................................................................ 138 19.1.6. 15-1 ...................................................................................................... 138

19.2. bash ............................................................................ 139 19.3. vi ...................................................................... 139 19.4. bash ........................................................................ 141 19.5. set bash ..................................... 143 19.6. shopt bash ................................ 144 19.7. .................................................................................................... 145 19.8. test ............................................................................................... 145 20. ................................................................................... 147 21. Internet ................................................................... 159 22. ..................................................................... 163 23. ......................................................................... 165 24. .............................................. 167

Unix/Linux 13

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

1.

1.1.

Unix Linux .. Unix Linux

1.2.

1.2.1.

:

: :

(): .

1.2.2. (..)

,

,

.

1.2.3. ..

( ) (//) ( ) ( )

1.2.4. ..

(Job sequencing) (Job control language

interpretation)

(Error Handling)

14

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

/ (I/O Handling) (Interrupt Handling) (Scheduling) (Resource control) (Protection) (Multi access) (interface) (accounting)

1.2.5. Unix

.. (multiuser): .. (multitasking): Timesharing: , .

( ).

To Unix/Linux .. (multiuser &

multitasking). ,

, (timesharing)

.

1.3. Unix/Linux

1.3.1. Unix

1965 Bell Labs, GE & MIT- MULTICS 1969 Ken Thompson & Dennis Ritchie, AT&T - Unix 1971 1973 Unix C 90% 1979 Unix v. 7 1983 Unix System V standard

1.3.2. Unix

, hardware

Unix/Linux 15

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

(configuration)

() -utilities-

user interface

1.3.3. GNU & FSF

To GNU project 1984 Unix.

. 1990,

GNU, .. gcc, emacs. FSF (Free

Software Foundation) - GNU

project. Free Software: , , , ,

.

, .

1.3.4. Linux

1991, Linus Torvalds, Linux. Minix ( Unix)

(386).

Linux GNU, ..,

Unix, .

Linux , servers. servers supercomputers PDAs

, .

1.4.

1.4.1.

(

login). (username)

16

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

(password). login

(GUI).

1.4.2.

, ,

1.4.3.

: Command [options] [arguments] [ ] : options (switches): .

Arguments: . (space).

; mkdir backups ; cp *.txt backups/ prompt,

.

: .

,

1-1. ,

.

.

date date +"Today is %A, %B %d, %Y. %nThe time now is %r,

%Z."

cal cal 11 2007

Unix/Linux 17

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

1.4.4.

login. ,

passwd. , System,

Preferences, Personal, About Me, Change Password.

1.4.5.

: 6-255 , 1 -

, ,

, .

-.

Unix/Linux 19

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

2.

2.1.

Unix/Linux , ,

2.2. Unix

. CD, ,

root / / (slash) case-sensitive (directory) (home directory, ~) .. (parent directory) . . path,

2.3. pwd

pwd

.

.

2-1.

, ;

19.1.1. 2-1, .137.

2.4. cd

:

20

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

: cd/home/bob/work : cd project/docs : cd .. : cd, cd ~, cd ~bob : cd -

2.5. ls

ls :

ls, ls /, ls /etc, ls / /etc ls -a, ls -l, ls -R, ls -d,

2.6. (Home directory)

home directory, /home.

. ~.

login.

Unix/Linux 21

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

2.7.

1. ""

2.7.1.

/, .

/usr/users/bob/data/index.html . (

), .

2-2.

1 (. 21).

index.html data;

19.1.2. 2-2, . 137.

2.7.2.

/, .

.., ., ~. .

.

/

usr

dev

etc

var

users

bob

data

22

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

2-3.

1 (. 21). ,

/usr/users/bob/data/index.html

;

index.html

data/index.html

bob/data/index.html

users/bob/data/index.html

../usr/users/bob/data/index.html

~/data/index.html

~bob/data/index.html

../bob/data/index.html

19.1.3. 2-3, . 137.

2.8.

255 . /

.

< > | ? * " ' . -, FILE, file, File

, .

2.9. cp

cp [options] file destination

.

: , .

, ,

.

file1, file2 allfiles,

: cp file1 file2 allfiles. ,

.

, .

,

.

.

Unix/Linux 23

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

2.10. mv

mv file1 file2, file1 file2 mv dir1 dir2, dir1 dir2 mv file(s) dir, dir

,

2.11. touch mkdir

: touch file. ,

.

