UNDERGRADUATE PHYSIOLOGY COURSES

PHARM-201 GENERAL VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACEUTICS

3(2-1)

THEORY Introduction to pharmacology; Historical perspectives; Scope, definitions and terminology; Drug

development, drug regulations and drug sources; Classification of drugs; Transport mechanisms across

biomembranes; Drug formulations; Routes of drug administration; Biodisposition of drugs;

Bioavailability of drugs; Absorption of drugs; Protein binding of drugs; Distribution, storage and

metabolism of drugs; Excretion of drugs; Pharmacokinetics: Principles and applications;

Pharmacodynamics; Drug actions; Structure activity relationships; Receptor theories; Dose-response

relationships; Therapeutic index; Drug resistance; Drug idiosyncrasy; Adverse reactions of drugs; Drug

interactions; Basic principles governing the preparation and dispensing of different dosage forms.

PRACTICAL Weights and measures; Prescription writing; Pharmaceutical calculations; Partition coefficient of drugs;

Formulations; External and internal dosage forms; Techniques of drug administration in animals;

Identification of various drugs; Preparation of ointments, liniments and tinctures; Experiments on drug

antagonism and synergism; Drug assays; Demonstration of pharmacokinetic experiments;

Demonstration of bioavailability studies.

SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Riviere, J.E. and M.G. Papich. 2009. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9th Ed., Wiley-

Blackwell Publishers, New York, USA.

2. Katzung, B.G. 2009. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 11th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, USA.

3. Brunton, L.L., J.S. Lazo and K.L. Parker. 2006. Goodman and Gillman’s Pharmacological Basis of

Therapeutics. 11th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, USA.

4. Akhtar, M.S. 2004. Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 4th Ed., Agri.

Livestock Bureau, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Shargel, L. and B.C. Andrew. 2012. Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics. 6th Ed.,

McGraw Hill, New York, USA.

PHARM-302 SYSTEMIC VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 3(2-

1)

THEORY Drugs acting on central nervous system; General considerations and pre-anesthetic medication; Inhalant

general anesthetics and intravenous anesthetics; Hypnotics, sedatives and analgesics; Anticonvulsants;

Tranquilizers and CNS stimulants; Euthanasia; Local anesthesia; Intraspinal and epidural anesthesia;

Neuromuscular-blocking agents; Autonomic drugs; Pharmacology of autacoids; Antipyretics and

analgesics; Anti-inflammatory drugs; Drugs acting on gastrointestinal tract; Rumen pharmacology;

Drugs acting on respiratory system; Drugs acting on urinary system; Diuretics and anti-diuretics; Drugs

acting on cardiovascular system; Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance; Endocrine

pharmacology; Nutritional pharmacology; Drugs acting locally on skin and mucus membranes; Drugs

acting locally on eyes and ears; Use of drugs in poultry; Use of drugs in fish; Use of drugs in zoo

animals.

PRACTICAL Effect of autonomic drugs on isolated heart and intestine of rabbit or guinea pigs; Effect of drug on

intestinal motility in situ; Effect of autonomic drugs on eyes of rabbit; Rat hind quarter preparation for

demonstration of vasodilating effects; Diuretic and anti-diuretic drug action demonstration in sheep or

goat; Demonstration of drug effects on respiration in dog; Demonstration of drug effects on blood

pressure in dog; Demonstration of techniques of volatile and intravenous anesthetics; Pre-anesthetic

medication; Demonstration of epidural anesthesia in dog, buffaloes, cows, sheep/goat; Conduction

plexus anesthesia in frog; Infiltration, surface and intraspinal anesthesia in rabbits.

SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Riviere, J.E. and M.G. Papich. 2009. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9th Ed., Wiley-

Blackwell Publishers, New York, USA.

2. Katzung, B.G. 2009. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 11th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, USA.

3. Brunton, L.L., J.S. Lazo and K.L. Parker. 2006. Goodman and Gillman’s Pharmacological Basis of

Therapeutics. 11th Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, USA.