, mkdir directory.

() , mkdir -p dir1/dir2

2.12. rm

( ) : rm [options] file1 files

rm -i, rm -f, ,

2.13. rmdir

: rmdir directory1 : rm r directory1 rm ri directory1

2.14. file

file [options] filenames. .

file (.. binary

). /usr/share/magic

2.15. cat, more less

Unix/Linux

.

cat ,

. cat [options] filenames , cat /etc/profile /etc/passwd

24

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

H more ,

. . more [options] filenames, more /etc/profile /etc/passwd less ,

. . less [options] filenames less /etc/profile /etc/passwd

2.16. locate slocate

locate slocate e

() . slocate

. locate

[pattern] slocate [pattern]

2.17. man

man: . man man: man (manual) . man k keyword,

man (

keyword)

apropos keyword, man k keyword man f keyword, (

keyword)

whatis keyword, man f keyword 2-4. man, apropos, whatis

man k password man f

password;

19.1.4. 2-4, . 137.

2.17.1. man

To 1 User commands To 2 System calls

Unix/Linux 25

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

To 3 Library calls To 4 Hardware (special files) To 5 Configuration files (File formats) To 6 Games To 7 Miscellaneous To 8 Administrative commands

man passwd passwd(1) passwd

man 5 passwd passwd(5) o /etc/passwd

2.17.2. man

NAME - SYNOPSIS - DESCRIPTION - OPTIONS - FILES - BUGS - EXAMPLES - SEE ALSO - ...

2.17.3. utilities

utilities --

help , .. cat --help. ,

Linux info.

/usr/share/doc.

2.18. :

login student.

home directory . .

home directory : ls,

ls-a, ls al. ;

home directory , ls al;

/linux1/lab2. .

touch .

26

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

touch {report,graph}_{jan,feb,mar} .

.

ls. .

, .

. ,

. ,

pwd .

projects, projects/graphs, projects/reports

projects/backups. graph

projects/graphs. report_jan report_feb

projects/reports. /linux1/lab2.

backups (jan)

.

/linux1/solutions/2.18.txt

Unix/Linux 27

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

3.

3.1.

3.2. X-Window

X-Window ( X 11) . X

, ,

standard

. X server .

X client. X X client.

Linux (desktop

environment) (window managers), GNOME KDE

3.3. GNOME

o window manager GNOME

System. Red Hat Fedora

(: abiword, gnumeric, mrproject, gnomemeeting, gedit, ggv)

3.4. KDE

window manager KDE. Red Hat Fedora

(: konsole, konqueror, kmail,

kdevelop)

3.5.

.

, login. login

display manager. ,

startx.

.

. O

28

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

3.6. GNOME & KDE

window manager ,

(logout) ,

Session GNOME KDE.

window manager .

3.7. nautilus

nautilus (file manager) web browser.

Compute students home nautilus.

, html.

nautilus, (preferences)

. (system settings). html

ftp .

3.8.

GNOME gnome-

terminal, KDE konsole.

window manager (

, ). (,

, shells).

3.9.

gvim, vim xemacs, emacs gedit, GNOME kwrite, KDE

3.10. Web browsers

mozilla konqueror, KDE file manager web browser (GNOME & KDE)

Unix/Linux 29

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

3.11. OpenOffice

open source StarOffice.

ooffice

oowriter, ooimpress, oodraw, oomath, oocalc .

OpenOffice, oosetup,

spadmin.

3.12.

:

, X. X ()

, , workspaces , menu (Red Hat Fedora),

3.13.

:

, , ,

,

(

, ).

3.14.

(),

panel (. 9.6. panel, . 67)

eyboard indicator. panel, eyboard

indicator, , ..

(layout options,

layout switching).

30

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

3.15. :

login , student.

nautilus students home

. /linux1/lab3

passwd. nautilus

.

back .

+ . View as

icons View as list.

+ . gnome-terminal

/linux1/lab3. gnome-terminal

touch newfile.

nautilus .

newfile Move to Trash. gnome-terminal

. .

Trash .

newfile . nautilus.

gnome-terminal .

. rm newfile.

nautilus

Trash. nautilus Trash. logout

.

Unix/Linux 31

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

4. bash

4.1.

4.2. (shell)

. prompt, ,

. ,

.

, ,

.

4.3. bash

bash: Bourne Again Shell. GNU project Bourne shell (sh), Unix C shell (csh), : , ,

Korn shell (ksh), C shell Enhanced C shell (tcsh), command-line editing Bourne Again Shell (bash), csh,

ksh tcsh, , ,

command-line editing

4.4.

bash .

:

4.4.1. (File globbing)

File globbing: wildcards (

-)

*,

32 bash

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

?, () [a-z], [^a-z],

echo

, .

4-1. Wildcards

/linux1/exersices/4-1. .

rm *.doc. ,

doc . echo ??ee*.txt ls

??ee*.txt. ??ee*.txt

rm ??ee*.txt.

/linux1/solutions/4-1.txt

4.4.2. Tab

Tab (

)

4-2. To tab bash


ls myf.

myf

.

ls p.

tab .

ls pe

p

.

.

: .

.

Unix/Linux 33

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

4.4.3. history

.

,

history. :

!!, !c, abc !5, 5 !?abc, abc !-5, 5 ^old^new, old

new

4-3. bash


files . file1.txt files.

(^) ,

, file2.txt, file2.doc, onemorefile

files.

(!) , files.


4.5.

4.5.1. ~

~ (tilde) home directory.

home directory, ~/.bash_profile, , ,

, home directory , , ~bob/.bash_profile

.bash_profile home directory bob.

home directory path

.

4.5.2. set

, $,

. bob cd $HOME/public

34 bash

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

$HOME home directory

( /home/bob) cd /home/bob/public.

,

set. , : name = Nikolas

4-4.

/linux1/exersices. cd $HOME

home directory . set

. N SEMINAR

Linux LEVEL 1. echo

.


4.5.3. {}

{ } .

(,).

, .

H echo x{a,b} echo xa xb

H cp file.txt{,-save} cp file.txt

file.txt-save.

4-5. { }

() /linux1/exersices/4-5.

. mkdir p

work/{in,out,hold}/{low,normal,high}

nautilus /linux1/exersices/4-5

.

()

{ }. :

. :

. ,

.

/linux1/solutions/4-5a.txt.

() /linux1/solutions/4-5b.txt

/linux1/solutions/4-5c.txt.

Unix/Linux 35

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

4.5.4.

,

backquotes ` $( ). echo "This machine is named:

`hostname`" echo " This machine is named: $(hostname)"

. hostname

.

4-6.

/linux1/exersices. echo " This machine is

named: $(hostname)" echo "Long listing of files under /linux1: $(ls l /linux1)".

4.5.5.

.

expr:, .. echo Area: `expr $X \* $Y`. expr

.

$[ ]: echo Area: $[$X*$Y], echo Area: $[ $X *

$Y ] echo Area: $[ $X*$Y ] ,

. : (+),

(-), (*), (/), (**),

(%). bash man, ARITHMETIC EVALUATIONS,

.

19.2.

bash, . 139.

4-7.

/linux1/exersices/4-7.

2 3 . , $ [ ], A+B, A-

B, A*B, A/B **.


4.6.

.

4.6.1. backslash (\)

echo Your cost: \$5.00 (

$).

36 bash

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

foo.

find / -name foo*,

*

. foo

foo .

find / -name foo\*

4.6.2.

, .. echo \*\*\* SALES \*\*\*. (

) .

.

$, $(), $[], `, \, !.

.

4-8. ` "

() echo "The current date is

`date`" () echo 'The current date is `date`'; ,

. ;

()

()

19.1.5.. 4-8, . 138.

4.7.

, < Ctrl+e>, o < Ctrl+u>, < Ctrl+k>,

Unix/Linux 37

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

4.8. : bash

/linux1/lab4.

, : touch{report,memo,graph}_{sep,oct,nov,dec}_{a,b,c}_{1,2,3} ls

. .

a_reports, september, october, november

december. a_reports, one two

three. dec_b december.

dec_b_ december.

december.

b (september, october , november).

a_reports.

a_1 one. one

sep. , a_2

two .

, a_3 three

.

/linux1/lab4 .

c. c1 c2

/tmp/archive ( ).

.

/linux1/lab4.

ls *c* ls Fd *c* .

.


Unix/Linux 39

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

5. ,

5.1.

Unix/Linux ()

5.2.