4. Akhtar, M.S. 2004. Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 4th Ed., Agri.

Livestock Bureau, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

PHARM-304 VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 2(1-1)

THEORY Toxicology concepts and general considerations; Factors affecting toxicity; Spectrum of toxic dose and

LD50 calculations; General mechanisms of toxicity; Toxicity testing; Diagnosis and treatment of

poisonings; Chemotherapy of microbial, fungal and viral diseases. Beta lactam antibiotics;

Aminoglycosides; Macrolides; Lincosamides; Tetracylines; Chloramphenicol; Nitrofurans;

Quinolones; Sulfonamides and combinations with trimethoprim.

PRACTICAL Tests for residues of antibiotics and sulphonamides; Antibiotic sensitivity tests; Microbiological assay;

Tests for screening of pesticide residues in fodder; Tests for screening of nitrates toxic levels in fodder;

Tests for screening of hydrocyanic acid toxic levels in fodder; Drug incompatibilities; Acute toxicity

study; Strychnine poisoning in rabbits and dogs; Demonstration of the destruction of acetylcholine by

cholinesterase; Study tour to pharmaceutical industry.

SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Earnest, H. 2010. Textbook of Modern Toxicology. 4th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, London, UK.

2. Klaassen, C.D. 2008. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 7th Ed.,

McGraw Hill Medical, New York, USA.

3. Gupta, R. 2007. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles. Elsevier Inc., San Diego,

California, USA.

4. Brent, J., K.L. Wallace, K.K. Burahart, S.D. Phillips, J.W. Donowan and R.B. Palmer. 2005.

Critical Care Toxicology. Elsevier Health Science, London, UK.

Marsha, D.F. 2001. Clinical Toxicology. Saunders Publishers, Philadelphia, USA.

Postgraduate courses Pharmacology

Pharm.701 General Pharmacology 3(2-1)

Theory Pharmacology and its branches; Pharmacognosy; Modification of chemical structure; Synthesis of new drugs; Drug development; Screening, bioassay and standardization; Tolerance; Tachyphylaxis; Cumulation; Introduction to Pharmacogenetics; Factors which modify actions and dosage of drugs; Drug allergy; Drug dependence; Monitoring of drug use, hazards of drug therapy; Drug interaction and its clinical significance; Drug residues and their veterinary and public health concerns; Biodisposition of drugs including absorption; distribution; Metabolism; Excretion.

Practicals

Purification of drugs from natural sources (aqueous extracts, methanolic extracts); Screening and bioassay procedures; Bioavailability of different dosage forms following oral; Intravenous and Intramuscular routes; Various routes of drug administration; Bioequivalence studies of various brands of drugs.

Books Recommended

1. Brunton, L.L., J.S. Lazo, K.L. Parker, 2006. Goodman and Gillman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, U.S.A.

2. Katzung, B.G. 2009. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 11th Ed., Mc Graw hill, New York, U.S.A. Nogel, HG 2002. Drug Discovery. University Franfurt

Pharm. 702 Advanced Pharmacology 3(2-1)

Theory

General principles of drug action; Target for drug action, receptor proteins; Ion channels as drug

targets; Control of drug expression; Receptor desensitization and tachyphylaxis; Molecular

mechanism of drugs action; Receptors, drug receptor-interaction and its characterization;

Consequences of interaction; Receptor isolation; Analysis of graded-dose response relationship;

Structure activity relationship; Drug actions not mediated through receptor; Pharmacogenetics and

drug idiosyncrasy; Drug toxicity due to impaired drug metabolism; Altered sensitivity to drugs;

Abnormal distribution and responses to drugs; Drug allergy, Immunologic basis; Drug resistance; Drug

tolerance and physical dependence; Mechanism of development of dependence; Therapeutic Index

its Calculations and Implications.

Practical

Graded-dose response curves; Quantal dose response curves; Drug-receptors interactions of cholinergic drugs; Drug receptor interactions of anti-cholinergic drugs; Log-dose response curves of penecillines, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides and quinolones antibiotics; Tests for predicting drug allergies.