.

(user ID - UID User Identification). UID

/etc/passwd. home directory

. (, ,

), .

5.3.

. .

(group ID - GID Group

Identification). /etc/passwd

/etc/group.

.

. newgrp

.

(user private group): .

,

.

5.4. root

root .

(,

, ). superuser.

40 ,

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

root .

.

, root, .

5.5. Unix/Linux

.

.

login.

. () ,

.

5.6.

.

() (owner user), () (group) ()

(others). : ,

.

5.7.

,

:

,

, ,

,

5.8.

ls -l.

10

. ,

. d

, ( ).

Unix/Linux 41

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

5.8.1.

: (user, owner,

u), (group, g) (others,

o).

5.8.2.

: r (read,

), w (write, ), x (execute, )

. , ,

: () (read)

cat less, () (write)

, () (execute)

, .

, , ,

: () (read)

( ls), () (write)

, () (execute)

( cd)

ls l.

(write) ,

.

5.9. (),

ls l:

2,3 4 ,

5,6 7 ,

8,9 10 ,

5-1.

42 ,

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

/linux1/exercises/5-1. ls l f*.

:

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 2008-01-28 00:30 file1

-rw-rw-r-- 1 root student 0 2008-01-28 00:30 file2

: file1,

( root) , (rwx),

( root) (r-x)

(r-x). file2,

( root) (rw-),

( student) (rw-)

(r--).

, fred mary.

.

fred fred staff

mary mary staff, admin

ls l [dtp]*. :

-rw-rw-r-- 1 root staff 0 2008-01-28 00:30 distribution

-rwxr-xr-- 1 fred fred 0 2008-01-28 00:30 penguin

-rw-r--r-- 1 mary admin 0 2008-01-28 00:30 tux

,

:

distribution, mary fred

( staff).

penguin, fred , .

mary ,

( mary fred,

).

tux, mary . fred,

staff, .

Unix/Linux 43

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

5.10.

chmod.

chmod

. chmod

. chmod ,

. chmod R (recursive),

.

5.10.1.

,

: () , () () .

: u (user/), g (group/), (others/ ) a (all/

).

: + ( ), - ( ), = ( ).

: r (read/), w (write/), x (execute/)

s t ( 11.8. ).

chmod g+w .bashrc, , .bashrc

chmod go-rw .bashrc, ,

.bashrc

chmod u=rw,a+x .bashrc, ( )

(, , )

.bashrc

5.10.2.

.

, .

(4),

44 ,

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

(2) (1).

, .

2.

chmod 664 file, ,

chmod 660 file, ,

chmod 600 file, ,

chmod 444 file, ,

( cd).

chmod 755 directory, ,



chmod 555 directory,

5.11. : ,

/linux1/lab5.

file chmod

.

.

.

Unix/Linux 45

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

file000 000

file111 111

file555 555

file600 600

file644 644

file700 700

file711 711

file731 731

file755 755

file777 777

newfile 755.

r-xr--r--; ( ).

, cmdfile, .

( ) ;


Unix/Linux 47

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

6. vi

6.1.

vi ,

6.2. vi vim

vi Unix

Unix. vim: vi

improved ( vi ).

editor Unix, ed (ed ex vi vim).

6.3. vi vim

, vi filename,

, vi newfilename. vim

vi. vi \vi .

vi vim, unalias vi.

vi m file, vi R file, :w! vi n file,

vi r file, vi x file,

6.4. vi

vi : (command mode),

(insert mode) (ex mode).

Command mode: , vi, .

: , , ,

, , .

48 vi

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

Insert mode: , . Ex mode: , , .

6.5.

, vi

h j k l w b ( ) { }

:

. Hello!, she said. :

Hello !, she Said .

1 2 3 4 5 6

6.6.

.

a i A I O

Unix/Linux 49

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

6.7.

, . ,

. vi,

.

6.8. ,

, (copy

vi yank). w, (, ), { }

. c, d y

:

(change) c (delete) d (yank) y

cc dd yy

cl dl yl

cw dw yw

c( d( y(

c) d) y)

c{ d{ y{

c} d} y}

cc ,

.

cl

, cw

.

H yank () (, , ,

) buffer (put).

6.9.

vi vim, put ( paste,

). p P.

, p

50 vi

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

, P

. , , p

, P

6.10.

u, . U, ,

, u

6.11.

/text, ?text, n, ,

6.12.

vi. (ex mode)

(command mode) :,

ex :

vi :wq :q :q!

vi :w :e!

:wq! :w!.

19.3. vi ,

vi (. 139).

6.13.

vi .

:

Unix/Linux 51

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

dtc, c ( ).

5dd, 5 (dd). , ,

x, rx,

x

R,

6.14. : vi

/linux1/lab6. vi

GPL_V2. , Preamble,

/Preamble. ,

vi :wq.

vi .

vi

Unix/Linux 53

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

7.

7.1.

utilities

7.2. Unix/Linux

, .

(queues).

,

.

. , ,

(job).

.

.

7.3.

lpr, lpq, lprm,

7.4. Utilities

enscript, a2ps, PostScript xpdf, pdf ggv, pdf PostScript ps2pdf, PostScript pdf pdf2ps, pdf PostScript mpage,

Unix/Linux 55

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

8.

8.1.

inodes find

8.2. (filesystems)

(partitions).

(filesystem).

.

Linux ext3 ext2. Linux

.

8.3. Inodes

inodes (index nodes )

filesystem ext2/3. inode.

inode , inode (inode number),

. inode - -

:

( , , .) (

inode

(user ID) (group ID) (timestamps),

56

GNOME, KDE

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

8.4.

.

,

( ) inodes

( ..). ,

.. , inode

number ,

, , ,

. ls i inode number

8.5. cp inodes

, , inodes.

, inode

. , .

8.6. mv inodes

, mv,

,

, . inode

. .

8-1. cp, mv inodes

/linux1/exersices/8-1.

ls li. file1 file2 cp.

. inodes

;

file2 file3 mv.

. inodes

;

/linux1/solutions/8-1.txt.

8.7. rm inodes

:

, inode ( )

Unix/Linux 57

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

blocks . ,

blocks .

8.8.

Unix/Linux .

(links hard links) (symbolic links soft

links).

8.8.1.

.

,

.

,

.

, rm,

.

password

/etc/passwd ln s /etc/passwd password.

:

inode. ,

, .

l ( link) -,

.

rwxrwxrwx (,

). ,

.

, .

.

(

) .

/etc/passwd 11 bytes,

58

GNOME, KDE

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

/etc/passwd.

.

8.8.2.

(hard link) ,

inode. .

,

. fedora

fedora_core, ln fedora fedora_core.

:

, , inode.

, .

, , .

(1).

, ,

,

inode.

: () ,

, ,

inode ()

.

8-2. (symbolic) (links)

/linux1/exercises/8-2.

ls li. password

/etc/passwd. .

;

fedora redhat.

. ;


Unix/Linux 59

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

8.9.

: (-), (d)

(l). Unix/Linux .

:

c, character special file: (hardware) , ..

b, block special file: (hardware) block, ..

p, named pipe: . ,

.

s, socket: .

8.10.

df du

.

8.10.1. df

df (disk free) ,

, .

h .

8.10.2. H du

du (disk usage) ( KB)

. s

. h

df.

8-3. du df

/linux1. df df h

. du du h

/linux1 .


60

GNOME, KDE

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

8.11. find

find

.

find

find /etc/sysconfig.

name

, find . name "*.hmtl".

find :

-atime [+n|-n|n], n ( n / n )

-mtime [+n|-n|n], n ( n / n )

-uname user, user -group gname, gname

8.12.

find (-exec)

find.

H ,

( )

html. find . name "*.hmtl" exec cat {} \;

{}

find. \;

(cat file1 ; cat file 2; ).

8.13.

(mount),

(unmout),

.

8.13.1. mount umount

CD , Unix/Linux.

, mount.

Unix/Linux 61

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

mount /mnt/floppy mount /mnt/cdrom,

umount /mnt/floppy umount /mnt/cdrom .

CD , ,

eject, CD .

8.13.2.

.

.

, fdformat /dev/fd0H1440.

:

mkfs t ext2 /dev/fd0, ext2 mke2fs /dev/fd0, ext2 mkfs t vfat /dev/fd0, fat

.

8.14. tar

( tar file).

,

. tar, ,

, ,

,

.

tar.

H tar cvf archive_name files.

tar . (files)

, , .