Books Recommended

1. Foreman, J.C., T. Johansen and A.J. Gibb, 2009. Textbook of Receptor Pharmacology, 3rd Ed. CRC

Press, USA, UK and Canada.

2. Baggot, J.D. 2001. The Physiological Basis of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology. 3rd Ed. Johnviley and

Sons, U.K.

3. Weber, W.W., 2008. Pharmacogenetics, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, UK.

Pharm 704 Pharmacokinetics 3(2-1)

Theory

Introduction to course; Mathematical Functions; Exponents; Logarithms; Calculus;

Spectrophotometric analysis; One compartment I.V. bolus, assumptions; First-order kinetics; Analysis

of urine data; Metabolism and excretion; Clearance; Intravenous infusion and bolus administration;

Routes of drug administration, oral, sublingual, rectal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular,

inhalation, topical, differential equation, integrated equation; Calculation of bioavailability

parameters; Reasons for bioequivalence requirements; In vitro dosage form testing; Development of

general equation; Cpmax and Cpmin equations; Non-uniform dosing intervals; Routes of excretion,

renal excretion and hemodialysis; Biliary excretion; Pulmonary excretion; Salivary excretion; Renal

disease considerations; Dose adjustment; Drug distribution;. Weight considerations; Protein binding

interactions; Multi- Compartment Pharmacokinetic Models; Dosage calculations; Non Compartmental

Analysis; Non-linear pharmacokinetic models; Scheme or diagram; Dosing approaches.

Practical

Clinical applications of pharmacokinetics; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Pediatric considerations; Geriatric considerations; Analysis of drugs by visible spectroscopy; Extraction of salicylic acid; One compartment model – IV bolus; One compartment model – IV infusion; One compartment model – Oral. Computer simulations – single dose; One compartment model-IV bolus-multiple dose; Computer simulation – multiple dose; Computer simulation – two compartment models; Pharmacokinetic simulations using MacDope.

Books Recommended

1 Levy, G., E.W. Michael, 2003. Basic Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 4th Ed., A Sympostum Washington, American Pharmaceutical Association, Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA.

2 Riviere, J. E. 2002. Comparative Pharmacokinetics-principles, techniques and applications. Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.

3 Shargel, L., B. C. Andrew, 2004. Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, 5th Ed., Appleton-century-craft/Norwalk, U.S.A.

Pharm. 705 Pharmaceutics 3(2-1)

Theory

Dissolution and disintegration; Types of Pharmaceutical preparations; Physical Pharmacy; Weights and measures; Calculations; Containers and closures; Labeling; Color and flavors; Solutions; Suspensions; Emulsions and creams; Oral dosage forms, ointments, pastes and jellies, suppositories and Pessaries; Sterilization practice in pharmaceutics; Sterilization of injections and other pharmaceutical products; Classification of injections; Sterility testing and aseptic techniques; Preservation of pharmaceutical products; Medicinal chemistry; Incompatibilities; Forensic Pharmacy and drug laws; Pharmacognosy.

Practical

Exercises in the preparation of different solutions, extracts, suspensions, emulsions, ointment, etc. for

external and internal uses; Pyrogen test; Study of different types of incompatibilities; Formulation

of injections, sterilization, aseptic techniques and sterility testing methods; Visit to pharmaceutical

Laboratories.

Books Recommended

1. Allen, L.V, Popovich N.G and Ansel, H.C, 2010. Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery system, 9th Ed., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, U.S.A.

2. Javed, A.K. 1996. Quality control of Pharmaceutical Preparations, Lahore, Pakistan. 3. Remington, 2005. Remington: The Science and Practice of Phramacy, 21st Ed., Lippincotts

Williams and Wilkins, U.S.A.