H , tar xvf

archive_name.tar. tar

,

.

, tar

tf archive_name.tar.

62

GNOME, KDE

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

tar .

,

(mount) , tar czvf /dev/fd0 mydir.

tar xzvf /dev/fd0.

tar:

c, v, f archive name, x, t, z, gzip j, bzip2

8.15.

, email, .

75% .

. tar .

8.15.1.

Unix/Linux ,

.

gzip (), gunzip (): gz. gunzip compress.

bzip2 (), bunzip2 (): bz2. , gzip.

zip ( ): winzip, pkzip Windows. gzip bzip2

.

tar gzip.

, .tgz .tar.gz.

.tgz .tar.

8-4.

Unix/Linux 63

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18


file compress v file

uncompress file, gzip v file gunzip file, bzip2 v file

bunzip2 file.bz2

.


8.16. :

/linux1/lab8.16.

/usr/shar/dict/words .

. ls

. words

; words ;

words .

linux.words; , root,

linux.words;

ls inodes .

soft hard

words /linux1/lab8.16.

words.

ls stat, .

hard soft

data blocks

links

(UID/GID)


8.17. :

df, h H

.

h H;

64

GNOME, KDE

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18


8.18. : find

find.

Permission denied,

, : 2> /dev/null (

13. - ).

() /var/lib games.

() /var root

mail.

() ls l,

root, bin

student.

() ls l,

/usr/bin

100.000 .

() file /etc/mail.

() ls l,

/tmp

student.

() (),

120 .

() (), .

find , (

2> /dev/null, )

.


8.19. :

,

.

/linux1/lab8.19. find,

/home student,

Unix/Linux 65

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

tar

/tmp. /etc /tmp.

ls .

gzip ,

.

, bzip2

.


66

GNOME, KDE

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

9. GNOME, KDE

9.1.

X-Window GNOME KDE , gnome-terminal

evolution

9.2. X-Window

X-Window

, .

.

,

.

:

Window manager: , , menu .

Desktop environment: panels, window managers.

: .

9.3. (Window managers)

window manager X client. window manager

GNOME metacity, KDE kwm.

window manager : ,

, ,

, (toolbars) , ..

9.4. GNOME

GNOME System / Preferences.

o GNOME ,

.. , , screen saver, .

Unix/Linux 67

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

CD/DVD,

, .

9.5. KDE

KDE Kmenu / Control

Center. ,

GNOME, ,

, , ..

9.6. panel

panel . To

panel GNOME KDE .

panel,

Properties ( GNOME) Configure panel ( KDE). ,

, ..

9.7. nautilus

nautilus

nautilus Edit/ Preferences.

,

(.. ), ..

9.8. gnome-terminal

gnome-terminal, Edit / Current

Profile. , Edit/Profiles/New.

gnome-terminal , ,

, ,

buffer .

9.9.

GNOME,

.

GNOME, gnome-terminal

. ,

, . log out Save

68

GNOME, KDE

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

current setup. ,

logout.

9.10. email clients

, , email clients, evolution,

kmail, mozilla mail. , email

clients email servers, imap, pop smtp.

9.11. evolution

evolution

.

, PDA, .

.

.

9.12. : GNOME

GNOME.

System Preferences.

() Look and Feel, Appearance, Background

.

() Look and Feel, Appearance, Fonts

, .

.

() Look and Feel, Appearance, Screen Saver screen saver

.

() Look and Feel, Appearance, Theme

.

() Hardware, Removable Drives and Media Storage,

CD .

() Hardware, Mouse

.

Unix/Linux 69

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

9.13. : gnome-terminal

gnome-terminal (Applications --> System Tools --> Terminal).

Open Terminal.

.

gnome-terminal .

. Default.

Edit --> Edit current profile...,

(tabs). General. Use the

system fixed width font. font,

. , (bold)

12. OK. Colors. Use colors

from system theme. Built-in schemes White on Black. Close.

. Edit --> Profiles,New.

Small Create.

, Small.

(File --> Open Tab --> Small).

gnome-terminal. , Small (Terminal -->

Profile --> Small).

9.14. : evolution

evolution

. home directory

ls aF .

evolution, evolution

Applications, Internet, Email.

evolution, wizard .

Forward.