Pharm. 706 Pharmacology of Central Nervous System 3(2-1)

Theory

General considerations about physiology and pharmacology of CNS; Categorization of CNS drugs; CNS versus peripheral drug actions; Central Nervous System depressants; Pharmacological properties, absorption, metabolism structure; Activity relationships of all CNS depressant drugs; General anesthetics; Principles of anesthesiology; Signs and stages of anesthesia; electro-cephalograph changes; Preanesthetic medications; General anesthetic agents; Pharmacological properties; Administration, metabolism and choice of anesthetics; Intravenous anesthetics (Barbiturates); Chemistry, pharmacological actions, metabolism and excretion; Uses in anesthesia; Barbiturate Poisoning; Hypnotics and sedatives; Local anesthetics; Drugs used in psychiatric disorders; Drugs for epilepsy; Psychotropic drugs; CNS stimulant drugs; Analgesics and antipyretic drugs; Drugs used as emetics and antiemetics; Narcotic analgesic; Drug dependency and tolerance.

Practical

Methods of evaluation of drugs actions on CNS; Study of stages of volatile anesthesia; Effects of premedications on the duration and intensity of general anesthesia; Hypnotics and their antidotes in rats and rabbits; Stimulants of CNS and their antidotes in rats and mice; Evaluation of effect of drugs on the voluntary motor activity; Cross circulation experiment in dogs; Local anesthesia; Guinea pig intradermal test; Local anesthesia, surface anesthesia (rabbit eyes); Plexus anesthesia in frogs; Evaluation of pyrogens and antipyretic agents.

Books Recommended

1. Akhtar M.S. 2004. Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 4th Ed. Agri-Livestock bureau, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

2. Blass, J.P., 2006. Concise Clinical Pharmacology: CNS Therapeutics, 1st Ed., McGraw Hill Professional, USA.

3. Nestler, E.J., S.E. Hyman and R.C. Malenka, 2001. Molecular Neuropharmacology, Revised Ed., McGraw Professional, USA.

4. Richard, A.H., 2008. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology. 4th Ed. Williams and Wilkins Publishers, U.S.A.

Pharm. 707 Pharmacology of Autonomic Nervous System 3(2-1)

Theory

General considerations about physiology and pharmacology of ANS; Acetylcholinesterase; Storage and

release of acetylcholine in cholinergic transmission; Adrenergic transmission; Synthesis, storage and

release of catecholamines; Cholinergic agonists; Choline esters; Cholinomimetics natural alkaloids and

synthetic analogs; Anticholinesterase agents; Atropine, scopolamine & related antimuscarinic drug;

Therapeutic uses of antimuscarinic drugs; Norepinephrine, epinephrine & other sympathomimetic

amines; Pharmacology of Isoproterenol, dopamine, dibutamine and other non-catecholamines

selective β2– Adrenergic stimulants; Terbutaline salbutol, albuterol and therapeutic uses of

sympathomimetic drugs; Alpha-adrenergic blocking agents; Phenoxybenzamine & related

haloalkylamines and therapeutic uses; β -adrenergic blocking agents; Centrally acting agents that

interfere with adrenergic neuron blocking agents; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Ganglionic

stimulating and blocking agents; Neuromuscular blocking agents; Review of recent advances in

cholinergic and adrenergic receptors.

Practical

Exercises to learn the use of dynograph; Study of effect of autonomic drugs on small unanesthetized animals; Dogs and rat’s blood pressure and respiration; Ganglion blocking agents and cat’s nictitating membrane experiment; Frog rectusabdominis muscle and muscle relaxant drugs; Dog’s tibialis anterior muscle and neuro-muscular blocking agents; Effects of autonomic drugs on eyes in rabbits.

Books Recommended

1. Adams, H.R., 2001. Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 8th Ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.

2. Brunton, L.L., J.S. Lazo, K.L. Parker, 2006. Goodman and Gillman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, U.S.A.

3. Katzung, B.G. 2009. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 8th Ed. Mc Graw Hill , New York, U.S.A. 4. Rosenfeld, G.C and Loose, D.S., 2006. Pharmacology: Board Review Series, 4th Ed., Lippincott

Williams and Wilkins, USA.

Pharm. 708 Renal and Reproductive Pharmacology 3(2-1)

Theory

Ultrastructure of the Kidney; The formation of urine; Regulation of Acid-Base and water balance; Renal clearance; Active transport system in the nephron; Competition, saturation and inhibition; Renal elimination of drugs; Glomerular filteration, proximal tubular secretion; Distal tubular reabsorption; Review of some hormones affecting the kidney; Aldosteron and rennin-angiotension system; Introduction to diuretics; Kidney Phyiology and specific diuretics, glomerulus, proximal convulated tubules; Thiazide diuretics; Control of Potassium Secretion, collecting tubules and duct; Potassium-Sparing diuretics, mobilization of edema fluid, treatment of diuretic- induced hypokalemia; Renal diseases; Agents affecting uterine motility, oxytocin and prostaglandin, ergot alkaloids; Drugs used to inhibit premature labour; β2 adrenergic antagonists and magnesium sulphate; Prostaglandin’s synthetase inhibitors, oxytocin antagonists; Antifertility agents.

Practicals;

Measurements of glumerular filteration rate in laboratory animals; Renal clearance of creatinine and

inuline; Studies on the renal clearance of tetracyclines, penicillines, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides,

macrolides and quinolones antibiotics; Effects of drugs on the renal function;. Demonstrations of

diuretics and antidiuretics in laboratory animals.

Books Recommended

1. Ashley, C and Morlidge, C., 2008. Introducton to Renal Therapeutics. Pharmaceutical Press, USA.

2. Brunton, L.L., J.S. Lazo, K.L. Parker, 2006. Goodman and Gillman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, U.S.A.

3. Rang, H.P., M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, P.K. Moore and Peterlamb, 2007. Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology. 7th Ed. Churchill Livingstone, U.K.

Pharm. 709 Pharmacotherapy 3(2-1)

Theory

Chemotherapy of microbial diseases; Introduction to the sulfonamides; Antibiotics; The penicillins; Cephalosporins; The tetracyclines; Aminoglycosides; Tetracyclines; Quinolones; Miscellaneous antimicrobial; Antifungal and antiviral agents; Chemotherapeutics used against parasites; Antiprotozoan, anthelmintic insecticides; Use of insecticides in domestic animals; Rodenticides; Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases; Alkylating agents; Antimetabolites, hormones and other antiproliferative agents; Drugs used for the prophylaxis and treatment of avian, aquatic and wild animals; Cardiovascular drugs; Cardiac glycosides; Antiarrhythmic drugs; Antihypertensive drugs; Vasodilator drugs; Antiatherosclerotic drugs; Water, salts and ions; agents effecting volume and composition of the body fluids cations; calcium, magnesium, barium, lithium, and ammonium; Anions phosphate, iodide, fluoride and other anions; Hormones and their antagonists; Contraceptive agents; Water-soluble and fat soluble vitamins.

Practical

Demonstration of pharmacodynamics of drugs acting on heart; Blood pressure and urinary system; Effect of drugs on the gastric acid secretion; Surgical techniques for the study of action of drugs on the gastro-intestinal tract; Action of drugs on haematopoitic system and blood.

Books Recommended

1. Dipiro, J.T., R.L. Talbert, G.C. Yee, G.R. Matzke, B.G. Wells and L.P.Posey, 2008. Pharmakotherapy: A Pathophysiological Approach. 7th Ed. McGraw Hill, U.S.A.

2. Edwards, C. 2007. Guide to Chemotherapy Protocols. 4th Ed. Jones and Bartlett Learning, U.S.A.

3. Marie, C.B., K.Jill, M.A. Chisholm-Burns, M. Patrick, T. L. Schwinghammer, B.G. Wells, P.M. Malone and J. M. Kolesar, 2010. Pharmacotherapy: Principles and Practice. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hills, U.S.A.

4. Tierney, M. Lawrence, McPhee, J. Stephen, Papadakis and A. Maxine, 2006. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment. 45th Ed. McGraw Hills, U.S.A.

Thurstan. D.E., 2007. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs. Ist Ed. CRC press, U.S.A.