. ,

email student@localhost. , Server Type

Standard Unix mbox spool file Path

/var/spool/mail/student. Forward

70

GNOME, KDE

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

evolution . , Server

Type Sendmail Forward. Apply.

(student@localhost)

Send/Receive. evolution.

evolution home directory .

ls aF. ; evolution ;

Unix/Linux 71

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

10. bash

10.1.

10.2. () bash

, :

set shopt

, ,

. ,

, .

10.3.

,

.

.

, , .

. , shell script (,

) $HOME,

home directory . ,

home directory script.

: (local variables,

shell variables)

(environment variables)

.

72 bash

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

,

.

set, env

echo. set , env

echo .

10.4.

( )

. .

shell scripts, .

, VARIABLE=VALUE. ,

.

. ,

("), ..WELCOME="Welcome to Fedora".

, echo, .. echo

$WELCOME.

:

$ .

, Shell variables

bash man.

10.4.1.

HISTFILESIZE: HISTFILE:

HISTSIZE:

COLUMNS: ( ) LINES: ( )

10.4.2. PS1

PS1 (prompt).

: PS1="\u@\h:\w\$".

Unix/Linux 73

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

(escape sequences)

o prompt :

\d \h \t \u \w \! \$ ( #)

( $)

, (PS1=" \u@\h:\w\$ ") prompt :

adam@ekdd-srv-01:/tmp $

escape sequences PROMPTING

bash man.

10.5. (aliases)

.

,

.

alias c=clear alias dir='ls -FCa' alias rm="rm -i"

rm, alias (rm i),

\: \rm r Junk

, alias ,

, alias

: alias dir

10.6. set shopt

, set shopt. set

.

set shopt, SHELL

BUILT-IN COMMANDS bash man.

19.5. set bash

74 bash

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

(.143) 19.6. shopt bash (.

144).

10.7. :

.

,

EDITOR,

.

export. bash

. EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim

export EDITOR

: export EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim

10.8.

o :

HOME, home directory LANG,

PWD, EDITOR, text editor LESS, less SHELL, login USER,

10.8.1. TERM

TERM .

, ..

, reset.

10.8.2. PATH

PATH .

, ,

Unix/Linux 75

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

.

which

. , which less,

less. less

which,

, .. ./less.

bash,

19.4. bash, 141.

10.9.

.

:

, tab, , : , , |, &, ;, (, ),

{ } ~ (~, ~bob,

~/files)

. $, ${ }, $ (( )), $ [ ], $ ( )

(file globbing) , >, >>,

10.10.

shell startup scripts ( )

.

. , ,

(, ) (

) . shell startup

scripts, .

76 bash

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

,

.

startup scripts home directory .

10.11. login

O login ,

.

login, .. bash

login (no-login shell). login no-login shells

(startup scripts).

10.12. :

login shells , , startup scripts:

/etc/profile /etc/profile.d ~/.bash_profile ~/.bashrc /etc/bashrc

script script.

PATH script /etc/profile , ,

~/.bash_profile.

no-login shells , , startup scripts:

~/.bashrc /etc/bashrc /etc/profile.d

, no-login shells script login

shells .

startup scripts :

, PS1 , PATH LESS

script

Unix/Linux 77

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

umask ( umask 11)

10.13. /etc/profile

/etc/profile login shell. no-

login shells script . ,

login shell

Bourne ( sh bash).

script PATH, USER, LOGNAME, MAIL,

HOSTNAME, HISTSIZE INPUTRC.

/etc/profile scripts /etc/profile.d

10.14. /etc/profile.d

/etc/profile.d shell scripts. scripts

. script,

Bourne ( sh) C ( csh). scripts

, .. ls

.

10.15. ~/.bash_profile ~/.bashrc

~/.bash_profile ~/.bashrc .

, ,

shell. ~/.bash_profile login shells ,

~/.bashrc login no-login shells.

~/.bashrc script , ..

date. script ~/.bash_profile .

10.16. ~/.bash_logout

~/.bash_logout .

login shell, .

.

:

78 bash

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

10.17. :

.

clear c.

.

, lr. lr,

ls .

() ls (long listing)

() To

() (indicator) ,

() ,

(modification time)

()

man ls.

, .

, .

~/.bashrc #User specific aliases and functions,

. .

.


10.18. : bash prompt

(prompt).

bash man ( PROMPTING).

, . () Fedora

->. >

.