Pharm. 710 General Principles of Toxicology 3(2-1)

Theory

History and scope; Introduction; Different areas of toxicology; Spectrum of toxic dose; Classification

of toxic agents; Characteristics of exposure; Spectrum of undesired effects; Allergies; Idiosyncrasies;

Interaction of chemicals; Tolerance; Dose-response Calculations; Margin of safety; Selective toxicity;

General mechanisms of toxicity; Interaction with biomolecules; Predictive toxicology; Basic

requirement of testing, chemistry, biology and other indices; Lethality, safety standards, biochemical,

molecular and physiological mechanisms of toxicology; Pathobiology, chemical insult, cell injury and

cell death; Response of major organ systems to chemical insults; Risk assessment; Uncertainties in risk

assessment; Qualitative risk assessment; Factors influencing toxicity; Factors related to the toxic

agent; Exposure situation; Internal and external environments of subject; Manifestation of Toxicity;

Biodisposition of toxic agents; Absorption; Distribution; Metabolism and excretion of toxicants;

Toxicokinetics.

Practicals

Experimental animals toxicity tests; Skin irritation tests; Eye irritation tests; Acute, sub acute and

chronic toxicity testing; LD 50 determination; Field studies of risk assessment; Allergic response

testing; Local lymph node assay to differentiate between allergens and irritants; Determination of

residues in milk, meat and eggs.

Books Recommended

1. Brent, J., K.L. Wallace, K.K. Burahart, S.D. Phillips, J.W. Donowan and R.B. Palmer, 2005. Critical Care Toxicology. Elsevier Health Science, U.K.

2. Klaassen, C.D. 2008. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 7th Edition McGrawHill Medical, N.Y, U.S.A.

Marsha, D.F. 2001. Clinical Toxicology. Saunders Publishers. U.S.A.

Pharm. 711 Systemic Toxicology 3(2-1) Theory

Poisons causing respiratory insufficiency; Poisons hindering oxygen uptake; Poisons hindering oxygen

transport to tissues; Poisons inhibiting oxygen utilization by tissues; Poisons markedly increasing tissue

oxygen demand; Poisons having multiple actions on respiratory efficiency; Poisons causing nervous

stimulation or depression; Poisons directly damaging the brain and spinal card; Poisons causing colic,

poisons causing liver and kidney damage; Toxic response of the immune system; Heavy metals and

their antagonists.

Practical

Demonstration of different poisonings e.g. strychnine poisonings in the animals; Organophosphate

poisoning in animals; Measurement of different toxicants in the different samples such as blood, milk,

meat and eggs; Demonstration of antidotes of organophophate and strychinine poisonings; Residue

determination of antibiotics, pesticides and heavy metals.

Books Recommended. 1. Earnest, H., 2010. Text Book of Modern Toxicology. 4th Ed. John Wiley and Sons, U.K. 2. Gupta, R. 2007. Veterinary Toxicology, basic and clinical principles. Elsevier Inc., San Diego,

California, U.S.A. Klaassen, C.D. 2008. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons, 7th Edition

McGrawHill Medical, N.Y, U.S.A.

Pharm. 712 Biochemical Pharmacology 3(2-1)

Theory

Histochemistry of biochemical lesions; Pharmacological aspects of immunohistochemistry; Functions

of cellular and sub-cellular structures; Bacterial walls and membranes, mitochondria, drugs and

lysosomes; Transfer of ions and molecules across cell membranes; Effect of drugs on structure,

biosynthesis and catabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids; Drugs forming

reversible complexes with DNA, inhibition of the synthesis of precursors of nucleic acids (RNA & DNA),

mode of action of antiviral agents; Molecular investigation of metabolism and transport of drugs;

Biochemical aspects of drug-drug interactions; DNA damage due to excessive usage of xenobiotics;

Potential hazards/sade effects at molecular levels produced by dugs.

Practical

Isolation and purification procedures; Chromatography; Thin layer and paper chromatography;

Centrifugation of sub-cellular components; Introduction to enzyme kinetics; Methods of studying

enzymic reactions; The Gilson respirometer; Effect of drugs, pH, temperature, substrate and enzyme

concentration on enzyme catalyzed reactions.

Books Recommended

1. Adams, H.R., 2001. Veterinary pharmacology & Therapeutics, 8th Ed. Iowa State University Press USA.

2. Kumar, P. and M. Clark, 2009. Clinical Medicine. 7th Ed. Oxford press, U.K. 3. Rang, H.P., M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, P.K. Moore and Peterlamb, 2007. Rang and Dale’s

Pharmacology. 7th Ed. Churchill Livingstone, U.K.

Pharm. 713 Pharmacology of Autacoids 3(2-1) Theory

Histamine and antihistamines; 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and their antagonists;

Polypeptides; Angiotensin and endogenous rennin-angiotensin system; Inhibitors of the rennin-

angiotensin system; Role of hypertension; Plasma kinins; Kallidin; bradykinin; kallikrein and other

Kinins; Vasodilator peptides prostaglandins; Prostacyclin; Thromboxane A2 and leukotriens; Possible

function in physiological and pathological processes and therapeutic uses; Synthesis, storage, release,

metabolism and pharmacological actions of substances such as histamine, 5 – hydroxytryptamine,

kinins, substance P, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet activation factor; Substances released

during anaphylaxis; Antigen-antibody reactions as they affect allergic and inflammatory states; Drugs

used in the treatment of allergies; Acute inflammatory conditions and collagen diseases.

Practical

Assay of histamine on the guinea pig ileum; Experiment on histamine-antihistamine antagonism

on isolated guinea-pig ileum; Histamine and anaphylaxis; Experiment on 5-hydroxytryptamine-lysergic

acid diethylamide antagonism on rat hind quarter preparation; Experiment on the formation of

histamine from histadine.

Books Recommended

1. Walker, R. and C. Edwards. 2011. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 5th Ed. Churchill Livingstone. U.K.

2. Wiffien, P., M. Mitchell, M. Snelling and N. Stoner, 2006. 1st Ed. OUP Oxford. U.K.

Pharm. 714 Advanced Reading in Pharmacology & Toxicology 1(1-0)

Theory

Review and critique of the papers published in recent international journals; Proceedings and

periodicals; The students will select a relevant paper from a recent journal and present the detail of

techniques used; Results obtained and his own critique on the validity and use of the results and

conclusions with his own recommendations; Following journals will be selected:

Nature

Science

Cell

Pharmacological Reviews

Toxicological Science

Toxicology Letters

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Journal of Toxicology and Environmetal Health

Industrial Toxicology

Veterinary Research Communications

Natural Product Research

Pharm. 715 PHARMACOLOGY OF INDEGINOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS 3(1-2)

Theory

What is Phytotherapy; History of Phytotherapy; The science of herbal medicines; The nomenclature

of herbal medicine; Efficacy of herbal drugs; Findings vs. feelings; Undersirable effects; Phytotherapy

and prevention; Basic and specialized medical training in Phytotherapy; Guidelines for prescribing

medicinal plants; Individualized prescription; Methods for preparing herbs for prescription.

Practical

Collection and preservation of medicinal plants from different areas of Pakistan; Extraction from

medicinal plants (aqueous and ethanolic extraction); In vivo and In vitro experiments to demonstrate

affects of medicinal plants on various body organs of laboratory animals; Demonstrations of plant

extracts on isolated heart perfusion experiment, isolated intestine, isolated nerve-muscle preparation

etc; In-vitro antibacterial effects demonstrations; Demonstrations of selected plants on

antihyperlipidaemic effects; Demonstrations of selected plants on antidiabetic effects;

Demonstrations on HPLC and NMR uses; Seminars and group discussions.

Books Recommended

1. Chandrasena, J. P.C. 2005. Medicinal plants of India and Ceylon, Their chemistry and pharmacology. Asiatic Publishing House, Delhi, India.

2. Shrivastava, A.K. 2006. Medicinal Plants. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, India. Weisee, R. F., and V. Fintelmann, 2000. Herbal Medicine. 2nd edition, Thieme Stuttgart, New York,

U.S.A.