()

(hostname) $.

()

.

Unix/Linux 79

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

()

, .

()

:

() ~/.bashrc

. ,

.

H /linux1/solutions/10.18.txt

10.19. :

metacity.

metacity-message.

metacity-window-demo.

backquotes (` `),

(` `)

.

ls l nautilus.

H /linux1/solutions/10.19.txt

Unix/Linux 81

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

11. ,

11.1.

,

11.2. &

, user ID (UID)

, group ID (GID). ,

(UID) (GID)

.

11.3. /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow & /etc/group

.

/etc/passwd

(username) (UID). /etc/group

(groupname) (GID).

/etc/shadow password

.

/etc/passwd : , , UID,GID

, , home directory, login shell.

/etc/group : , (group

password), GID,

,

:

11.4.

(root),

Unix/Linux,

. , ,

82 ,

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

server (.. web server). UID

GID 500.

, , .

11.5. su

su .

, o root. ,

, login shell.

( root).

root .

11.6.

. :

whoami, groups, id group users, who, w, last,

11.7. umask

, umask, ,

(rw-rw-rw- 666) ,

, (rwxrwxrwx 777).

,

umask. H umask

. , umask 0002,

664 775.

,

umask.

. ,

, umask.

umask 0002, root 0022.

umask script. umask ,

~/.bashrc umask .

Unix/Linux 83

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

11.8.

, ,

, (special

permissions). set user ID ( SUID), set group ID

( SGID) sticky bit. ,

:

SUID SGID sticky bit SGID

, chmod,

, .

, 4 SUID, 2 SGID 1 sticky bit.

chmod 3775 groupdir, SGID sticky bit

groupdir.

11.8.1.

SUID ,

. passwd.

passwd

/etc/shadow. , /etc/shadow, .

,

; /usr/bin/passwd ( passwd, )

SUID, passwd,

( , root).

/etc/shadow (, ,

passwd), .

ls l, SUID s

. SUID,

, S.

84 ,

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

, SGID,

. SGID

. SGID,

same-gnome.

11.8.2.

sticky bit ,

root,

. To sticky bit, t,

.

, sticky bit, .

sticky bit, /tmp.

SGID ,

,

.

11.9. :

.

X-Window.

. login visitor.

whoami, groups, id, users, who, w.

. login student.

whoami, groups, id, users, who, w.

.

11.10. :

()

visitor. id pwd.

()

visitor. su student, id pwd.

()

visitor. su student (!,

), id pwd.

Unix/Linux 85

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

.

;

11.11. : umask

/linux/lab11.11.

umask . umfile1

umdir1. umask 027. umfile2

umdir2.

,

.

/

umfile1

umdir1

umfile2

umdir2

, .


11.12. : umask

/linux/lab11.12.

umask. , ,

umask.

umask

002

022

007

027

077

86 ,

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

umask

. ,

.

/linux/solutions/11.12.txt

Unix/Linux 87

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

12. vi & vim

12.1.

,

..

12.2.

G, nG, n , , , ,

12.3.

H, M, L, z,

z-,

12.4. ex:

vi vim ,

sed ( sed, . 15.10 H sed, .

108). sed , ,

, vi vim

88 vi & vim

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

. ,

:1,$s/Unix/Linux/g

, : ex mode, 1,$

, s/Unix/Linux

Unix Linux g

( sed).

Unix Linux (..

8 18), , :8,18s/Unix/Linux/g Unix Linux

, :.,.+10s/Unix/Linux/g Unix Linux

, , :s/Unix/Linux/g

12.5.

:r newfile, newfile

:r !commandname, commandname

:1,20w xfile, 1-20 xfile :.,$w yfile,

yfile

:1,20w >> zfile, 1-20 zfile

19.3. vi ,

vi (. 139).

Unix/Linux 89

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

Unix/Linux 91

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

13. -

13.1.

13.2. (standard input & output)

Unix/Linux ,

. , ,

,

. ,

.

, (standard output) .

,

. ,

.

(standard input) .

, , .

(standard error),

(warnings), (error messages)

.

, .

, stdin,

stdout stderr .

(file descriptors) 0, 1 2 .

92 -

2008

Unix/Linux 1.18

13.3. -

, ,

(pipe).

. ,

, . ,

, , .

:

> command > file

>> command >> file

()

< comman

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